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Installations of pumping stations work program. Modern directions of optimization of water supply systems. Recommended list of dissertations


Explanatory note

This working curriculum has been developed in accordance with the State Compulsory Education Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the specialty 2006002 “Construction and operation of gas and oil pipelines and gas and oil storage facilities”, and therefore is intended to implement state requirements for the level of training of specialists in the subject “pumping and compressor stations” and is the main one, if necessary, for drawing up a working curriculum.

The program of the subject "Pumping and compressor stations of the main gas and oil pipelines" provides for the study of methods of operation, repair and maintenance of installations, various types pumping and compressor stations. Particular attention is paid to compressor shops with gas turbine, gas engine and electrical devices for the study of operation and repair techniques. technical equipment. When studying the subject, it is necessary to use achievements and developments both in domestic and foreign practice. Information of various series on the technology of pumping oil and gas, as well as gas condensate and oil products, when performing calculations, it is necessary to comply with GOST and ESKD.

When implementing this work program, it is necessary to use didactic and visual aids, diagrams, lessons at compressor and pumping stations.

Real working programm provides for practical classes that contribute to the successful assimilation of educational material, the acquisition of skills in solving practical problems related to the operation of compressor and pumping stations, it is necessary to conduct excursions to existing stations.

Thematic plan

Name of sections and topics

Number of teaching hours

Total hours

including

theoretical

practical

Pump units used at oil pumping stations of main pipelines

Operation of oil pumping stations

PS master plan

Tank farms of oil pumping stations

Basic information about the main gas pipeline

Classification compressor stations Purpose structure of structures and master plans of compressor stations

Pipe fittings used at pumping and compressor stations

Water supply stations

Wastewater stations

Heat supply of stations

Station ventilation

Power supply of stations

Topic 1. Pump units used at oil pumping stations of main pipelines

Technological schemes and main equipment, compressor stations and pumping stations, as well as auxiliary equipment of pumping units. The main nodes and blocks at the CS and pumping stations.

Characteristics of pumps, operation of pumps on the network. The choice of the pump according to the given parameters. Parallel and series connection of pumps. Methods for regulating the operating mode of pumps. Unstable operation of pumps: Surge and cavitation.

Topic 2. Operation of oil pumping stations

Gas compression at the compressor station, main parameters controlled at the compressor station. Division of the COP according to the technological principle. Operations carried out at the COP. The main groups of the CS. The main tasks of the personnel involved in the operation, maintenance and repair of equipment, systems and construction of the compressor station. Classification of PS and characteristics of the main objects. General plan of the NPS.

Theme 3. PS master plan

Pump unit. Auxiliary systems. The main and auxiliary equipment of compressor stations.

Topic 4. tank farms oil pumping stations

Piston pumps. Centrifugal pumps. vortex pumps. booster pumps. Their main characteristics. Innings. Head. Power. efficiency. cavitation reserve.

Topic 5. Basic information about the main gas pipeline

Turboblock. The combustion chamber. Starting turbo detonator. Turbo expander. Turning devices. Elements of the oil system. Control systems. Basic modifications of gas pumping units. Superchargers manufactured by Nevsky Zavod JSC (St. Petersburg), Kazan Compressor Plant JSC (Kazan), SMNPO named after M.V. Frunze JSC (Sumy).

Topic 6 Classification of compressor stations Purpose Composition of structures and master plans of compressor stations

Characteristics of PGPU operation. Features of PGPA. The scope of their application. Appointment of piston GPUs.

Topic7. Pipe fittings used at pumping and compressor stations

Combination of compressor shops. Block structures of PGPA. The main functions of the blocks. The composition of the gas compressor unit GPU.

Topic 8. Water supply of stations.

Device. High pressure turbines and nozzle apparatus, turbine device low pressure and GTU buildings.

Topic 9

Execution of gas turbine plants. Requirements for the body of gas turbine installations. Operational characteristics.

Topic 10 Heat supply of stations

Types of auxiliary systems. Functions of these systems.

aggregate function

station function

Auxiliary systems of gas pumping units.

Topic 11. Station ventilation

Basic information on water supply systems. Sources of water supply and water intake facilities. Types of drainage networks. Drainage network equipment.

Topic 12. Power supply system

General workshop and aggregate oil supply systems. Emergency oil drain. The operation of the lubrication system. Oil cooling system based on air coolers.

List of used literature

1. Surinovich V.K. Engineer of technological compressors 1986

2. Rezvin B.S. Gas turbine and gas compressor units 1986

3. Bronstein L.S. Repair of gas turbine plant 1987

4. Gromov V.V. Operator of main gas pipelines.

5. Oilfield equipment E.I. Bukharenko. Nedra, 1990

6. Oilfield machines and mechanisms. A.G. Molchanov. Nedra, 1993

The basis for the energy-efficient use of pumping equipment is the coordinated work for the network, i.e. the duty point must be within the operating range of the pump curve. Fulfillment of this requirement allows the pumps to be operated with high efficiency and reliability. The duty point is determined by the characteristics of the pump and the system in which the pump is installed. In practice, many water supply organizations are faced with the problem of inefficient operation of pumping equipment. Often, the efficiency pumping station is significantly lower efficiency. pumps installed on it.

