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What types of heating apparatus are there. Types of heating devices and their characteristics. Characteristics of devices made of various metals

heating device- this is an element of the heating system, which serves to transfer heat from the coolant to the air of the heated room.

1. Registers from smooth pipes represent a bundle of pipes located in two rows and united on both sides by two pipes - collectors, equipped with fittings for supplying and discharging the coolant.

Registers from smooth pipes are used in rooms where increased sanitary and technical and hygiene requirements, as well as in industrial buildings, an increased degree of fire hazard, where a large accumulation of dust is unacceptable. The devices are hygienic, easy to clean from dust and dirt. But not economical, metal-intensive. Estimated heating surface of 1m smooth pipe.

2. Cast iron radiators. The block of cast-iron radiators consists of cast iron sections interconnected by nipples. They are 1-2 and many channel. In Russia, mainly 2-channel radiators. According to the mounting height, radiators are divided into high 1000 mm, medium - 500 mm and low 300 mm.

M-140-AO radiators have inter-column finning, which increases their heat transfer, but reduces aesthetic and hygienic requirements.

Cast iron radiators have a number of advantages. This is:

1. Corrosion resistance.

2. Fine-tuned manufacturing technology.

3. Ease of changing the power of the device by changing the number of sections.

The disadvantages of these types heating appliances are:

1. High consumption of metal.

2. The complexity of manufacturing and installation.

3. Their production leads to environmental pollution.

3. Finned tubes. They are a cast iron pipe with round ribs. The fins increase the surface of the instrument and reduce the surface temperature.

Ribbed tubes are mainly used in industrial plants.

Advantages:

1. Cheap heaters.

2. Large heating surface.

Disadvantages:

Do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements (difficult to clean from dust).

4. Stamped steel radiators. They are two putty steel places, interconnected by contact welding.

There are: columnar radiators RSV 1 and serpentine radiators RSG 2.

Column radiators: form a series of parallel channels, interconnected at the top and bottom by horizontal collectors.

Serpentine radiators form a series of horizontal channels for the passage of the coolant.

Steel plate radiators made in single and double rows. Double-row are made of the same standard sizes as single-row, but consist of two plates.

Advantages:

1. Small weight of the device.

2. Cheaper than cast iron by 20-30%.

3. Less transportation and installation costs.

4. Easy to install and meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Disadvantages:

1. Small heat dissipation.

2. Special treatment of heating water is required, since ordinary water corrodes with metal. Found wide application in housing in public buildings. Due to the rise in the price of metal, the release is limited. High price.

5. Convectors. They are a series of steel pipes through which the coolant moves and steel finning plates mounted on them.

Convectors are available with or without casing. They are made various types: For example: Comfort convectors. They are divided into 3 types: wall-mounted (hung on a wall h = 210 m), island (installed on the floor) and ladder (built into the building structure).

Convectors are made end and through. Convectors are used for heating buildings for various purposes. Used mainly in central Russia.

Non-metallic heating devices

6. Ceramic and porcelain radiators. They are a panel cast from porcelain or ceramic with vertical or horizontal channels.

Such radiators are used in rooms with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating devices. Such devices are used very rarely. They are very expensive, the manufacturing process is laborious, short-lived, subject to mechanical stress. It is very difficult to connect these radiators to metal pipelines.

7. Concrete heating panels. They are concrete slabs with pipe coils embedded in them. Thickness 40-50 mm. They are: window sill and partition.

Heating panels can be attached and built into the construction of walls and partitions. Concrete panels meet the most stringent sanitary and hygienic requirements, architectural and construction requirements.

Disadvantages: difficult to repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer, increased heat loss through additionally heated external structures of buildings. They are used mainly in medical institutions in operating rooms and in maternity hospitals in children's rooms.

Plumbing heating appliances must meet the heat engineering, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements.

Thermal engineering assessment heating devices is determined by its heat transfer coefficient.

Sanitary and hygienic assessment- characterized by a constructive solution of the device, facilitating its maintenance in cleanliness.

The temperature of the outer surface of the heater must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. In order to avoid intense burning of dust, this temperature should not exceed 95 ° C for residential and public buildings, and 85 ° C for medical and children's institutions.

Aesthetic evaluation- the heater should not spoil the interior appearance of the room, should not take up much space.

Radiators. Properties and types of heating devices.

Radiator- This device is designed to highlight thermal energy. In a heating system, a radiator is needed in order to release heat into the room for heating it. And in cars, in order to allocate excessive engine temperature, that is, to cool the engine.
In this article, I will help you choose a radiator, you will learn how to properly apply a radiator.
Ways to connect radiators. properties and parameters.

This is what aluminum looks like bimetal radiators.

