Design of industrial building ventilation. Ventilation of industrial premises: device, design, varieties. Requirements for industrial ventilation and air conditioning systems
At the moment, the design of ventilation in industrial buildings is to create a complex complex various systems. Which are aimed at maintaining the necessary microclimate in the shops. But the ventilation of industrial premises depends on the technological process, as well as the number of workers who are in the premises. In addition, the ventilation of industrial buildings is able to solve 2 main tasks:
- Elimination of exhaust air containing harmful substances, gases and excess heat.
- Innings fresh air in the workshop according to the characteristics of those. process and SNiP.
What is taken into account when developing a ventilation project
The design of ventilation of industrial premises is developed individually. Since everything depends on the purpose of the workshop, for example: if mechanical assembly is carried out in it, that is, there is no excess heat in the air and harmful impurities, then supply and exhaust general exchange industrial ventilation is installed. If the air needs to be purified from various emissions and harmful substances, then in addition to providing air exchange, they develop the design of ventilation for an industrial building using an emergency system and local exhausts.
In short, system design industrial ventilation is done taking into account the level of gas contamination of the premises, the presence of substances harmful to humans, as well as temperature. In general, ventilation in industrial premises should be productive, which means that professionals should be involved in this work.
Tasks of industrial buildings
The design of ventilation in industrial buildings depends on the work performed in them. The huge variety of these processes requires that the design of the ventilation of an industrial building takes place taking into account individual calculations. Which are needed for each workshop separately.
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Based on the foregoing, the conclusion suggests itself that the ventilation design of the plant must provide the ideal.
Specialists of our company also perform such works as: .
Who to work with
The design and engineering company V-GRAND has what is necessary for the normal design of industrial air conditioning from the start of work to delivery. Namely:
- Individual approach to each of our clients.
- The required level of training of employees.
- Compliance with all existing regulations.
- The work is completed within the specified time frame.
- Application in practice of the acquired knowledge.
Many factories have already convinced themselves of the quality of the services provided by our company. V-GRAND develops the design of ventilation, the industry of which depends on its normal operation. In addition, we are engaged in the installation of any equipment. At all stages of work, our company attracts only highly qualified professionals.
Thanks to our many years of experience, V-GRAND will design an air conditioning system for industrial premises. According to all fire safety standards. We can also guarantee our client that the design of ventilation at the production site will be carried out at a high level.
Note:
The design of ventilation of industrial buildings should be carried out only by a specialized organization. The calculation of the ventilation system of an industrial building differs significantly from the design of conventional residential premises. While doing design work of this type of facilities, it is necessary to take into account many factors and conditions that affect comfortable working conditions for thousands of employees and maintain the necessary microclimate for the operation of high-precision equipment, such as: the huge size of the premises, the number of staff, heat generation from technological equipment and hazardous emissions.
The main stages of design work on the ventilation of industrial buildings
Below are the main stages of design work on industrial building ventilation systems. These include:
- selection of a fundamental solution for an air ventilation system that must meet the requirements for creating and maintaining a comfortable microclimate in the room;
- determination of the air distribution method: mixing ventilation, displacement ventilation, air distribution from under the floor;
- based terms of reference, the location of the building, and functional characteristics premises, the calculated air values are determined, the parameters of heat and moisture inflows into the room are taken into account, the supply air flow rate and the minimum required outdoor air flow rate are calculated, the sound pressure level is determined;
- aerodynamic calculation of air ducts;
- hydraulic calculation of pipelines;
- the choice of equipment on which the ventilation system will be implemented.
- selection of an automatic control system to maintain the specified parameters.
Scheme of the industrial building ventilation project
Selection of equipment for ventilation of industrial buildings
AT modern world a large number of companies supply ventilation equipment, but not all products provide the necessary parameters, so when choosing an equipment supplier, give preference to well-known brands that have proven themselves in Russian market. When designing a ventilation system, in particular the selection of air handling units, our company prefers the brands DANTEX (made in Poland) and WESPER (made in France). Galvent air ducts and network equipment of the Systemair and Solar Polar brands have also enjoyed well-deserved popularity for many years.