Studies show that, on average, the efficiency of pumping systems is 40%, and 10% of pumps operate with efficiency. below 10%. This is mainly due to resizing (selection of pumps with large values flow and pressure than required for the operation of the system), regulation of pump operating modes using throttling (i.e. valve), wear of pumping equipment. The choice of a pump with large parameters has two sides.

As a rule, in water supply systems, the water consumption schedule varies greatly depending on the time of day, day of the week, season. At the same time, the station must ensure maximum water consumption in normal mode during peak loads. Often, the need to supply water for the needs of fire extinguishing systems is added to this. In the absence of regulation, the pump cannot operate effectively over the entire range of water consumption changes.

The operation of pumps in conditions of changing the required flow rates in a wide range leads to the fact that the equipment operates outside the working area most of the time, with low efficiency values. and low resources. Sometimes the efficiency pumping stations is 8-10% despite the fact that the efficiency. pumps installed on them in the operating range is over 70%. As a result of such operation, consumers have a false opinion about the unreliability and inefficiency of pumping equipment. And given the fact that a significant proportion of it is made up of pumps of domestic production, a myth arises about the unreliability and inefficiency of domestic pumps. At the same time, practice shows that a number of domestic pumps in terms of reliability and energy efficiency are not inferior to the best world analogues. There are many ways to optimize energy consumption, the main ones are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Methods for reducing the energy consumption of pumping systems

Methods for reducing the energy consumption of pumping systems Reduced energy consumption
Replacing flow control with a gate valve with speed control 10 - 60%
Reduced pump speed, with unchanged network parameters 5 - 40%
Regulation by changing the number of pumps operating in parallel. 10 - 30%
Cutting the impeller up to 20%, on average 10%
Use of additional tanks for work during peak loads 10 - 20%
Replacement of electric motors with more efficient ones 1 - 3%
Replacement of pumps with more efficient ones 1 - 2%

The effectiveness of one or another method of regulation is largely determined by the characteristics of the system and the schedule of its change over time. In each case, it is necessary to make a decision depending on the specific features of the operating conditions. For example, the recent widespread regulation of pumps by changing the frequency may not always lead to a reduction in energy consumption. Sometimes this backfires. The use of a frequency drive has the greatest effect when pumps operate on a network with a predominance of the dynamic component of the characteristic, i.e. losses in pipelines and shut-off and control valves. Application cascade control by switching on and off the required number of pumps installed in parallel, has the greatest effect when working in systems with a predominantly static component.

Therefore, the main initial requirement for carrying out measures to reduce energy consumption is the characteristics of the system and its change over time. The main problem in the development of energy-saving measures is related to the fact that at existing facilities the network parameters are almost always unknown, and differ greatly from the design ones. The differences are related to changes in network parameters due to corrosion of pipelines, water supply schemes, water consumption volumes, etc.

To determine the actual operating modes of pumps and network parameters, it becomes necessary to measure directly at the facility using special control and measuring equipment, i.e. conducting a technical audit of the hydraulic system. For the successful implementation of measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency of installed equipment, it is necessary to have as complete information as possible about the operation of the pumps and take it into account in the future. In general, there are several specific successive stages of the audit of pumping equipment.
1. Collection of preliminary information on the composition of the equipment installed at the facility, incl. information about the technological process in which pumps are used (stations of the first, second, third lifts, etc.)
2. Clarification on site of previously received information about the composition of the installed equipment, the possibility of obtaining additional data, the availability of measuring instruments, the control system, etc. Preliminary planning for testing.
3. Testing at the facility.
4. Processing and evaluation of results.
5. Preparation of a feasibility study for various options modernization.

Table 2. Causes of increased energy consumption and measures to reduce it

Reasons for high power consumption Recommended measures to reduce energy consumption Estimated payback period
The presence in systems of periodic operation of pumps operating in a constant mode, regardless of the needs of the system, the technological process, etc. - Determination of the need for constant operation of the pumps.
- Turning the pump on and off in manual or automatic mode only at intervals.		 Several days to several months
Systems with time-varying required flow rates. - Use of a variable speed drive for systems with predominant friction losses
- The use of pumping stations with two or more pumps installed in parallel for systems with a predominantly static component of the characteristic.		 Months, years
Pump resizing. - Cutting the impeller.
- Replacement of the impeller.
- The use of electric motors with a lower speed.
Weeks - years
Wear of the main elements of the pump - Repair and replacement of pump elements in case of a decrease in its operating parameters. weeks
Clogged and corroded pipes. - Pipe cleaning
- The use of filters, separators and similar fittings to prevent clogging.
- Replacement of pipelines with pipes made of modern polymeric materials, pipes with a protective coating		 Weeks, months
High repair costs (replacement of mechanical seals, bearings)
- Operation of the pump outside the working area, (pump resizing).		 - Cutting the impeller.
- The use of motors with a lower speed or gearboxes in cases where the pump parameters significantly exceed the needs of the system.
- Replacing the pump with a smaller pump.		 Weeks-years
Operation of several pumps installed in parallel in continuous operation - Installation of a control system or adjustment of an existing one weeks

Rice. 1. The operation of the pump on the network with a predominant static component with frequency regulation


Rice. 2. The operation of the pump on the network with predominant friction losses with frequency regulation

During the initial visit to the site, it is possible to identify "problematic", in terms of energy consumption, pumps. Table 2 shows the main signs that may indicate inefficient operation of pumping equipment and typical measures that can correct the situation, indicating the estimated payback period for energy saving measures.

