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Fungicides - what is it, the mechanism of action of drugs, the rules for processing indoor and garden plants. Types of fungicides, a review of the most effective drugs and their description Fungicide preparation application

Fungicides in crop production are chemical or biological substances that completely or partially suppress pathogens of fungal and other plant diseases. Translated from Latin, "fungicides" means "killing mushroom" (fungus - mushroom and caedo - I kill).

Depending on the chemical structure, fungicides are divided into inorganic (for example, colloidal sulfur, copper sulfate, copper oxychloride), organic (for example, carbamic acid derivatives, quinones, preparations based on benzimidazoles)

Depending on the nature of the impact, fungicides are divided into
true fungicides - act directly on the fungus cell;
pseudofungicides (immunizers) - act on the pathogen only when ingested at the molecular, intracellular, subcellular level, disrupting its vital activity and leading to death;
microbial antagonists - are strains of a pathogen that increases plant immunity and resistance to pathogens of fungal infections.

Fungicides are used
for prevention (preventive or protective fungicides)
for the treatment of fungal infections in plants (medicinal or eradicating fungicides)
for plant immunization.

Fungicides can serve
for seed treatment (these are seed protectants, they act on pathogens that are transmitted with seeds or exist in the soil, help reduce the number of treatments for vegetative plants)
for the treatment of greenhouse-greenhouse soil (they act on pathogens of plants that are in the soil, for example, in a greenhouse)
for processing perennials during dormancy (destroy pests during dormancy: in early spring, late autumn, winter)
for processing plants during the growing season (used in summer, as a rule, for preventive action)
for storage processing (to protect agricultural products during storage)

Fungicides by the nature of distribution in plants are of contact and systemic action.

Contact (or local or topical) fungicides are on the surface of the plant and cause the death of the infectious agent upon contact with it. As a rule, the duration of action of contact fungicides is limited, since they are washed off during rain and irrigation, depend on the wind and other manifestations of the external environment, and may simply have a low ability to stay on the plant. Contact fungicides often have a preventive effect. Used since the end of the 19th century.

Systemic fungicides penetrate into all tissues of the plant and do not depend on weather conditions. Their effectiveness depends on the rate of penetration into plant tissues. Systemic fungicides act directly on the causative agent of a fungal infection or as a result of the metabolism in the plant, which allows the destruction of pathogens located deep in plant tissues. Used since the second half of the 20th century.

Biological fungicides- modern drugs, safe for humans and environment, do not accumulate in plants and fruits, as they have a non-chemical effect on pathogens and infections, and are highly effective. Biological fungicides are made up of bacteria that cause the death of certain types of pathogenic fungi.

Depending on the amount of active ingredients, fungicides are simple, combined, requiring joint use with other drugs or fertilizers.

Ways to apply fungicides:
spraying plants and soil
pollination of plants and soil
seed dressing
fumigation of seeds and storages (destruction of pests and pathogens of plants with poisonous vapors and gases)

Rules for the use of fungicides:
Strict adherence to doses and alternation of the drugs used, since over time the pathogen develops resistance to the active substance of the drug.
Strict adherence to doses and terms of treatment, so as not to cause burns of plants, accumulation harmful to man substances in fruits, death of warm-blooded animals and environmental pollution.
Processing in protective equipment (gown, goggles, gloves, respirators, special shoes, etc.)

Important!
When choosing a fungicide, pay attention to its active ingredient, denoted by "DV"! Drugs with different names may have the same active ingredient, which will not allow you to properly treat or prevent (that is, alternate DV).

Some fungicides allowed for personal subsidiary plots

Abiga Peak, HOM- DV Copper oxychloride - a fungicide of contact action, designed to combat fungal and bacterial diseases of many vegetable, fruit and flower crops.
Alirin-B- DV Bacillus subtilis strain B-10 VIZR - a biological bacterial fungicide with a curative, immunizing, protective effect. From root rot, wilting, powdery mildew, peronosporosis, rust, late blight, scab, gray rot on potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, currants, strawberries, indoor and garden plants and seedlings.
Albite- AD Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid - a complex effective biological product, a universal plant growth regulator with the properties of a fungicide and a complex fertilizer.
Baktofit- a biological preparation for the fight against fungal and bacterial diseases of cereals, vegetables, fruit and berry crops, flowers and medicinal plants.
Bordeaux liquid- DV Copper sulfate tribasic - a time-tested fungicide against scab, moniliosis, coccomycosis, fruit rot and various spots of fruit and berry crops. Does not cause burns.
Bordeaux mixture- DV Copper sulfate + Calcium hydroxide - contact fungicide to protect against a complex of diseases (late blight, coccomycosis, rust, scab, curl, etc.)
Gamair- DV Bacillus subtilis strain M-22 VIZR - a biological fungicide to suppress pathogens of root rot, wilting, powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust, late blight, alternariosis, scab, moniliosis, gray rot, bacterial canker of tomato, etc.
Gliocladin- DV Trichoderma harzianum strain 18 VIZR - fungal fungicide. It forms a developed mycelium in the soil and successfully competes with pathogenic fungi. Protects and suppresses root rot, wilting of various etiologies, ascochitosis, anthracnose, alternariosis, gray rot in tomatoes, cucumbers, flower seedlings and indoor flowers.
healthy earth- DV Carboxin, Tiram (TMTD) - a new preparation for soil disinfection for flower (except indoor) plants.
healthy lawn- DV Carboxin, Tiram (TMTD) - suppresses rot and mold of lawn grasses
Sulfur smoke bomb (FAS, Climate)- DV Sulfur - destroys pathogens, infections, mold, fungi, insects in basements, vegetable stores, greenhouses, greenhouses, greenhouses.
Cuprolux- DV Cymoxanil, Copper oxychloride - against late blight, downy mildew in potatoes, onions on turnips, cucumbers and tomatoes in open ground.
Kurzat R- DV Cymoxanil, Copper oxychloride - from diseases of potatoes, vegetables and grapes.
Maxim- DV Fludioxonil - one of the most effective drugs for protection against fusarium, phomosis, rhizoctoniosis and other diseases transmitted through the soil. For pre-sowing treatment of tubers of seed potatoes, seeds of cereals and other crops.
Ordan- DV Cymoxanil, Copper chloroxide - a combined preparation of fungicidal action to protect potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and grapes from a complex of diseases.
planriz- a biological preparation against vascular mucous bacteriosis, late blight, fusarium wilt, rhizoctonia root rot, pithy root rot, gray rot, monilose, mildew, oidium in cabbage, potatoes, protected ground cucumbers, strawberries, apple trees, grapes.
Forecast- DV Propiconazole - a broad-spectrum systemic fungicide to protect strawberries, black currants, gooseberries, raspberries from powdery mildew, gray mold, rust, anthracnose, leaf septoria, purple spot, anthracnose, leaf septoria.
Profit Gold- DV Famoxadone, Cymoxanil - a modern systemic fungicide for the protection and treatment of tomatoes and potatoes from late blight, onions from Alternaria, grapes from mildew.
Rayok– DV Difenoconazole is a systemic fungicide for the protection of apple, pear, beet, potato and tomato from scab, powdery mildew, Alternaria.
Respect- DV Imidacloprid, Pentsikuron - pre-sowing treatment of potato tubers from rhizoctoniosis, common scab.
Speed- DV Difenoconazole is a systemic curative fungicide against scab, powdery mildew, alternariosis, coccomycosis, leaf curl, gray mold, spotting in fruit and flower crops, roses and ornamental shrubs.
strobi- DV Crezoxim-methyl - a drug of systemic action against scab, powdery mildew, sooty fungus, "flycat", alternariosis on apple and pear.
Tano c - DV Famoxadone, Cymoxanil - a combined drug of systemic action against mildew, late blight, Alternaria, peronosporosis in grapes, open ground tomatoes, potatoes, onions.
Thiovit Jet- DV sulfur - against powdery mildew, oidium and spider mites on apple, pear, gooseberry, black currant, grapes, roses.
Topaz- DV Penconazole - a systemic fungicide for the protection of currants and flower crops from powdery mildew and rust.
Fitolavin- DV Phytobacteriomycin - a biological fungicide against root mucous and vascular bacterioses, leaf bacterioses, black leg for cucumbers and tomatoes in protected and open ground, apple trees.
Fitosporin- DV Bacillus subtilis strain 26 D - a biological preparation for a complex of fungal and bacterial diseases of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, strawberries, apple trees, carrots, flower garden and indoor crops, black currants, roses
Horus- DV Cyprodinil - a systemic fungicide against scab, moniliosis, powdery mildew, alternariosis of pome fruits, fruit rot, coccomycosis, etc. on an apple tree, pear, peach, plum, cherry, sweet cherry.
Pureflower- DV Difenoconazole - a systemic fungicide against powdery mildew, gray mold, spotting in flower and ornamental crops.