Only a competent selection of sensors, controllers and elements of automation systems will provide easy control. Recently, in industrial buildings, it is increasingly necessary to create a point central control- all control and maintenance of all ventilation equipment is carried out from one central console. When choosing an automation system, it is also better to trust trusted brands, such as: SIEMENS, Schneider Electric, Johnson Controls, CAREL.
The composition of the working draft for the ventilation of industrial buildings
The working draft on ventilation systems for industrial buildings includes:
- explanatory note;
- the initial data adopted in the calculation of the system;
- system characteristics;
- plans and sections of systems and installations;
- axonometric diagrams;
- specification of equipment and materials.
Choosing a contractor for the design of industrial building ventilation
High performance ventilation systems designed to purify the air in industrial premises, warehouses, garage complexes, swimming pools, apartment buildings, etc. called industrial. Industrial ventilation differs from domestic ventilation not only in power, but also in more a wide range tasks to be solved to ensure the flow of technological processes. For example, additional air purification from dust generated during production or local removal of hazardous gases. Accordingly, ventilation, which is responsible for the conformity of indoor air sanitary standards is called comfortable, and providing conditions for the flow of technological processes and the operation of equipment - technological.
The main tasks solved by industrial ventilation:
- removal of exhaust air from the premises
- removal of excess heat
- air supply to the premises with specified characteristics (corresponding to sanitary standards and conditions for the flow of technological processes)
Industrial ventilation design difficult process carried out in several stages. Designing is best done before construction begins, which allows you to integrate the future system into the building structure, as well as coordinate its work with others. engineering systems and communications. However, in some cases, during reconstruction or overhaul object design is carried out for an already erected building.
The procedure for designing industrial ventilation
The design of industrial ventilation includes a number of works such as the selection of equipment, various calculations, the implementation of installation schemes and the project itself. The amount of work depends on the area of the object and the tasks performed by the system. Next, we list the stages of work on the project and give a brief description of them.
1. The first stage of ventilation design is the development of terms of reference (TOR). The terms of reference are developed by the customer independently or jointly with the specialists of the organization performing the project. The TOR should reflect the necessary parameters of the air in the premises, the features of technological processes and other requirements for the ventilation system. When developing the terms of reference for the design of industrial ventilation, the following data are based:
- the location of the building and its orientation to the cardinal points
- purpose of the object
- layout and location of premises
- wall and floor materials
- mode of operation and features of technological processes
2. At the next design stage, the design engineer performs a number of calculations to determine the optimal location of the air ducts and their section, as well as the calculations necessary for the selection of equipment. All calculations must be carried out in accordance with building codes and regulations adopted in the territory of the Russian Federation.
- Calculation of climatic parameters. At this stage, the designer selects the climate parameters at the location of the object for three periods: cold, warm, transitional. The choice of parameters is carried out according to SNiP. The parameters of the internal microclimate are determined by the wishes of the customer and the purpose of the premises.
- The calculation of the required air exchange is made in accordance with the purpose of the premises (office, server room, swimming pool, etc.), as well as with the expected number of people who will be in the room. The air exchange rate depending on the type of premises and the required volume of supply air per person are determined by the relevant SNiP.
- Air distribution calculation. At this stage of the design of industrial ventilation, best option supply, distribution and removal of indoor air. Select the type and location of the air diffusers.
- Calculation of air ducts. The designer performs the calculation of the optimal shape and section of the air ducts, as well as the configuration of the air distribution network. Select the material from which the ducts will be made.
3. The choice of the type of ventilation is made on the basis of the wishes of the customer reflected in the TOR, the purpose of the premises and the results of the calculations performed at the previous stages.
4. Selection of equipment in accordance with economic feasibility, design features buildings and tasks solved by the designed system.