As a result of the test, the following information should be obtained:
1. Characteristics of the system and its changes over time (hourly, daily, weekly charts).
2. Determination of the actual characteristics of the pumps. Determination of pump operating modes for each of the characteristic modes (the longest mode, maximum, minimum flow).

The assessment of the application of various modernization options and the method of regulation is taken on the basis of the calculation of the life cycle cost (LCC) of the equipment. The main share in the life cycle costs of any pumping system is the cost of electricity. Therefore, at the stage of preliminary evaluation of various options, it is necessary to use the criterion power density, i.e. the power consumed by the pumping equipment, related to the unit flow rate of the pumped liquid.

findings:
The tasks of reducing the energy consumption of pumping equipment are solved, first of all, by ensuring the coordinated operation of the pump and the system. The problem of excessive energy consumption of pumping systems in operation can be successfully solved by upgrading to meet this requirement.

In turn, any modernization activities must be based on reliable data on the operation of pumping equipment and system characteristics. In each case, several options must be considered, and as an instrument of choice the best option use the method of estimating the life cycle cost of pumping equipment.

Alexander Kostyuk, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Director of the Water Pump Program;
Olga Dibrova, engineer;
Sergey Sokolov, lead engineer. LLC "MC "HMS Group"

April 2001

In one of the publications ("ZHKH", N 3/2001), which dealt with the issues of economic efficiency of the introduction information technologies at enterprises engineering networks, we briefly mentioned the optimization of the operational management of pumping stations and the regulation of water reserves in reservoirs. In particular, it was noted that in the structure of the cost of water supply, the lion's share falls on electricity, and reducing costs by optimizing the operating modes of pumping units makes it possible to obtain very significant savings. The purpose of this article is to cover this issue in more detail.

The problem of optimizing the management of water supply regimes has several components, each of which is quite isolated and can give a good economic effect, and when considered in combination, they are able to bring the technological process to a qualitatively new level. Let's consider these components.

    Management of pumping units. There are several types of flow control that are used in practice: switching on / off groups of pumps and individual units (discrete control); throttling and recirculation of the flow; the use of an electric drive with a variable speed. Each pumping unit has its own actual flow-pressure characteristic, . each point of which corresponds to some passport value of the power consumption of the electric motor. It is the choice of a combination of operating pumping units and the method of control, depending on the hydraulic characteristics of the network and the required flow rates, that determines the position of the current operating point, and, consequently, the current value of the power consumption for each unit and the entire pumping station as a whole. Therefore, the optimization criterion is to ensure the specified mode of operation of the pumping station in terms of flows and pressures at the lowest possible power consumption, taking into account all available control methods. There are two main problems: identification and "recalculation" of the actual characteristics of pumping units (they, as a rule, do not correspond to the passport ones, and, moreover, change over time due to natural wear and tear), as well as the calculation and construction of the aggregate "flow-pressure" characteristic. power" for a group of operating pumps according to the known characteristics of each of them. Both problems can be easily solved if there are measuring instruments for carrying out full-scale tests of pumping units from time to time, as well as appropriate computer software. In itself, the optimization of regulation does not cause fundamental difficulties - methods and algorithms for solving such problems have been developed for a long time and tested in practice, it is enough to know and be able to apply these methods. The result of solving the optimization problem at each specific point in time is the development of recommendations for the implementation of such a set of control actions (turning on / off the units, changing the position of the throttling valve, changing the speed of the electric motors), which translates the current operating point of the aggregate characteristics of the pumping station to a value that corresponds to the minimum the achievable electrical power consumption of the pump drives. With the availability of technical means of telemetry and remote control, these optimal control actions can be carried out automatically, with a certain specified time interval. In the absence of telecontrol facilities, the recommendations received from the computer program are carried out by the dispatching personnel in the usual "manual" mode, and the optimization itself is performed each time when the required operating parameters change significantly. A useful side effect in this case is the preservation and the possibility of analyzing the electronic log of the values ​​of the parameters of the operation of the pumping station and the "history" of control actions.

    Management of water reserves in reservoirs based on statistical data and forecast of water consumption. The specialists of our company have created a unique mathematical model for predicting water consumption based on the accumulated data on the supply and water levels in the tanks. The "highlight" of the model is a special account of the so-called "irregular days", the description of which "does not fit" into the framework of the usual calendar time series. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are repeated from year to year, each time falling on different days of the week (official and unofficial holidays and related transfers of working days), or even on different weeks and months (in particular, religious holidays, such like Easter). The mathematical forecast model also takes into account meteorological data and some other factors that significantly affect water consumption. (Dispatchers are aware of the "Stirlitz" effect, which first appeared during the premiere of the film "Seventeen Moments of Spring", when during the hours of the demonstration on TV, water consumption in cities dropped to almost zero, while usually in the evening there is a peak of water intake - instead of "wash - to wash" people sat at the TVs without looking up. As a result, in some places there were overflows of tanks with flooding of adjacent territories). The basis for solving the problem of predicting water consumption is a long-term archive of hourly measurement data, for the accumulation of which a special automated computer log is provided. Data can be entered into this log either automatically, using telemechanics (if they are available and working), or in a "manual" mode, based on daily reports received from pumping stations in the form of paper, electronic or facsimile documents. Focusing on the forecast data, it is possible to effectively plan the loading of pumping stations of the second lift to ensure the necessary reserves in clean water reservoirs, since the current values ​​of water levels in them, together with the forecast data on water consumption, make it possible to form a reasonable "task" for the program for optimizing the operating modes of pumping stations (more on this). discussed above). The accuracy of the forecast, of course, significantly depends on the length of the period for which the archived data are accumulated, on the type of forecast and the "lead" time, but in any case it is quite high. Thus, based on the multi-year data archive of the Mosvodokanal MGP, in whose central dispatching service the described model is operated, the following indicators of forecast accuracy have been achieved: the average absolute percentage error is approximately 1.3% for monthly data, less than 5% for daily forecast data, and about 2.5% for an hourly forecast. In addition to the actual forecasting, the presence of a data archive allows you to build analytical reports and graphs of any complexity - both in time and correlation.

