Material for underfloor heating in kindergarten. The heating system of a school, kindergarten, educational institutions - organization and reconstruction with all approvals. What is the norm of air temperature in kindergartens
Given with some abbreviations
INDOOR AIR
In connection with the increased metabolism, the growing body of the child needs an increased delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The amount of air passing through the lungs of a one-year-old child in 1 minute per 1 kg of weight is 220 ml, while in an adult it is only 96 ml.
By the end of the first year of a child's life (with a minute breathing volume of 2600 ml), about 4000 liters of air pass through the lungs per day, and even more in older children.
Breathing in children has features associated with incomplete formation respiratory apparatus. It is more shallow, and to meet the need for oxygen, the child breathes quickly. The younger he is, the faster his breath.
So, in 1 minute, a 5-6-year-old child produces 25 respiratory movements, a one-year-old - 30-35, a 6-month-old - 35-40, and a newborn - up to 40-60.
All this indicates that for the normal functioning of the child's body it is especially important that the surrounding air has the necessary chemical composition, physical properties and was deprived harmful impurities. These conditions are met by fresh atmospheric air.
As for the air in enclosed spaces during the stay of children, it largely loses its positive properties.
As a result of human activity, harmful substances emitted by the skin (sweat, decomposing surface layer of the skin - epithelium), intestines, dirty clothes, food residues and waste, etc.
The deterioration of indoor air quality is usually judged by the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in them, which increases along with other harmful substances. Based on research, it has been established that the air should be recognized as harmful to people in the room if the carbon dioxide content in it exceeds 0.1%.
Children during their stay indoors in one hour emit: heat (up to 30-50 calories), moisture (about 20 g), carbon dioxide (10-12 l). As a result, the temperature and humidity of the air rise in children's rooms, and the concentration of carbon dioxide increases.
The electrical state of the air also changes, in particular its ionic composition, which is considered as a kind of criterion for the good quality of the air environment.
It is known that what cleaner air, the more it contains light negatively charged particles of air ions and the less heavy positive ones. Clean country air usually contains about a thousand light ions per cubic centimeter and about the same number of heavy ions. In polluted urban air, the concentration of heavy ions reaches tens of thousands, while light ions are incomparably less (150-200).
The presence of children indoors increases the number of positively charged ions that adversely affect the human body and decreases the number of positively acting negatively charged ions.
The air in an enclosed space often has a specific, often bad smell due to the presence of gaseous organic substances in it. The reasons for their appearance may be poor care for untidy children, drying contaminated children's clothes and linen, as well as wet outerwear after walks, drying rags after cleaning. Air infiltration from poorly maintained toilets, nearby laundry rooms, and kitchens can also cause organic air pollution and significantly reduce its quality in children's rooms.
In gasified buildings, the microclimate of children's rooms can deteriorate due to the products of incomplete combustion of gases and the formation of carbon monoxide. This happens when the children's rooms are not properly planned (their proximity to the kitchen) and there is no complete ventilation in the places where gas appliances are installed.
Research has established (M.N. Troitsky) that a three-hour burning of one gas burner in a kitchen with a cubic capacity of 21 m l).
With faulty ventilation, the content of carbon monoxide reaches 0.3 mg / l. The number of heavy horses in the air increases many times over. Such deterioration of the air environment in gasified kitchens affects the air quality of nearby premises, including children's ones.
In order to maintain full-fledged air in gasified kitchens, it is necessary to constantly use exhaust ventilation, install wall fans that are mounted directly at the openings of the exhaust ventilation ducts, and regularly ventilate the kitchen.
It is expedient from a hygienic point of view to arrange improved gas-burners and plates with removal of products of combustion of gas.
There is always dust in the indoor air. A distinction is made between easily visible dust, consisting of large dust particles, which quickly settle in a calm state of air, and fine dust, which remains in the air even when it is calm. The duration of dust in the air depends on the size of its particles, temperature, humidity and air velocity.
Dust particles, together with air, enter the respiratory tract of a child and mechanically irritate their mucous membrane, which is more delicate than that of an adult; therefore, the dustiness of the premises for children is more dangerous. A large accumulation of dust in the air can cause disease processes in the lungs.
The vast majority of microbes in indoor air are harmless to humans, but there are also pathogens.
The degree of insemination of air and household items by microorganisms is directly dependent on the number of children and the duration of their stay in the room.
A flu outbreak causes an increase in the number of germs in the air. In a kindergarten, during an outbreak of influenza, the number of microorganisms in 1 m5 of air increased from 6460 to 9072 in 2 days. After the disease stopped, the number of microbes in the air gradually decreased.
Microbes that do not enter the respiratory tract settle on surrounding objects and, drying up, form bacterial dust, which again easily rises into the air when it moves. It has been established that some pathogenic microbes are capable of fairly long survival.
After removing the patient with streptococcal infection, viable microbes were found in the dust of the room and on the clothes of children for 4-5 days. Therefore, germs can persist indoors even in the absence of sick children. This should be taken into account by employees of child care facilities.
One of the conditions for providing children with high-grade air is enough big sizes children's rooms. In a group room, 2.0-2.5 m2 is allocated for one child, and 50 m2 for a group of 20 people, with a wall height of 3.0 m.
But it is not enough to provide children with the right amount of air, it is necessary to take care of its quality.
The air temperature should contribute to maintaining the thermal balance of the child's body.
The incompleteness of the thermoregulatory apparatus makes the child more susceptible to overheating and hypothermia; therefore, in children's institutions, significant fluctuations in indoor air temperature are highly undesirable.
In the heat exchange of a person with the environment great importance have humidity and air movement. High humidity cold air in the room enhances heat transfer, and the person experiences a feeling of chilliness. The increased humidity of the air at its high temperature sharply disrupts the transfer of heat, and the body overheats: the body temperature rises, the pulse quickens, and profuse sweat appears.
A favorable temperature is at which children, both at rest and in motion, in ordinary clothes adopted in children's institutions, feel good, i.e., a temperature that does not cause significant stress on thermoregulatory mechanisms.
Observations of the physiological reactions of children showed that the most favorable air temperature in children's institutions for infants is +21, +22 °, for children 2-3 years old - from +19 to + 20 °, for children 3-7 years old - from + 18 to +20°.
The given norms of air temperature are not once and for all established. They are indicative to some extent and can change mainly due to the expansion of the adaptive capabilities of the child's body as a result of its training, hardening. However, the group may include children with eating disorders (malnutrition) and patients with rickets. In such children, heat exchange is somewhat disturbed: therefore, they overheat and cool faster. Such children need special attention from adults.
It is also necessary to take into account the content of water vapor in the air. For humans, the most favorable relative humidity is 35-65%. Increased air humidity has negative influence on the human body. With a constant significant humidity, the walls in the room become damp and cold, fungi develop that destroy wooden walls and equipment.