Industrial ventilation is a complex of special devices and technological devices that provide organized air exchange of large volumes between the working room and the street. The quality of industrial ventilation systems is assessed by their ability to effectively remove polluted air, supply fresh air instead, and maintain it in accordance with regulatory requirements. temperature regime and microclimate, subject to environmental and sanitary safety standards.
Requirements for industrial ventilation and air conditioning systems
Industrial ventilation is designed to provide processing a large number air, while it works under high pressure and at high speed. When calculating ventilation and air conditioning systems industrial facilities the following requirements must be taken into account:
- The norms of sanitary and hygienic control, which determine the minimum time for the localization and removal of harmful emissions in the working room, the creation of a comfortable environment for personnel or animals.
- Sound. The noise level of the equipment should not exceed existing requirements.
- Fire-fighting. Industrial ventilation components for premises are selected and installed strictly taking into account fire safety requirements.
- Operational. The installation methods of all instruments and pipelines must take into account the need for systematic inspections and maintenance.
- Energy saving. Ventilation should be as efficient as possible minimal cost electricity.
- Ecological. Environment must be protected from emissions from the system.
The basic requirements for ventilation and air conditioning of industrial facilities are met even during the design and direct construction of facilities. The design standards for heating, ventilation and air conditioning are set out in Building Codes and Rules SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning".
Types of climate systems
Air conditioners for industrial facilities are characterized by increased power and cold performance. Each specific device is selected based on the intended purpose of the serviced premises, its size and the requirements that apply to the microclimate inside the facility.
Multi-zone installations VRF and VRV
The multi-zone air conditioning system is able to serve several rooms at the same time. It consists of one powerful unit, which is installed outside the facility and several modular devices located inside the premises. Such installations are economical, accurate in temperature control and do not make loud sounds during operation.
Units "chiller-fan coil"
Such a system consists of one outdoor unit - a chiller, and several indoor modules - fan coil units. Water cooled to 6-8°C is used as a refrigerant. "Chiller-fancoil" is characterized by increased energy efficiency, has no restrictions on the number of internal modules and is able to replace ventilation system and heating system.
Central and rooftop air conditioners
Central and rooftop air conditioners consist of standard sections for air intake and supply, filtration, cooling, irrigation and heating. The air directly in them is cooled or heated to the specified parameters, and then it is supplied directly to the room through pipelines.
Precision settings
These are cabinet air conditioners equipped with a gyrostat. They consist of two blocks, the inner one has the ability to distribute cold air through the top and bottom panels.
Types of industrial ventilation
Industrial ventilation is the main means of improving the air environment. It is customary to distinguish the following types of industrial ventilation:
- aeration or ventilation of premises;
- general exchange, artificial (mechanical) ventilation and air conditioning systems (supply and exhaust);
- local ventilation suctions;
- air curtains and jets;
- ejection or compression and rarefaction of air for its transmission through air ducts.
In addition, if the method of air movement is taken as the basis for the classification, then ventilation can be:
- natural;
- artificial (mechanical);
- combined.
natural ventilation
Basic working principle natural ventilation concluded in the movement of air masses under the influence of natural factors without the use of special devices and mechanisms. There are two types of such air exchange:
- Airing;
- Aeration.
During ventilation, the exchange of air masses occurs due to the difference in temperature or density of the air inside the room and outside, or as a result of wind pressure.
Aeration is a type of organized general ventilation, which is organized in cold shops and is carried out under the influence of wind pressure. In hot shops, aeration occurs due to the combined or separate action of thermal and wind pressure.
Among the advantages of natural ventilation, it is customary to single out efficiency and ease of operation. However, a significant disadvantage is the fact that this type of air exchange cannot be used in industrial premises in which there is a large release of harmful substances. In addition, the air that enters the workshops is not treated, purified, humidified or heated.
