Home power plants for autonomous power supply of dachas, cottage settlements, country houses, new microdistricts. Geothermal home heating turnkey cost

The question of why a circulation pump is needed in the heating system of a private house is not so common today. Consumers have long understood that this small device solves many problems associated with the efficient operation of the heating system as a whole.

First, it increases the efficiency. Secondly, there is an opportunity to save on materials and heating elements. All this below.

Features of forced circulation

The circulation pump installed in the system creates a slight pressure inside. At the same time, the coolant moves at a low speed, evenly distributing heat over all radiators.

Can't the natural circulation of the coolant distribute heat energy evenly?

Maybe, but due to the fact that suburban private houses under construction are becoming larger in size, and, accordingly, the layout of pipe lines is becoming more and more complicated, it is more and more difficult for the coolant to overcome the configuration of pipe circuits. And in such houses circulation pump just not enough.

Advantages

Under the action of the pump, the coolant passes faster through the entire circuit of the heating system, returning to the heating boiler. At the same time, its temperature will not be low. This means that it will be easier to heat a not very cooled coolant. Less fuel consumption costs.

For the natural circulation of the coolant, a large volume of it is necessary so that in its mass it can keep the required temperature. Accordingly, for the normal operation of the heating system in a private house, pipes with a large diameter, radiators with wide cavities, and valves to match the pipes will be needed.

For a system in which a pump is installed, there is no need to keep a large volume of coolant. Therefore, you can safely use pipes and valves with a smaller diameter. And this is a reduction in the price of all products and savings on materials.

disadvantages

In principle, such heating has only one drawback - it is volatility. The device is powered by electricity. First, it is, albeit small, but the cost. Secondly, when the power supply is turned off pump unit stops working.

Of course, the craftsmen, given this situation, install a bypass through which the heating begins to work on the principle of natural circulation of hot water. And this is a decrease in work efficiency, plus a decrease in efficiency.

Instrument selection

The crucial moment is to correctly calculate the power of the installed pump. Two indicators are taken into account here:

• volume of distilled water mass, m³/h;
• pressure measured in meters.

It is very difficult to make the correct calculation if you are a non-specialist in this matter. Here it is necessary to take into account the complexity of the layout of pipe lines, the number of radiators and valves, the power of the heating boiler, the materials from which the pipes and other heating devices are made. Therefore, this stage is best left to the shoulders of a professional.

If, nevertheless, you decide to take responsibility for yourself, then it is best to purchase a pump in which you can switch the speed of movement of the coolant.

The ideal option is with automatic adjustment. Such a device costs several times more than a conventional sample, but you are calm that you can configure it yourself to the necessary parameters of the heating system at home.

Calculation example

Before choosing a pump, the following calculation must be carried out. For example, a heating boiler is installed in the basement. Your house is a two-story building. The heating system is a single-pipe wiring.

That is, it turns out that the highest point of the heating system is the upper edges of the radiators installed on the second floor. This is despite the fact that the house has a closed heating system.

Head calculation

From the return pipe that enters the boiler (it is this section that is the installation site of the device), it is necessary to measure the distance to the upper edge of the radiator on the second floor. This will be the pressure of the pumping device. Essentially, it will go like this:

• 2.5 m - basement height;
• 3 m - the height of the first floor;
• two floors - 0.5 m;
• the distance from the floor to the upper edge of the radiator is 0.6 m.

The sum is 6.6 m. This means that you need a pump with a head of 7 m.

To do this, you need to know the heated area of ​​​​a private house. For example, let it be 200 m². In order for a private house to be warm, it is necessary to adhere to the ratio: 1 kW of thermal energy per 10 m². That is, you need 20 kW.

The next indicator is the temperature difference between the supply and return circuits. Experts recommend within 10 ° C. That is, if at the exit from the boiler the temperature of the coolant is +70 °C, then at the entrance it is +60 °C. Now perform this mathematical action: 20:10=2. This is the pump power, measured in m³ / h.

As you can see, choosing a pump is not so difficult. Of course, this is the simplest calculation without taking into account various nuances. But it can be taken as a basis, adding 20% ​​just in case.

Mounting

It is better not to install the circulation pump on your own, if you do not know all the nuances of the installation process. But you need to get acquainted with the technology and the sequence.

Installation location

The pump is installed on the return line next to the heating boiler. This is done with one single purpose - to reduce the temperature loads on the seals, cuffs and gaskets that are used in the design of the unit itself. Under the influence of high temperatures, they quickly fail.

There are two types of devices: wet rotor and dry. Usually the first option is low-power pumps used for heating small private houses. It is cut directly into the pipeline, connecting on both sides with a thread. The second is a more powerful setup. Such pumps are most often connected using flanges.

Stop valves and filter

The pump is cut off from the pipe by two valves (ball valves), which, if repairs are necessary, are closed.

A bypass must be installed. This is a pipe that connects the pipeline, bypassing pumping unit. A valve must be installed on the bypass. It blocks the flow of the coolant when the pump is running. And opens when the device stops working or in the process of repair. That is, the bypass works in emergency cases so that the heating does not stop if the pump itself stops.

Today, a coarse filter is often mounted in front of the pump. He is responsible for the quality of the coolant.

Popular manufacturers

The question of how to choose affects not only the technical characteristics of the device. Most often, consumers understand the brand or manufacturer as it. The modern market offers enough wide range of. Here are foreign analogues, and domestic ones. Here are just a few models.

Italian pump Aquario

His model AC204-130 is one of the most popular. Used for small private houses. Its power is 2.4 m³ / h, head up to 3 m, power consumption 0.64 kW, weight 3.4 kg.

The connection is flanged, has three speed modes.

Italian device DAB VA-VB-VD

It has a wide range of technical characteristics: head up to 6 m at power from 0.5 to 3.3 m³/h.

This sample is equipped with a special thermal relay that turns off the pump if it starts to overheat. Many experts advise choosing this particular model.

The Danish company Grundfos offers pumps of five modifications. In Russia, the UPS model has gained great popularity as the most economical in terms of electricity consumption (0.55 kW).

At the same time, its head is 3 m, and the volume of the pumped coolant is 3 m³ / h.

Russian models

Among domestic manufacturers, it is necessary to single out pumps of the brand "Khozyain" from Podolsk and "Compass" from the company "Dzhileks". A few technical specifications:

• Owner 4.25.180 - head 4.2 m, power 3 m³ / h;
• Owner 8.32.180 - head 8 m, power 9.6 m³ / h;
• Compasses 25/40 (head 4 m, volume 2.5 m³ / h) - the smallest sample;
• Compasses 32/80 (head 8 m, volume 3.2 m³ / h) - the largest.

Both brands produce pumps that are connected to the pipeline with a flange connection.
So, knowing the brands and models offered by manufacturers, you can choose the right pump, taking into account not only its technical characteristics, but also the price.

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Extracting heat from the ground and water sources is not such an innovation. Western world has long used geothermal energy for home heating. This topic is becoming more and more relevant as the prices of public utilities rise. A heat pump for home heating makes it possible to heat batteries in an environmentally friendly, safe and free way.

The heat pump heats the house with natural heat

Heat pump for home heating: principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages

A sample of a device similar to a heat pump is in every home - this is a refrigerator. It produces not only cold, but also heat - this is noticeable by temperature rear wall unit. A similar principle is laid down in the heat pump - it collects thermal energy from water, earth and air.