This radiator consists of a certain number of sections, which are interconnected by an intersection nipple and a special sealing gasket.
Height can be different depending on the design solution and design.
Center distance (from the center of the upper to the lower thread) Typically: 350mm, 500mm. But there are more, but they are difficult to find and they are not in great demand.
At 350 mm, power up to 140 W/section. At 500mm, up to 200W/section.
As for the heat generated by the radiator?
Let me just say that with low temperature heating, the amount of heat generated is greatly reduced. For example, if the passport indicates a power of 190 W / section, this means that this power will be valid at a coolant temperature of 90 degrees and an air temperature of 20 degrees. Read more about heat release here: Calculation of heat loss through a radiator
What is the difference between bimetallic radiators and aluminum radiators?
Bimetal radiators are actually steel radiators coated with aluminum for better heat dissipation. That is, two metals are used in bimetallic radiators - steel (iron) and aluminum.
The bimetal radiator withstands high pressure and is specially designed for central heating. Therefore, in apartments where there is central heating, only bimetallic radiators are installed.
Why is it not necessary to put an aluminum radiator on the central heating?
The fact is that special additives are added to the central heating water to reduce scale. Make it more alkaline. And alkali eats aluminum. Therefore, no matter what they say about metals that are resistant to corrosion, there is still something that can destroy any metal. Even copper and copper pipes are not immune to corrosion. I heard that iron powder or steel chips, when in contact with copper, destroys copper.
The aluminum radiator is suitable for autonomous heating systems. In private houses, where they have their own heating and their own coolant without any tricky additives. Keep antifreeze in mind when you fill in more antifreeze, find out how it will affect your pipes made of various metals. The aluminum radiator unfortunately emits hydrogen, but in what proportions it is difficult to say. Because of this hydrogen, air is often formed, which must be constantly bled off.
A bimetallic radiator also does not represent anything good. It is highly corroded, and all because there is always a certain amount of oxygen in the water, which destroys iron (steel). Bimetal radiator, like iron pipes will be subject to corrosion.
Aluminum is less susceptible to corrosion, but there are still all kinds of chemicals that will eat aluminum.
Still very often, even water from a well happens to have some kind of chemical properties. For example, it can be highly acidic, which can also only increase pipe corrosion. Metal-plastic pipes and pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene are not subject to corrosion, but are afraid of high temperatures above 85 degrees. (If the temperature is higher, then the period plastic pipes falls sharply). Polypropylene pipes pass oxygen. We will talk about pipes in other articles, I will only say that it was found empirically that oxygen penetrates through plastic. AT metal-plastic pipes there is an aluminum layer that prevents the passage of oxygen into the heating system.
In order for your iron pipes and steel radiators to last longer, you need to make the water or coolant more alkaline. There are special supplements.

Radiator pressure.
As for the working pressure, for aluminum radiators it is from 6 to 16 atmospheres.
For bimetallic radiators, this is from 20 to 40 atmospheres.
As for the pressure in central heating systems, it can reach 7 bar. In private houses, approximately from a three-storey building, the pressure is approximately 1 - 2 bar.
Corrosion and hydrogen formation can be reduced due to any chemical treatment of radiators at the production stage. What can be written in the passport. And that still needs to be proven. Who will benefit from it, even the cheapest radiator will last at least 10 years. And with all sorts of protective layers of 20-50 years. The results will be in 15 years. And when 15 years have passed, then they will simply forget about some kind of protective layer. And in 5 years, you can no longer present the consequences of the destruction of radiators to the manufacturer.
Convectors for heating.
Convector- This heater is made using this technology. Just an ordinary pipe passes through many plates that transfer heat to the air.

For beauty, this device is closed with a decorative panel.
As for power, they are indicated in the passport for each individual model.
Cast iron radiator.
This is a cheap heating device, but terribly heavy.

You can’t hang it on a weak wall, you need to hang such radiators on reinforced brackets.
In terms of power, they are up to 120 W / section
Corrosion is also subjected to and withstand high pressure up to 40 atmospheres. Due to the fact that their wall thickness is large, such cast-iron radiators serve for a very long time. To destroy such a radiator by corrosion, it will take more than a dozen years.
I don't remember any old cast iron radiator leaking due to corrosion.
Steel panel radiators.

