Makhov l m. A textbook on heating. Design of water heating systems

18.10.2019

In the book Skanavi, Makhov — Heating the device and principle of operation are described various systems building heating. Methods for calculating the thermal power of the heating system are given. Design techniques, calculation methods and methods of regulation are considered modern systems central and local heating. Ways to improve systems and save thermal energy in heating buildings are analyzed.

The book Skanavi, Makhov - Heating will be useful to university students studying in the direction of "Construction", for the specialty 290700 "Heat and gas supply and ventilation".

SECTION 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HEATING

CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATING SYSTEMS
§1.1. Heating system………………………………………………………………………………………18
§ 1.2. Classification of heating systems………………………………………………………………..20
§ 1.3. Heat carriers in heating systems…………………………………………………………..22
§ 1.4. The main types of heating systems………………………………………………………………..26

CHAPTER 2. THERMAL OUTPUT OF THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 2.1. Heat balance of the room………………………………………………………………………..30
§ 2.2. Heat loss through the fences of the room………………………………………………..31
§ 2.3. Heat loss for heating the infiltrated outside air………..37
§ 2.4. Accounting for other sources of income and costs of heat………………………………….41
§ 2.5. Determination of the calculated heat output of the heating system………………….42
§ 2.6. Specific thermal characteristic buildings and calculation of heat demand for
heating according to aggregated indicators………………………………………………………………….43
§ 2.7. Annual costs of heat for heating buildings…………………………………………….46

SECTION 2. ELEMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3. THERMAL POINTS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT
§ 3.1. Heat supply of water heating system……………………………………………..49
§ 3.2. Thermal substation of the water heating system……………………………………………………………………51
§ 3.3. Heat generators for local water heating system…………………………56
§ 3.4. Circulation pump water heating systems…………………………………..61
§ 3.5. mixing plant water heating systems………………………………….68
§ 3.6. Expansion tank of the water heating system…………………………………………73

CHAPTER 4. HEATING APPLIANCES
§ 4.1. Requirements for heating appliances…………………………………..80
§ 4.2. Classification heating appliances………………………………………………………82
§ 4.3. Description of heaters………………………………………………………………….84
§ 4.4. Selection and placement of heating devices…………………………………………………90
§ 4.5. Heat transfer coefficient of the heater……………………………………..96
§ 4.6. Density heat flow heater………………………………….105
§ 4.7. Thermal calculation of heating devices…………………………………………………..107
§ 4.8. Thermal calculation of heating appliances using a computer………………………..112
§ 4.9. Regulation of heat transfer of heating devices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 5. HEAT CONDUCTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 5.1. Classification and material of heat pipes…………………………………………………118
§ 5.2. Placement of heat pipelines in the building………………………………………………………….121
§ 5.3. Connecting heat pipes to heating appliances………………………….128
§ 5.4. Placement of shut-off and control valves………………………………………………132
§ 5.5. Removing air from the heating system…………………………………………………….141
§ 5.6. Insulation of heat pipes………………………………………………………………………………148

SECTION 3. WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 6. DESIGN OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 6.1. Schemes of the pumped water heating system…………………………………………..151
§ 6.2. Heating system with natural water circulation…………………………………..159
§ 6.3. Water heating system high-rise buildings…………………………………………..163
§ 6.4. Decentralized water heating system………………………………166

CHAPTER 7. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE IN THE WATER HEATING SYSTEM
§ 7.1. Pressure change during the movement of water in pipes………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
§ 7.2. Dynamics of pressure in the water heating system……………………………………..172
§ 7.3. Natural circulating pressure…………………………………………………….193
§ 7.4. Calculation of natural circulation pressure in a hot water heating system
§ 7.5. Estimated circulation pressure in the pumped water heating system

CHAPTER 8. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 8.1. The main provisions of the hydraulic calculation of the water heating system 211
§ 8.2. Methods for hydraulic calculation of a water heating system…………………214
§ 8.3. Hydraulic calculation of the water heating system according to the specific linear
loss of pressure………………………………………………………………………………………………….217
§ 8.4. Hydraulic calculation of the water heating system according to the characteristics
resistance and conductivity…………………………………………………………………………238
§ 8.5. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with pipe devices
§ 8.6. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with risers
unified design…………………………………………………………………………..254
§ 8.7. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with natural
water circulation…………………………………………………………………………………………………256

SECTION 4. STEAM, AIR AND PANEL-RADIANT HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 9. STEAM HEATING
§ 9.1. Steam heating system…………………………………………………………………………260
§ 9.2. Schemes and arrangement of the steam heating system………………………………………261
§ 9.3. Steam heating system equipment………………………………………………….267
§ 9.4. Vacuum-steam and subatmospheric heating systems…………………………..274
§ 9.5. Selection of initial steam pressure in the system………………………………………………..275
§ 9.6. Hydraulic calculation of steam pipelines low pressure…………………………….276
§ 9.7. Hydraulic calculation of steam pipelines high pressure…………………………..278
§ 9.8. Hydraulic calculation of condensate pipelines………………………………………………280
§ 9.9. The sequence of calculation of the steam heating system………………………….283
§ 9.10. Use of Flash Steam…………………………………………………287
§ 9.11. Steam-water heating system………………………………………………………………..289

CHAPTER 10. AIR HEATING
§ 10.1. System air heating………………………………………………………………..292
§ 10.2. Schemes of the air heating system…………………………………………………….293
§ 10.3. Amount and temperature of air for heating…………………………………….296
§ 10.4. Local air heating……………………………………………………………………299
§ 10.5. Heating units……………………………………………………………………………299
§ 10.6. Calculation of the supply of air heated in the heating unit……………………….302
§ 10.7. Apartment air heating system………………………………………………307
§ 10.8. Recirculation air heaters……………………………………………………308
§ 10.9. Central air heating…………………………………………………………..317
§ 10.10. Features of the calculation of central air heating ducts. 323
§ 10.11. Mixing air- thermal curtains………………………………………………328

CHAPTER 11. PANEL-RADIANT HEATING
§ 11.1. Radiant heating system……………………………………………………333
§ 11.2. The temperature situation in the room with panel-radiant heating
§ 11.3. Heat transfer in the room with panel radiant heating…………………..340
§ 11.4. Design of heating panels…………………………………………………………345
§ 11.5. Description of concrete heating panels…………………………………………………348
§ 11.6. Heat transfer fluids and system diagrams panel heating……………………………353
§ 11.7. Area and surface temperature of heating panels…………………….355
§ 11.8. Calculation of heat transfer of heating panels………………………………………………362
§ 11.9. Features of designing a panel heating system…………………..367