Principle of operation and device

The operating system of the device is as follows:

• water from a well or reservoir passes through the evaporator, where its temperature drops by five degrees;
• after cooling, the liquid enters the compressor;
• the compressor compresses the water, increasing its temperature;
• the heated liquid moves to the heat exchange chamber, where it gives off its heat to the heating system;
• the cooled water is returned to the beginning of the cycle.

Heating systems based on heat pump installations have three components:

• A probe is a coil located in water or land. It collects heat and transfers it to the device.
• A heat pump is a device that extracts thermal energy.
• The heating system itself, including the heat exchange chamber.

Pros and cons of the device

First, about the positive aspects of such heating:

• Relatively low power consumption. Heating consumes only electricity, and it will require much less than, for example, heating with electrical appliances. Heat pumps have a conversion factor that indicates the output of thermal energy in relation to the electrical energy consumed. For example, if the value of "ϕ" is 5, then 1 kilowatt per hour of electricity consumption will account for 5 kilowatts of thermal energy.

• Versatility. This heating system can be installed in any area. This is especially true for remote areas where there are no gas pipelines. If it is not possible to connect electricity, the pump can run on a diesel or gasoline engine.
• Full automation. There is no need to add water to the system or monitor its operation.
• Environmental friendliness and safety. The heat pump installation does not produce any waste or gases. The device cannot accidentally overheat.
• Such a unit can not only heat a house in winter at an air temperature of up to minus fifteen degrees, but also cool it in summer. Such functions are available in reverse models.

• Long period of operation - up to half a century. The compressor may need to be replaced about once every twenty years.

This system also has its drawbacks, which cannot be ignored:

• Prices. A heat pump for heating a house is not a cheap pleasure. This system will pay off not earlier than in five years.
• In areas where the winter temperature drops below fifteen degrees below zero, the operation of the device will require additional heat sources (electric or gas).
• A system that takes thermal energy from the ground disrupts the ecosystem of the site. The damage is not significant, but this should be taken into account.

Expert point of view

Andrey Starpovsky

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“If you wish, you can make a heat pump for heating a house from a refrigerator with your own hands. But this will require some technical knowledge.

Which pump to choose

Installations differ in the source of thermal energy and the method of its transmission. There are five main types:

• Water-air.
• Ground water.
• Air-to-air.
• Water-water.
• Air-water.

Site survey

Before installing the heating system, it is important to examine the features of the site. This study will help determine which source of thermal energy will be the best option. The easiest way is if there is a reservoir near the house. This fact will relieve from the need to carry out earthworks. Another practical solution is to use a site where the wind is constantly blowing. If there is neither one nor the other, you will have to stop at earthworks.

The heating system can have two installation options:

• using probes;
• with the installation of an underground collector.

Ground-water pump and installation options

Geothermal probes are usually installed in a small area, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich does not allow laying a large pipeline. To install this system, drilling equipment will be required, since the depth of the wells must be at least one hundred meters, the diameter is twenty centimeters. Probes are lowered into such wells. The number of wells affects the performance of the heating system.

If the site area is large enough, you can do without drilling and install a horizontal system. For this purpose, the coil is buried to a depth of one and a half meters. This version of the system is considered the most stable and trouble-free.

Water-to-water pump: easy installation

A water-to-water heat pump for home heating is suitable for areas with water bodies. For the pipeline, ordinary polyethylene pipes can be used. The collected collector is moved to the pond and lowered to the bottom there. This is one of the cheapest installation options that you can do yourself.

Air-to-air heat pump: installation price

In a site where winds are constantly present, a system that uses the thermal energy of air is suitable. Installation in this case is also not required. special costs, you can do it yourself. You only need to install the pump no further than twenty meters from the house in the most ventilated place.

Heat pump for home heating: prices and manufacturers

Heat pump installations on the Russian market are represented by products from Vaillant (Germany), Nibe (Sweden), Danfoss (Denmark), Mitsubishi Electric (Japan), Mammoth (USA) Viessmann (Germany). Russian manufacturers SunDue and Henk are not inferior to them in quality.

To heat a house with an area of ​​one hundred square meters, a ten-kilowatt installation is required.

Table 1. Average cost different types 10 kilowatt pumps

Image	Pump type	Equipment cost, rub	The cost of installation work, rub
	ground water Import manufacturers	From 500 000	From 80 000
	Soil-water domestic producers	From 360 000	From 70 000
	Air to water Import manufacturers	From 270 000	From 50 000
	Air to water domestic producers	From 210 000	From 40 000
	Water-water imported manufacturers	From 230 000	From 50 000
	Water-water domestic producers	From 220 000	From 40 000

turnkey price heat pump the average is about 300 - 350 thousand rubles. The air-to-water system is considered the most budgetary option, since it does not require expensive earthworks.

Expert point of view

Andrey Starpovsky

Head of the group "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning" LLC "GRAST"

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A private house, a cottage, a dacha... What is better to choose to get electricity: your own power plant or connection to a common power grid?

After choosing a construction site for a house or cottage, it is important for the owner to determine the source of electricity and heat. The source of power supply for the facility can be public power grids or its own home power plant. Nevertheless, one must think carefully and carefully weigh the pros and cons of one or another method of power supply.

It is a paradox, but an autonomous power plant, with a continuous mode of power supply, for a cottage or a private house is unlikely to ever pay for itself. The explanation for this paradox is simple: the strong non-linearity of consumption. People sleep at night, consumption is very low, wake up in the morning and get ready for work, at this time the consumption is highest. During the day, electricity consumption also decreases and in the evening reaches its peak value for 3-4 hours. All this time the power plant must work!

With low electricity consumption, fuel consumption increases and the motor resource is mediocrely spent. The capacity of the power plant should exceed peak loads by 30%. For power, you will have to fork out a lot when buying a power plant. This is the main price criterion. Sooner or later, it all depends on the quality of the power plant and, accordingly, its price, the power unit will have to be stopped for routine maintenance. Therefore, there should be two of them in the structure of the power plant. With a couple of rigs in cascade, it will be easier to handle load surges. They will also provide better fuel economy.

However, for some time it is necessary to provide a backup supply to the household - this task can be solved using a diesel generator or connecting to the same external public power supply via minimum power. Imagine that the gas supply is cut off in winter! Such cases happened in the Moscow region at low winter temperatures, the gas pressure practically disappeared. A banal gust of a gas pipeline is also not a phenomenon, like any other gas accident.
It is necessary to say a few words about the heat of a cogenerator (thermal) power plant, which can be used for heating and hot water supply. You can use heat, but there are problems. The first problem arises on a cold January night: the power plant operates at a minimum (there are no electrical loads, everyone is asleep), and at -30 there is simply not enough thermal energy.

This issue is solved by installing a peak heat boiler, which has high efficiency and is not afraid of a drop in gas pressure. The boiler must be automatically connected to the control system of the home power plant and turn on when the air temperature drops fatally. And in summer the problem is different: it will be necessary to get rid of excess heat. Everyone has seen the cooling towers of large thermal power plants, so you should be like that, it’s good that it will be “dry”, small and not very noticeable.

We hope that you read this text carefully, have courage, technical knowledge and good mental arithmetic.

For household members, you will be Chubais and ask, for some ridiculous "overlays" in the home energy complex, if anything, they will be with you ...
Explanations like that in "our plans crept in a little mistake" won't be heard...