  1. Modeling of hydraulic modes of the water supply network, taking into account the daily uneven load. With some degree of conventionality, an alternative to the problem of forecasting water consumption based on archives of real measurements can be the problem of hourly modeling of flow distribution in a water supply network. This is a classic hydraulic calculation problem, but with a significant addition. If for a conventional hydraulic calculation, as the initial data for consumers, the calculated load is set in the form of an average daily or maximum value of water withdrawal, then in the problem under consideration, for each consumer, the so-called "daily water consumption schedule" is also set (or rather, one of several existing types of daily irregularity schedules ). In this case, an hourly hydraulic calculation of the network can be performed, as a result of which a schedule for filling the tanks is formed. It should be noted that for the purposes of operational management, it is hardly advisable to use this method due to possible significant deviations of real water consumption parameters from the calculated values. However, as a verification calculation tool in the long-term design of water supply regimes and schemes, design of new connections, analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of hydraulic regimes in the water supply system, such modeling seems to be very useful.

All the mathematical models and algorithms described above are implemented by the specialists of our company in the form of a specialized information and graphic system (IGS) "An Water". This is a very complex software package that integrates several subsystems of different functional purposes and is intended for operation by personnel of central and district dispatch services of municipal water supply enterprises. In various functional composition IGS "AnWater" has been implemented in water utilities of several large cities of Russia and has been tested by industrial operation for many years.

In conclusion, a few words about the two largest water utilities in the country. Creation of information technology systems of such a class as IGS "AnWater" , accumulating a lot of science-intensive solutions, complex mathematical models, knowledge and methods of the applied subject area, and requiring painstaking and careful reconciliation and debugging, is impossible without interest and support from the personnel of the customer enterprise. Employees and heads of services of the MGP "Mosvodokanal" and its branches (Northern Waterworks, Production Department of Regulatory Units), and later SUE "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" for several years patiently and carefully delved into the software product being developed and implemented "from the wheels" , bombarded us with comments and wishes, eventually forcing us to make the system not in the way it was easier for us from the point of view of developers, but in the way that was correct and convenient from the point of view of operation. The personnel of the Moscow and St. Petersburg Vodokanals, with whom we had to work in constant contact during the development and implementation, showed maximum tolerance and goodwill, and the high professional qualifications of the employees, of course, played a role in shaping the subject requirements for the system. Thanks to the cooperation with these two enterprises IGS "AnWater" and now continues to improve and "grow" with new tasks, but even in its current form this system has become a full-fledged high-quality product, which practically does not exist in the world today in terms of functional composition and characteristics of mathematical models. Taking this opportunity, from the pages of the magazine, on behalf of the ITC "Potok", I would like to express my gratitude to the staff of MGP "Mosvodokanal", its branches (SVS, PURU) and SUE "Vodokanal of St. Petersburg" for their contribution to the development of domestic intellectual technologies, wish them success and to express hope for further cooperation, from which everyone ultimately benefits.

1. Analytical review of the fundamentals of pumping theory, injection equipment and technology for solving problems of creating and increasing pressure in water supply and distribution systems (WDS).

1.1. Pumps. Classification, basic parameters and concepts. The technical level of modern pumping equipment.

1.1.1. Basic parameters and classification of pumps.

1.1.2. Pumping equipment for increasing pressure in water supply.,

1.1.3. An overview of innovations and improvements in pumps from the point of view of their application practice.

1.2. Technology for the use of superchargers in SPRV.

1.2.1. Pump stations of water supply systems. Classification.

1.2.2. General schemes and ways to control the operation of pumps with increasing pressure.

1.2.3. Optimizing blower performance: speed control and synergy.

1.3. Problems of providing pressure in external and internal water supply networks.

1.4. Conclusions but chapter.

2. Ensuring the required pressure in external and internal water supply networks. Increasing components of SPRS at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks.

2.1. General directions of development in the practice of using pumping equipment to increase pressure in water supply networks.

2.2. Problems of providing the required pressure in water supply networks.

2.2.1. Brief description of the SPRV (on the example of St. Petersburg).

2.2.2. Experience in solving problems of increasing pressure at the level of district and quarterly networks.

2.2.3. Features of the problems of increasing pressure in internal networks.

2.3. Statement of the problem of optimizing boosting components

SPRS at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks.

2.4. Chapter conclusions.

3. Mathematical model for optimizing pumping equipment at the peripheral level of the SPRS.

3.1. Static optimization of pumping equipment parameters at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks.

3.1.1. General description of the structure of the district water supply network in solving problems of optimal synthesis.

3.1.2. Minimization of energy costs for one mode of water consumption.

3.2. Optimization of the parameters of pumping equipment at the peripheral level of the water supply system when changing the mode of water consumption.