The reasons for the appearance of dampness in the building are very diverse: a damp site, shortcomings in construction (for example, poor insulation of ground water), malfunctioning water, drain or heating pipes, improper operation of the premises (cooking, washing and drying clothes in residential premises), irregular heating rooms, inadequate ventilation.
To avoid high humidity air in children's rooms, you should first of all pay attention to their correct operation. It is necessary to ensure that children's underwear, diapers, as well as clothes and shoes (coats, leggings, mittens, boots, felt boots after a walk for children) are not dried in group rooms. For this purpose, children's institutions should have drying cabinets or special rooms allocated (away from the children's place of residence).
An effective measure to combat dampness is the combination of good space heating with ventilation. The task of controlling dampness is more difficult when it is caused by deficiencies in the construction of the building. In these cases, the intervention of construction organizations is necessary.
HEATING
Different heating systems can be used in preschool institutions. However, any of them must not only maintain the desired and uniform temperature in the room, but also satisfy other requirements, including hygienic ones.
In children's institutions, both local and central systems heating. With local heating, the combustion of fuel and the transfer of the heat released in this case into the air of heated rooms are structurally combined in one heating device.
Local heating is carried out mainly heating stoves with high heat capacity. With this type of heating, the air should not be polluted with dust, soot, soot, smoke, as well as harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide. The latter may be due to improper oven design and premature closing of the pans. When burning furnaces, fire safety rules must be observed.
Stove heating is allowed temporarily in cases where other types of heating are not applicable for technical and economic reasons. At the same time, furnaces of large heat capacity are installed, providing daily temperature drops of no more than 2-5 °.
Stove heating is allowed in rural settlements in one-story buildings of nursery-kindergartens with the number of places not more than 50.
With stove heating, the device of furnace holes in children's rooms, toilets, dressing rooms is not allowed. The stoves are heated in the morning, before the children arrive. If there are round-the-clock groups in the children's institution, it is prohibited to heat stoves at night.
In cities, most childcare facilities have a central water heating. The advantages of central heating over local heating are obvious. The operation and maintenance of central heating appliances is incomparably easier and requires fewer people.
The best type of central heating for children's institutions is low pressure water heating. Such a system consists of a boiler located in the basement of the building and pipelines connecting the boiler with heating devices located in heated rooms.
The water in the boiler is heated (up to 70-90°C) and is directed through pipelines to radiators, the heating of which up to 60-70°C is sufficient to maintain a uniform air temperature in the premises. With this system, it is possible to lower or increase the temperature of the water in the boiler and thereby regulate the air temperature in the rooms.
For supporting normal temperature indoor air it is necessary that the temperature of the water in the boiler and the outside air be in a certain ratio.
In those kindergartens that still use other, less comfortable view local heating, for example, stoves, it can be recommended to convert the heating system to the so-called local apartment water heating.
With this method, a small cast-iron boiler manufactured by our industry is installed. Hot water flows from the boiler to heating devices (radiators of the Moskva-132 and Moskva-150 types) through pipes laid along the top of the wall, and then back to the boiler through pipes at the bottom of the wall (near the floor).
High heating capacity of the boiler, long burning fuel (up to 8-10 hours between loads), the ability to burn different kinds fuel, 45% less labor costs for the installation and operation of this type of heating compared to stove, as well as great sanitary-hygienic and fire-fighting advantages, allow us to recommend it instead of stove heating.
As heating devices, radiators, convectors with casings and tubular heating elements built into concrete panels are accepted.
To protect children from bruises, it is necessary that heating devices in children's rooms have removable fences that do not retain heat.
Recently in construction practice wide application finds panel heating. With this type of heating, instead of radiators, massive heating panels are used, which are part of the design of the floor, ceiling or walls. Hot water flows through tubular coils or registers embedded in building envelopes (ceiling, wall or floor).
Sometimes heated air is used as a heat carrier, circulating through the heater and panels in a closed system of channels located in the thickness of the building envelope. Panel heating provides a more even distribution of warm air in the room and maintains comfortable conditions even at low air temperatures.
Therefore, with such a system, it is possible to use more intensive ventilation. At panel heating to create a favorable microclimate, the location of the heater panels is of decisive importance.
According to D. I. Ismailova (1970), the most favorable microclimate conditions are provided when the heater panels are located in the outer wall (outer-wall heating system) or with a contour-partition system. It is unacceptable to place heating elements in partitions internal walls, as this creates an uneven temperature in the room, makes it impossible to conveniently place furniture, interferes with the correct use of the room for rest and study, etc.
The design temperatures of the heating surfaces for panel heating are as follows: with a ceiling radiant heating system, the temperature of the ceiling should be 28-30°; with floor - 25-27 °; with wall - 40-45 °.
In children's institutions, warming up the room in the area where children are staying is of particular importance. This can be provided by a radiant underfloor heating system in combination with another such as wall panel heating.
In kindergartens that have a heating system common with residential buildings, uniform terms for the heating season are established. With an unexpected cold snap in spring or autumn, the temperature in children's rooms drops below normal, and this may affect the health of children. For fear of even more cooling of the room, the ventilation stops.
Therefore, it is desirable that the heating of buildings of preschool institutions does not depend on the heating system of residential buildings. It is allowed to design built-in boiler rooms as a heat source only for buildings of children's institutions. To create a sustainable climate in children's rooms, it is good to provide for automated supply to the heating network hot water the desired temperature according to the season and weather conditions.
Room ventilation
To maintain normal air regime indoors, it is important to regularly remove poor-quality air and replace it with outdoor air, which is close to atmospheric in composition. This is achieved by ventilation of the room. A constant but insignificant intake of outside air into the room occurs through the walls (through the pores building material), through closed windows, doors.
This is the so-called natural ventilation. It occurs, on the one hand, under the influence of wind, on the other hand, due to the difference in air temperatures outside and inside the room. However, this kind of ventilation is absolutely insufficient. Under these conditions, for a single exchange of air in the room, a long time is needed - 6-9 hours. If the walls are completely covered oil paint, natural ventilation through them stops, as the pores of the building material become impervious to air. But maintaining the purity of indoor air is only by natural ventilation ineffective.
To enhance natural ventilation, they resort to ventilation through windows, transoms, and vents. In order for this to be a good result, their size should be at least 1/50 of the floor area of \u200b\u200bthe given room. Transoms and vents should be in the upper third of the window, since the higher they are located, the more air is set in motion and exchange takes place. Air vents and transoms arranged at the bottom of the windows (at the height of the child), in addition, make it difficult to ventilate the premises in the presence of children in the cold season.
The most suitable for ventilation in the cold season are transoms designed in such a way that air enters from below through their outer sash, and then passes upwards through the inner one.