After reviewing the foregoing, you probably noticed that we are not trying to sell you something, but honestly, even strongly, relying on knowledge and experience, we recommend connecting your home to a common electrical network, installing a modern thermal boiler, and an automatic backup diesel -generator. With the latest device, by the way, we can help you. By the way, in the conditions of the Moscow region and central Russia, forget at the same time the whole heresy about solar panels and windmills if you do not receive state subsidies or grants. But pay attention to solar collectors.

If you still decide to install a home power plant ...

It should be noted that at least the installation of a home power plant is economically feasible with a power of more than 15 kW. There must be main gas. The use of liquefied gas in this case resembles a fireplace insert with banknotes. Even with the most decent supplier, an autonomous mini-CHP is not cheap, if not expensive. If the electrical power is 15–20–30 kW, then we recommend the ultra-modern Japanese power plants YANMAR.

If the required power is higher, then reliable power plants FG WILSON can be offered.

If the power reaches 1 MW and above, let's say groups of houses, village or neighborhood, then the energy-efficient MWM gas piston power plant will be optimal.

The cost of connecting to the general electrical network in the Moscow region has reached 60,000 thousand rubles. for one kilowatt of installed electric power (2011, however, if the power is above 15 kW).

The connection costs are quite comparable to the cost of installing your own, high-quality gas-fired home power plant such as FG WILSON or the YANMAR micro power plant.

If the choice fell on a home power plant, then you will be spared from the gratuitous transfer of money for connecting to the power grid company - you yourself become the owner, producer of electricity and free thermal energy. You will also be independent of tariff increases!

Home power plants - all the pros and cons

During the production of electricity, a significant amount of thermal energy is released. At powerful thermal power plants, excess heat is released into the atmosphere through cooling towers.

Having your own, home mini-power plant, you can use 100% of thermal energy for heating and hot water supply. Considering today's tariffs, this is more than a significant savings in money.

In the summer, this amount of heat may not be needed. Home power plants will be able to turn this thermal energy into cold for space conditioning. But it costs a lot of extra money.

Gas power plants do not pollute the environment and are practically silent in operation. Modern home power plants are energy efficient and have high efficiency. This technical feature mini-power plants gives an important savings in money during operation.

A positive factor is the lack of maintenance personnel - control over the operation of microturbines is carried out by a computer. Gas leak detectors, fire and security systems make the operation of home microturbines - power plants as safe as possible. It should be noted good Industrial Design microturbine plants and their compact dimensions.

If a cottage, house or cottage has one floor, then the home power plant is installed in the utility rooms.

Home power plants - generators in cottage settlements - economics and payback

Taking into account the rapid growth of electricity tariffs, the purchase and installation of microturbine power plants for autonomous power supply is becoming more than an expedient measure. In a short time, electricity prices will become completely free. The cost of electricity will rise! YANMAR and FG WILSON the cost of electricity and heat produced is 3-4 times lower than the tariffs in force in the country, and this is without taking into account the high cost of connecting to state power networks (60,000 rubles per 1 kW in the Moscow region, 2011).

The timing of the return of funds spent on an autonomous power plant or micro power plant depends on the volume of heat energy consumption and on the uniformity of electrical loads. The payback period of autonomous power plants when operating in cottage settlements is 4–8 years.

To share the costs of buying a power plant, you can combine the efforts of several homeowners or lease equipment.

This autumn, there is an aggravation in the network about heat pumps and their use for heating country houses and dachas. In a country house that I built with my own hands, such a heat pump has been installed since 2013. This is a semi-industrial air conditioner that can effectively work for heating at outdoor temperatures down to -25 degrees Celsius. It is the main and only heating device in a one-story country house with a total area of ​​72 square meters.

2. Briefly recall the background. Four years ago, a plot of 6 acres was bought in a garden partnership, on which, with my own hands, without involving hired labor, I built a modern energy-efficient Vacation home. The purpose of the house is the second apartment, located in nature. Year-round, but not permanent operation. Required maximum autonomy in conjunction with simple engineering. In the area where the SNT is located, there is no main gas and you should not count on it. There remains imported solid or liquid fuel, but all these systems require complex infrastructure, the cost of construction and maintenance of which is comparable to direct heating with electricity. Thus, the choice was already partly predetermined - electric heating. But here arises a second, no less important point: limitation of electrical capacities in the garden partnership, as well as rather high tariffs for electricity (at that time - not a "rural" tariff). In fact, 5 kW of electric power has been allocated to the site. The only way out in this situation is to use a heat pump, which will save on heating by about 2.5-3 times, compared with the direct conversion of electrical energy into heat.

So let's move on to heat pumps. They differ in where they take heat from and where they give it away. An important point, known from the laws of thermodynamics (8th grade of high school) - a heat pump does not produce heat, it transfers it. That is why its COP (energy conversion factor) is always greater than 1 (that is, the heat pump always gives off more heat than it consumes from the network).

The classification of heat pumps is as follows: "water - water", "water - air", "air - air", "air - water". Under the "water" indicated in the formula on the left is meant the removal of heat from the liquid circulating coolant passing through pipes located in the ground or a reservoir. The efficiency of such systems practically does not depend on the season and ambient temperature, but they require expensive and time-consuming earthworks, as well as the availability of sufficient free space for laying a soil heat exchanger (on which, subsequently, anything will grow poorly in summer, due to freezing of the soil) . The "water" indicated in the formula on the right refers to the heating circuit located inside the building. It can be either a system of radiators or liquid underfloor heating. Such a system will also require complex engineering work inside the building, but it also has its advantages - with the help of such a heat pump, you can also get hot water in the house.

But the category of air-to-air heat pumps looks the most interesting. In fact, these are the most common air conditioners. While working for heating, they take heat from the outdoor air and transfer it to the air heat exchanger located inside the house. Despite some drawbacks (serial models cannot operate at ambient temperatures below -30 degrees Celsius), they have a huge advantage: such a heat pump is very easy to install and its cost is comparable to conventional electric heating using convectors or an electric boiler.

3. Based on these considerations, Mitsubishi Heavy duct semi-industrial air conditioner, model FDUM71VNX, was chosen. As of autumn 2013, a set consisting of two blocks (external and internal) cost 120 thousand rubles.

4. The outdoor unit is installed on the facade on the north side of the house, where there is the least wind (this is important).

5. The indoor unit is installed in the hall under the ceiling, from which, with the help of flexible soundproof air ducts, hot air is supplied to all living spaces inside the house.

6. Because the air supply is located under the ceiling (it is absolutely impossible to organize the supply of hot air near the floor in a stone house), it is obvious that you need to take the air on the floor. To do this, using a special box, the air intake was lowered to the floor in the corridor (in all interior doors overflow grates are also installed in the lower part). Operating mode - 900 cubic meters of air per hour, due to constant and stable circulation, there is absolutely no difference in air temperature between the floor and ceiling in any part of the house. To be precise, the difference is 1 degree Celsius, which is even less than when using wall-mounted convectors under windows (with them, the temperature difference between floor and ceiling can reach 5 degrees).

7. In addition to the fact that the indoor unit of the air conditioner, due to the powerful impeller, is able to drive large volumes of air around the house in recirculation mode, one should not forget that people need fresh air in the house. Therefore, the heating system also acts as a ventilation system. Through a separate air duct from the street, fresh air is supplied to the house, which, if necessary, is heated (during the cold season) using automation and a channel heating element.