Also have fungicidal action:
Ash - dust potato tubers before planting, treat wounds, cuts on tubers and roots of flowering plants.
Zelenka- cauterize wounds and other damage on tubers and bulbs of flower crops.
Soda ash (linen)- 0.3-0.5% solution with the addition of soap (30 g per 10 l) is used to combat powdery mildew.
Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate)- 0.1-0.15% solution is used against black leg, fusarium, bacteriosis in seedlings and vegetable and flower crops, for preplant treatment of seeds, bulbs, corms, rhizomes garden plants within 2 hours, for disinfection of inventory and tools.

Ancient fungicides: wine, cow urine, vinegar, salt solution.

Fungicide Plants: cypress, marigold , calendula , garlic , horsetail, wormwood, etc.

Growing plants in home gardens near private houses, summer cottages or country mansions is a favorite pastime of many summer residents and gardeners. But at different stages of such work, one has to look for effective methods to combat an impressive number of dangerous diseases and pests, which, like an invisible attack, attack all garden crops and turn them into garbage. To avoid this kind of event, many summer residents choose special fungicidal preparations that quickly and effectively eliminate the problem by performing a complex processing of flowers, vegetable crops and other plants from the development of dangerous diseases.

What is the high benefit of systemic fungicides, why do such preparations have excellent antifungal and anti-stress properties, and which products deserve to be in your garden because of their performance and reliability?

It is important to understand that there are organic and inorganic preparations. In any case, both the first and second types can be the only solution to combat various fungal pests. Currently, the list of systemic fungicides is overflowing with a host of different proposals. The list of available products is very extensive and is constantly expanding, so choose the right tool for your personal plot anyone can.

Biological fungicides for plants are special substances of biological origin that serve as an effective tool for the prevention, prevention and control of fungal infections, insects and other pests that can harm indoor flowers or horticultural crops. Most preparations are indispensable for ensuring reliable protection of seeds during the treatment period.

If the term is translated from Latin, then it will mean "killing mushrooms." Timely application of fungicides for indoor plants or horticultural and horticultural crops will help maintain plant health, improve yields, and prevent the development of dangerous mycoses. For this reason, every self-respecting summer resident must respond responsibly to the need to purchase such drugs for his site.

Characteristics and basic properties

With the correct use of fungicides for plants, the protection of fruit and vegetable crops, as well as indoor plants, will be maximum. Such funds effectively fight pathogenic fungi and prevent their further development. If you don't know how to do right choice, you can’t figure out the names and models, trust professional employees from hypermarkets for the home, garden and garden, or study the mass of available articles on the portals of the country economy. Such tips will help you make the right choice, which is perfect for specific circumstances and situations.

Fungicidal substances may differ depending on some parameters that determine the strength of the effect. To make the right decision when choosing a suitable drug, you should take into account such features.

By origin, fungicides are divided into:

  • organic (biofungicides that consist of certain bacteria);
  • inorganic (drugs created using complex chemical reactions and compounds).

According to the degree of decomposition, they distinguish:

  1. inorganic fungicidal preparations that remain in the soil for a long time and have a great effect on pests;
  2. models of biological origin, which are environmentally safe and harmless to the environment and soil;

By the strength of the impact:

  • herbal formulations. They are considered “softer” and safer, but their effectiveness is not high enough;
  • formulations based on chemicals that work much faster, but very often contain toxic components and can harm the human body;

Other Features

Also, fungicides can be divided into different groups according to the nature of distribution in plant tissues:

According to the purpose of operation:

  • for soil treatment;
  • for dressing previously prepared seeds;
  • for spraying during the growing season;
  • for effective fungal prevention;
  • as universal composition(sometimes it is used in the processing of cultivated conifers);

It is important to note that recently there has been an incredible increase in the popularity of biofungicides, which have a more gentle effect and good performance. Many summer residents and flower growers refuse to use chemicals, fearing that they can harm plants and soil quality. Very often, such drugs cause various diseases in people, including a complex degree of poisoning, if the basic rules of care were not followed during processing. In turn, biological fungicides for plants are especially effective in protecting indoor flowers and crops that are eaten.