Outside air, getting into the room, in its mass rushes up, mixing with warm air heats up and fills the room. To avoid the flow of cold air down, side shields are made on the inner sash of the transom. Such a device allows you to widely use the transom not only for periodic, but also for constant ventilation of the room in cold weather, even with children.
In order for the ventilation of children's rooms to be regular, you need to carefully monitor the serviceability of the devices used to open and close the transoms. During the repair of children's institutions, it is also necessary to fix transoms, arrange convenient devices for them, levers for opening and closing instead of the cord, stick, etc. currently used.
The most convenient mechanism is mounted on a vertical bar of the middle blank window sash. The transom is opened by turning the handle down; turning it up closes the transom tightly. The manufacture of such devices is highly desirable not only for the construction of new, but also for existing children's institutions.
According to building codes, top folding transoms with lever devices for at least 50% of windows are provided in all rooms.
In the absence of transoms, children's rooms are most often (especially in cold weather) ventilated through the vents, less often through an open window. If their area is sufficient, the temperature difference between the outside air and the room is significant, and the wind moves towards the open window or window, a complete exchange of air in the room will be provided fairly quickly.
However, in the absence of these conditions, a complete replacement room air outdoor will take a very long time. For a constant supply fresh air in children's rooms you can use the window-attachment. It is attached to the inner window frame and provides long-term or even round-the-clock ventilation of the premises during the cold season.
The flow of outside air entering through the open window, passing through several hundred holes (5 mm in diameter) of the attachment attached to the inner window, breaks into many small jets and quickly mixes with warm room air.
Windows and transoms are not allowed to be sealed for the winter. In addition, in winter, one window in each room should be left unglued. In nurseries-gardens designed for areas with an estimated outdoor temperature of -40 ° and below, windows and balcony doors with triple glazing. In the warmer season, transoms, vents and windows should be kept open throughout the day.
It is necessary to provide for such a trifle: hooks should be attached to the vents and sashes of windows, which, in case of gusts of wind, would protect them from slamming.
Ventilation of premises, and even more so a constant supply of fresh air, significantly improves air quality, in particular, reduces its bacterial contamination and, therefore, is one of effective means to prevent air infections.
Observations carried out in a children's institution showed that airing for 30 minutes through a window at an outdoor temperature of +8 to +10 ° reduces bacterial contamination of the air by 40%, and at an outdoor temperature of -3 to -9 ° - by 65%.
By opening the window sashes, the area of which is 4 times larger than the window leaf, it is possible to reduce bacterial air pollution in the room by 70% within 10 minutes at an outside air temperature of +8 to +10 ° C, and in 30 minutes - by 85%.
As mentioned above, the ionic composition of indoor air can also serve as an indicator of the good quality of air, at the same time determining the effect of ventilation.
Long-term (2-3-hour) ventilation in combination with thorough wet cleaning of the premises had a different effect depending on the time of year and the type of ventilation associated with it ( open windows or vents).
In all cases, the number of heavy air ions, indicating air pollution, as a rule, decreased, and light air ions increased, but with the windows open, the effect was greatest.
A quick and complete change of air in the room is achieved through cross-ventilation.
It is impossible to open vents, transoms, windows in the restroom. To ventilate the latrines, enhanced exhaust ventilation is provided, and the influx of fresh air occurs through the rooms adjacent to it. An open window in the restroom will cause the movement of air (and with it the smell) into the corridors, group rooms.
Air renewal during through ventilation in winter through the windows occurs 5-7 times faster than with one-sided ventilation.
Through ventilation is possible if the windows are on two opposite walls or at an angle. If the windows are located on one side of the room, then cross-ventilation can be applied by opening the windows and the door to adjacent rooms: to the reception (cloakroom), lobby, to the veranda.
The duration of cross-ventilation depends on the outdoor temperature, the strength and direction of the wind. On cold winter days, short-term cross-ventilation is enough to completely change the air in the room.
At very low outdoor temperatures (below -20°C), cross-ventilation is applied for two to three minutes to prevent overcooling of the room. During the transitional season, it is held for at least 10-15 minutes.
In bedrooms, in the absence of children, it is advisable to keep the windows and transoms open throughout the day; in the cold season, you should close the windows and transoms 30 minutes before going to bed, and in the warm season, it is recommended to sleep with the windows wide open.
In summer, to protect from the sun, it is often practiced to cover open windows with curtains. This makes it difficult for fresh air to enter the room. To this end, it is better to use sunscreens such as awnings, visors, blinds, preferably with mechanical regulator(lifting and turning). Their use reduces the air temperature in the room and does not interfere with the access of fresh air.
Note. Building codes (1972) in nurseries-gardens designed for construction in a hot climatic region, south of 45 ° north latitude, in rooms for long-term stay of children provide for sun protection devices (blinds, visors, curtains, etc.).
Sun protection devices are allowed in group rooms, play-dining rooms, bedrooms, on the verandas of nursery gardens designed for construction in other climatic regions. Combustible polymeric materials are not allowed for sun protection devices.
To protect group rooms from overheating, open windows on the side that is not lit by the sun.
Very often in children's institutions to fight flies in the summer they tighten window openings with fine metal mesh or gauze. This leads to a sharp slowdown in air exchange, in hot weather - to the cessation of the supply of fresh air.
So that the change of air through the window of the room where the children are located does not cause a sharp decrease in temperature and tangible currents of cold air, on frosty days and when strong wind ventilation can be allowed through a window covered with gauze.
At a distance of 1.5 m from the window, the speed of air movement during aeration through a window covered with gauze is three times less than during normal ventilation. The air temperature during ventilation through gauze is kept almost at the same level all the time: +20, +20.5 °. If the window is not tightened with gauze, then the temperature drops from + 20.8 to + 18.8 ° in 30 minutes.
Tightening the window with gauze reduces the efficiency of air change; therefore, in the absence of children, even on frosty days, gauze should not be used when airing.
The greatest air pollution, especially in the cold season, is observed after a long stay of children in the room, i.e. after classes, lunch, daytime sleep, by the end of the stay of children in a childcare facility, in the bedroom after a night's sleep.
Therefore, during these hours, it is necessary to ventilate the children's rooms most intensively in the absence of children (going for a walk, home) or briefly take the children to another room, for example, to the reception (cloakroom).
In one of the kindergartens in Moscow, constant ventilation of the group room was organized - in winter through 1-2 transoms and in spring - through transoms and windows.
Under these conditions, we observed the natural fluctuations in air temperature in the group room and the thermal reactions of the children in them. Average monthly air temperature in a group room kindergarten at the level of 1.5 m from the floor (at the generally accepted height for a room thermometer) averaged 19-20°. The air temperature at the level of 1 m of the floor (the approximate height of children of this age), as a rule, was lower.