8. Distribution of hot air is carried out through these grilles located in the living rooms. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that there is not a single incandescent lamp in the house and only LEDs are used (remember this point, this is important).

9. Waste "dirty" air is removed from the house through the hood in the bathroom and in the kitchen. Hot water prepared in the usual storage water heater. In general, this is a fairly large expense item, because. well water is very cold (from +4 to +10 degrees Celsius depending on the time of year) and someone may reasonably notice that you can use solar collectors for heating water. Yes, you can, but the cost of investing in infrastructure is such that for this money you can heat water directly with electricity for 10 years.

10. And this is "TsUP". Air source heat pump master and main controller. It has various timers and simple automation, but we use only two modes: ventilation (during the warm season) and heating (during the cold season). The built house turned out to be so energy efficient that the air conditioner in it was never used for its intended purpose - to cool the house in the heat. LED lighting played a big role in this (heat transfer from which tends to zero) and very high-quality insulation (no joke, after arranging the lawn on the roof, we even had to use a heat pump this summer to heat the house - on days when the average daily temperature dropped below + 17 degrees Celsius). The temperature in the house is maintained year-round at least +16 degrees Celsius, regardless of the presence of people in it (when there are people in the house, the temperature is set to +22 degrees Celsius) and the supply ventilation never turns off (because laziness).

11. The meter for technical electricity metering was installed in the fall of 2013. That is exactly 3 years ago. It is easy to calculate that the average annual consumption of electrical energy is 7000 kWh (in fact, this figure is now slightly lower, because in the first year the consumption was high due to the use of dehumidifiers during finishing work).

12. In the factory configuration, the air conditioner is capable of heating at an ambient temperature of at least -20 degrees Celsius. To work with more low temperatures refinement is required (in fact, it is relevant during operation even at a temperature of -10, if on the street high humidity) - installation of the heating cable in the drainage pan. This is necessary so that after the defrosting cycle of the outdoor unit, the liquid water has time to leave the drain pan. If she does not have time to do this, then ice will freeze in the pan, which will subsequently squeeze out the frame with the fan, which will probably lead to the breaking of the blades on it (you can see photos of the broken blades on the Internet, I almost encountered this myself because . did not put down the heating cable immediately).

13. As I mentioned above, LED lighting is used everywhere in the house. This is important when it comes to air conditioning a room. Let's take a standard room in which there are 2 lamps, 4 lamps in each. If these are 50 watt incandescent lamps, then in total they consume 400 watts, while LED lamps will consume less than 40 watts. And all energy, as we know from the physics course, eventually turns into heat anyway. That is, incandescent lighting is such a good medium-power heater.

14. Now let's talk about how a heat pump works. All it does is transfer heat energy from one place to another. This is how refrigerators work. They transfer heat from the refrigerator to the room.

There is such a good riddle: How will the temperature in the room change if you leave the refrigerator plugged into the outlet with the door open? The correct answer is that the temperature in the room will rise. For a simple understanding, this can be explained as follows: the room is a closed circuit, electricity flows into it through the wires. As we know, energy eventually turns into heat. That is why the temperature in the room will rise, because electricity enters the closed circuit from the outside and remains in it.

A bit of theory. Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between two systems due to temperature differences. Wherein thermal energy moving from a place of high temperature to a place of lower temperature. This is a natural process. Heat transfer can be carried out by conduction, thermal radiation or by convection.

There are three classical aggregate states of matter, the transformation between which is carried out as a result of a change in temperature or pressure: solid, liquid, gaseous.

To change the state of aggregation, the body must either receive or give off thermal energy.

During melting (transition from a solid to a liquid state), thermal energy is absorbed.
During evaporation (transition from a liquid to a gaseous state), thermal energy is absorbed.
During condensation (transition from a gaseous state to a liquid state), thermal energy is released.
During crystallization (transition from a liquid to a solid state), thermal energy is released.

The heat pump uses two transient modes in its operation: evaporation and condensation, that is, it operates with a substance that is either in a liquid or in a gaseous state.

15. The refrigerant R410a is used as the working fluid in the heat pump circuit. It is a fluorocarbon that boils (changes from liquid to gas) at very low temperatures. Namely, at a temperature of - 48.5 degrees Celsius. That is, if ordinary water at normal atmospheric pressure boils at a temperature of +100 degrees Celsius, R410a freon boils at a temperature almost 150 degrees lower. Moreover, at a very negative temperature.

It is this property of the refrigerant that is used in the heat pump. By targeted measurement of pressure and temperature, it can be given the desired properties. Either it will be evaporation at ambient temperature with heat absorption, or condensation at a temperature environment with heat release.

16. This is what the heat pump circuit looks like. Its main components are compressor, evaporator, expansion valve and condenser. The refrigerant circulates in a closed circuit of the heat pump and alternately changes its state of aggregation from liquid to gaseous and vice versa. It is the refrigerant that transfers and transfers heat. The pressure in the circuit is always excessive compared to atmospheric pressure.

How it works?
The compressor sucks in the low pressure cold refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator. The compressor compresses it under high pressure. The temperature rises (the heat from the compressor is also added to the refrigerant). At this stage, we obtain a gaseous refrigerant of high pressure and high temperature.
In this form, it enters the condenser, blown with colder air. The superheated refrigerant gives up its heat to the air and condenses. At this stage, the refrigerant is in a liquid state, under high pressure and at an average temperature.
The refrigerant then enters the expansion valve. There is a sharp decrease in pressure in it, due to the expansion of the volume that the refrigerant occupies. The reduction in pressure results in partial evaporation of the refrigerant, which in turn lowers the temperature of the refrigerant below ambient temperature.
In the evaporator, the pressure of the refrigerant continues to decrease, it evaporates even more, and the heat necessary for this process is taken from the warmer outside air, which is then cooled.
The fully gaseous refrigerant enters the compressor again and the cycle is completed.

17. I'll try to explain again in a simpler way. The refrigerant boils already at a temperature of -48.5 degrees Celsius. That is, relatively speaking, at any higher ambient temperature, it will have excess pressure and, in the process of evaporation, will take heat from the environment (that is, street air). There are refrigerants used in low-temperature refrigerators, their boiling point is even lower, down to -100 degrees Celsius, but it cannot be used to operate a heat pump to cool a room in the heat due to very high pressure at high ambient temperatures. R410a refrigerant is a kind of balance between the ability of the air conditioner to work both for heating and cooling.

Here, by the way, is a good documentary film shot in the USSR and telling about how a heat pump works. Recommend.

18. Can any air conditioner be used for heating? No, not any. Although almost all modern air conditioners work on R410a freon, other characteristics are no less important. Firstly, the air conditioner must have a four-way valve that allows you to switch to “reverse”, so to speak, namely, to swap the condenser and evaporator. Secondly, please note that the compressor (it is located on the lower right) is located in a thermally insulated casing and has an electric crankcase heater. This is necessary in order to always maintain a positive oil temperature in the compressor. In fact, at an ambient temperature below +5 degrees Celsius, even in the off state, the air conditioner consumes 70 watts of electrical energy. The second, most important point - the air conditioner must be inverter. That is, both the compressor and the impeller electric motor must be able to change performance during operation. This is what allows the heat pump to work efficiently for heating at outdoor temperatures below -5 degrees Celsius.