3.2.1. Multi-mode modeling in the problem of minimizing energy costs (general approaches).

3.2.2. Minimization of energy costs with the possibility of controlling the speed (wheel speed) of the supercharger.

3.2.3. Minimization of energy costs in the case of cascade-frequency regulation (control).

3.3. Simulation model for optimizing the parameters of pumping equipment at the peripheral level of the PRS.

3.4. Chapter conclusions.

4". Numerical methods for solving problems of optimizing the parameters of pumping equipment.

4.1. Initial data for solving problems of optimal synthesis.

4.1.1. Studying the water consumption regime by the methods of time series analysis.

4.1.2. Determination of the regularity of the time series of water consumption.

4.1.3. Frequency distribution of costs and coefficients of uneven water consumption.

4.2. Analytical representation of the performance of pumping equipment.

4.2.1. Modeling the performance of individual blowers

4.2.2. Identification of the performance characteristics of blowers in the composition of pumping stations.

4.3. Finding the optimal objective function.

4.3.1. Optimal search using gradient methods.

4.3.2. Modified Holland plan.

4.3.3. Implementation of the optimization algorithm on a computer.

4.4. Chapter conclusions.

5. Comparative effectiveness of the boosting components of the PDS based on life cycle cost assessment using MIC for parameter measurement).

5.1. Methodology for assessing the comparative effectiveness of boosting components in the peripheral areas of the SPWS.

5.1.1. Life cycle cost of pumping equipment.

5.1.2. The criterion for minimizing the total discounted costs for evaluating the effectiveness of the incremental components of the PDS.

5.1.3. Objective function of the express model for optimizing the parameters of pumping equipment at the peripheral level of the PDS.

5.2. Optimization of step-up components in the peripheral sections of the water supply system during reconstruction and modernization.

5.2.1. Water supply control system using a mobile measuring complex MIK.

5.2.2. Expert evaluation of the results of measuring the parameters of the pumping equipment of the PNS using the MIC.

5.2.3. Simulation model of the life cycle cost of PNS pumping equipment based on parametric audit data.

5.3. Organizational issues of implementation of optimization solutions (final provisions).

5.4. Chapter conclusions.

Recommended list of dissertations

  • Energy-saving methods for selecting parameters and optimizing the control of a group of vane blowers in non-stationary technological processes 2008, Doctor of Technical Sciences Nikolaev, Valentin Georgievich

  • Energy-saving methods for controlling the operating modes of pumping units of water supply and sanitation systems 2010, Doctor of Technical Sciences Nikolaev, Valentin Georgievich

  • Improving methods for calculating water supply and distribution systems in conditions of multi-mode and incomplete initial information 2005, doctor of technical sciences Karambirov, Sergey Nikolaevich

  • Automatic control of material flows in engineering life support systems 1999, candidate of technical sciences Abdulkhanov, Nail Nazymovich

  • Development of functional and structural diagnostic models for optimizing water supply and distribution systems 2006, candidate of technical sciences Selivanov, Andrey Sergeevich

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Optimization of pumping stations of water supply systems at the level of district, quarterly and intra-house networks"

The water supply and distribution system (WDS) is the main responsible complex of water supply facilities that provides water transportation to the territory of the supplied facilities, distribution throughout the territory and delivery to the places of selection by consumers. Injection (booster) pumping stations (PS, PNS), as one of the main structural elements of the PPS, largely determine the operational capabilities and technical level of the water supply system as a whole, and also significantly determine the economic performance of its operation.

A significant contribution to the development of the subject was made by domestic scientists: N.N. Abramov, M.M. Andriyashev, A.G. Evdokimov, Yu.A. P. Merenkov, L. F. Moshnin, E. A. Preger, S. V. Sumarokov, A. D. Tevyashev, V. L. Khasilev, P. D. Khorunzhiy, F. A. Shevelev and others

The problems in providing pressure in water supply networks facing Russian utilities are, as a rule, homogeneous. The condition of the main networks led to the need to reduce pressure, as a result of which the task arose to compensate for the corresponding pressure drop at the level of district and quarterly networks. The selection of pumps as part of the PNS was often made taking into account the development prospects, the performance and pressure parameters were overestimated. It has become common to bring pumps to the required characteristics by throttling with the help of valves, leading to an excessive consumption of electricity. Pumps are not replaced on time, most of them operate with low efficiency. Wear and tear of equipment has exacerbated the need for reconstruction of the PNS to increase efficiency and reliability.

On the other hand, the development of cities and the increase in the height of buildings, especially in the case of compacted buildings, require the provision of the required pressure for new consumers, including by equipping high-rise buildings (HPE) with superchargers. Creating the pressure required for various consumers in the end sections of the water supply network may be one of the most realistic ways to improve the efficiency of the water supply system.

The combination of these factors is the basis for setting the task of determining the optimal parameters of the PNS with the existing restrictions on the inlet pressures, under conditions of uncertainty and uneven actual flow rates. When solving the problem, the questions arise of combining the sequential operation of groups of pumps and the parallel operation of pumps combined within one group, as well as the optimal combination of the operation of parallel-connected pumps with variable frequency drive (VFD) and, ultimately, the selection of equipment that provides the required parameters of a particular system water supply. Significant changes in recent years in approaches to the selection of pumping equipment should be taken into account - both in terms of eliminating redundancy and in terms of the technical level of available equipment.