When the air temperature at the height of an adult was + 18°, the average air temperature at the height of a child was + 16.5; hence the difference was 1.5°.
The data we obtained indicate that it is wrong to assess the air temperature in children's rooms only on the basis of the readings of a thermometer located at the height of an adult, as is usually done.
Determination of air temperature and recommendations temperature standards children's institutions, especially with constant ventilation, should be carried out at a level of 1 m from the floor.
Our data allow us to consider what is most acceptable for most children up to school age air temperature +18, +20° at relative humidity 40-60%. At the same time, most children have a favorable thermal state.
Constant ventilation in the presence of children not only supplies the room with fresh atmospheric air, but also contributes to the systematic hardening of the body, increasing its resistance to fluctuations in ambient temperature.
The number of colds in children in cold weather with constant ventilation of the room did not increase.
This means that with good heating and proper organization of ventilation, it is possible to ensure a constant supply of fresh air to the room where children are in cold weather.
However, it should be remembered that in windy weather, children should not be allowed to stay near open transoms for a long time.
The exchange of air in the room is also carried out with the help of a central artificial ventilation. There are three types of central ventilation: supply, exhaust and combined - supply and exhaust.
In children's institutions, it is advisable to use only exhaust central ventilation so that the used poor-quality air is removed through it. The flow of clean atmospheric air into the room is provided through windows, transoms, vents.
The central exhaust system should have separate shafts for removing spoiled air from the latrines, kitchen and isolation room and one common shaft for all other premises of the children's institution. There are exhaust vents on the top of the wall: two for each group room, kitchen, hall, and one for the rest of the rooms. Each exhaust opening is equipped with shutters to control the flow of air from the premises. Knife switch to turn on the central exhaust system located in a locked locker in the hallway or on the landing.
The artificial ventilation device is based on the difference between internal and external air pressure. From the room, the air enters through the channel into the ventilation chamber located in the attic, which has a thermal stimulator that creates air draft from the room to the channel.
Wind energy is also used for ventilation. In this case, the ventilation ducts are brought to the roof in the form of a pipe, special nozzles (wind vanes, deflectors) are put on it, which, in any direction of the wind, suck air from exhaust pipe and this causes draft from the room. The effectiveness of this ventilation method is reduced by the fact that its use is limited and depends on the wind.
The advantages of the first two types of artificial ventilation, therefore, are that they use special stimuli and can act constantly and evenly, regardless of fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, strength and direction of the wind. With the help of artificial ventilation, you can control the rate of removal of air from the room.
In the autumn winter period, with the beginning of the heating season and before the onset of warm days, central exhaust ventilation is used to remove stale air. In spring, summer and early autumn, they arrange wide ventilation through open windows, vents, transoms, which sufficiently ensures a constant supply and exchange of air in children's rooms. For the correct functioning of the central exhaust ventilation child care staff need to learn how to use it.
LIGHTING
Lighting, both natural and artificial, is of great importance in the improvement of preschool institutions. Daylight - necessary condition normal functioning of the body. If a person is on long time deprive of natural light, then the body's defenses are weakened, mineral metabolism is disturbed, and functional disorders of the nervous system are observed.
At the same time, the sun's rays, penetrating into the room through the window, give, although insignificant, but a bactericidal effect.
The correct light regime contributes to better visual perception, prevents the development of myopia in children.
In preschool institutions, systematic classes are held, children play with large and small toys, look at pictures, draw - all this causes significant visual strain and is closely related to the general fatigue of the body.
Conducted physiological studies (ED Demina) show that classes in kindergarten at low levels of artificial lighting affect the functional state of the central nervous system and visual apparatus: visual acuity decreases, the speed of discrimination decreases.
Good lighting makes children active, cheerful mood. In a bright room, disorder, pollution of the room, furniture and clothes are more noticeable, there is a need to constantly maintain cleanliness.
There should not be a single dark, insufficiently lit corner in the premises of children's institutions.
Norms of natural lighting are expressed not in absolute terms, but in relative values: The ratio of indoor lighting to simultaneous outdoor lighting is taken into account. This ratio is expressed as a percentage and is referred to as the daylight factor (LLC).
According to sanitary norms and rules, the coefficient of natural illumination of premises is currently: in group rooms, bedrooms, an isolation room and a room for a sick child, in a hall - 1.5%; in the reception and dressing room - 1.0%.
The quality of natural lighting in children's institutions depends on many factors, primarily on the size of the windows. It is normal that the ratio of their glazed surface to the floor area (light coefficient) in children's rooms should be 1: 4. Windows should be wide, with small piers. The deeper the room, the higher the windows should be.
In order to increase the illumination of children's rooms, small bindings should not be made near the windows; the distance from the ceiling to the upper edge of the window (the most useful in terms of lighting) should be minimal (15-25 cm). The height of the window sill above the floor is 60 cm. This will allow children to look into the distance from time to time and give rest to tired eye muscles.
To create a normal light regime, the location of children's rooms is of great importance. South is recognized as the best orientation.
In rooms with a southern orientation, the most uniform lighting prevails.
In the northern regions, this will make it possible to increase the duration of solar illumination, which is very important for this climatic zone.
In the south, the sun is at its zenith during the hottest hours of the day, and its rays do not penetrate deep into the room, but only glide over the surface of the building, so children's rooms do not overheat.
Note. When orienting bedroom-verandas to the north, additional natural lighting should be provided from the east or west side.
It is important that sunlight not only penetrates into the room, but is not absorbed. This largely depends on the color of the ceiling, walls, furniture. They should be covered with paints of light colors, giving the highest coefficient of reflection of light rays.
Thus, the reflection coefficient of a ceiling painted in White color, is equal to 70% and even 100%; walls painted in light yellow, cream, pale pink give a reflection coefficient of 60-75%, light yellow floors - 25-30%; light wood floors - 15-30%.
In addition, using the right combination of colors, you can make the room for children smart, cozy. Conversely, randomly selected, ill-conceived colors create a variegated or gray, unsightly environment. The combination of colors should take into account the purpose of this room.
Covers of windows, window sills, doors should be covered with white oil paint. It is also advisable to paint furniture in light colors.
Do not darken window openings with curtains, tall flowers; be sure to wash the glass regularly. All this will contribute to the greatest reflection of light rays and the best illumination of the room.
Artificial lighting must meet the following requirements: be sufficient, uniform, not flickering, without sharp shadows, not degrade the air with combustion products, and be safe in terms of fire.
With artificial lighting, it is possible to normalize not only the quantity, but also the quality of illumination.
Artificial lighting is created using incandescent or fluorescent lamps. The norm of artificial lighting in group rooms: 100 lux with incandescent lamps and 200 lux with fluorescent lighting. Conducted by the Institute. F. F. Erisman’s studies (E. M. Demina) allow us to conclude that it is advisable to increase these norms.