19. As we know, on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit, which is the evaporator during heating operation, intensive evaporation of the refrigerant occurs with the absorption of heat from the environment. But in the street air there are water vapor in a gaseous state, which condense, or even crystallize on the evaporator due to a sharp drop in temperature (the street air gives up its heat to the refrigerant). And intensive freezing of the heat exchanger will lead to a decrease in the efficiency of heat removal. That is, as the ambient temperature decreases, it is necessary to “slow down” both the compressor and the impeller in order to ensure the most efficient heat removal on the evaporator surface.

An ideal heat pump for heating only should have a surface area of ​​the external heat exchanger (evaporator) several times the surface area of ​​the internal heat exchanger (condenser). In practice, we return to the very balance that the heat pump must be able to work both for heating and cooling.

20. On the left, you can see the external heat exchanger almost completely covered with frost, except for two sections. In the upper, not frozen, section, freon still has enough high pressure, which does not allow it to evaporate effectively with the absorption of heat from the environment, while in the lower section it is already overheated and can no longer take heat from the outside. And the photo on the right gives an answer to the question why the external unit of the air conditioner was installed on the facade, and not hidden from view on a flat roof. It is because of the water that needs to be diverted from the drainage pan in the cold season. It would be much more difficult to drain this water from the roof than from the blind area.

As I already wrote, during heating operation at a negative temperature outside, the evaporator on the outdoor unit freezes over, water from the outdoor air crystallizes on it. The efficiency of a frozen evaporator is noticeably reduced, but the air conditioner electronics automatically controls the heat removal efficiency and periodically switches the heat pump to the defrost mode. In fact, the defrost mode is a direct conditioning mode. That is, heat is taken from the room and transferred to an external, frozen heat exchanger in order to melt the ice on it. At this time, the fan of the indoor unit runs at minimum speed, and cool air comes out of the air ducts inside the house. The defrost cycle usually lasts 5 minutes and occurs every 45-50 minutes. Due to the high thermal inertia of the house, no discomfort is felt during defrosting.

21. Here is a table of heat output for this heat pump model. Let me remind you that the nominal energy consumption is just over 2 kW (current 10A), and the heat transfer ranges from 4 kW at -20 degrees outside, up to 8 kW at a street temperature of +7 degrees. That is, the conversion factor is from 2 to 4. It is how many times a heat pump saves energy compared to direct conversion of electrical energy into heat.

By the way, there is another interesting point. The resource of the air conditioner when working for heating is several times higher than when working for cooling.

22. Last fall, I installed the Smappee electric energy meter, which allows you to keep statistics on energy consumption on a monthly basis and provides a more or less convenient visualization of the measurements taken.

23. Smappee was installed exactly one year ago, in the last days of September 2015. It also attempts to show the cost of electricity, but does so based on manually set rates. And there is an important point with them - as you know, we raise electricity prices 2 times a year. That is, for the presented measurement period, tariffs changed 3 times. Therefore, we will not pay attention to the cost, but calculate the amount of energy consumed.

In fact, Smappee has problems with the visualization of consumption graphs. For example, the shortest column on the left is the consumption for September 2015 (117 kWh). something went wrong with the developers and for some reason there are 11, not 12 columns on the screen for a year. But the total consumption figures are calculated accurately.

Namely, 1957 kWh for 4 months (including September) at the end of 2015 and 4623 kWh for the whole of 2016 from January to September inclusive. That is, a total of 6580 kWh was spent on ALL life support country house, which was heated all year round, regardless of the presence of people in it. Let me remind you that in the summer of this year for the first time I had to use a heat pump for heating, and for cooling in the summer it never worked for all 3 years of operation (except for automatic defrost cycles, of course). In rubles, at current tariffs in the Moscow region, this is less than 20 thousand rubles a year, or about 1,700 rubles a month. Let me remind you that this amount includes: heating, ventilation, water heating, stove, refrigerator, lighting, electronics and appliances. That is, it is actually 2 times cheaper than the monthly payment for an apartment in Moscow of a similar area (of course, excluding maintenance fees, as well as fees for major repairs).

24. And now let's calculate how much money the heat pump saved in my case. We will compare with electric heating, using the example of an electric boiler and radiators. I will count at pre-crisis prices, which were at the time of the installation of the heat pump in the fall of 2013. Now heat pumps have risen in price due to the collapse of the ruble, and the equipment is all imported (the leaders in the production of heat pumps are the Japanese).

Electric heating:
Electric boiler - 50 thousand rubles
Pipes, radiators, fittings, etc. - another 30 thousand rubles. Total materials for 80 thousand rubles.

Heat pump:
Channel air conditioner MHI FDUM71VNXVF (outdoor and indoor unit) - 120 thousand rubles.
Air ducts, adapters, thermal insulation, etc. - another 30 thousand rubles. Total materials for 150 thousand rubles.

Do-it-yourself installation, but in both cases it is about the same in time. Total "overpayment" for a heat pump compared to an electric boiler: 70 thousand rubles.

But that's not all. air heating with the help of a heat pump, this is at the same time an air conditioner in the warm season (that is, the air conditioner still needs to be installed, right? So we’ll add at least another 40 thousand rubles) and ventilation (mandatory in modern sealed houses, at least another 20 thousand rubles).

What do we have? "Overpayment" in the complex is only 10 thousand rubles. It is still at the stage of putting the heating system into operation.

And then the operation begins. As I wrote above, in the coldest winter months the conversion factor is 2.5, and in the off-season and summer it can be taken equal to 3.5-4. Let's take the average annual COP equal to 3. Let me remind you that 6,500 kWh of electrical energy is consumed in a house per year. This is the total consumption of all electrical appliances. Let's take for simplicity of calculations at a minimum that the heat pump consumes only half of this amount. That is 3000 kWh. At the same time, on average, for the year he gave 9000 kWh of thermal energy (6000 kWh "dragged" from the street).

Let's translate the transferred energy into rubles, assuming that 1 kWh of electrical energy costs 4.5 rubles (average day/night tariff in the Moscow region). We get 27,000 rubles of savings, compared with electric heating only for the first year of operation. Recall that the difference at the stage of putting the system into operation was only 10 thousand rubles. That is, already for the first year of operation, the heat pump SAVED me 17 thousand rubles. That is, it paid off in the first year of operation. Let me remind you that this is not permanent residence, at which the savings would be even greater!

But do not forget about the air conditioner, which specifically in my case was not required due to the fact that the house I built turned out to be over-insulated (although a single-layer aerated concrete wall is used without additional insulation) and it simply does not heat up in the summer in the sun. That is, we will throw off 40 thousand rubles from the estimate. What do we have? In this case, I began to SAVE on the heat pump not from the first year of operation, but from the second. It's not a big difference.

But if we take a water-to-water heat pump or even an air-to-water heat pump, then the figures in the estimate will be completely different. That is why an air-to-air heat pump offers the best price/performance ratio on the market.