SECTION 5. LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 12. FURNACE HEATING
§ 12.1. Characteristics of furnace heating………………………………………………………….370
§ 12.2. general description heating furnaces……………………………………………………….372
§ 12.3. Classification of heating furnaces……………………………………………………………373
§ 12.4. Design and calculation of fireboxes for heat-intensive furnaces……………………….376
§ 12.5. Design and calculation of gas flues of heat-intensive furnaces……………………………379
§ 12.6. Designing chimneys for furnaces………………………………………………….383
§ 12.7. Modern heat-intensive heating furnaces…………………………………………..384
§ 12.8. Not heat-intensive heating furnaces………………………………………………………………391
§ 12.9. Designing stove heating…………………………………………………………….393

CHAPTER 13. GAS HEATING
§ 13.1. General information……………………………………………………………………………………….399
§ 13.2. Gas heating furnaces……………………………………………………………………..399
§ 13.4. Gas-air heat exchangers…………………………………………………………………402
§ 13.5. Gas-air radiant heating…………………………………………………………….403
§ 13.6. Gas radiant heating……………………………………………………………………..405

CHAPTER 14. ELECTRIC HEATING
§ 14.1. General information……………………………………………………………………………………….407
§ 14.2. Electric heaters……………………………………………………..409
§ 14.3. Electric storage heating……………………………………………..416
§ 14.4. Electric heating using a heat pump……………………………421
§ 14.5. Combined heating using electrical energy……426

SECTION 6. DESIGN OF HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 15. COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 15.1. Technical indicators heating systems……………………………………………….430
§ 15.2. Economic indicators of heating systems……………………………………………..432
§ 15.3. Areas of application of heating systems……………………………………………………….436
§ 15.4. Conditions for choosing a heating system…………………………………………………………440

CHAPTER 16. DEVELOPING THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 16.1. The design process and the composition of the heating project……………………………….442
§ 16.2. Norms and rules for the design of heating………………………………………………444
§ 16.3. Heating design sequence……………………………………….444
§ 16.4. Heating design using a computer………………………………………………447
§ 16.5. Sample projects heating and their application…………………………………………….449

SECTION 7. INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEATING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 17. OPERATING MODE AND REGULATION OF THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 17.1. Operating mode of the heating system………………………………………………………………451
§ 17.2. Regulation of the heating system………………………………………………………………455
§ 17.3. Management of the heating system…………………………………………………..459
§ 17.4. Features of the operating mode and regulation of various heating systems

CHAPTER 18. IMPROVING THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 18.1. Reconstruction of the heating system…………………………………………………………..467
§ 18.2. Two-pipe water heating system with increased thermal
sustainability…………………………………………………………………………………………………………469
§ 18.3. One-pipe water heating system with thermosyphon heating
appliances…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..472
§ 18.4. Combined heating………………………………………………………………………474

SECTION 8. ENERGY SAVING IN HEATING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 19. HEAT SAVING FOR HEATING
§ 19.1. Reduction of energy demand for heating the building…………………………………..477
§ 19.2. Increasing the efficiency of building heating…………………………………………….481
§ 19.3. Heat pump installations for heating…………………………………………………….482
§ 19.4. Saving heat when automating the operation of the heating system……………488
§ 19.5. Intermittent heating of buildings…………………………………………………………………..489
§ 19.6. Regulation of heating of residential buildings…………………………………………………..494

CHAPTER 20. USE OF NATURAL HEAT IN HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 20.1. Systems low temperature heating………………………………………………..497
§ 20.2. Systems solar heating………………………………………………………………..500
§ 20.3. Systems geothermal heating…………………………………………………………506
§ 20.4. Heating systems using waste heat………………………….508

APPS
Appendix 1 Indicators for calculating the fuel tanks of heating furnaces……………….510
Appendix 2 Indicators for calculating the gas ducts of heating furnaces……………………511

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1 A.N. Scanavi, A.M. Makhov HEATING Publishing House DIA Moscow

2 ^ / LBC UDC (075.8) CsV; Reviewers: Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation of the Moscow Institute of Public Utilities and Construction (Head of the Department, Prof., Ph.D. E. M. Avdolimov) and Head of the Sanitary Equipment Department of JSC "MOSPROEKT" Yu. A. Epshtein. ISBN Skanavn A.N., Makhov JI. M. Heating: Textbook for universities. - M .: DIA Publishing House, e .: ill. Federal program of book publishing in Russia The device and principle of operation of various systems of heating of buildings are stated. Methods for calculating the thermal power of the heating system are given. Design techniques, calculation methods and ways of regulating modern systems of central and local heating are considered. The ways of improving systems and saving thermal energy in heating buildings are analyzed. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of "Construction", for the specialty "Heat and gas supply and ventilation". ISBN Scanavi A.N., Makhov L.M. Publishing house DIA

3 CONTENTS FOREWORD 5 INTRODUCTION 7 SECTION 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HEATING 17 CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATING SYSTEMS Heating system Classification of heating systems Heat carriers in heating systems Main types of heating systems 25 CHAPTER 2. THERMAL OUTPUT OF THE HEATING SYSTEM heat for heating the infiltrating outdoor air Accounting for other sources of heat input and costs Determination of the calculated heat output of the heating system Specific thermal characteristic of the building and calculation of the heat demand for heating according to aggregate indicators Annual heat costs for heating buildings 49 SECTION 2. ELEMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS 52 CHAPTER 3. HEAT POINTS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT Heat supply of the hot water heating system Substation of the hot water heating system Heat generators for local hot water heating system Circulation pump of the hot water heating system Mixing plant of the hot water heating system Ra expansion tank of water heating system 78 CHAPTER 4. HEATERS Requirements for heaters Classification of heaters Description of heaters Selection and placement of heaters Heat transfer coefficient of a heater Heat flux density of a heater 112, 4.7. Thermal calculation of heating devices Thermal calculation of heating devices using a computer Regulation of heat transfer of heating devices

4 SECTION 3. WATER HEATING SYSTEMS 162 CHAPTER 6. DESIGN OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS..L Schemes of pumped water heating system Natural water circulation heating system High-rise building water heating system Decentralized hot water heating system 178 CHAPTER 7. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE IN THE WATER HEATING SYSTEM Change in pressure when water moves in pipes Dynamics of pressure in a water heating system Natural circulation pressure Calculation of natural circulation pressure in a water heating system Estimated circulation pressure in a water heating pump system calculation of a hot water heating system Hydraulic design of a hot water heating system based on specific linear pressure loss Hydraulic design of a hot water heating system based on resistance characteristics and conductivities Features feasibility of hydraulic calculation of the heating system with devices from pipes 270 8.6. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with unified risers. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with natural water circulation Steam heating system Schemes and arrangement of a steam heating system Steam heating system equipment Vacuum steam and subatmospheric heating systems Selection of the initial steam pressure in the system Hydraulic calculation of low pressure steam pipelines Hydraulic calculation of high pressure steam pipelines Hydraulic calculation of condensate pipelines heating