Artificial (mechanical) ventilation
The principle of operation of mechanical ventilation is forced air exchange, where the movement of masses is carried out by means of fans. Fans can be centrifugal, axial or disk.
Depending on the purpose (direction of air movement), artificial (mechanical) ventilation is divided into the following types:
- supply;
- exhaust;
- supply and exhaust.
Forced ventilation is necessary to supply fresh air to the workshop instead of the removed one. Exhaust throws polluted air masses outside the production area. Supply and exhaust ventilation, as a rule, it is applied in all production rooms where the increased and especially reliable air exchange is necessary.
local ventilation
Local ventilation is designed to remove polluted and heated air directly from the places of its release. Thus, it prevents its spread over the entire area of the production facility. This reduces the amount of air exchange required during general ventilation.
Local ventilation includes:
Air curtains. These are special devices that supply air at a sufficiently high speed along the perimeter of the entrance leaf (door, gate). If there are openings in the building that remain open for a long time and to prevent cold air from entering the room, the upper arch of the passage is equipped with an air curtain. It can be heated or not.
Air curtains are installed over walkways that are opened more than 5 times per working period or more than 40 minutes per shift. In addition, such a ventilation system is mounted above the doors of rooms that do not have vestibules and locks at an outside air temperature below 15°C.
When installing air curtains the calculation of the air temperature in the working premises when opening the gates or doors is carried out according to the following indicators:
- light physical work - not lower than 14 ° C;
- average physical work - not lower than 12°С;
- heavy physical work - not lower than 8 ° С.
In the absence of permanent jobs located directly at doorways, the allowable air temperature can drop to 5°C.
Hoods. Designed to capture the flow of harmful emissions with a density lower than the density of the surrounding air. The operation of the umbrella will be effective when the amount of air removed through it will exceed the volume of air supplied by the convective jet that appears above the heat source at the level of the umbrella.
Suction panels. These devices are designed to localize harmful substances entrained by convective jets, when a more complete cover of sources of emissions is impossible for technological reasons.
Panels are mounted on the side of the source of pollution in a vertical or inclined position. The distance from the source to the panel should be no more than the width of the source, while the length of the panel is taken as two lengths of the source.
Onboard suction. Devices that are designed to remove harmful secretions from the surface of the solution, when, according to the conditions of the technological process, it is impossible to arrange complete shelters. Most often used in galvanizing shops.
ejection
In cases where it is necessary to remove an extremely aggressive medium or dust prone to detonation from impact or even friction, including flammable gases (acetylene, ether, etc.), in exhaust systems ejectors are used. The principle of operation of ejector installations lies in air injection high pressure, which, passing through the suction chambers, creates a vacuum filled with a contaminated medium.
Calculation of industrial ventilation
Calculation and design of industrial ventilation depends on the following factors:
- nature of production;
- type of pollution and emissions;
- the area of the premises and the operating time of the machines;
- selection radius;
- air consumption.
The standards are developed for each type of production and are indicated in specialized reference books.
In local exhaust ventilation devices, the required air exchange is calculated based on the condition of localization of impurities released from the source of their formation.
In those workshops where a sudden release of toxic or explosive substances is possible, installation of emergency ventilation is provided, which works only as an exhaust. Emergency ventilation must be started remotely. As equipment, reserve and main communications of general industrial ventilation, as well as local exhausts, which operate only in emergency mode, are used.
| Name of premises | Air exchange rate per hour | |
| inflow | hood | |
| 1. General chemical | 5 | 5 |
| 2. Military | 5 | 5 |
| 3. Optical | 10 | 10 |
| 4. Physical and chemical | 5 | 5 |
| 5. Preparative: | ||
| a) in the presence of local suction | by speeds in the working opening of the fume hood | |
| b) in the absence of local suction | 8 | 10 |
| 6. Warehouse of glassware and reagents | 1,5 | |
| 7. Room for preparing samples for analysis | 8 | 10 |
In general, for the design of general ventilation of an industrial building, there will be few general indicators.