Application features

Fungicides are presented in the form of special powders that are applied to the soil or carry out seed treatment, as well as in the form of solutions intended for spraying plants. Some types of drugs will be effective at different stages of life and development of fruit and vegetable crops. If we are talking about the fight against fungal infections of different cultures, then it is necessary to follow the basic safety rules, protecting yourself from the negative effects of active substances:

Failure to comply with any rules can lead to various negative consequences, cause an allergic reaction or poisoning. It is better not to risk your health and pay attention to the mandatory preparation for the upcoming procedure.

Use of preparations for indoor flowers and horticultural crops

For effective prevention of fungal diseases, contact and systemic fungicides are used. At home, experts recommend using biological preparations that contain active bacteria. When operating in city apartments, compositions in the form of emulsions, solutions and powders can be used. As for chemical fungicides, they can be applied before the start of the growing season or after flowering and fruit harvest. Biological preparations are suitable for use at any time of the year, and individual products can also be used when harvesting fruits.

Indoor flowers need intensive protection from a wide variety of pests and diseases, so their use should be mandatory. Otherwise, the intensity of the development of dangerous diseases will be very high.

As for the use of a fungicidal-based solution and powder for the garden, such preparations will be effective when soaking the seeds. They can also be added to the soil during loosening and digging. This will prevent the development of the fungus in the soil and protect it from the development of dangerous pests. Spraying is carried out in early spring and by the end of autumn, which is effective method for antifungal treatment of crops, especially such as peppers, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes, etc.

In order for the use of the drug to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to properly dilute it in accordance with a certain proportion and general rules. So, the cultivation of the fungicide is as follows:

Experts do not recommend preparing too large volumes of fungicides. Also, do not leave the solution open during storage. This can lead to disastrous consequences, including poisoning people or pets who may accidentally drink some of the composition.

Features of choosing an effective drug

When it comes to choosing a fungicide, you need to know a number of subtleties and features that will greatly simplify the upcoming purchase. In the process, it is necessary to take into account the area to be treated, the types of plants being treated, the degree of toxicity and the extent of the lesion. You should also take into account the advice of professional agricultural technicians, gardeners, gardeners and connoisseurs of various flower plants. Do not forget that in nature there are a lot of pathogenic fungi that can be resistant to any chemical composition, so from time to time the drugs used need to be changed with others in order to increase their effectiveness.

Among the most popular fungicides that have proven themselves in the fight against various diseases and fungi, the following can be distinguished:

Before you buy one of the products you are interested in, carefully study the instructions and treat the selection of the appropriate proportion with all responsibility. This will avoid negative consequences in the future and carry out a truly effective prevention or treatment of plants in your backyard.


Often, novice gardeners are faced with terms that are incomprehensible to themselves, especially when it comes to fertilizers. For example, fungicides. In many publications you can find recommendations for the use of these tools in the fight against disease. But what are fungicides, how do systemic fungicides differ from other types, how dangerous are they, how should they be applied? About this in our article.


General concept of fungicides

Fungicides are pesticides used in horticulture to control plant diseases. These include means for processing plants, soil, seeds. Fungicides are divided into several types, the classification depends on the purpose, chemical properties, the nature of distribution within plants.

Fungicide preparations are used to eliminate or prevent fungal infections of plants, as well as to control pests of garden crops and indoor plants. Preparations can also be used to protect seeds during dressing. If you apply these funds correctly, in a timely manner, you can maintain plant health, prevent mycosis from developing, and increase productivity.

Types of fungicides

All fungicides are divided into two large groups:

  1. Biological. The products are based on beneficial bacteria that can destroy pathogenic fungi. Most popular in last years among summer residents, because they are less toxic. Use biological fungicides to disinfect the soil.
  2. Chemical. The main active component of the funds are chemical compounds.

Fungicides, depending on their chemical properties, are divided into:

  • organic;
  • inorganic.

Inorganic fungicides are compounds of potassium, manganese, mercury, iron, sulfur, nickel, copper. Organic ones do not contain heavy metals, they are easily decomposed, therefore they have an undoubted advantage. Solutions of such preparations are easy to prepare: it is enough to dilute the agent in water. Substances are easily combined with other pesticides. Inorganic agents are incompatible with many other drugs. But organic products also have disadvantages. They are not durable, they remain in the ground for only a few days or weeks, then losing their properties.

Fungicides are:

  • Eradicating (therapeutic action). The death of fungi is possible after infection of the plant.
  • Protective (preventive action). Made in advance, can prevent infection.

Depending on the purpose of the use of the substance, there are the following types:

  • preparations for processing crops during the dormant period;
  • seed dressers;
  • drugs needed during the growing season;
  • means for soil treatment;
  • preparations for processing storages for vegetables and grains.

Modern manufacturers, for the convenience of gardeners and gardeners, have developed many universal fungicides that can be used for soil cultivation and for other purposes during the growing season of the plant, and during the planting period for seed treatment.

Distinguish between contact and systemic fungicides according to the way they are distributed in plant tissues.

Local, or contact substances, remain on the surface of plants. They cause the death of the fungus in contact with it. The effectiveness of the product depends on many things: the amount of fungicide used, the duration of action, weather conditions, chemical resistance. There are contact fertilizers that have a deep action, they can penetrate through the seed coat inside.

Intraplant, systemic fungicides, suppress the development of pathogens, spreading through vascular system plants. Efficiency is determined by the rate of penetration of the substance into plant tissues. They do not depend on weather conditions.

Ways to apply fungicides

Fungicides can be used in a variety of ways.

Incorporation into the soil. Fungicides, produced in the form of a powder, are applied to the soil during its digging. You can dissolve the powder in water and water it. This will help destroy pathogenic fungi that live in the soil.


Pollination and spraying. A fungicide solution can be used to treat the aerial parts of plants using a sprayer. Several sprayings per season are allowed, they are carried out in late autumn and early spring. Sprayers are also used for processing storages and greenhouses.

Seed dressing. Plant tubers and seeds are treated with a fungicide before planting. You can use powder or solution.

If you constantly use only one agent, the effectiveness decreases, since the pathogens of the fungi cease to react to the components of the substance. To prevent this, it is necessary to alternate the applied fungicides, strictly observing the dosage of the drug consumption. The production of fungicides is constantly growing, new preparations are being created, since it is difficult to overestimate the importance of these preparations for agriculture and horticulture.

Biological fungicides for plants are being developed very actively. They are very different from chemicals, they are safer, and the bacteria they contain can cause the death of several types of pathogenic fungi. These funds include: Fitosporin, Fitop, Agate, Integral, Barrier. They are highly effective with low toxicity.