5 CHAPTER 10. AIR HEATING, Air heating system Schemes of the air heating system Amount and temperature of air for heating Local air heating Heating units Calculation of the air supply heated in the heating unit Apartment air heating system Recirculation air heaters Central air heating Peculiarities of calculation of central air ducts heating Mixing air-heat curtains 352 CHAPTER 11. PANEL-RADIANT HEATING System of panel-radiant heating Temperature situation in the room with panel-radiant heating Heat exchange in the room with panel-radiant heating Design of heating panels, Description of concrete heating panels Heat carriers and diagrams of the panel heating system , Area and surface temperature of heating panels Calculation of heat transfer of heating panels Features of designing a panel heating system 396 SECTION 5. LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS 399 CHAPTER 12. FURNACE HEATING Characteristics of furnace heating General description of heating furnaces Classification of heating furnaces Design and calculation of fireboxes of heat-intensive furnaces Design and calculation of gas ducts of heat-intensive furnaces Design of chimneys for furnaces Modern heat-intensive heating furnaces Non-heat-intensive heating furnaces Designing of furnace heating 425 CHAPTER 13. GAS HEATING General information Gas heating furnaces Gas non-heat-intensive heating devices,4. Gas-air heat exchangers,5. Gas-air radiant heating,6. Gas radiant heating

6 CHAPTER 14. ELECTRIC HEATING General information Electric heaters Electric storage heating Electric heating with a heat pump Combined heating using electric energy 460 SECTION 6. DESIGN OF HEATING SYSTEMS 465 CHAPTER 15. COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF HEATING SYSTEMS Areas of application of heating systems Conditions for choosing a heating system 477 CHAPTER 16. DEVELOPMENT OF A HEATING SYSTEM Design process and composition of a heating project Norms and rules for designing heating Sequence of designing heating Designing heating using a computer Typical heating projects and their application 488 SECTION 7. INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEATING SYSTEM 490 CHAPTER 17. OPERATING MODE AND REGULATION OF THE HEATING SYSTEM Operating mode of the heating system Regulation of the heating system, Control of the operation of the heating system Features of the operating mode and regulation 502 CHAPTER 18. IMPROVING THE HEATING SYSTEM Reconstruction of the heating system Two-pipe water heating system with increased thermal stability Single-pipe water heating system with thermosiphon heaters Combined heating 517 SECTION 8. ENERGY SAVING IN HEATING SYSTEMS ..521 CHAPTER 19. HEAT SAVING ON HEATING Reducing the energy demand for heating a building Increasing the efficiency of building heating Heat pump installations for heating Saving heat by automating the operation of the heating system Intermittent heating of buildings Regulation of heating of residential buildings

7 CHAPTER 20. USE OF NATURAL HEAT IN HEATING SYSTEMS: Low-temperature heating systems: Solar heating systems Geothermal heating systems Heating systems using waste heat

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stvo”, specialty 290700 / L.M. Makhov. - M.: DIA, 2002. - 576 p. : ill.

ISBN 5-93093-161-5, 5000 copies.

The device and principle of operation of various building heating systems are described. Methods for calculating the thermal power of the heating system are given. Design techniques, calculation methods and ways of regulating modern systems of central and local heating are considered. Ways to improve systems and save thermal energy in heating buildings are analyzed. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of "Construction", for the specialty 290700 "Heat and gas supply and ventilation"

Heating

UDC 697.1 (075.8)

FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HEATING
CHAPTER 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 1.1. Heating system
§ 1.2. Classification of heating systems
§ 1.3. Heat carriers in heating systems
§ 1.4. The main types of heating systems
CHAPTER 2. THERMAL OUTPUT OF THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 2.1. Thermal balance of the room
§ 2.2. Heat loss through the fences of the room
§ 2.3. Heat loss for heating the infiltrating outside air
§ 2.4. Accounting for other sources of income and heat costs
§ 2.5. Determination of the calculated heat output of the heating system
§ 2.6. The specific thermal characteristic of the building and the calculation of heat demand for heating
aggregated indicators
§ 2.7. Annual costs of heat for heating buildings
SECTION 2. ELEMENTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3. THERMAL POINTS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT
§ 3.1. Heat supply of water heating system
§ 3.2. Thermal substation of water heating system
§ 3.3. Heat generators for local water heating system
§ 3.4. Circulation pump for water heating system
§ 3.5. Mixing plant for hot water heating system
§ 3.6. Expansion tank of water heating system
CHAPTER 4. HEATING APPLIANCES
§ 4.1. Requirements for heating appliances

§ 4.2. Classification of heating appliances
§ 4.3. Description of heaters
§ 4.4. Selection and placement of heating devices
§ 4.5. Heat transfer coefficient of the heater
§ 4.6. Heat flux density of the heater
§ 4.7. Thermal calculation of heating devices
§ 4.8. Thermal calculation of heating devices using a computer
§ 4.9. Regulation of heat transfer of heating devices
CHAPTER 5. HEAT CONDUCTS OF HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 5.1. Classification and material of heat pipes
§ 5.2. Placement of heat pipes in the building
§ 5.3. Connection of heat pipes to heating devices
§ 5.4. Placement of shut-off and control valves
§ 5.5. Removal of air from the heating system
§ 5.6. Heat pipe insulation
SECTION 3. WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6. DESIGN OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 6.1. Schemes of the pumped water heating system
§ 6.2. Heating system with natural water circulation
§ 6.3. Water heating system of high-rise buildings
§ 6.4. Decentralized hot water heating system
CHAPTER 7. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE IN THE WATER HEATING SYSTEM
§ 7.1. Change in pressure when water moves in pipes
§ 7.2. Dynamics of pressure in the water heating system
§ 7.3. Natural circulation pressure
§ 7.4. Calculation of natural circulation pressure in a hot water heating system
§ 7.5. Estimated circulation pressure in the pumped water heating system
CHAPTER 8. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 8.1. The main provisions of the hydraulic calculation of the water heating system
§ 8.2. Methods for hydraulic calculation of a water heating system
§ 8.3. Hydraulic calculation of the water heating system according to the specific linear
pressure point
§ 8.4. Hydraulic calculation of a water heating system according to the characteristics of resistance
resistance and conductivities
§ 8.5. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with pipe devices
§ 8.6. Features of the hydraulic calculation of the heating system with unified risers
cited design
§ 8.7. Features of the hydraulic calculation of a heating system with natural circulation
water circulation
SECTION 4. STEAM, AIR AND PANEL RADIANT SYSTEMS
HEATING
CHAPTER 9. STEAM HEATING
§ 9.1. Steam heating system
§ 9.2. Schemes and arrangement of the steam heating system