It is better not to install steel panel radiators in an apartment for central heating, firstly, their wall thickness reaches 2.5 mm. There are also wall thicknesses of 1.25 mm. And then corrosion will quickly eat them. They withstand pressure less than bimetallic sectional ones.
Working pressure up to 10 bar.
Each individual panel has its own thermal power, indicated in the passport.
Such radiators are cheap and are usually suitable for a private house as the most cheap option. Compared to heat dissipation and the space they take up, they bypass sectional radiators. That is, such a radiator will take up less space and at the same time generate more heat.
Why is steel bad for a heating system?
In a heating system where steel or iron is present, the entire heating system is very heavily cluttered with sludge and the consequences of steel corrosion. Crumbs of rusty steel begin to accumulate in the mesh filters and impair the circulation of the heating system. Therefore, if you have steel pipes or steel radiators, then the filters should be used with a good margin. Or you have to clean the filters every month. If the filters are not cleaned, then the heating system rises and heat does not circulate through the pipes.
Why is aluminum bad for a heating system?
Aluminum releases hydrogen. With aluminum radiators, it is very often necessary to bleed air from the heating system. By the way, aluminum radiators last much longer than steel ones. But sectional radiators first of all, the joints are leaking due to poor-quality gaskets or connections. Or if you are using an anti-freeze liquid, which also increases smudges at the joints. By the way, copper pipes, where the coolant circulates through aluminum radiators, do not live long. Therefore, there is a rumor that copper and aluminum are incompatible. I also heard that copper and steel are incompatible. And modern gas boilers inside copper tubes. But this is not scary, the difference may not be large and can reduce the life of copper pipes by one and a half to two times. According to my forecasts, the pipe can serve quietly for 10 years. Though it might just be a scare. Since, working for a company, how many cottages did we set up with copper pipes and aluminum radiators. And we still continue in the same spirit. For me, Duc - more destructibility is due to the non-freezing liquid and the water shifted towards the acidic environment. And aluminum radiators are also afraid of water hammer and electrochemical corrosion.
The difference between steel and aluminum is not big, air can be formed 30% more with aluminum. And destructive corrosion can differ by 10-30%. And it all depends on the coolant. A bad coolant can ruin your heating system faster than any combination of metals. On water, your heating system will last much longer than on non-freezing liquid - a fact. But it can be vice versa if the water is strongly biased towards acidity. I advise you to learn about additional additives in the heating system. Scientists in the housing and communal services laboratory know better about this, since in central heating special treated water circulates. Store assistants may not be aware of this.
Heard that zinc is not compatible with antifreeze. Therefore, it is better not to fill antifreeze liquid in galvanized pipes.
As for sectional radiators.
Very often, people and installers are faced with the following question:
How many sections can be installed on one radiator?
Some experts point-blank argue that you need no more than 10 sections per radiator. The main reason why the number of sections is not exceeded is the coolant consumption!
I explain!
If the flow rate is not sufficient for a powerful radiator, then a cooler coolant will come out of it! Accordingly, the difference will be large. As a result, no matter how many sections you hang, if the expense is small, then the benefit becomes ineffective. Since the main heat transfer comes from the coolant, and the number of sections increases the receipt of this heat from the coolant. With a large number of sections, the temperature head of the radiator increases. That is, on delivery heat, and on the return line is low.
I answer that you can put a radiator with 20 sections! It is only necessary to have sufficient coolant flow! If you want to understand the hydraulics and thermal engineering of the heating system, then I recommend that you get acquainted with my course:
Hydraulic calculation 2.0
Be aware of the thermostatic valve, it reduces the flow through the radiator.

It is impossible to imagine heating a room without heating devices, which are presented on the market in a fairly wide variety of species. In order to choose the most suitable option, must be taken into account whole line factors.

What are

The classification of heating devices is carried out according to the following criteria:

  • Heat carrier type. May be liquid or gaseous.
  • Manufacturing material.
  • Specifications. This refers to the size, power, features of the installation and the presence of adjustable heating.

When choosing the best option features need to be taken into account. heating system home and operating conditions. In this case, the entire list of requirements and standards regarding heating devices must be observed. Along with the power of products great importance has the specifics of their installation. In the absence of gas supply and the possibility of arranging water heating, there is still an option with electric heaters.

Water heating system device

Water heating is the most common way to heat buildings. This explains the presence on sale of a significant variety of varieties of heating devices for water circuits. The reasons lie in the good level of efficiency of these products, as well as reasonable costs for the purchase, installation and maintenance. The designs of these heating devices are very similar to each other. The core of each of them is a cavity: hot water heating surface of the battery. Next, the convection process comes into play, transmitting heat to the entire room.


Radiators for water heating systems can be made from the following materials:

  1. Cast iron.
  2. Become.
  3. aluminum.
  4. Combinations of materials (the so-called "bimetallic batteries").

Each of these types of heating devices has its own specifics. In each specific case, it is necessary to take into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room, installation features, the quality and type of coolant used (for example, antifreeze is used in some cases). To regulate the power of the batteries, it is possible to increase or detach the sections. It is desirable that the length of one radiator does not exceed 1.5-2 meters.