In this regard, in group rooms for children preschool age you need to have 8 electric bulbs, 200 watts each; for young children 6 light points, 200 watts each. In both cases, this amounts to about 25 watts for incandescent lamps per square meter floor area, for fluorescent lighting - 50 watts per 1 m2.
With kerosene lighting, which is still used in some children's institutions in the countryside, only pendant lamps (not lower than 2 m from the floor) are allowed, mainly with a round burner at the rate of 3 lines per 1 m2 of floor. This rule does not provide good conditions lighting, but it is impossible to increase the number of lamps, since this releases excess heat and carbon dioxide, which are harmful to health.
In addition, kerosene lighting is dangerous in terms of fire.
Lighting fittings should provide uniform diffused light; therefore, in preschool institutions, it is recommended to use SK-300 ring-type lamps or KSO-1 type lamps; milk balls with a diameter of 350 mm are also allowed. Lucets and lamps that are open from below and are not protected by fittings are not allowed, as they cause rapid visual fatigue. Usage wall sconces as well as chandeliers is strictly prohibited.
For fluorescent lighting, it is better to use white (BS) and warm white (TBS) light lamps.
With fluorescent lighting, lamps of the SHOD type (school general lighting diffuse) are used. Fluorescent lamps glow along their entire length and create uniform illumination. Its spectrum approaches natural light.
In some cases, for example, in the Far North, ultraviolet deficiency is observed during the polar night, which leads to a disruption in the formation of vitamin D in the body, which causes rickets in children. In these cases, artificial lighting of a different type is required.
AT last years Soviet engineers designed an erythema fluorescent lamp. It is arranged like a fluorescent lighting lamp, and its inner surface is coated with a special compound that emits ultraviolet rays of low intensity compared to a mercury-quartz lamp.
Irradiation of school-age children with erythema lamps has a positive effect on their health, vital functions of the body; children gain weight, get sick less.
E. M. Demina (F. F. Erisman Institute) conducted observations in a kindergarten in Moscow, where this type of artificial lighting was installed. Lamps and erythema irradiators were used (4 fluorescent lighting lamps and 2 erythema), and they were mounted so that they could be used together and separately. This made it possible, under conditions of good natural light, to turn on only erythemal lamps, which give an ultraviolet beam.
From November to April, the children were irradiated daily. At the same time, they did not undress, but only wrapped their sleeves and lowered their stockings. Irradiation of the bare surface of the arms, legs, head and neck during 4-5 hours of stay in the group room was sufficient, the children received the required amount of ultraviolet rays.
Compared to the children of the other group of this kindergarten, who were not exposed to radiation, the state of health and physical development of the irradiated children was much better.
According to A. M. Vorobieva, daily preventive ultraviolet irradiation with erythemal fluorescent lamps at the rate of 1/8-1/6 erythemal dose per day increases the body's ability of preschool children to absorb nutrients (calcium by 9.3-20.3% and phosphorus by 6.3-17.5% of the introduced amount).
Lighting with the use of erythemal lamps is currently recognized as the most effective. Such lamps are highly desirable for all kindergartens, but they are especially needed in the Far North, where it is important not only to provide full-fledged artificial lighting, but also to improve living conditions during the long polar night.
In areas north of 65 ° N. sh. sources of ultraviolet radiation (EUV, etc.) are provided in the system of general lighting for group rooms, playing-dining rooms, bedrooms, in the isolation wards and rooms for sick children or in the fotaria.
Artificial lighting can be used in two types: general and combined (when combined general and local lighting).
Local lighting is provided in reception rooms, locker rooms, bedrooms, in the medical room, in the manager's office, in washing rooms. In other rooms, the use of one local lighting is not allowed.
In the bedrooms, bedroom-verandas, the room for sick children and the isolation ward, standby (night) lighting with a voltage of not more than 36 watts is provided, connected to the emergency lighting network.
For emergency lighting, luminaires with blue glass and a shielding grid should be used, installed at a height of 0.3 m from the floor, near the entrances to the premises.
Socket outlets are installed in all premises of the kindergarten to connect local lighting and cleaning machines.
In group rooms, halls, sockets and switches should be installed at a height of 1.8 m from the floor.
WATER SUPPLY
For the proper sanitary maintenance of preschool institutions, the nature of water supply, in particular the quality and quantity of water, plays an important role. Where there is city and village water supply, it is easier to provide proper water supply.
In cases where there is no central water supply, but in the microdistrict there are enterprises, institutions provided with local water supply, and if the supply of water and sanitary conditions allow, the buildings of preschool institutions must be connected to this water supply system.
Where there are no specified conditions, local water supply should be provided for the children's institution. When installing a water supply system, the choice of a water source and the amount of water in it must comply with GOSTs.
When it is completely impossible to provide a preschool institution with running water, water has to be taken directly from underground groundwater and artesian sources, for example, from wells, the arrangement and maintenance of which must meet basic sanitary requirements.
The best type of local water supply should be considered bored wells, in particular artesian ones. The water in them is not polluted from the surface of the earth, and usually its quality is quite satisfactory.
If it is impossible to have bored wells, dug (shaft) wells can be used, subject to the established sanitary requirements.
The well should be laid no closer than 25-30 m from sources of soil and water pollution (residential buildings, non-sewered latrines, cesspools, garbage dumps, old, abandoned wells, barnyards, etc.). Wells should not be built in low-lying and swampy places flooded with rain and melt water.
The inner surface of the well must have a dense concrete, brick or wood paneling. This will protect it from pollution, as well as from seepage through the walls of the mine of water from the upper layers of the soil.
The ground part of the log house of the well should be 0.8-1 m high. remove the soil, and fill the resulting depression with crumpled clay. From the well there should be a slope for the outflow of water. The opening of the log house must be kept closed at all times.
To protect the upper hole from debris and foreign objects getting into the well, a hinged cover is arranged above the well, or even better, a closed booth with the pump handle and the drain pipe neck out. The door to the booth must always be kept locked.
To draw water from a well, it is better to have a pump, a gate or a “crane” with a bucket firmly attached. The drain pipe must be equipped with a hook for hanging a bucket. The use of individual buckets in order to avoid water pollution should be strictly prohibited.
The area around the well must be kept clean at all times. It is impossible to rinse clothes in the immediate vicinity of the well, wash various items, allow livestock and vehicles to access it. A fence must be built around the well. Periodic cleaning of the well is required.
Supplying children's institutions with household and drinking water from open water bodies (river, pond, lake, dam storage facilities, etc.) is unacceptable, since the water in them does not have the required physical, chemical and bacteriological composition. In addition, their pollution or contamination is always possible (dumping of industrial or sewage-fecal waters, washing away all kinds of litter from the banks with rainwater, watering and grazing of animals, etc.).