§ 9.3. Steam heating system equipment
§ 9.4. Vacuum-steam and subatmospheric heating systems
§ 9.5. Selection of initial steam pressure in the system
§ 9.6. Hydraulic calculation of low pressure steam pipelines
§ 9.7. Hydraulic calculation of high pressure steam pipelines
§ 9.8. Hydraulic calculation of condensate pipelines
§ 9.9. The sequence of calculation of the steam heating system
§ 9.10. Use of flash steam
§ 9.11. Steam heating system
CHAPTER 10. AIR HEATING
§ 10.1. Air heating system
§ 10.2. Schemes of the air heating system
§ 10.3. Amount and temperature of air for heating
§ 10.4. Local air heating
§ 10.5. Heating units
§ 10.6. Calculation of the air supply heated in the heating unit
§ 10.7. Apartment air heating system
§ 10.8. Recirculating air heaters
§ 10.9. Central air heating
§ 10.10. Features of the calculation of central air heating ducts
§ 10.11. Mixing air curtains
CHAPTER 11 RADIANT PANEL HEATING
§ 11.1. Radiant heating system
§ 11.2. The temperature situation in the room with panel-radiant heating
§ 11.3. Heat transfer in the room with panel radiant heating
§ 11.4. Design of heating panels
§ 11.5. Description of concrete heating panels
§ 11.6. Heat carriers and schemes of the panel heating system
§ 11.7. Area and surface temperature of heating panels
§ 11.8. Calculation of heat transfer of heating panels
§ 11.9. Features of designing a panel heating system
SECTION 5. LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 12. FURNACE HEATING
§ 12.1. Characteristics of furnace heating
§ 12.2. General description of heating stoves
§ 12.3. Classification of heating furnaces
§ 12.4. Design and calculation of fireboxes for heat-intensive furnaces
§ 12.5. Design and calculation of gas ducts for heat-intensive furnaces
§ 12.6. Design of chimneys for furnaces
§ 12.7. Modern heat-intensive heating furnaces
§ 12.8. Non-heat-consuming heating furnaces
§ 12.9. Furnace heating design
CHAPTER 13. GAS HEATING

§ 13.1. General information
§ 13.2. Gas heating stoves
§ 13.3. Gas non-heat-intensive heating appliances
§ 13.4. Gas-air heat exchangers
§ 13.5. Gas-air radiant heating
§ 13.6. Gas radiant heating
CHAPTER 14. ELECTRIC HEATING
§ 14.1. General information
§ 14.2. Electrical heating appliances
§ 14.3. Electric storage heating
§ 14.4. Electric heating with heat pump
§ 14.5. Combined heating using electrical energy
SECTION 6. DESIGN OF HEATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 15. COMPARISON AND SELECTION OF HEATING SYSTEMS
§ 15.1. Technical indicators of heating systems
§ 15.2. Economic indicators of heating systems
§ 15.3. Areas of application for heating systems
§ 15.4. Conditions for choosing a heating system
CHAPTER 16. DEVELOPING THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 16.1. Design process and composition of the heating project
§ 16.2. Norms and rules for designing heating
§ 16.3. Heating design sequence
§ 16.4. Computer heating design
§ 16.5. Typical heating projects and their application
SECTION 1. INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEATING SYSTEM
CHAPTER 17. OPERATING MODE AND REGULATION OF THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 17.1. Operating mode of the heating system
§ 17.2. Heating system regulation
§ 17.3. Control of the heating system
§ 17.4. Features of the operating mode and regulation of various heating systems
CHAPTER 18. IMPROVING THE HEATING SYSTEM
§ 18.1. Reconstruction of the heating system

§ 18.2. Two-pipe hot water heating system with increased thermal stability 512

§ 18.3. One-pipe water heating system with thermosyphon heating

appliances
§ 18.4. Combined heating
SECTION 8. ENERGY SAVING IN HEATING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 19. HEAT SAVING FOR HEATING
§ 19.1. Reduced energy demand for building heating
§ 19.2. Improving the efficiency of building heating
§ 19.3. Heat pumps for heating installations
§ 19.4. Saving heat when automating the operation of the heating system
§ 19.5. Intermittent heating of buildings

CHAPTER 20. USE OF NATURAL HEAT IN HEATING SYSTEMS

FOREWORD

To master the theoretical, scientific, technical and practical knowledge related to the discipline "Heating", a deep understanding and assimilation of physical processes and phenomena occurring both in heated buildings and directly in heating systems and their individual elements is necessary. These include processes associated with the thermal regime of the building, the movement of water, steam and air through pipes and channels, the phenomena of their heating and cooling, changes in temperature, density, volume, phase transformations, as well as the regulation of thermal and hydraulic processes.

The discipline "Heating" is based on the provisions of a number of theoretical and applied disciplines. These include: physics, chemistry, thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer, hydraulics and aerodynamics, electrical engineering.

The choice of heating method to a large extent depends on the features of the structural and architectural and planning solutions of the building, on the thermal properties of its enclosures, i.e. issues that are studied in general construction disciplines and in the discipline "Construction thermal physics".

The discipline "Heating" is closely related to the special technical disciplines that make up the specialty "Heat and gas supply and ventilation": "Theoretical foundations for creating a microclimate in the room", "Heat generating installations", "Pumps, fans and compressors", "Heat supply", "Ventilation", " Air conditioning and refrigeration", "Gas supply", "Automation and control of heat and gas supply and ventilation processes". It includes, in an abbreviated form, many related elements of the listed disciplines, as well as issues of economics, the use of computer science, production installation work covered in detail in the respective courses.

The previous textbook "Heating", developed by a team of authors of the Moscow Engineering and Construction Institute. V.V. Kuibyshev (MISI), was published in 1991. Over the past decade of the revival of the market economy in Russia, profound changes have taken place, including in the construction industry. The volume of construction has increased markedly, the ratio has changed in the use of domestic and foreign

fugitive technology. New types of heating equipment and technologies have appeared, often having no analogues in Russia before. All this should be reflected in new edition textbook.