The relevance of the issues considered in the dissertation is determined by the increased importance that, in modern conditions, domestic economic entities and society as a whole attach to the problem of energy efficiency. The urgent need to solve this problem is enshrined in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation".

The operating costs of the SPRS constitute a major part of the cost of water supply, which continues to increase due to the growth of electricity tariffs. In order to reduce energy consumption great importance is given to the optimization of the SPWS. According to authoritative estimates, from 30% to 50% of the energy costs of pumping systems can be reduced by changing pumping equipment and control methods.

Therefore, it seems relevant to improve methodological approaches, develop models and comprehensive decision-making support that allow optimizing the parameters of the injection equipment of the peripheral sections of the network, including in the preparation of projects. The distribution of the required pressure between the pumping units, as well as the determination within the nodes, the optimal number and type of pumping units, taking into account the calculated flow, will provide an analysis of options for the peripheral network. The results obtained can be integrated into the problem of optimization of the PDS as a whole.

The purpose of the work is to study and develop optimal solutions when choosing booster pumping equipment for peripheral sections of the water supply system in the process of preparing reconstruction and construction, including methodological, mathematical and technical (diagnostic) support. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved in the work: analysis of practice in the field of booster pumping systems, taking into account the capabilities of modern pumps and control methods, a combination of sequential and parallel operation with VFD; determination of a methodological approach (concept) for optimizing the booster pumping equipment of the SPRV in conditions of limited resources; development of mathematical models that formalize the problem of choosing pumping equipment for peripheral sections of the water supply network; analysis and development of algorithms for numerical methods for the study of mathematical models proposed in the dissertation; development and practical implementation of a mechanism for collecting initial data to solve the problems of reconstruction and design of new PNS; implementation of a simulation model for the formation of the life cycle cost for the considered option of PNS equipment.

Scientific novelty. The concept of peripheral modeling of water supply is presented in the context of reducing the energy intensity of the water supply system and reducing the cost of the life cycle of "peripheral" pumping equipment.

Mathematical models have been developed for the rational choice of parameters of pumping stations, taking into account the structural relationship and the multi-mode nature of the functioning of the peripheral elements of the PRS.

Theoretically substantiated approach to the choice of the number of superchargers in the PNS (pumping units); a study of the cost function of the life cycle of the PNS depending on the number of superchargers was carried out.

Special algorithms for searching for extrema of functions of many variables based on gradient and random methods have been developed to study the optimal configurations of the NS in peripheral areas.

A mobile measuring complex (MIC) for diagnosing existing booster pumping systems has been created, patented in utility model No. 81817 "Water supply control system".

The methodology for choosing the optimal option for PNS pumping equipment is determined on the basis of simulation modeling of the life cycle cost.

Practical significance and implementation of the results of the work. Recommendations are given on the choice of the type of pumps for booster installations and PNS based on an updated classification of modern pumping equipment for increasing pressure in water supply systems, taking into account taxonometric division, operational, design and technological features.

Mathematical models of the PNS of the peripheral sections of the SPWS make it possible to reduce the cost of the life cycle by identifying "reserves", primarily in terms of energy intensity. Numerical algorithms are proposed that make it possible to bring the solution of optimization problems to specific values.

A special operational tool for collecting and evaluating initial data (MIC) has been developed, which is used to survey existing water supply systems in preparation for their reconstruction.

Recommendations have been prepared on the examination of existing booster water supply systems using the MIC and the selection of equipment for the PNS (selection of a design solution) based on small-sized automatic pumping stations (MANS).

The R&D results have been implemented at a number of public water supply facilities, including PNS and MANS in high-rise buildings.

1: ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE BASICS OF PUMPING THEORY, INJECTION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS OF CREATING AND INCREASING HEAD IN WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (WSS)

The most complex and expensive part of modern water supply systems is the water supply system, which consists of many elements that are in hydraulic interaction. Therefore, it is natural that over the past quarter of a century significant developments have been made in this area and important changes have occurred, both in< плане конструктивного совершенствования насосной техники, так и в плане развития технологии создания и повышения напора.

Similar theses in the specialty "Water supply, sewerage, building systems for the protection of water resources", 05.23.04 VAK code

  • Development of methods for diagnostics and operational management of water supply and distribution systems (WDS) in emergency conditions 2002, candidate of technical sciences Zaiko, Vasily Alekseevich

  • Experimental and numerical simulation of transient processes in circular water supply networks 2010, candidate of technical sciences Likhanov, Dmitry Mikhailovich

  • Analysis, technical diagnostics and renovation of water supply and distribution systems based on the principles of energy equivalent 2002, Doctor of Technical Sciences Shcherbakov, Vladimir Ivanovich

  • Improving the methods of hydraulic calculation of water supply and distribution systems 1981, candidate of technical sciences Karimov, Rauf Khafizovich

  • Energy-saving regulation of the operation mode of the main drainage installations of mines and mines by means of an electric drive 2010, Candidate of Technical Sciences Bochenkov, Dmitry Alexandrovich

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Water supply, sewerage, building systems for the protection of water resources", Steinmiller, Oleg Adolfovich

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

1. Technical innovations in the field of pumping equipment have created the conditions for changes that affect operating practices in terms of reliability and energy savings. On the other hand, a combination of a number of factors (the state of networks and equipment, the territorial and high-rise development of cities) has led to the need for a new approach to the reconstruction and development of water supply systems. The analysis of publications and the accumulated practical experience became the basis for setting the task of determining the optimal parameters of booster pumping equipment.