SEWER
It is most expedient to connect children's institutions to the city or village sewerage, and in case of its absence, use the local sewage system (by agreement with the nearest enterprises or cultural and community institutions). If there are no other possibilities, a local sewage system is arranged for the children's institution in accordance with the design rules for these structures, provided for by the current standards of the State Sanitary Supervision. In case of emergency, it is allowed cesspool system with the device of backlash closets in outdoor latrines (the latter - in warm and hot regions of the country).
According to sanitary standards, buildings of nursery gardens with a capacity of up to 50 places in non-sewered areas are allowed to be designed without internal sewerage. Under these conditions, it is necessary to strictly comply with hygienic and anti-epidemic requirements. The arrangement of latrines is carried out no closer than 25 m from the building, with convenient approaches to them.
The most important sanitary part of such a restroom is a sewage receptacle. The cesspool should, if possible, be hermetically isolated from the soil.
The device of absorbing wells, allowing seepage of liquid into the soil, sanitary regulations is strictly prohibited.
To prevent soil contamination and ground water, the walls and bottom of sewage bins (as well as liquid waste bins) must be waterproof - made of stone, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete. The outer part of the cesspool has a double cover. The latrines should be cleaned daily, in particular the toilet seats and the floor should be washed. hot water with lye.
Backlash closets should be arranged outside the main building, in the form of a one-story extension connected by a warm transition to the main building. The play closet consists of a lavatory and a lock with a stove. The lock has natural light and can be ventilated. The furnace furnace goes into the gateway. The backlash-closet cesspool is located with shady side buildings, but not under the windows of children's rooms.
For disinfection of latrines, it is recommended to use a 10% clarified solution of bleach, which is used to moisten the toilet seats and the lower parts of the walls. Seats, handles, floors, walls should be wiped with a 1% bleach solution.
In the warm season, the contents of the receivers must be disinfected with dry bleach. To clean the cesspools, appropriate transport must be provided (bulk barrels filled with scoops or pumps, tank trucks).
In winter, when part of the liquid waste and sewage freezes, they need to be dug out and taken out on special rattles, upholstered inside with galvanized iron and closed with lids.
It is necessary to take out liquid waste at least once a month, while not allowing the cesspool to overflow by more than 3/4 of its volume. If necessary, the period of waste removal can be reduced.
During the reconstruction of heating systems in preschool institutions, a huge number of problems arise that can only be solved by a complete replacement of the heating system layout, piping and heating devices. The reason for these problems is:
- wear of pipes and heating devices;
- redevelopment of premises;
- insulation of the outer walls of the building;
- tightening of norms and rules in the design;
- transition to an independent heat supply system from heat networks.
The most optimal heating system for kindergartens is a horizontal dead-end floor-by-floor heating system. If a horizontal pipes it is impossible to lay in the construction of the floor or walls and a huge number of passages through the main walls are required, then a two-pipe heating system can be used.
It is not allowed, as a coolant, to use an antifreeze liquid with additives of harmful substances of the 1st - 4th hazard classes.
The system is assembled from metal-plastic pipes. Pipes laid openly along the walls must be covered with plasterboard boxes. Pipes are laid in thermal insulation, providing a surface temperature of not more than 40 ° C,
Bimetallic ones are optimal as heating devices. sectional radiators. At the same time, radiators must be closed with plasterboard boxes with gratings (for heating appliances) made of wood or other heat-resistant materials. The length of the radiator must be at least 75% of the width of the window opening. The radiator can be installed at a height of 50mm from the floor level. All heating appliances must be equipped with thermostatic valves with a device for balancing the system. Heating appliances are calculated taking into account ventilation. When airing, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than 2-4 degrees C. Airing is carried out for at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours.
On the first floors, for group rooms, bedrooms and dressing rooms, a heated floor is required, mounted from metal-plastic pipes or pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene. In winter, the temperature of the floor surface must be at least 22 degrees C,
As a rule, steam heating is not allowed in kindergartens. Stove heating is not used for newly constructed and reconstructed buildings of kindergartens.
The design of the kindergarten heating system should be carried out in accordance with the following regulatory documents:
- SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the arrangement, content and organization of the work regime in preschool organizations”;
- SP 118.13330.2012 “Public buildings and structures”;
- SP 60.13330.2012 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.
| Name of indicator | Meaning |
| Density of heating pipeline networks | average |
| Specific maximum power consumption per 1 sq.m. from total area object | 60 W*h/sq.m. |
| Specific annual consumption thermal energy per 1 sq.m. from the total area of the object | 0.136 Gcal*year/sq.m. |
| Specific financial costs for heat supply of the heating system of an object by heat generating companies at a cost of 1 Gcal - 1100 rubles. | 149.6 rubles*year/sq.m. |
| Specific fuel consumption for heat supply of the facility heating system with natural gas | 19 m.cub.*year/sq.m. |
| Specific financial costs for the heat supply of the heating system of the object with natural gas at the cost of 1 cubic meter. - 4 rub. | 76 rub.*year/sq.m. |
| Specific fuel consumption for heat supply of the facility heating system with firewood | 53 kg*year/sq.m. |
| Specific financial costs for the heat supply of the heating system of the object with firewood at a cost of 1 kg. - 3.4 rubles. | 180.2 rubles*year/sq.m. |
It is profitable to order a high-quality heating project for a kindergarten without intermediaries in the engineering studio of Kiselyov - a designer of ventilation, heating and air conditioning
According to Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets, the number of children in our country who need a place in a kindergarten is growing every year. So, in 2002, 6.7 million children aged 3 to 7 were registered in Russia, in 2012 - 7.6 million, and by 2015 there will be 8.4 million. “And this is not a forecast, but actual data, since these children have already been born, Olga Golodets clarifies. — There are about two million children in the queue for kindergarten.”
On the other hand, the number of preschool children themselves educational institutions has halved since 1990.
The most active mothers of preschool children a year or two ago gathered rallies, the leitmotif of the speeches and propaganda posters of which was the call “Return kindergartens to children!” It was about the eviction of all kinds of municipal services from the former buildings of preschool institutions that occupied them in the 1990s, as well as the resettlement of families who were given some former kindergartens for housing (often doctors and teachers received it). However, if you look at the situation a little, it turns out that the eviction of state and municipal services from yesterday's kindergartens will not solve the problem.