Overview of popular and effective fungicides

Currently, there are a lot of extended-acting drugs that can be used in your area. It is only necessary to carefully approach the choice, be sure to follow the instructions for use when preparing the solution, observe the dosage and protective measures when working with fungicides.

Acrobat MC

Means Acrobat MC refers to systemic contact fungicides, which is used to combat downy mildew of cucumbers, early blight and late blight of potatoes, mildew of grapes, and a number of other diseases. Spraying is carried out with a means of plants during the growing season. Final processing a month before harvest. In relation to beets, it is necessary to carry out processing in 50 days.

Oksikhom

Oksihom is a systemic contact fungicide belonging to a broad-spectrum agent. Suitable for protecting tomatoes and potatoes from macrosporiosis and late blight, saving cucumbers from downy mildew. Effective in the fight against fungal diseases that cause a subclass of oomycetes. It consists of oxadixyl and copper oxychloride. The substance is dangerous and should not be mixed with other fungicides.

Rayok

The systemic fungicide Rayok, which is an analogue of the drug Skor, has both preventive and healing properties. The active ingredient in its composition is difenoconazole. Designed to combat powdery mildew, scab, leaf curl, alternariosis, late blight, coccomycosis and other diseases. It penetrates well into plant cells, does not depend on weather conditions, since it is not washed off by rain.

Topaz

Topaz is a systemic fungicide containing penconazole. Designed to protect berry, stone fruit, pome, vegetable and ornamental crops from rust, powdery mildew and other fungal diseases. It is applied to processing of vineyards. It is a moderately hazardous substance. There must be a weekly interval between treatments.

Fundazol

Fundazol is a systemic fungicide with eradicating and protective properties. It can be used as a dressing agent, because it acts on a large number of fungal diseases of leaves and seeds of plants (powdery mildew, spotting, gray rot). Guarantees effective suppression of the disease after the first symptoms appear. Before harvesting, the last treatment with fungicides is carried out for 20 days for pears and apple trees, for tomatoes for 10 days, for cucumbers - for 7 days.

Fundazol, which contains benomyl, is compatible with many growth regulators, fertilizers, pesticides. Do not use only with products that have an alkaline reaction. Alternation with drugs from the benzimidazole group is not recommended.

Hom

Hom is a copper-containing fungicide of systemic-local action to combat peach leaf curl, plum fruit rot, tomato and potato late blight, pear and apple scab, grape mildew, spotting of flower and ornamental crops, downy mildew of cucumbers and onions. The drug also applies to contact fungicides, it is forbidden to use it during flowering or at an air temperature of +30 degrees and above. Care must be taken to prevent the fungicide from entering the well, reservoir, water supply system.

Byleton

Bayleton is a systemic fungicide. It is used to combat fusarium, powdery mildew, red-brown spot, net spot, rhynchosporia and other diseases. Subject to consumption rates, the drug is non-toxic, compatible with other insecticides and fungicides. Although it does not hurt to check for chemical compatibility before use.

Previcour

Previkur is a systemic fungicide that has a wide range action against pathogens of peronosporosis and root rot. Stimulates the rooting of cuttings, flowering and plant growth, prevents plants from getting sick. Ground treatment is carried out with the solution, evenly spraying the entire area. It is allowed to strait under the root of adult and young plants, processing seeds and seedlings.

In the fight against numerous infectious agents on country beds the main weapons are fungicides - preparations for the prevention and treatment of plant diseases. Microbiological science offers a whole arsenal of effective drugs, among which you can choose the best one both for the treatment and for the prevention and prevention of plant diseases. Modern fungicides are safe for people, animals and bees, their application gives quick and tangible results. Some drugs have a prolonged period of action, provide long-term plant protection.

Soil free from pathogenic microorganisms, healthy plants in the country - a guarantee of a full-fledged harvest of vegetables and berries, bright colors of flower beds (help you!), Bent under the weight of the fruits of trees and shrubs. The main thing is to figure out how to prevent and, if necessary, cure diseases, choose an effective fungicidal drug, and correctly calculate its dosage.


The following reasons lead to a large spread of many fungal infections that affect almost all types of fruit, garden and ornamental plants in the country:

  1. The accumulation of pathogens occurs through infected plant residues. This is how root rot, late blight, fusarium spread. Fungal spores accumulate in the soil where the infected tops are left to winter, and are carried along garden beds along with unripe compost.
  2. The shortage and high cost of the main source of fertility until recently - manure, led to its replacement by other suppliers of organic matter for the beds. The green mass of tops, mowed grass, fallen leaves brought from a neighboring forest have become the most important organic fertilizers in suburban areas. Together with them, pathogenic microorganisms are found in the soil, causing rot and other infectious plant diseases.
  3. Incorrect use of drugs that prevent and treat infections, instead of benefit, can lead to the emergence of fungicide-resistant races of microorganisms. Some pathogens develop resistance (addiction) to fungicides, for example, such as Fundazol, Fundazim, Benorad. That is why it is so important to strictly follow the dosage instructions of the drugs and change them from time to time.


Varieties of chemical fungicides for the treatment of infectious plant diseases, their names

The principle of action of various groups of fungicides is not the same. Some of them affect pathogens at the cellular level, others affect enzymes, and others disrupt the breathing processes of harmful fungi. According to the spectrum of action, some fungicides are narrowly targeted, while others destroy a wide range of pathogenic microflora. Moreover, some are better used for the treatment of diseases that have already arisen, while others are better for prevention and prevention.

Modern drugs are divided into groups:

Strobilurins

strobi, Profit Gold, Acrobat MC, Ridomil, Tattu. These drugs are most famous as effective remedies against diseases of pome fruit crops - apples, pears, as well as to prevent infection of fruits during storage.

Copper preparations

blue vitriol, Bordeaux mixture , HOM, Oksikhom, Kurzat, Ordan, Abiga Peak. The versatility of copper-containing products allows them to be successfully used in the country in the garden, vegetable garden, greenhouse for the treatment and prevention of many diseases.


Sulfur preparations

Thiovit jet, Cumulus, garden sulfur. They are used not only for processing the bark of trees and pollinating berry bushes. Sulfur is fumigated in storage facilities and greenhouses to eliminate pockets of infection with fungal infections on the walls and semi-buildings.

Carboxins

Vitaros, Previcour. Due to the properties of these fungicides, they are used for dressing seeds. This procedure serves to prevent diseases of adult plants. Previkur has proven itself in the fight against various rots and downy mildew.