25. And finally, a few words about electrical heating appliances. I was tormented by questions about all sorts of infrared heaters and nano-technologies that do not burn oxygen. I will answer briefly and to the point. Any electric heater has an efficiency of 100%, that is, all electrical energy is converted into heat. In fact, this applies to any electrical appliances, even an electric light bulb gives off heat exactly in the amount in which it received it from the outlet. If we talk about infrared heaters, then their advantage lies in the fact that they heat objects, not air. Therefore, the most reasonable application for them is heating on open verandas in cafes and at bus stops. Where there is a need to transfer heat directly to objects / people, bypassing air heating. A similar story about the burning of oxygen. If somewhere in the brochure you see this phrase, you should know that the manufacturer is holding the buyer for a sucker. Combustion is an oxidation reaction, and oxygen is an oxidizing agent, that is, it cannot burn itself. That is, this is all the nonsense of amateurs who skipped physics lessons at school.

26. Another option for saving energy when electric heating(it does not matter, direct conversion or with the help of a heat pump) is the use of the heat capacity of the building envelope (or a special heat accumulator) to accumulate heat when using a cheap night electric tariff. That's what I'll be experimenting with this winter. According to my preliminary calculations (taking into account the fact that next month I will pay the village electricity tariff, since the building is already registered as a residential building), even despite the increase in electricity tariffs, next year I will pay for the maintenance of the house less than 20 thousand rubles (for all consumed electrical energy for heating, water heating, ventilation and equipment, taking into account the fact that the house is kept at a temperature of about 18-20 degrees Celsius all year round, regardless of whether there are people in it).

What is the result? A heat pump in the form of a low-temperature air-to-air conditioner is the easiest and most affordable way to save on heating, which can be doubly important when there is a limit on electrical capacities. I am completely satisfied with the installation heating system and I don't feel any discomfort from using it. In the conditions of the Moscow region, the use of an air source heat pump fully justifies itself and allows you to recoup the investment no later than in 2-3 years.

By the way, do not forget that I also have Instagram, where I publish the progress of work almost in real time -

Damless all-season hydroelectric power plant

A damless all-weather hydroelectric power station (BVGES) is proposed, which is designed to generate electricity without building a dam through the use of gravity flow energy.

Due to the manufacture of various standard sizes for different flow rates, as well as cascade installation, BVGES units can be used both in small farms and for industrial power generation, especially in places remote from power lines.

Structurally, the hydroelectric power plant rotor is installed vertically, the rotor height is from 0.25 to 2.5 m ... The structure is fixed on rivers with ice formation at the bottom of the channel, and in an open (non-freezing channel) __ on a fixed catamaran.

The power of the installation is proportional to the area of ​​the blade and the speed of the flow in the cube. The dependence of the power received on the shaft of the BVHPP on its size and flow velocity, as well as the estimated cost of the hydroelectric unit, is presented in the following table:

BVHES power, kW depending on the flow rate and unit size

The payback period of the installation does not exceed 1 year. The BVGES prototype was tested on a full-scale water test site.

Currently, there is technical documentation for the production of industrial designs according to customer specifications.

Pressure micro and small hydropower plants

Hydraulic units for small HPPs are designed for operation in a wide range of pressures and flow rates with high energy characteristics.

Micro HPPs are reliable, environmentally friendly, compact, fast-payback sources of electricity for villages, farms, holiday villages, farms, as well as mills, bakeries, small industries in remote mountainous and hard-to-reach areas where there are no power lines nearby, and building such lines now and longer and more expensive than purchasing and installing a micro hydroelectric power station.

The delivery set includes: a power unit, a water intake device and an automatic control device.

There is a successful experience in operating equipment on the drops of existing dams, canals, water supply systems, and sewerage systems for industrial enterprises and municipal facilities, treatment facilities, irrigation systems and drinking conduits. More than 150 sets of equipment have been delivered to customers in various regions of Russia, CIS countries, as well as in Japan, Brazil, Guatemala, Sweden and Latvia.

The main technical solutions used in the creation of the equipment are made at the level of inventions and are protected by patents.

1. MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANTS

with propeller impeller
- with a power of up to 10 kW (MHES-10PR) for a head of 2.0-4.5 m and a flow rate of 0.07 - 0.14 m3 / s;
- with a power of up to 10 kW (MHES-10PR) for a head of 4.5-8.0 m and a flow rate of 0.10 - 0.21 m3 / s;
- with a capacity of up to 15 kW (MHES-15PR) for a head of 1.75-3.5 m and a flow rate of 0.10 - 0.20 m3 / s;
- with a capacity of up to 15 kW (MHES-15PR) for a head of 3.5-7.0 m and a flow rate of 0.15 - 0.130 m3 / s;
- with a capacity of up to 50 kW (MHES-50PR) for a head of 4.0-10.0 m and a flow rate of 0.36 - 0.80 m3 / s;

with diagonal impeller
- with a capacity of 10-50 kW (MHES-50D) for a head of 10.0-25.0 m and a flow rate of 0.05 - 0.28 m3 / s;
- with a capacity of up to 100 kW (MHES-100D) for a head of 25.0-55.0 m and a flow rate of 0.19 - 0.25 m3 / s;

2. HYDRAULIC UNITS FOR SMALL HPPs

Hydro units with axial turbines up to 1000 kW;
- hydraulic units with radial-axial turbines with a capacity of up to 5000 kW;
- hydraulic units with bucket turbines up to 5000 kW;

DELIVERY TIME

Micro HPS10kW; 15 kW is delivered within 3 months after signing the contract.
Micro HPP 50kW; delivered within 6 months after signing the contract.
Micro HPP 100kW; delivered within 8 months after signing the contract.
The hydraulic units are delivered within 6 to 12 months after the signing of the contract.

The company's specialists are ready to help you determine the best option installation of micro- and small hydroelectric power plants, select equipment for them, assist in the installation and commissioning of hydroelectric units, as well as provide after-sales service for equipment in
the process of its operation.

COST OF EQUIPMENT

Micro-HPP of Russian production

Appearance

Micro HPP 10 kW

Micro HPP 50 kW

InzhInvestStroy

Mini hydroelectric power station. micro hydro power plants

A small hydroelectric power plant or small hydroelectric power station (SHPP) is a hydroelectric power plant that generates a relatively small amount of electricity and consists of hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 1 to 3000 kW.

micro hydro power plant is designed to convert the hydraulic energy of the fluid flow into electrical energy for further transfer of the generated electricity to the power system.

The term micro means that this hydroelectric power plant is installed on small water bodies- small rivers or even streams, technological channels or height differences of water treatment systems, and the power of the hydroelectric unit does not exceed 10 kW.

SHPPs are divided into two classes: these are micro-hydro power plants (up to 200 kW) and mini-hydro power plants (up to 3000 kW). The former are used mainly in households and small businesses, the latter in larger facilities.

For the owner of a country house or a small business, the former are obviously of more interest.

Based on the principle of operation, micro-hydro power plants are divided into the following types:

Water wheel. This is a wheel with blades, installed perpendicular to the surface of the water and half immersed in it. During operation, water presses on the blades and causes the wheel to rotate.

From the point of view of ease of manufacture and obtaining maximum efficiency with minimal cost, this design works well.

Therefore, it is often used in practice.

Garland mini hydroelectric power station. It is a cable thrown from one side of the river to the other with rotors rigidly fixed on it. The water flow rotates the rotors, and from them the rotation is transmitted to the cable, one end of which is connected to the bearing, and the other to the generator shaft.

Disadvantages of a daisy-chain hydroelectric power station: high material consumption, danger to others (long underwater cable, rotors hidden in the water, blocking the river), low efficiency.

Rotor Daria.