This textbook was developed at the Department of Heating and Ventilation of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) in accordance with the current standard program based on a course of lectures given by prof. A.N. Scanavi since 1958. Without changing the basic theoretical and methodological foundations of the course, taking into account modern trends in heating equipment and technology, since 1996 this course has been taught at the department by prof. L.M. Makhov.

As in previous editions of the textbook, the authors did not consider it necessary to give detailed descriptions continuously modernized equipment, common reference data, as well as calculation tables, graphs, nomograms. The exception is separate specific information necessary for examples and explanations of structures and physical phenomena.

Separate sections contain practical examples of the calculation of heating systems and their equipment. After each chapter, control tasks and exercises are given to test the acquired knowledge. They can be used in the scientific and educational research work of students, as well as during state exam by specialty.

This textbook is based on material prepared by Prof. A.N. Scanavi for the previous edition. The textbook also used the materials of sections from the previous edition, compiled by: hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, prof., doctor of technical sciences V.N. Bogoslovsky (ch. 2, 19), prof., Ph.D. E.G. Malyavina (ch. 14), Ph.D. I.V. Meshchaninov (ch. 13), Ph.D. S.G. Bulkin (ch. 20).

The authors express their deep gratitude to the reviewers - the Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation of the Moscow Institute of Public Utilities and Construction (Head of the Department, Prof., Ph.D. E.M. Avdolimov) and Ing. Yu.A. Epshtein (JSC "MOSPROEKT") - for valuable advice and comments made during the review of the manuscript of the textbook.

INTRODUCTION

Energy consumption in Russia, as well as throughout the world, is steadily increasing, and, above all, to provide heat to the engineering systems of buildings and structures. It is known that more than one third of all fossil fuel produced in our country is spent on the heat supply of civil and industrial buildings. Over the past decade, in the course of economic and social reforms in Russia, the structure of the country's fuel and energy complex has changed radically. Significantly reduced use in thermal power engineering solid fuel in favor of cheaper and more environmentally friendly natural gas. On the other hand, there is a constant increase in the cost of all types of fuel. This is due both to the transition to the conditions of a market economy, and the complication of fuel extraction during the development of deep deposits in new remote regions of Russia. In this regard, more and more relevant and significant across the country is becoming

solving problems of economical use of heat at all stages from its generation to the consumer.

The main among the heat costs for household needs in buildings (heating, ventilation, air conditioning, hot water supply) are heating costs. This is explained by the operating conditions of buildings during the heating season in most of the territory of Russia, when heat losses through their external enclosing structures significantly exceed internal heat releases. To maintain the necessary temperature conditions, it is necessary to equip buildings with heating installations or systems.

Thus, heating is called artificial, with the help of a special installation or system, heating the premises of a building to compensate for heat losses and maintain temperature parameters in them at a level determined by the conditions of thermal comfort for people in the room or the requirements of technological processes occurring in industrial premises.

Heating is an industry construction equipment. Installation of a stationary heating system is carried out during the construction of a building, its elements are linked with building structures and are combined with the layout and interior of the premises.

However, heating is one of the technological equipment. The operating parameters of the heating system must take into account the thermal and physical features of the structural elements of the building and be linked to the operation of other engineering systems, primarily with the operating parameters of the ventilation and air conditioning system.

Heating operation is characterized by a certain periodicity during the year and the variability of the installed power used, which depends primarily on the meteorological conditions in the construction area. With a decrease in the temperature of the outside air and an increase in the wind, the heat transfer from heating installations to the premises should increase, and with an increase in the temperature of the outside air, exposure to solar radiation, the heat transfer from heating installations to the premises should decrease, i.e. the process of heat transfer must be constantly regulated. The change in external influences is combined with uneven heat transfer from internal industrial and domestic sources, which also makes it necessary to regulate the operation of heating installations.

To create and maintain thermal comfort in buildings, technically advanced and reliable heating systems are required. And the more severe the climate of the area and the higher the requirements for providing favorable thermal conditions in the building, the more powerful and flexible these installations should be.

The climate of most of the territory of our country is characterized by severe winters, similar only to winters in the northwestern provinces of Canada and Alaska. In table. 1 compares climatic conditions in January (the coldest month of the year) in Moscow with conditions in large cities of the northern hemisphere of the Earth. It can be seen that the average January temperature in them is much higher than in Moscow, and is typical only for the southernmost cities of Russia, which are characterized by mild and short winters.

Table 1. Average outdoor temperature in large cities of the northern hemisphere during the coldest month

Heating of buildings begins with a steady (within 5 days) decrease in the average daily outdoor temperature to 8 °C and below, and ends with a steady increase in the outdoor temperature to 8 °C. The period of heating of buildings during the year is called heating season. The duration of the heating season is set on the basis of long-term observations as the average number of days per year with a stable average daily air temperature ≤ 8 °C.

To characterize the change in outdoor air temperature tH during the heating season, consider the graph (Fig. 1) of the duration z of the same average daily temperature using the example of Moscow, where the duration of the heating season Δz0 c is 7 months (214 days). As can be seen, the longest temperature in Moscow refers to the average temperature of the heating season (-3.1 °C). This pattern is typical for most regions of the country.

The duration of the heating season is short only in the extreme south (3-4 months), and in most of Russia it is 6-8 months, reaching up to 9 (in the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and other regions) and even up to 11-12 months (in the Magadan region). and Yakutia).

Rice. 1. The duration of the same average daily outdoor temperature during the heating season in Moscow

The severity or mildness of winter is more fully expressed not by the duration of heating buildings, but by the value of degree days - the product of the number of days of heating action by the difference between internal and external temperatures, average for this period of time. In Moscow, this number of degree-days is 4600, and, for comparison, in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory it reaches 12800. This indicates a wide variety of local climatic conditions in Russia, where almost all buildings must have one or another heating installation.

The state of the indoor air in the cold season is determined by the action of not only heating, but also ventilation. Heating and ventilation are designed to maintain in the premises, in addition to the necessary temperature conditions, certain humidity, mobility, pressure, gas composition and air purity. In many civil and industrial buildings heating and ventilation are inseparable. Together they create the required sanitary and hygienic conditions, which helps to reduce the number of diseases of people, improve their well-being, increase labor productivity and product quality.

In the buildings of the agro-industrial complex, the means of heating and ventilation maintain climatic conditions that ensure the maximum productivity of animals, birds and plants, the safety of agricultural products.