Benzimidazoles

Fundazol, Fundazim, Benorade. Preparations of this group are used as seed disinfectants, they practice the treatment of fruits with them before laying them in storage, they treat berry bushes.


Other

1. Consento, CS - Most effective remedy in the fight against a number of diseases: late blight, peronosporosis, mildew and alternariosis.

The drug blocks the development of fungal spores, protects young growing leaves and is not washed off by rain or watering after an hour of treatment.

Easy to use: Pour 20 ml of the drug into water and mix, pour the solution into a sprayer and spray evenly on the plant until the leaves are completely wet. The only product in Russia, after which vegetables can be eaten after 24 hours.


2. Topaz- a leader in the fight against such an infection as powdery mildew. A feature of the remedy is a narrow focus on this disease. Efficiency increases with the preventive start of the use of the Topaz fungicide to prevent the disease and 3 repeated treatments every 2 weeks. Works on all plants exposed to powdery mildew.

3. Maxim- a disinfectant widely known among fans of growing potatoes. Fusarium and other soil-borne rots are destroyed by seed dressing, as well as planting material(tubers, bulbs, rhizomatous shoots) decorative flowers.

4. Speed and its analogue Rayok- these drugs have a wide spectrum and long-term effect. Fruit trees they protect against scab, tomatoes from late blight, blackcurrants from powdery mildew. These fungicides, which, when preventively treated, quickly penetrate the tissues and are not washed off by rain, are conveniently used to prevent diseases. On stone fruit crops (cherries, plums), Skor and Rayok are used to treat coccomycosis, clasterosporiasis.

5. Other systemic fungicides: Teldor, Tilt, Byleton, Revus and many others.



Prevention and treatment of plant diseases using phytopreparations-biofungicides

Phytopreparations stand apart in a number of fungicides. It is widely believed among summer gardeners that drugs that are not synthesized chemically, but of biological origin, cause less harm to garden land and crops. Let's try to figure out what means for combating plant diseases enter the market under names with the prefix phyto-. There are many such fungicides: Fitosporin, Albite, Fitolavin, Trichodermin, Gliocladin, Alirin-B.

Oddly enough, mushrooms help reduce the number of harmful fungi in the soil! Scientists call these useful representatives of saprophytic fungi of the genus Trichoderma suppressors. This is what is hidden under unfamiliar and obscure scientific terms.
Mushrooms - saprophytes feed on the remains of the organic matter of the plant and animal world, and also know how to turn the mycelium of harmful pathogens into a nutrient medium for themselves. The term "suppressor" in this case means "suppressor". In addition to trichoderma, this group includes several more varieties of fungi. All of them successfully destroy populations of pathogens in the soil.

Saprophytic fungi are propagated in laboratory and industrial conditions. They are used to prepare preparations for the treatment and prevention of diseases in open and closed ground. The most famous are Trichodermin, Gliocladin.

Fungicides of bacterial origin include an equally popular drug - Fitosporin. It includes a live culture consisting of cells and spores of a certain bacterium. A feature of these microorganisms is the ability to suppress the development of pathogenic microflora, enhance plant immunity. Phytosporin is a fungicide with a wide range of applications. It is used to prevent and cure diseases of potatoes and tobacco, root crops, cabbage, tomatoes, black currants, and flowering plants.


Application of fungicides against plant diseases, list

strawberries

The wide spread of viral and fungal diseases has greatly reduced the plantations of everyone's favorite berries in summer cottages. By sharing planting material with neighbors, buying infected seedlings in the markets, gardeners contributed to the acquisition of healthy garden strawberries became almost impossible. They tried to save the situation with the improvement of planting material by introducing the Frigo industrial technology into amateur gardening. Many summer residents are trying to grow a healthy strawberry culture from seeds.

Treatment of strawberry beds with fungicides helps in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as various bacterioses, spotting, rot, and powdery mildew. It is necessary to fight with diseases in all periods of vegetation of plants.

The first sprayings begin as soon as the leaves start to grow. Repeated treatments are done every 10 days until mass flowering. At the stage of fruit set and before harvesting, the application of drugs is stopped. After picking the berries, the fungicide treatment has to be repeated to prevent the disease next year. The end of summer, the beginning of autumn, when these diseases are severely affected, we do at least two treatments. Preparations used on strawberry beds: HOM, Bordeaux mixture, Speed, Ridomil.


Fruit trees

The most common disease of the apple tree, which leads to the reproduction of pathogenic microflora, is scab. The fungus infects apple trees especially strongly during seasons rich in heavy rains. The multiplied causative agent of the disease, having overwintered on fallen leaves, is carried by the spring wind and settles on the blossoming buds. Thus, scab spores fall into the ovaries. A diseased tree sheds damaged leaves prematurely and yields cracked, twisted fruits with corky skins.

A fungicide that has long been used to treat scab on apple and pear trees is Bordeaux mixture. It is bred for the so-called "blue spraying" in the following proportion: 800 grams of slaked lime and 600 grams of copper sulfate are added to 20 liters of water. An old recipe can be replaced with modern ones copper-containing preparations from the list above.


Fruit rot (moniliosis) - dangerous disease, causing serious damage to the crop of the orchard (, cherry, sweet cherry and others). The source of the spread of spores is last year's mummified fruits that overwintered on trees. Monilia spores often settle in the cracks of fruits affected by scab. Copper-containing fungicides are also used to prevent and treat the disease.

Brown leaf spot, stem rot, and many other infections that affect apple and pear trees, in addition to copper preparations, can be treated with strobilurins ( strobi, Profit Gold, Ridomil and many others).

Stone fruit cultures suffer from many infectious diseases - moniliosis, coccomycosis, clasterosporiasis. Infection with pathogens of cherry trees is widespread. The infection quickly spreads around the area, infecting trees in neighboring areas. Many collective gardening, in order to combat diseases that have passed into the epidemic stage, force summer residents to completely get rid of planting cherries.

It is possible to prevent the spread of insidious infections on cherries and plums with the help of timely treatment with drugs. Speed, Rayok, copper-containing fungicides. To get the result, and the summer season, you have to resort to spraying three times.


berry bushes

Often, brown and yellowish depressed spots can be observed on the stems and leaves of black currant. The leaves curl up, dry out and fall off. Most likely, the plant is affected by anthracnose. Gooseberries can also be from this disease. Spores of another fungus, the intermediate host of which is sedge, causes a disease of goblet rust. Its bright hallmark- spore pads on leaves, painted orange.