“The vast majority of those built before the 1990s. preschool institutions do not comply with modern building standards and the provisions of the law "On Energy Saving", and therefore require serious investment in reconstruction,- says the director of Teploset LLC Sergey Ponomarev (Biysk, Altai Territory). — The minimum that today solves this problem in existing preschool institutions is the installation plastic windows with triple glazing, metering devices, thermal automation, in some cases - insulation of facades. The return of the old buildings of kindergartens, which are now occupied by civil services and housing, will require reconstruction both in the construction and in the energy sector: the presence of only plastic windows and metal-plastic heating risers will not solve the problem. From an economic point of view, it is much cheaper to build new buildings, providing them with modern energy-saving equipment.”. "Replacement of worn out pipes in operating institutions social sphere, the installation of plastic windows and other similar events are certainly important, but do not play a priority role in solving the problems of creating a comfortable microclimate and heat conservation,- agrees Anton Belov, deputy director of the thermal department of Danfoss. — Without complex automation and the use of modern energy-efficient engineering equipment these issues cannot be resolved. In addition, experience shows that no matter how expensive these solutions may seem at first glance, they pay off in an average of 2-3 years.. The need to create comfortable conditions for children is today another problem of preschool institutions. The unbalanced microclimate in the premises of kindergartens is becoming one of the main reasons for the increase in the incidence of children. “When we got a place in a kindergarten, there was no limit to joy. But very quickly it was replaced by disappointment: the son went to kindergarten for only a week - and fell ill,- says Anna Kudryavtseva, mother of 4-year-old Maxim from Biysk (Altai Territory). — It turned out that there is nothing surprising in this, and it is by no means a matter of the child's adaptation. One teacher makes the children dress warmer, does not ventilate the room, believing that in this way he saves them from a cold, and the other, on the contrary, brings excited children from a walk, although the windows in the group are not yet closed.
As can be seen from the example, often the comfortable temperature level in the room is assessed by the educator or teacher based on their own feelings and opinions about what should be the optimal microclimate for the child. Moreover, kindergarten employees, as a rule, have to independently regulate the temperature in the kindergarten premises (mainly by opening and closing the windows), since outdated projects do not provide for automation of this process. In particular, acquaintance with the Federal Data Bank for the design of objects capital construction and the most cost-effective reuse projects on the website of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (for example, Moscow, Tomsk Region and Altai Territory) are disheartening - the kindergarten projects presented here can hardly be called fully heat-saving. At best, the documentation provides for the use of water-heated floors and the installation of plastic windows.
Meanwhile, today there are successfully completed projects proving that modern solutions for heating and water supply systems are able to provide answers immediately to all existing questions. As Anton Belov (Danfoss) notes, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the solution to the problems of creating a comfortable microclimate and energy saving is achieved through the use of automated individual heating points (AITP) with weather compensation. One of the features of this solution is that automation allows you to set various operating modes. heating system. For example, you can program a decrease in the air temperature in the rooms at night and on weekends when there are no children in the kindergarten. And the rest of the time - to maintain the temperature at the level required by sanitary standards. Thus, the tasks of maintaining a healthy microclimate and saving heat are simultaneously solved.
An essential role in creating comfortable conditions in the premises of kindergartens is also played by automatic radiator thermostats installed on heating appliances. For children's institutions, experts recommend using temperature controllers with a gas-filled sensor, as they are the most sensitive to changes in air temperature.
There are even more advanced solutions. For example, in Tomsk, an energy-efficient kindergarten of category “A” is successfully operating, where, in order to ensure a comfortable microclimate in groups central heating not used at all. The basis of the kindergarten heat supply system is thermal Danfoss pumps, allowing for each expended kilowatt of electricity supplying them to receive from 4 to 6 kW of thermal energy. In other words, from 75 to 84 percent of heat energy is free, if we compare the heating system of the new kindergarten with the classical heat supply scheme. Interestingly, such solutions in Tomsk pay for themselves even at the construction stage, since connection to the city heating network is more expensive than a fully assembled turnkey system based on heat pump. The municipal authorities plan to replicate the experience gained in new social facilities being built in the city.
The example of kindergarten No. 347 in Perm is no less interesting: here, an energy service company installed energy-saving equipment from a Danish concern at its own expense in order to recover the money spent by saving on the consumption of fuel and energy resources. Moreover, the very next year it amounted to 54% of the cost of modernizing the kindergarten.
It is noteworthy that both projects - both in Tomsk and Perm - allow not only to talk about significant savings in resources and financial resources for their payment, high return on investment, but also about the formation of a comfortable climate in kindergartens. The heads of the institutions note that the pupils get sick less, and they have no problems with regulating the temperature in the rooms at all.
When addressing the issue of the shortage of preschool institutions, one should not forget about the accompanying tasks - creating a comfortable microclimate for kids and energy saving. As practice shows, they not only do not contradict each other, but are links of one inextricable chain: it is possible to save heat without compromising health, first of all, for the smallest citizens of our country.
Oddly enough, but the term for turning on heating in preschool institutions, schools and hospitals in Moscow depends directly on the head of the preschool institution, the head physician of the hospital or the school director.
Of course, no matter how cool the leader is, no one will turn on the heating for him in warm weather, but during the transition period from summer to winter in September-October, when there are real frosts at night (as it is now in Moscow), and it’s not very warm during the day Everything depends on the leader and only on him.
First, the head of the kindergarten, school or hospital must take steps to ensure timely and quality training buildings of their institution for the next heating season and receive from MOEK an appropriate certificate of readiness for winter.
After that, the manager, upon the onset of the transition period (if necessary), should directly contact the management of his branch of MOEK, the Government of his district and the prefecture and urgently ask to open the heating valves. If the head of the institution supports his request with a letter of guarantee to the MIPC about payment for heat supply services, then the heat supply companies will turn on the heating for him without any problems.
The heat supply system for children's and medical facilities technologically makes it possible to connect these facilities autonomously, without powering other subscribers.
Everything is very simple. So why is heating not included in children's institutions? But because if earlier the budget paid for heating, now a school or a kindergarten pays for heating themselves, but it's a pity for money.
But in order for the head of the children's institution to start moving, parents must strictly demand from him actions to create normal living conditions for their children.
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Heating has been turned on in social institutions in Moscow, from today the connection of social institutions in Moscow to heating has begun. This is due to the cool and rainy weather that has settled in the capital, Petr Biryukov, deputy mayor of the city for housing and communal services and landscaping, told Interfax.
According to him, the start-up of heat in polyclinics, hospitals, kindergartens, schools and social service centers is provided at the request of the heads of these institutions, filed with OAO MIPC.
At the moment, heating has already been turned on in more than 80 urban social facilities
Heating in kindergartens
Unfortunately, recently some kindergartens and schools are connected to the heating network like ordinary houses, therefore, at such facilities, heating is turned on together with residential buildings. To find out the situation in your case, you need to contact the manager.
There are sanitary norms - SanPINs, which specify the temperature and humidity in various rooms in kindergartens (nursery playrooms, a gym, a swimming pool, bedrooms by age, ...). If the temperature in your garden does not meet the standards, then write a collective statement demanding that you comply with the conditions.
If the kindergarten is just cool or damp, and the temperature is normal, then you can agree with the administration on the installation of heaters (you can bring it from home before the start of the heating season).