Buildings and their working premises, production products require proper temperature conditions for their normal condition. If they are violated, the service life of enclosing structures is significantly reduced. Many technological processes receipt and storage of a number of products, products and substances (precision electronics, textiles, products of the chemical and glass industries, flour and paper, etc.) require strict maintenance of the specified temperature conditions in the premises.

A long process of transition from a fire and a hearth for heating a home to modern designs heating devices was accompanied by their constant improvement and increasing the efficiency of fuel combustion methods.

Russian heating technology originates from the culture of those ancient tribes that inhabited a significant part of the southern regions of our Motherland in the Neolithic era of the Stone Age. Archaeologists have discovered thousands of Stone Age structures in the form of dugout caves, equipped with ovens, hollowed out in the ground at floor level and halfway out with their adobe vault and mouth into the dugout. These furnaces were heated "in a black way", i.e. with the removal of smoke directly into the dugout and then out through the opening, which also served as an entrance. It was this adobe ("smoke") stove that for many centuries was practically the only heating and digestive device of the ancient Russian dwelling.

In Russia, only in the XV-XVI centuries. stoves in living quarters were supplemented with pipes and became known as "white" or "Russian". There is air heating. It is known that in the XV century. such heating was arranged in the Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, and then under the name "Russian system" was used in Germany and Austria for heating large buildings.

Purely heating stoves with chimneys back in the 18th century. were considered a special luxury item and were installed only in rich palace buildings. Domestic production of highly artistic tiles for exterior finish stoves existed in Russia as early as the 11th-12th centuries.

The furnace business received significant development in the era of Peter I, who, with his nominal decrees of 1698-1725. for the first time introduced in Russia the basic norms of stove building, which strictly prohibited the construction of black huts with chicken stoves in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large cities. Peter I personally participated in the construction of demonstration residential buildings in St. Petersburg (1711) and Moscow (1722), "so that people could know how to make clay ceilings and stoves." He also introduced mandatory cleaning of chimneys from soot in all cities of Russia.

The great merit of Peter I should be considered his measures for the development of factory production of all basic materials and products for stove heating. Near Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, large factories for the production of bricks, tiles and stove appliances are being built, and trade in all materials for stove building is being opened. The Tula plant, the largest in Russia, becomes the main supplier of iron and cast-iron room furnaces and metal furnace appliances.

The capital work summarizing stove heating - "Theoretical foundations of stove business" - was written by I.I. Sviyazev in 1867

AT In Europe, fireplaces were widely used for space heating. Until the 17th century fireplaces were arranged in the form of large niches, equipped with umbrellas, under which smoke was collected, which then went into the chimney. Sometimes these niches were made in the thickness of the wall itself.

AT In any case, the heating of the rooms occurred only by means of radiation.

Since 1624, attempts began to utilize the heat of combustion products to heat the air in the room. The first to propose such a device was the French architect Savo, who built a fireplace in the Louvre, under which he raised above the floor, and back wall from-

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Here are collected books dedicated to the topic "Heating".

The choice of heating systems for a country house.

IN AND. Ryzhenko
2007

This book is intended not only for the home master, but also for those who want to install a water heating system in their home. The information contained in it will familiarize you with various types water heating, their advantages and disadvantages, which will help you to accept optimal solution for furnishing your home.

Some aspects of the application of water-heated floor systems. (Thermophysical parameters).

V.S. Potapov

The Russian Construction Community is increasingly interested in low-temperature heating systems and sources, and, above all, water heated floors (VHF) and heat pumps(TN).
Specialists in the design and operation of buildings have long known the principles of construction and operation of such systems. However, the pace of their use is far behind the European ones. Suffice it to say that, for example, in Sweden, about 85% of modern housing is built only with the HTP heating system and about 185,000 heat pumps (thermal power of 7-25 kW) are annually supplied to the Scandinavian market.

Heating of a country house.

Leshchinskaya L.V.
Malyshev A.A.
2005

This book introduces the reader to the main types of heating country house. Why a country house and not a city apartment? Because homeowners have more options and alternatives. In urban conditions, it is not necessary to choose the type of heating. Centralized water heating - and no alternatives. Well, it’s true, you can’t build a Russian stove on the twentieth floor of a city new building. And they won't let you! In extreme cases, you can buy an electric heater or lay "warm floors" in the kitchen, and then as an additional source of heat. On the other hand, the book can also be useful for citizens, as it contains a lot of interesting information about modern heating devices that can be used for heating as country houses and city apartments.

Electricity, water supply and heating in your home.

Marta Dorokhova
Pavel Erokhin
2009

The circle of works of a home craftsman is quite wide. And in this publication, we tried to tell you how you can equip your home with sewerage, water, heating and electricity without the help of specialists. The book is supplied with a large number of diagrams and illustrations, which serve as an excellent visualization of the material. The authors offer the reader recommendations on electrical wiring, internal and external water supply, sewerage, and heating networks.

"Heating" Scanavi A.N.

Scanavi A.N.
Makhov L.M.
2002

This textbook was developed at the Department of Heating and Ventilation of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU) in accordance with the current standard program based on a course of lectures given by prof. A.N.Skanavi since 1958 Without changing the basic theoretical and methodological foundations of the course, taking into account modern trends in heating equipment and technology since 1996. This course is taught by Prof. L.M. Makhov.

Design of water heating systems.

Zaitsev O. N.
Lyubarets A.P.
2008

Life modern man is unthinkable without a certain level of room comfort. In essence, any building (both man-made and natural) cannot be considered without engineering systems. The emergence of such areas as energy saving in architecture and construction is a clear evidence of this. At the same time, consideration of any issues separately, without complex analysis, cannot solve the problems of quality assurance of comfortable conditions (for example, lowering the temperature hot water in boilers, on the one hand, it reduces fuel consumption, and on the other hand, it reduces the temperature difference in heating devices, which requires an increase in their area, that is, an increase in capital costs).

Heating, water supply of a country house.

Smirnova L.N.
2007

The book tells about the types of heating systems and appliances, methods of laying pipelines, distributing them around the house, as well as cold and hot water supply. The types of hot water boilers and different types fuel. Lots of information about fireplaces, stoves, how to install underfloor heating.

Textbook.

P. N. Kamenev, A. N. Skanavi, V. N. Bogoslovsky and others “Heating and ventilation. volume 1. Heating "Stroyizdat, 1975, 483 pages (13.3 mb. djvu)

The book provides a description of all components and the principle of operation existing species building heating systems. Classifications of heating systems (water, steam, air, radiant) and methods for calculating the thermal regime of buildings based on the accepted comfort conditions are given. All elements of heating systems are described.