Blurry purple spots on one-year-old raspberry stems, at the attachment points of leaf petioles, give out a disease called purple spot. Copper-containing fungicides cope with the treatment of most fungal pathologies in berries.

American powdery mildew (sferoteka) very often affects blackcurrants and gooseberries, especially old varieties that are resistant to this disease. An abundant white bloom appears on the tops of the shoots. The bushes look like sprinkled with flour. The leaves curl, stop growing, young shoots are bent, the berries, not ripe, fall off. In the shade and waterlogged places, the spores of the fungus are especially strong.

Since the mycelium of the spheroteca does not live in the soil, but on the shoots of berry bushes, before treating with fungicides, all visible to the eye the affected parts of the plants are cut out and burned. Used for treatment Fundazol, Topaz, herbal medicines.


Protecting tomatoes from late blight and other dangerous infections

How many enthusiasts, burning with the desire to grow delicious, carefully selected tomato varieties in their garden, abandoned their experiments, desperate to defeat the insidious late blight. Getting into ideal conditions for mass reproduction (warmth and high humidity) spores of the fungus instantly spread through the beds and greenhouses with tomatoes, not bypassing potato plantations. Their resettlement does not stop the drop in temperature in August - September. In parallel, other tomato infections may begin: brown spot, macrosporiosis.

The first signals of the appearance of phytophthora on tomatoes are small dark dots on the stems. Gradually, their area increases until turning into brown spots. The same damage appears on the leaves. At first, phytophthora does not appear on the fruits in any way, they seem healthy. But the destructive activity of the fungus goes under the skin of the fruit, and soon depressed brown spots appear on them.

Phytophthora-infected tomatoes are treated with fungicides containing copper. In 10 liters of water, add 50 g of the drug HOM(copper oxychloride) or Abiga-Pack. Spraying is carried out with a fine spray, trying to moisten the reverse side of the leaves. When infected with phytophthora, a whitish coating (underside of the leaf) formed by the fungus can be observed. The best result in the treatment gives a triple treatment. The first spraying, as a warning of the disease, should be done as early as possible - a couple of weeks after planting the seedlings.


Daily inspection and removal of affected parts of plants, a short-term increase in temperature in the greenhouse to 55-60 degrees, reducing watering and maintaining a dry microclimate can help in the fight against late blight. There is a known way to save tomato fruits infected with spores, but not yet damaged - for 3 seconds, immerse them in water heated to 60 degrees, then dry and store laid in one row.

The most famous and most ruthless enemy of cucumber vines on suburban area- downy mildew. Another name for the disease is downy mildew. The first signs - characteristic spots on the leaves, require immediate treatment. The most effective for the prevention and treatment of disease treatment with copper preparations.

For example, Ordan or its equivalent Kurzat bred at the rate of 50 grams per bucket of water and cucumber vines are sprayed. The waiting period for these drugs (you can not harvest) - 5 days. As a result of the treatment of cucumbers with copper-containing preparations, other fungal diseases are also prevented - olive blotch, anthracnose. The same treatments are useful for preventing diseases in plantings of other pumpkin plants - zucchini, squash, pumpkin.

An additional obstacle to the development of pathogenic fungi will be the raising of cucumber lashes on trellises, which will save them from contact with the soil, where spores of infectious agents are located. For prevention, it is worth thinning out the plantings of cucumbers, ventilate the greenhouse or greenhouse more often, and in the future select varieties and hybrids that are resistant to downy mildew.

decorative garden

Protection against pathogens of fungal infections is required not only for vegetable and fruit crops, it also suffers ornamental garden. Luxurious pine and others coniferous plants rust can hit, which cannot be dealt with without treatment Oxychome.

Rhododendrons, like tomatoes, are affected by phytophthora. For its prevention and treatment, watering the soil will be required. Fundazol, spraying Ordan and its analogues.

Many flowering perennials suffer from powdery mildew. First of all, these are autumn asters, delphiniums, peonies, cinquefoil shrubs, roses. In addition to pruning and removing the affected parts of plants, spraying with fungicides will help them ( HOM, Speed, Topaz).

The protection of tubers and flower bulbs from diseases is paid attention during winter storage. Before laying, they are thoroughly dried and treated with Maxim.


Storage and greenhouse processing

To prevent the disease next year with late blight and peronospros in greenhouses where tomatoes and cucumbers grew, they are treated with fungicides. Work is carried out before the onset of cold weather, removing plant debris and digging up the soil. The walls, frames, glass are wiped with a solution of copper sulfate, the room is fumigated with sulfur preparations. Consumption - 50 grams of sulfur per 1 cu. m. greenhouses. Remember to handle garden tools, pots, seedling boxes and other similar equipment.

In a similar way, preventive work is carried out in cellars and cellars before laying a crop in them for the winter. Before processing with copper sulfate and burning sulfur, the storage facilities must be dried.

Safety precautions for use

Knowing that most of the drugs for combating infectious plant diseases do not pose a serious danger to warm-blooded animals and humans, traditional individual protective measures should be taken during treatments - wear closed shoes and clothes, and a mask will not interfere. Most fungicides are safe for bees and other insects, but they can destroy beneficial microorganisms and thus disturb the biological balance. Some types of drugs are transferred to the soil and plants bad smell, if diluted incorrectly, can cause leaf tissue damage (burn).

The choice and use of fungicides should be approached with awareness of responsibility, so that instead of benefit, not only damage the future crop, but also the surrounding nature.

Growing and caring for horticultural crops consists in performing a number of mandatory operations, each of which is aimed at the qualitative growth and development of plants. These are regular watering, weeding, weed control, winter preparation activities and, of course, pest and disease control.

Not only a person wants to enjoy delicious, ripened fruits. In the chain "crop-consumer" there is often another unplanned link, which also does not disdain the green part of plants and the root system. These are diseases and pests.

How to save the harvest

The damage they cause to a plant can sometimes lead to the death of the latter, not to mention premature wilting and crop loss. You have to fight different methods: harmless folk and cardinal chemical. The latter include drugs of different effects:

  • insecticides - against pests of indoor plants;
  • acaricides - against herbivorous mites;
  • bactericides - against bacterial diseases;
  • nematicides - to combat nematodes;
  • fungicides - against fungi and fungal diseases.

Fungicides (from Latin fungus - “mushroom” and caedo - “I kill”) are divided into organic and inorganic. The first includes a certain group of microorganisms, which, remaining in the soil for a short time, performs its intended functions, after which it decomposes.