This is a vertical rotor that rotates due to the pressure difference on its blades. The pressure difference is created due to the fluid flow around complex surfaces. The effect is similar to the lift of a hydrofoil or the lift of an airplane wing. In fact, SHPPs of this design are identical to the wind turbines of the same name, but are located in a liquid medium.

The Darrieus rotor is difficult to manufacture, at the beginning of work it needs to be untwisted.

But it is attractive in that the rotor axis is located vertically and the power take-off can be made above the water, without additional gears. Such a rotor will rotate with any change in flow direction. Like its air counterpart, the efficiency of the Darya rotor is inferior to the efficiency of a propeller-type SHPP.

Propeller.

This is an underwater “windmill” with a vertical rotor, which, unlike an air one, has blades of a minimum width of only 2 cm. This width provides minimum resistance and maximum rotation speed and was chosen for the most common flow rate - 0.8-2 meters per second.

Propeller SHPPs, as well as wheeled ones, are easy to manufacture and have a relatively high efficiency, their frequent use is due to this.

Classification Mini HPP

Power generation classification (applications).

The power generated by a micro hydro power plant is determined by a combination of two factors, the first is the pressure of water entering the blades of the hydro turbine, which drives the generator that generates electricity, and the second factor is the flow rate, i.e.

volume of water passing through the turbine in 1 second. Consumption is the determining factor in assigning a hydroelectric power plant to a particular type.

According to the generated power, SHPPs are divided into:

• Household power up to 15 kW: used to provide electricity to private households and farms.
• Commercial up to 180kW: power small businesses.
• Industrial with a capacity of over 180 kW: they generate electricity for sale, or the energy is transferred to production.

Design classification

Classification by installation site

• High-pressure - more than 60 m;
• Medium pressure - from 25 m;
• Low-pressure - from 3 to 25 m.

This classification implies that the power plant operates at different speeds, and a number of measures are taken to mechanically stabilize it, because.

the flow rate depends on the pressure.

Components of a mini hydroelectric power station

The power generating plant of a small hydropower plant consists of a turbine, a generator and an automatic control system. Some elements of the system are similar for solar generation or wind generation systems. The main elements of the system:

• hydroturbine with blades connected by a shaft to a generator
• Generator.

  Mini hydroelectric power station (HPP) for home

  Designed to generate alternating current. Attached to the turbine shaft. The parameters of the generated current can be relatively unstable, but nothing like power surges occurs during wind generation;

• Hydro turbine control unit provides start and stop of the hydraulic unit, automatic synchronization of the generator when connected to the power system, control of the operating modes of the hydraulic unit, emergency stop.
• Ballast Load Block, designed to dissipate currently unused power by the consumer, avoids the failure of the power generator and the monitoring and control system.
• Charge controller / stabilizer: designed to control the charge of batteries, control the rotation of the blades and voltage conversion.
• Bank AKB: storage capacity, the size of which determines the duration of autonomous operation of the object fed by it.
• inverter, many hydro generating systems use inverter systems. In the presence of a battery bank and a charge controller, hydraulic systems are not much different from other systems using renewable energy sources.

Mini hydroelectric power station for a private house

The increase in electricity tariffs and the lack of sufficient capacity make relevant questions about the use of free renewable energy in households.

Compared with other sources of renewable energy, mini hydropower plants are of interest, since with equal power with a windmill and solar battery they are able to give out much more energy in an equal period of time.

A natural limitation on their use is the lack of a river

If a small river, a stream flows near your house, or there are elevation differences on lake spillways, then you have all the conditions for installing a mini hydroelectric power station. The money spent on its purchase will quickly pay off - you will be provided with cheap electricity at any time of the year, regardless of weather conditions and other external factors.

The main indicator that indicates the efficiency of the use of SHPPs is the flow rate of the reservoir.

If the speed is less than 1 m/s, then it is necessary to take additional measures to accelerate it, for example, make a bypass channel of variable cross section or organize an artificial height difference.

Advantages and disadvantages of microhydropower

The advantages of a mini hydro for a home include:

• Environmental safety (with reservations for fish-fry) of the equipment and the absence of the need to flood large areas with enormous material damage;
• Ecological cleanliness of the energy received.

  There is no effect on the properties and quality of water. Reservoirs can be used both for fishery activities and as sources of water supply for the population;

• The low cost of the generated electricity, which is several times cheaper than that generated at thermal power plants;
• Simplicity and reliability of the equipment used, and the possibility of its operation in stand-alone mode (both as part of and outside the power supply network).

  Produced by them electricity meets the requirements of GOST for frequency and voltage;

• The full service life of the station is at least 40 years (at least 5 years before overhaul);
• inexhaustibility of the resources used to generate energy.

The main disadvantage of micro-hydro is the relative danger to the inhabitants of the aquatic fauna, because. rotating turbine blades, especially in high-speed currents, can pose a threat to fish or fry.

general information

Micro hydro power plant (Micro HPP) is designed to provide power supply to a consumer isolated from the power system.

The completeness of the supply of micro-hydro power plants is shown in table 1

Operating conditions:

- air temperature, 0 ° C

- at the feed point from -10 to +40;

- at the location of electrical cabinets from 0 to +40;

— height above sea level, m up to 1000; (When installing a micro-hydro power plant at an altitude of more than 1000 m, the maximum power should be limited)

– relative air humidity at the location of electrical cabinets does not exceed 98% at t = + 250 ° C.

The warranty period for a micro HPP is 1 year from the date of its launch, but not more than 1.5 years from the date of dispatch, erection control and commissioning work with the participation of the company and compliance with the rules of transport, storage and operation of experts.

Complete supply of micro-hydro

Table 1

technical data

MicroHP specifications are shown in Table 2

table 2

parameter
Head (net), m
Water consumption, m3 / s
Output power, kW
Rotation speed, rpm
Voltage, V
Current frequency, Hz
Disc diameter, mm
Feed diameter, mm

Requirements for the network and the load of the consumer (the load is defined as a percentage of the actual input to the micro-HPP):

- characteristics of local, four-phase, three-phase;

- power of each engine,% no more than 10;

The total engine power, if additional compensation capacitors are installed,% is not more than 30.

DESIGN

The power unit is designed to generate electricity and consists of a hydraulic turbine and an asynchronous motor, which is used as a generator.

It is designed to absorb the excess active power of micro-hydro power plants. BNN is a cabinet with thermoelectric heaters inside.

The automatic control device is designed to control and protect the drive. It provides arousal asynchronous generator and automatic control of the produced voltage and frequency.

UAR provides overload, overvoltage and short circuit protection

The water supply device is made in the form of a network box, inside which there is a water supply hose with a closing body.

The water supply device is designed in such a way that floating residues do not enter the drive.

Full, mounting and connecting dimensions are shown in Figure 1.

installation requirements

For the operation of a micro power plant, the presence of pressure (difference in water levels) is a prerequisite (see Figure 2).

Full screen hydroelectric dam

The head can be obtained due to the difference in watermarks between:

- two rivers

- lake and river;

— on the same river, due to the flattening of the curve.

Pressure is also possible during the construction of a dam.

Figure 2 shows the micro HP setup according to the barrier design diagram. To create pressure on the turbine along the river, which has many slopes and rapids, an outlet pipeline has been installed.

A small rock dam dissipates to increase the pressure.

The piping must provide water for the installation with minimal head loss.

The length of the pipeline is determined by local conditions.