Cast iron batteries

The cast-iron type of heating appliances is one of the most common options for completing domestic centralized systems. It was preferred to other varieties mainly because of its cheapness. In the future, devices of this type began to be gradually replaced by devices with a higher heat transfer coefficient (for cast-iron batteries, it is only 40%). Currently, cast iron radiators are mainly equipped with old-style systems. Concerning modern interiors, then in them you can find designer cast-iron models.


To strengths heating devices can be attributed to a significant surface area through which energy is transferred from the coolant to the surrounding space. Another notable advantage is the durability of cast iron batteries: they can last 50 years or more without problems. There are also disadvantages, and there are many of them. Firstly, the coolant is used in very large volumes (up to 1.5 liters per section). Cast iron warms up slowly, so you have to wait until, after turning on the boiler, heat begins to flow into the rooms. Repairing such batteries is not easy, and in order to minimize the likelihood of breakdowns, they have to be cleaned every 2-3 years. Installation work is complicated by the large weight of the radiators.

Aluminum batteries

Aluminum devices have a very high heat dissipation, which allows you to bring the power of one section up to 200 watts. This is quite enough for full heating of 1.5–2 m 2 of living space. The advantages of aluminum batteries include their low cost and low weight, which greatly simplifies installation work. In terms of service life, aluminum appliances are almost two times inferior to their cast-iron counterparts (they can last no more than 25 years).

Bimetallic batteries

The strength of bimetallic structures are special convection panels that increase the quality of air circulation. In addition, devices of this type can be equipped with special regulators, with which you can increase or decrease the flow rate of the coolant. Installation work in its simplicity resembles the installation of aluminum radiators. Each of the sections has a power of 180 W, providing heating of 1.5 m 2 area.


In some cases, the use of water-type heating devices meets with serious difficulties. For example, bimetallic radiators cannot be installed in systems where antifreeze is used as a coolant. These anti-freeze liquids that protect pipes from freezing can have a destructive effect on the inside of batteries. You should also take into account the high cost of this heating option.

Electric types of heaters

In cases where problems arise with the organization of water heating, it is customary to use electric heaters. They are also represented by several varieties, differing from each other in power and method of heat transfer. The most significant disadvantage of household heating appliances of this kind is the high cost of consumed electricity. This often requires the laying of new wiring, designed for increased loads. If the total power of all electric heaters exceeds 12 kW, the technical standards provide for the organization of a network with a voltage of 380 V.


Convection type of heaters

Convection-type electric heaters are characterized by the ability to heat rooms at high speed, which is facilitated by circulating flows of warm air. The lower part of the devices is equipped with special holes for suction of air flows, for heating which heating elements are used ( warm air comes out through the top notch). The power of modern heaters of this type ranges from 0.25-2.5 kW.

Oil coolers

Oil heaters also use the principle of convection. Inside the apparatus, special oil is poured for heating with a heating element. To regulate the heating, a thermostat is often used, which turns off the power when the desired temperature is reached. Oil powered devices are characterized by high inertia. This is manifested in the slow heating of the device and in the same slow cooling after the power supply is cut off.


The surface temperature is usually heated to 110-150 degrees, which requires compliance with safety rules. Such a device must not be installed close to flammable surfaces. Oil radiators are equipped with a convenient adjustment of the heating intensity, designed for 2-4 operating modes. Keeping in mind the power of one section (150–250 kW), choosing the optimal model for heating a particular room is not at all difficult. The maximum power of such a device is limited to 4.5 kW.

infrared heating

The choice of infrared heaters brings the following dividends:

  • Energy saving up to 30% when compared with conventional electrical appliances.
  • Oxygen in the air does not burn.
  • The room heats up in minutes.

Classify infrared devices according to the method of transmitting waves. In new heaters, the transmission of radiation to the surrounding space is carried out thanks to resistor conductors installed on a special film. The power of warm mats can reach 800 W/m2. Film heaters are convenient because they can be used to organize underfloor heating.

As for carbon emitters, the waves in them are emitted by spirals from a sealed transparent flask. The power of such devices is in the range of 0.7-4.0 kW. The power of carbon heaters is an order of magnitude higher, which provides for more stringent fire safety measures.

Gas heating

In order to save money, you can use gas heaters. Their simplest variety is gas convector, which is switched to the main gas pipeline or cylinder with liquefied propane. The burner of the device is completely protected from contact with the surrounding atmosphere: in this case, a special tube is used to supply oxygen, which is brought outside through a hole in the wall. These devices are characterized by high power (at least 8 kW) and low cost of operation. Among the weaknesses gas heaters we can highlight the mandatory registration with regulatory agencies, the need for effective ventilation and the need for regular cleaning of nozzles.