Bioorganic fungicides are preparations that do not contain heavy metals, are characterized by low toxicity, which is why gardeners are paying increased attention to them. They can be combined with pesticides, which is an advantage over the inorganic group, which is far from compatible with all compounds of this action. Inorganic (chemical) compounds include nickel, sulfur, iron, potassium, mercury, copper and manganese.

purpose

Fungicides, depending on the direction of action on the pathogen, can be conditionally divided into:

  • Therapeutic. Release the infected plant from the present fungal infection.
  • Preventive. Used for preventive purposes, to prevent infection with the disease.

Considering the differentiation of fungicidal substances in composition and direction, it is worth considering the purpose of their use. These are drugs intended for:

  • Seed treatment. Processing is done before sowing. A solution prepared on the basis of dry powder and water, combined in a certain proportion, is used.
  • Processing of plants during the growing season and dormancy. Produced by sprayers several times during the season. Most often it is early spring and late autumn.
  • Soil tillage. This action is aimed at the destruction of pathogenic fungi living in the earth. Fungicides in the form of a powder are introduced into the soil when digging or in a liquid state - when watering;
  • Spraying the premises in which the crop is stored. It is carried out in the same way as described above.

The modern chemical industry, for the convenience of gardeners and gardeners, produces universal variants of fungicides, that is, the same preparation can perform several functions, for example: seed dressing, soil and plants.

Systemic and contact preparations

According to the nature of the distribution of active substances within the tissues of the plant, the following groups of fungicides are distinguished:

  • These are contact (in other words, local). They provide protection only to those parts of the plant to which they are applied. After spraying, they remain on the surface and ensure the death of pathogens upon contact. The effectiveness of such formulations depends on a number of factors, including the amount of working solution, weather conditions, duration of action, chemical resistance;
  • Systemic (otherwise, intraplant). Destroy pathogens by spreading through the vascular system of plants. They protect the new growth that appeared after processing. Efficiency depends on the rate of penetration into the tissue. Unfavorable weather conditions practically do not affect the action of the fungicide. This indicates that the drug is actively absorbed by the plant.

Work rules

An important factor in carrying out protective measures in the garden is the observance of safety regulations. Treatment of plants can turn into a human disease if the latter, not fully aware of the danger of interaction with poisons, carelessly treats the event. Some important rules work with fungicides, following which guarantees the safety of both the gardener himself and the people around him:

  1. It is necessary to store chemicals only in hermetically sealed containers.
  2. Before using the composition, you should carefully read the instructions, namely, information on the consumption rate, degree of toxicity, properties, frequency of use, acceptable terms for the last treatment before harvesting.
  3. It is required to check the serviceability of the sprayer.
  4. Dilute the composition should be in protective clothing, shoes and gloves. To protect the eyes from the ingress of toxic substances, you need to wear goggles, to protect the respiratory organs, use a respirator, in case of its absence, a cotton-gauze bandage.
  5. Do not subsequently use containers from under chemical solution for other purposes.
  6. Processing of plants is recommended to be carried out in dry, calm weather in the early morning or evening. AT summer period it is required to choose cloudy days, since in hot conditions the water present in the solution evaporates quickly, saturating the space with drugs that are unsafe for others in strong concentrations.
  7. At the end of the fungicide treatment, remove clothing, clean the nose, rinse the mouth well, wash thoroughly and, if possible, take a shower.

Important: in the process of working with the chemical composition, you can not eat, drink, smoke. This is hazardous to health, as is the presence of children, pregnant women and sick people nearby the treated area.

Biofungicides

Among the large number of organic plant fungicides on the market, gardeners have identified the following.

  • Alirin B. Effective against root rot, septoria, late blight, rhizoctoniosis, Alternaria, trachomycosis wilt, powdery mildew, gray rot, scab, rust. The suppression of fungal infection can be carried out on plants and in the soil. The drug is available in the form of dry powder and tablets. Active substance: soil microflora - Bacillus subtilis VIZR-10, titer 109 CFU/g.
  • "Gliocladin". Release form: suspension concentrate and tablets. The active substance is a complex of metabolites and fungi Trichoderma harzianum VIZR-18. It is aimed at suppressing pathogens of fungal diseases in the soil. It is used for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.
  • "Fitosporin M". Available in powder, liquid and paste form. Active substance - spores and living cells of Bacillus subtilis26 D - bacterial culture, 100 million cells / g. It is intended for protection of garden, garden, greenhouse and house plants. Effective in the fight against fusarium, blister smut, scab, blackleg, Alternaria, powdery mildew.
  • "Agat 25K". The protective effect is due to Pseudomonas aureofaciens - inactivated bacteria, as well as biological elements of plant and microbial origin. The fungicide is used to protect plants from fungal infections and increase yields, promote the development of the root system and increase the germination of seed material. Release form - bottles of 10 g. External condition - fluid paste. In 3 liters of water, you need to dilute 1 scoop of the product. Carry out 3-4 sprayings and an interval of 20 days.
  • "Baktofit". It is a fungicide of biological origin, used to protect plants from fungal diseases, especially effective in the fight against powdery mildew. Spraying should be done in cool weather, preferably a day before rainfall. Repeat after 4-5 days. It is recommended for preplant processing of cuttings and seed material, as well as tubers in the process of their storage.
  • "Mikosan". The drug enhances the production of lectins in plant tissues - substances that prevent the growth of fungi and bacteria. That is, the action of the fungicide is aimed at stimulating the culture to independently fight against a potential enemy. It is recommended to apply at the initial stage of infection, when several suspicious spots are found on the leaves. With a strong degree of damage, a more effective drug is required. Consumption rate: for 2 liters of water - 100 ml of Mikosan.

This list of fungicides, of course, can be continued, but attention should be paid to the compositions most in demand among gardeners.

"Paracelsus"

The contact-systemic action is characterized by the fungicide for plants "Paracelsus". It is an effective drug for the treatment and prevention of fruit and berry plants, grapes, sugar beets and cereal crops. Produced in polyethylene 5-liter canisters in the form of a concentrated suspension or in 4-ml foil bags. The active substance is flutriafol at a 25% concentration. The action of "Paracelsus" is to disrupt the synthesis of the cell wall of the fungus and prevent its growth. The drug is in demand among gardeners who have appreciated its merits, namely:

  • effective control of a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi,
  • complete penetration into plant tissues within half an hour after treatment;
  • protection against re-infection for 1.5 months;
  • triple action effect - systemic, contact, fumigation;
  • resistance to natural precipitation;
  • safety for humans, which is confirmed by many reviews.