Starting from choosing the most effective form and type, carrying out hydraulic calculation and ending with the regulation and maintenance of centralized and local (electric, gas, stove) heating systems. A separate chapter contains information on the heating systems of agricultural facilities. The book is study guide for students in the direction of heating systems.

Chapter I. General information about heating § 1. Course subject 5 § 2. Physiological effects of heating 7 § 3. Development of heating technology 9 § 4. Heat costs for heating 11 § 5. Requirements for a heating installation 12 § 6. Classification of systems heating 13 § 7. Characteristics of heat carriers for heating 8

§ 8. Comparison of the main heating systems

Chapter II. The thermal regime of the building § 9. Thermal conditions and comfort conditions for a person in the room 25 § 10. Security of design conditions 29 § 11. Characteristics of the outdoor climate of the cold season 31 § 12. Heat transfer on heated and cooled surfaces in the room and the surface of the building fence 33 § 13. Stationary heat transfer through external fences 37 § 14. Heat resistance of fences 41 § 15. Influence of air permeability and humidity of materials on heat transfer through fences 45 § 16. Protective properties of external fences 48 § 17. Heat resistance of the room 57 § 18. Calculated thermal power heating systems 63 § 19. Use of the heat output of the heating system and annual heat costs for heating 81

§ 20. Accounting for the characteristics of the thermal regime when choosing a building heating system 83

Chapter III. Elements of central heating systems § 21. Heating devices and requirements for them 87 § 22. Main types of heating devices 89 § 23. Heat transfer coefficient of the heating device 97 § 24. Equivalent heating surface of the device 108 § 25. Selection and placement of heating devices in the room 115 § 26. Calculation of the area of the heating surface of devices 122 § 27. Regulation of the heat flow of the heating device 130 § 28. Pipes of central heating systems 133 § 29. Connection of pipes 135 § 30. Placement of heating pipes in the building 135 § 31. Placement of shut-off and control valves 139 § 32 Compensation for pipe extensions 143 § 33 Pipe slope 144 § 34 Conveyance and venting 146 § 35 Expansion tank 150

§ 36. Insulation of pipes 156

Chapter IV. Water heating§ 37. Schematic diagrams heating systems with water heat supply 159 § 38. Circulation pump 163 § 39. Mixing plant 168 § 40. Pressure dynamics in the heating system 172 § 41. Schemes of a modern heating system 192 § 42 Natural circulation pressure 198 § 43. Design circulation pressure 210 § 44 Principles of designing a heating system 213 § 45. Plot of circulation pressure in a heating system 215 § 46. Decentralized systems water-water heating 217 § 47. Heating of high-rise buildings 218

§ 48. Gravity heating systems 220

Chapter V. Hydraulic calculation of water heating systems § 49. Pressure loss in the network 226 § 50. Coefficients of hydraulic friction and local resistance 229 § 51. local resistance closing sections in one-pipe systems 233 § 52. Coefficient of water leakage into heating devices in systems with closing sections 239 § 53. General instructions for calculating a water heating system 250 § 54. Vertical one-pipe heating system with top wiring 252 § 55. Vertical one-pipe heating system with lower wiring 261 § 56. Horizontal one-pipe heating system 263 § 57. Two-pipe pump heating system with top wiring 271 § 58. Two-pipe pump heating system with bottom wiring 277 § 59. Two-pipe gravity system heating with top wiring 280 § 60 Two-pipe gravity heating system with bottom wiring 284

§ 61 Apartment water heating system 287

Chapter VI Steam heating § 62 Principle of operation of a steam heating system 294 § 63 Classification of steam heating systems 295 § 64 Selection of steam pressure and hydraulic calculation of systems 301 § 65 Flash steam 308 § 66 Equipment for steam heating systems 310 § 67 Advantages and disadvantages of steam heating systems 315

§ 68 Steam-water heating systems 313

Chapter VII Air heating § 69 Characteristics of air heating 319 § 70 Classification of air heating systems 320 § 71 Amount and temperature of air for heating 321 § 72 Local air heating 325 § 73 Recirculation air heaters 332 § 74 Central air heating 338 § 75 Features of the calculation of central air systems heating 342 § 76 Ways to improve the air heating of buildings 346

§ 77 Air curtains 348

Chapter VIII Panel radiant heating § 78 Peculiarities of panel radiant heating 353 § 79 Thermal comfort with panel radiant heating 355 § 80 Surface temperature of room enclosures 357 § 81 Heat transfer in a room with panel radiant heating 358 § 82 Design of heating panels 363 § 83 Heat carriers and system diagrams panel heating 370 § 84 Area and temperature of heating panels 373 § 85 Calculation of heat transfer of heating panels 378

§ 86 Principles for designing a surface heating system 384

Chapter IX Regulation and reliability of central heating systems § 87 Start-up and operation regulation 387 § 88 Regulation of water heating systems 390 § 89 Regulation of steam heating systems 393 § 90 Variable operation of heat pipelines 394

§ 91 Reliability of the water heating system 406

Chapter X Local heating § 92 Furnace heating General characteristics 424 § 93 Classification of furnaces and chimneys 425 § 94 Furnace fuels 426 § 95 Heat-intensive furnaces 428 § 96 Non-heat-intensive furnaces 434 § 97 Heating cooking ovens 435 § 98 Rules for laying furnaces and chimneys 436 § 99 Draft in furnace and chimney ducts 438 § 100 Calculation of stove heating 439 § 101 Gas heating 443 § 102 Gas heaters 444

§ 103 Electrical heating 449

Chapter XI Features of heating agricultural buildings and structures § 104 Cultivation facilities for year-round cultivation of vegetables 454 § 105 Poultry premises 461 § 106 Livestock buildings 465 Annexes 474

List of technical literature 478

Download the book for free13.3 mb. djvu

www.htbook.ru

Heating. Textbook

For students of heating systems, textbook.

A. N. Skanavi » Heating. Textbook for technical schools "Stroyizdat, 1988, 416 pages, (8.89 mb, djvu)

The book is a textbook in the specialty "Sanitary - technical devices buildings." The training course covers such issues as: characteristics of various heating systems, their arrangement, functional and operational features considered on the basis of construction, sanitary, fire safety standards and rules. Calculations of heat engineering indicators are given on specific examples.

Heating systems are quite complex engineering communications, the operation of which requires high technical training and a level of theoretical and practical knowledge. In the book, theoretical information on hydraulic, thermotechnical, aerodynamic (for air heating) calculations are supported by specific examples of the use of standardized units and components of heating systems (radiators, shut-off and control valves, pipes, expansion tanks, equipment for boilers).