2. The concept of peripheral modeling is proposed as a development of the idea of ​​redistributing the load between the main and distribution parts of the system in order to minimize non-production losses and energy costs. Stabilization of excess pressure at the end sections of the water supply network will reduce the energy intensity of the water supply system.

3. Optimization models are proposed for the rational choice of booster pumping equipment for peripheral sections of the network with the involvement of CHC. The developed methodology takes into account the multi-mode nature of operation, methods of controlling the operation of superchargers and their arrangement in the NS, the interaction of individual elements of the system, taking into account feedback, as well as a variety of target functions that reflect the energy efficiency of the system or its investment attractiveness.

4. The study of optimization models and verification of the simulation results of operating booster pumping systems made it possible to theoretically substantiate the approach to choosing the number and parameters of superchargers in the composition of PNS (pumping units) based on the principle of minimizing the discounted life cycle cost (LIC) of pumping equipment. A study was made of the dependence of the LCSI function of pumping units on the number of blowers.

5. Special algorithms for searching for extrema of functions of many variables have been developed to solve real problems of optimizing pumping stations in peripheral areas, combining the features of gradient and stochastic approaches to studying search spaces. An algorithm based on a modification of Holland's reproductive plan makes it possible to solve the problems under consideration without introducing simplifying assumptions and replacing the discrete nature of the space of possible solutions with a continuous one.

6. A MIC was created for diagnosing existing booster pumping systems, patented in a utility model (No. 81817), which provides the necessary completeness and reliability of the initial data for solving problems of optimal synthesis of the elements of the PRS. Recommendations have been developed for the inspection of existing booster water supply systems using MIC.

7. A technique has been developed for choosing the optimal variant of pumping equipment for the PNS on the basis of LCCB simulation. A combination of methodological, mathematical and technical approaches to work allows you to search for a solution and perform a comparative assessment of existing and new superchargers in terms of their efficiency, calculate the payback period of investments.

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Introduction

At the present stage of development of the oil and gas industry, the development of automatic control production, replacement physically and morally of obsolete automation equipment and control systems for technical processes and oil and gas production facilities. The introduction of new automatic control and management systems leads to an increase in the reliability and accuracy of tracking the process.

Automation of production processes is the highest form of development of oil and gas production technology, the creation of high-performance equipment, the improvement of production culture, the establishment of new oil and gas regions, the growth of oil and gas production became possible due to the development and implementation of automation and improved management.

A systematic approach to solving the issues of automation of technological processes, the creation and implementation of automated control systems made it possible to carry out the transition to integrated automation of all main and auxiliary technological processes of drilling, production, desalting and transportation of oil and gas.

Modern oil and gas producing enterprises are complex complexes of technological facilities dispersed over large areas. Technological objects are interconnected. This increases the requirement for reliability and perfection of automation tools. Ensuring the reliability and efficiency of the gas supply system, optimizing the processes of oil production, transport, improving the technical and economic indicators of the development of the oil industry requires solving the most important tasks of long-term planning and operational dispatch control of the oil production system based on the implementation of a program of integrated automation of technological processes, the widespread introduction of automated control systems.

In this paper, the automation system of a booster pumping station (BPS) is considered.

1. Automation of the booster pumping station

The booster pumping station (Fig. 1) after the primary separation of oil ensures its flow to the units for further technological cycle and maintaining the necessary pressure there.

Rice. 1 - Technological scheme of the booster pumping station

The basis of this station is self-priming centrifugal pumps, to which oil is supplied from the primary separation unit or from reserve bullets. Oil is pumped into the pumps through filters, which are installed both on the suction and discharge lines of this system. The station is equipped with always working and reserve pumps. Filters are also reserved on its discharge line. Each of the pumps or one of the filters on the discharge line is switched on with the help of drive valves controlled by the automation system.

The booster pumping station automation control system not only maintains the specified oil pressure in the discharge line, but also timely switches the working line to the backup line in the event of a failure of the working pump or blockage of one of the working filters. To control the operating parameters in the technological chain of the booster pumping station, the following technical means are used:

DM1 - DM4 - differential pressure gauges;

P1, P3 - pressure sensors at the pump inlet;

P2, P4 - pressure sensors at the outlet of the pumps;

Z1 - Z6 - valve drives and sensors of their position;

F1 - F4 - filters on the oil line.

This equipment is connected to the corresponding ports of the controller of the booster pumping station control system according to the scheme shown in fig. 2.

As in the previous case, control buttons and gate position sensors are connected to the discrete input module (port) of this controller. Analog pressure sensors and differential pressure gauges are connected to the input of the analog input module (port). All valve motors and pump drives are connected to the discrete output module (port).

Rice. 2 - The structure of the lower level of the control system of the booster pumping station

oil extraction pumping station

The booster pumping station control algorithm has a complex structure, consisting of several interconnected subroutines. The main program of this algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.

According to this algorithm, after entering the value of the setting signals, a waiting cycle is performed for pressing the "Start" button, after pressing which the pump No. 1 and the gate valve Z5 are automatically selected as the working equipment of the technological cycle. This choice is fixed by assigning a single value to the constants N and K. Based on the value of these constants, the choice of the direction of branching in the subroutines of the algorithm will be determined later.