The instructions for use of the Paracelsus fungicide indicate the cultures in relation to which this agent can be used in order to rid them of the fungus, the dosage amount, the protection period, methods and number of treatments. "Paracelsus" helps to rid plants of root rot, rust, powdery mildew, mildew, oidium and others. According to gardeners, this effective drug helps protect plants from fungus and preserve the crop. Such fungicides as "Topaz" and "Skor" have a similar spectrum of action.

"Topaz"

Means of systemic action are in demand among gardeners, as they treat the plant from the inside. Topaz fungicide is effective against rust, gray rot and powdery mildew.

The instructions for use indicate that the active substances begin to act 2-3 hours after the treatment. Three of them should be carried out, with an interval of 1-2 weeks. Dosage:

  • against powdery mildew - 2 ml of the drug per bucket of water;
  • against rust fungi - 4 ml per 10 liters of water.

According to the instructions for use, the Topaz fungicide perfectly exhibits its properties as a preventive agent when treating plants at the beginning of the growing season. The active substances suppress the primary infection and prevent the spread of the disease.

"Moon"

Luna fungicide is characterized by preventive, curative and eradicating action against fungal infection. Combined drug used for processing vegetable and fruit crops. Effective against:

  • scab,
  • oidium,
  • gray rot,
  • alternariosis,
  • powdery mildew.

Fungicide "Moon" is produced in the form of a concentrated suspension, the active ingredients of which are: pyrimethanil - 375 g / l and fluoripam - 125 g / l.

The drug is active at different periods of crop development, which allows it to be used both on early stage development of plants, and before laying the crop for storage (for 2-3 weeks). Recommended dosage:

  • 0.6-0.8 l/ha - against powdery mildew and early blight;
  • 1.0-1.2 l/ha - against gray rot;
  • 0.8-1.0 l/ha - against moniliosis and scab.

"Moon" is effective even at low dosages, it is characterized by the absence of phytotoxicity in relation to crops. Promotes increase in productivity and increase in keeping quality of production. Release form - 5-liter containers. Shelf life 3 years. The price of a fungicide based on 1 liter is 5000-6000 rubles.

"Horus"

The drug is used for protective purposes, protects grapes, fruit pome and stone fruits from scab, Alternaria, leaf curl, powdery mildew. According to gardeners, the Chorus fungicide is active in cool and wet weather. The last treatment is carried out no later than two weeks before the harvest of stone fruits, one month before the removal of fruits of pome crops.

Fungicide "Horus" is characterized by systemic action, is used for preventive and therapeutic purposes, is equally effective in spring and summer. The first spray can be carried out immediately after the end of frost at a temperature above 3 ° C. The active substance is cyprodinil. The price for 1 gram of the drug is approximately 21 rubles.

"Strobe"

The highly effective fungicide "Strobi" is characterized by a wide spectrum of action. Instructions for use suggests using it for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for fruit, vegetable, ornamental crops and grapes.

Effective in the fight against powdery mildew, scab, rust, basal cancer. The instructions for use of the Strobi fungicide indicate the active substance - kresoxim. The prepared solution should be used up within 2 hours. The composition quickly decomposes in the soil, does not penetrate into its deep layers, so you should not be afraid of polluting water bodies and soil. The price of a fungicide for 200 grams is 2500 rubles.

Thanos

The active substances of the Thanos fungicide, the use of which is effective against potatoes, are cymoxanil (250 g/kg) and famoxadone (250 g/kg). These elements complement and mutually reinforce each other. Available in the form of water-dispersible granules. The drug is used for treatment (prophylactic and therapeutic) against late blight, Alternaria. Applied about 4 times during the season, resistant to washout. Spray interval:

  • in rainy weather - 7-8 days,
  • under normal conditions - 10-12 days.

"Thanos" can also process grapes, sunflowers and vegetables. The cost of 400 grams is 2500 rubles.

"Ridomil"

The drug of contact-systemic effects exhibits an effect due to the content of active components. This is:

  • mancozeba - 640 g/kg. Provides external protection plants, characterized by good adhesion to leaves and stems.
  • mefenoxam - 40 g/kg. It acts in plant tissues, penetrating them within half an hour. Wash resistant. Protective properties are valid for 2 weeks. The culture is protected even in wet weather. When it enters the soil, it quickly disintegrates.

According to the information in the instructions, the fungicide "Ridomil" is used to process grapes, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers. According to gardeners, the drug can be sprayed with potato tops and tubers. The number of treatments - 2-3, with an interval of 14 days. The working solution should be used within 2 hours after preparation. After the surface has dried, Ridomil remains on it.

Do not use this fungicide against plants whose green mass is used in cooking. In the process of processing a particular crop, it should be controlled so that the drug does not get on neighboring plants. It is necessary to store "Ridomil" in a dark, dry room. The cost of 1 kg of the drug is 2500 rubles.

A Brief Overview of Fungal Diseases

Gray rot. Causes death of fruits and leaf blades. With a strong defeat, the plant completely rots or fades. You can determine the presence of this fungus by the following signs:

  • gray "dust" on leaves, stems, buds, flowers, fruits, resembling a fluffy coating;
  • loss of the natural color of the plant, general wilting;
  • the presence of light gray mold on the affected tissues.

late blight. The provocateur of infection is the fungus Phytophthora, which spreads with the help of zoospores. The disease affects the ground and underground parts of the plant. Optimal conditions for its distribution: rainy weather and moderate (+ 20-25 ° C) air temperature. It affects tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, eggplants, some indoor crops. Most often occurs in July-August. Characteristic features: gray-brown spots, surrounded by a white coating of mold, or a coating that looks like a cobweb.

Alternariosis. Dry spot caused by fungi of the genus Alternaria. It affects mostly tomatoes. The first signs of the disease may appear immediately after planting seedlings in open ground. Greenhouse plants are also at risk, although to a lesser extent than outdoor crops. Alternariosis completely affects the aerial part of the plant. Signs of a fungal infection are:

  • rounded dry spots on leaf plates. Well-defined, scattered over all surfaces,
  • premature yellowing and death of leaves,
  • dry gray-brown spots on the stem of the plant.

Favorable conditions for the development of the disease: dry hot weather with little precipitation, night dews.

These are one of the most common and dangerous fungal diseases that cause the death of the plant and, accordingly, the loss of the expected yield.

Therefore, in order to avoid such unfavorable forecasts, it is recommended to carry out preventive treatment with fungicides in a timely manner - preparations, the choice of which is quite diverse on the modern market.