In addition to water heating systems, which are the focus of the book, options for the use of steam, air and panel - radiant heating, their disadvantages and advantages are considered. The recommendations given in the book will allow you to correctly assess the degree of need to use a particular heating system in the design, installation and subsequent operation, in relation to your own needs. Free download

www.htbook.ru

Modern heating systems

Types, installation, operation of a modern heating system.

V. I. Nazarova "Modern heating systems" RIPOL classic, 2011, 320 pages, (22.0 mb pdf)

The book discusses wide range ways, types and systems of heating. Water heating systems (its installation and operation), heating with a fireplace (advantages and disadvantages), stove heating (oven laying), air (convection), electric, their strengths and weak sides. And also considered the most FAQ on heating systems, advice is given and answers to these questions are given. If you are only designing your future home, then the most important issue is its heat supply, because it is not available everywhere. full set energy carriers (electricity, gas, coal…).

Planning heating for a particular type of fuel is necessary in advance, so that in the future you do not have to spend huge amounts of money on reworking the entire heating system at home. The purpose of this book is to help you navigate the variety of heating systems (water, convection, radiant ..), and used for heating systems - energy carriers, to get acquainted with their advantages and disadvantages. It is quite possible that for your conditions, more than one specific type of heating will become acceptable in practical and economic terms - for example, water heating on gas fuel, but a combined one - a liquid fuel boiler + a wood-burning stove. Or another combination of heating appliances and devices. Unfortunately the book does not complete information for all types of heating, but in general, a basic idea of \u200b\u200bheating systems can be made. See the title of the book below.

INTRODUCTION 3 Home heating systems 4

Chapter I. WATER HEATING SYSTEMS 15 General information about local heating of individual residential buildings 16 Principle of operation and arrangement of a water heating system with natural circulation of the coolant 21 Design of water heating systems with artificial circulation of the coolant 28 Structural diagrams of water heating systems 32 Heating systems with upper and lower wiring 33 One-pipe and two-pipe heating systems 34 Heating systems with vertical and horizontal risers 37 Dead-end heating systems and with associated water movement in mains 37

Chapter II. HEAT SOURCES 41 Heat generators and boilers 42

Installation of heat generators 76

Chapter III. HEATERS 77 Characteristics of radiators 78 Designs of radiators 83 Selection and placement of radiators 95

Calculation of the area, size and number of heaters 99

Chapter IV. HEAT PIPING OF THE HEATING SYSTEM 101 Designation, placement and range of heat pipelines in the building 102 Designation, design and placement of shut-off and control valves 107

Expansion tank. Purpose, design, placement 110

Chapter V. INSTALLATION OF WATER HEATING SYSTEMS 113 Grouping, crimping and installation of radiators 114 Installation of risers and connections to appliances 119

Gas welding 131

Electric welding 132

Safety during installation work 139

Chapter VII. HEATING SYSTEMS IN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 149 General information 150 Alternative sources heat supply 158 Boiler and fuel 163 Radiators and convectors 169 Pipes for heating systems 173

Automatic control heating equipment 175

Chapter VIII. ELECTRIC BOILERS AND HEATING WITH ELECTRICITY 177

Chapter IX. AIR HEATING. 181 The main difference between air heating and classical water heating 184 The principle of operation of the air heating system 185

Heat generator, air generator 186

Chapter X. HEATING SYSTEMS USED IN JOINT WITH FURNACE HEATING 189 Heat generators used for water heating 192 Heat generators for solid fuels 192 Gas heat generators 194 Air-gas heater 195 Gas fireplace 196 Oil-fired heaters 196 Combined heating and cooking heaters 196 Hot water supply 197

Heat generators for hot water systems 198

Chapter XI. FURNACE HEATING 199 Projects of heating furnaces 200 Heating furnace No. 1 200 Heating furnace No. 1А 208 Heating furnace No. 2 211 Heating furnace No. 2А 216 Heating furnace No. 3 .216 Heating furnace No. 3А 223 Heating furnace with a ladle No. 4 .224 Heating furnace No. 4A with a ladle 227 Triangular heating stove No. 5 231 Projects of combined heating stoves 237 Rectangular thick-walled stoves 257 Rectangular heating stove 257 Masonry chimney 261 Otter masonry, necks, pipe head 262 T-shaped heating furnace 264 Heating rectangular furnace of increased heat transfer. 268 MVMS furnaces of increased heating 270

Furnace MVMS-63 enhanced heating 273

Chapter XII. FLOOR HEATING IN A WOODEN HOUSE 275 What makes it easier to install a "warm floor"? 277 How to successfully install a "warm floor"? 278 Electric floor heating 279 Bathroom floor heating 281 Kitchen floor heating 282 Hallway floor heating 283 Balcony floor heating 283

Heated floors in the pool 284

Chapter XIII. GAS HEATING IN THE HOUSE 287 Boiler room in miniature. wall gas boilers 288

Optimal use of wall-mounted gas boilers? 288

APPS 293 Electric convectors and radiant panels in the heating system of a country house 294 Electric convectors 294 Heating radiant panels 296 How to choose a radiator 302

About heating boilers 310

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Heating, textbook for universities, Scanavi A.N., Makhov L.M., 2008

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Buy paper bookBuy e-bookFind similar materials on other sitesHow to open a fileHow to downloadCopyright holders (Abuse, DMCA) Heating, a textbook for universities, Scanavi AN, Makhov LM, 2008The device and principle of operation of various building heating systems are described. Methods for calculating the thermal power of the heating system are given. Design techniques, calculation methods and ways of regulating modern systems of central and local heating are considered. Ways to improve systems and save thermal energy in heating buildings are analyzed. For students of higher educational institution students in the direction of "Construction", for the specialty 290700 "Heat and gas supply and ventilation".

PREFACE.

The discipline "Heating" is one of the majors in the training of specialists in heat and gas supply and ventilation. Its study provides for the acquisition of fundamental knowledge on the designs, principles of operation and characteristic properties of various heating systems, on the methods of their calculation and design techniques, methods of regulation and control, and promising ways of developing this branch of the construction industry. To master the theoretical, scientific, technical and practical knowledge related to the discipline "Heating", a deep understanding and assimilation of physical processes and phenomena occurring both in heated buildings and directly in heating systems and their individual elements is necessary. These include processes associated with the thermal regime of the building, the movement of water, steam and air through pipes and channels, the phenomena of their heating and cooling, changes in temperature, density, volume, phase transformations, as well as the regulation of thermal and hydraulic processes. Free download e-book in a convenient format and read:

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