These subroutines are launched by the main algorithm immediately after the command is given to open the gate valve Z1, which connects the process line of the booster pumping station with the primary oil separation unit. The first of these subprograms "Pump start" controls the process of starting the working (or standby) pump, and the other subprogram "Parameter control" monitors the main parameters of the technological process and, in case of their discrepancy with the set values, switches in the technological chain of this process.

The subprogram "Control of parameters" is launched cyclically throughout the working cycle of this process. At the same time, in this cycle, the “Stop” button is polled, when pressed, the gate valve Z1 is closed. Then, before stopping the main program, the algorithm launches the “Pump Stop” subroutine for execution. This subroutine performs sequential actions to stop the working pump.

According to the subprogram “Pump start” (Fig. 4), the content of the parameter N is initially analyzed, which determines the number of the working pump (respectively, N=1 for pump No. 1 and N=0 for another pump). Depending on the value of this parameter, the algorithm selects the start branch of the corresponding pump. These branches are similar in structure, but differ only in the parameters of technological elements.

Rice. 3 - Algorithm for controlling the booster pumping station

The first procedure of the selected branch of this subroutine polls the differential pressure sensor DM1, the content of which determines the operating state of the corresponding inlet filter pump unit. The readings of this sensor are compared with the set limit value of the relative pressure on the filter. If the filter is contaminated (when it needs to be cleaned), the pressure difference at its inlet and outlet will exceed the specified value, so this technological branch cannot be put into operation, and a transition to the launch of a backup line will be required, i.e. backup pump.

If the filter is in a normal state, its actual differential pressure is less than the specified one, and the algorithm proceeds to polling the sensor that controls the pressure at the inlet of the selected pump. Again, the readings of this sensor are compared with the set value. In case of insufficient pressure at the inlet of the pump, it will not be able to enter the operating mode, therefore it cannot be started either, and this will again require a transition to starting the standby pump.

Rice. 4 - Structure of the subroutine "Pump start"

If the pump inlet pressure is normal, the next command of the subroutine starts it, with the parameter N being assigned the appropriate numerical value, and the pump start control discrete sensors control this process. After this start, the sensor that controls the outlet pressure of the started pump is interrogated. In the event that this pressure is below the set level, the pump cannot also operate in normal mode, therefore this case also requires the backup pump to be started, but only after the running pump has stopped.

If the set pressure at the pump outlet is reached, then it means that it has reached the set mode, therefore, at the next step, the algorithm opens the valve that connects the pump outlet to the line of the system outlet filters. The opening of each of the valves is fixed by discrete sensors of its position.

At this point, the pump start subroutine has fulfilled its functions, therefore, at the next step, it exits from it to the main program, where the next subroutine “Parameter Control” of the operating system is then launched. This subroutine runs in a loop until the process is stopped with the Stop button.

Structurally, the subprogram "Control of parameters" is identical to the subprogram "Pump start", however, it has some features (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5 - Structure of the subroutine "Control of parameters"

In this subroutine, as in the previous one, the same sensors are polled sequentially and their readings are compared with the specified values ​​of the controlled parameters. In case of their discrepancy, a command is given to close the corresponding valve and stop the corresponding pump, while the parameter N is assigned a value opposite to the previous one. After all this, the “Pump Start” subprogram is launched, according to which the standby pump is put into operation.

If all controlled parameters correspond to the specified values, then, before entering the main program, the algorithm checks the condition of the main line filters. For this purpose, the subprogram “Control of gate valves Z5 and Z6” (Fig. 6) is launched, according to which, in the event of failure of one of these filters, the backup filter is put into operation.

Rice. 6 - Structure of the subprogram "Control of valves Z5 and Z6"

According to this subroutine, through the analysis of the value of the parameter K, the working branch is selected in it, according to which the differential pressure gauge of the operating filter is polled. In the case of normal filter operation, the actual pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the filter will not exceed the specified value, therefore, the algorithm exits the subroutine according to the “yes” condition without changing the structure of connecting elements in the line.

If this difference exceeds the specified value, the algorithm follows the “no” condition, as a result of which the working valve closes and the reserve valve opens, and the opposite value is assigned to the parameter N. After this is done, this subroutine exits to the previous one, and from it to the main program.

The process of controlled start-up of the working pump, and in case of its breakdown, the start of the backup pump is carried out automatically by the algorithm. Similarly, the controlled launch of filters is carried out through the inclusion of valves in the main line.

When the "Stop" button is pressed, the cycle of continuous monitoring of the system parameters is terminated, the valve that connects the booster pump station to the separation unit is closed, and the transition to the "Pump stop" subprogram is performed (Fig. 7).

According to this subroutine, based on the analysis of the parameter N, one of two identical branches of the algorithm is selected. According to it, the algorithm initially sends a command to close the valve installed at the outlet of the operating pump. After closing it, another command stops the running pump. Then, by a new analysis of the value of the parameter K, a branch of the algorithm is selected, along which the valve of the operating main filter is closed, after which the algorithm stops its work.

Rice. 7 - Structure of the subroutine "Pump stop"

Bibliography

1. Sazhin R.A. Elements and structures of process automation systems for oil and gas industry. PSTU publishing house, Perm, 2008. ? 175 p.

2. Isakovich R.Ya. and other Automation of production processes in the oil and gas industry. "Nedra", M., 1983

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