Activity and perseverance of parents - Seek to keep your children in normal conditions!
Control over the conditions of keeping children in kindergartens and schools is carried out by state regulatory bodies. Their main task is to comply with the norms established by regulatory documents. According to government regulations, special documents have been developed that define the permissible conditions in institutions for children.
Permissible and recommended norms for keeping children in educational institutions, which were included in regulatory documents, were established several decades ago. The norms were determined on the basis scientific research. The conditions determined by the norms are most conducive to the preservation of children's health. The correctness of the requirements of regulatory documents has been confirmed by a long history of observations, with deviations from the norms in some institutions, a surge in the incidence of children visiting them is inevitably observed. Thus, any children's institution should strive to adhere to the established standards as much as possible.
The most important indicators that are required to monitor in children's institutions are:
- air temperature in the internal premises of kindergartens;
- air humidity;
- freshness of the air.
It should be noted that the norms for these indicators are approximately the same throughout the former Soviet Union. This is a consequence not only of the general physiology of children, but also of the fact that the new states inherited all the regulatory documents of the Soviet Union, since then there has not been any special correction of them. Thus, this article is relevant for the entire CIS and several other countries as of the current year and the next 2019.
Requirements for indicators in kindergartens
For kindergartens, the norms are as follows: in playrooms, the temperature should not fall below 21 degrees Celsius, the recommended temperature is 24 degrees. In bedrooms, more than low temperature, up to 18 degrees, it is recommended to bring the temperature up to 22 degrees Celsius. These temperatures are mandatory for areas with an average temperature in January below -14 degrees Celsius.
From what you read, you may get the impression that the higher the temperature in the interior of the kindergarten, the better. In fact, too high temperatures can be even more harmful than low ones. So, if temporary and slight deviations in the direction of lowering the temperature below the recommended level are allowed, then reverse deviations are highly undesirable. For game rooms, the maximum allowable temperature is 24 degrees Celsius, and for bedrooms - 22 degrees.
There are well-defined standards for air humidity, its value should be from 40% to 60%. In practice, the correct value of this indicator is not always monitored. This is very unfortunate, as humidity meters are not easily accessible or difficult to handle and operate. Nevertheless, it is necessary to monitor air humidity, maintaining an optimal level of humidity has a good effect on the body's resistance to diseases, and unfavorable humidity increases the risk of various ailments, especially the respiratory tract.
For the freshness of the air, exact quantitative norms are not indicated, however, it is noted that ventilation should be carried out regularly. It is ventilation that is the main and the only way actually available in most kindergartens to maintain an acceptable level of air freshness.
According to the regulations, ventilation should be carried out periodically throughout the daytime. One-sided ventilation is also allowed in the presence of children in the room. Bilateral ventilation, that is, a draft, should be carried out during the absence of children. In winter, before a quiet hour in the bedrooms, cross-ventilation ends half an hour before the arrival of a group of children.
One-sided ventilation is also recommended during the quietest hour, when the air warms up after two-sided ventilation. However, it is important to remember that cross-ventilation should be stopped half an hour before the start of quiet time, and one-way ventilation should be stopped half an hour before its end. In the warm season, one-way ventilation is carried out constantly both during the day and at night.
Unfortunately, the norms of the state of air in the internal premises of kindergartens are systematically violated in most institutions. No one, in fact, monitors the humidity of the air; airings are carried out at different frequencies, but almost always with insufficient. Indoor temperatures tend to be well above recommended limits, often exceeding 30 degrees Celsius and rarely below 28 degrees.
High temperatures and episodic ventilation lead to severe drying of the air in kindergartens. The last circumstance is not of much concern to the management of the institutions, if only because they do not monitor the humidity indicators at all. Finding a hygrometer (a device for measuring humidity levels) in a kindergarten is a rarity. Too low air humidity in kindergartens is big problem which contributes to the high incidence of colds.
It is interesting that often the management of children's institutions uses the air temperature exceeding the norm as a means of combating morbidity among children. In fact, the temperature is higher than recommended, drying the air only increases the incidence. The recommended temperature is quite sufficient for a comfortable state of the child's body, but low air humidity dries out the mucous surfaces of the respiratory tract. Mucus in the respiratory tract performs an important function, it provides local immunity. If it dries out, then the body's vulnerability to diseases will increase dramatically. Dried mucus loses its immune properties, at the same time it is an excellent breeding ground for the development of various microorganisms, including pathogens. On the contrary, it is difficult for pathogenic microbes to gain a foothold on the airways moistened with mucus, even if they can catch on, they will immediately be exposed to local immunity.
Of particular importance is the maintenance of optimal humidity in the cold season. At this time, children spend most of the day in closed and heated rooms. Hence, a large number of children concentrated in one place create excellent conditions for the spread of diseases transmitted by airborne droplets, that is, through the respiratory tract. Do not underestimate the danger of dry air, according to scientific data, it is insufficient air humidity that is one of the main causes of the following diseases:
- Sinusitis.
- Tonsillitis.
- Bronchitis.
- Otitis.
- Pneumonia.
- Allergic diseases of the respiratory tract.
Thus, dry air can lead to asthma and other unpleasant diseases in a child.
Additional complications are caused by the fact that children tolerate heat much worse than adults. Metabolism and, accordingly, heat generation in children are more intense, while the release of heat to the environment occurs mainly through the exhalation of air.
Thus, for children, the comfortable and safe ambient temperature is lower than for adults. Heat environment leads to excessive sweating, thickening of the blood, unfavorable working conditions internal organs. Since heat transfer occurs mainly through the exhalation of air, the airways in children dry out even more than in adults.
It is important to know that most of the infections that cause SARS do not tolerate cold air very well, especially if the temperature change occurred quickly, they feel great in a dry and warm atmosphere. Thus, the hot and dry environment in kindergartens contributes to the spread of infections that are transmitted by airborne droplets. On the contrary, frequent ventilation humidifies the air and reduces the concentration of pathogens in the air.
Ways to achieve ideal parameters
However, not all ventilation increases air humidity. The colder the air, the less moisture it contains, so ventilation during the cold season may not always help maintain optimal humidity air in the room. In order to create optimal conditions for children, it is necessary, first of all, to have a thermometer and a hygrometer in each room. Kindergarten staff should monitor their readings.
The air temperature must remain optimal, then the air humidity will not fall too much. You can additionally increase the humidity with a humidifier - special device that saturates the air with water. Preference should be given to ultrasonic devices, steam humidifiers do not cause the approval of specialists. It is advisable to limit the access of air to the radiators, for this they should be closed with a special screen or casing.
It is not always possible to maintain ideal air parameters. However, it is worth striving for the greatest correspondence between the real and recommended indicators, the closer the real indicators are to the reference ones, the lower the incidence in the institution.