Before the power supply, the inlet and main valves required to start and stop the micro HPW must be installed in the pipeline.

Rice. one
In general, the mounting and connection dimensions of the Micro HPP 10Pr.
1 - drive,
2 - block ballast load BBN,
3 - Automatic control device UAR

cogeneration plants low power(review)

Cogeneration plants for individual houses — micro CHP,« Micro-CHP (microCHP)" is an abbreviation for " heat and power combined” (combination of heat and electricity) is an installation designed for heating individual housing) is one of the most interesting areas in the development of heating technology.

Micro CHP(microCHP) has already found thousands of users and will be included in the manufacturers' directories in the coming years.

Various technical solutions are implemented in the manufactured and designed designs - from the traditional internal combustion engine (Otto engine), to steam turbines and piston engines, as well as the Stirling external combustion engine. When promoting this equipment, manufacturers give arguments of both an economic and environmental nature: a high (over 90%) total Efficiency micro-CHP provides a reduction in energy costs and volume harmful emissions, in particular carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere.

Company Senertec GmbH, part of Wahi Group, which has implemented about one and a half ten thousand installations to date Dachs(Badger) with an internal combustion engine.

Electric power - from 5 kW, thermal - from 12.5 to 20.5. Senertec offers an energy center for individual home, but when using several modules and a large commercial facility. In addition to the compact cogeneration module, it includes as standard a buffer tank with a capacity of up to 1000 l with a heat substation mounted on it, which combines all the piping elements necessary for heating and hot water.

Additionally, there is also an external condensing heat exchanger. Various Models Dachs units operate on natural, liquefied gas, diesel fuel.

There is a Dachs RS model designed to run on biodiesel from rapeseed oil. The estimated cost of the gas model is 25,000 euros.

Micro CHP (Mini-BHKW) ecopower German company Pover Plus Technologies(included in Vaillant Group) is already on sale in the European market.

Its electric power is modulated in the range from 1.3 to 4.7, thermal - in the range from 4.0 to 12.5 kW. The total efficiency of the installation exceeds 90%, it is fueled by natural or liquefied gas.

The estimated cost of the model is 20 thousand euros.

At the end of last year, the company Otag Vertribes a pilot batch of a floor-standing gas micro CHP plant was produced lion ®-Powerblock electric power 0.2-2.2, thermal - 2.5-16.0 kW.

It applied steam two-cylinder engine with a double free-moving piston: steam alternately enters either the left or the right cylinder, setting the working piston in motion.

The steam generator of the device consists of a pressurized burner and a steel coil; steam temperature - 350 ° C, pressure - 25-30 bar. Its condensation is carried out directly in the apparatus.

As expected, lion ® on pellets will be available April 2010.

Company Microgen(Great Britain), one of the leaders in production mini-CHP, first developed Stirling's engine so small that it can be built into the boiler of an autonomous heating system.

company Wahi Heating UK announced its intention to bring to the UK market in 2008 a compact (wall-mounted) micro-CHP with an electric power of 1, thermal - up to 36 kW. The unit was developed jointly with Microgen Energy and is a combination of its compact single-piston Stirling engine with a Bahi condensing boiler.

The model is equipped with two burners: the first one is a pressurized modulating burner that ensures the operation of an electric generator and the production of 15 kW of thermal power, the second one satisfies the object's additional need for heat. The prototype of the installation was presented at the exhibition ISH-2007.

Microgen, in collaboration with the Dutch natural gas supplier Gausine and De Dietrich Remeha Group producing boilers Remeha, develops a complete solution for heating and electricity production.

De Dietrich-Remeha Group plans to produce and sell wall mounted condensing boiler with integrated Stirling engine. It has already been exhibited at the ISH-2007, 2009 exhibitions. The boiler will be produced in one- and two-circuit versions. Some technical characteristics of the boiler: Its thermal power will be 23 kW, in the second case - 28 kW; electric power - 1 kW; heat output Stirling – 4.8 kW, efficiency at 40/30°C - more than 107%, low CO2 and NOx emissions, noise level - less than 43 dB(A) per 1 m.

Dimensions: 900x420x450 mm.

The most important advantage of the HRE boiler is that part of its high efficiency up to 107% (thanks to the condensing technology) is used to generate electricity. The cost of electricity, as well as emissions of harmful substances, are reduced by 65% ​​compared to thermal power plants using traditional fuel.

For an average dwelling, the "Remeha-HRE" boiler produces 2500 - 3000 kW per year, which is 75% of the average consumption, thus saving about 400 euros per year. During heating and electricity production, emissions of harmful substances are reduced by 20%. 8 boilers are being tested in Holland. At the moment, another 120 boilers are being launched for larger testing. Commercial production is scheduled to begin in 2010.

Over 30,000 homeowners have installed micro-CHP in Japan Honda with quiet, efficient internal combustion engines housed in a sleek metal housing.

KOHLER® Automated Gas Generator Sets manufactured in the USA with a capacity of 13 kVA, intended for use in residential buildings.

They have optimal compactness and excellent sound insulation.

Gas generators are designed for outdoor installation and do not require a special room. Both natural main gas and liquefied gas in cylinders or gas tanks are suitable for their operation.

The emergency automation system makes their use safe and comfortable.

This equipment allows you to most effectively solve the following, alas, frequent problems with power supply that face the owners of country houses:

• The network is good, there is enough power, but sometimes there are power outages
• The network is weak, overloaded, strong “drawdowns” of voltage, frequent shutdowns
• Insufficient power allocated by the power supply organization
• No network at all

You will never lack energy!

Your home needs energy.

KOHLER® Gensets are made with professional quality but designed for home use so you can continue your activities and enjoy comfort even during a power outage. KOHLER® generator sets are compact, noise-insulated and turn on automatically in the event of a power outage, allowing you to continue your normal life at home and enjoy absolute peace of mind.

Be confident in your KOHLER® generator set.

It will start working if there is a power outage, whether you are at home or not, and provide your home with electricity, for example, in order to:

• Refrigerators and freezers continued to operate.
• There were air conditioners, heating systems and alarm systems.
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• Provide power to your computer system.
• Ordinary life continued without loss.

KOHLER® generator sets are installed permanently outside the walls of the house and turn on automatically to generate energy if the mains supply fails.

• Reliable power supply.

  Power failures can cause damage electrical equipment(plasma displays, refrigerators with electronic control temperature, computers, etc.).

  Hydroelectric power plants in Russia

  KOHLER® generator sets provide backup power that meets European residential standards. The KOHLER® generator set will not damage expensive electronic equipment!

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• Quick start.

  KOHLER® generator sets restore power in seconds. They possess automatic system weekly testing to keep the unit running with occasional use.

• Fuel. KOHLER® generator sets are suitable for LPG, propane or natural gas, as well as diesel fuel.

  Gas generator sets have low emissions, making them more environmentally friendly, quieter and require less frequent maintenance.

  The choice is yours.

• KOHLER® quality. KOHLER® is a recognized international group of companies with almost 90 years of experience in generating sets for standby power. The first installation was assembled in 1920.

Characteristics of the gas generator SDMO RES 13

Power stations and generators

to home

Small hydroelectric power plants are usually divided into two types: "mini" - provide a unit of power up to 5000 kW, and "micro" - in the range from 3 to 100 kW. The use of hydroelectric power plants of such capacities is not new for Russia, but it is a well-forgotten old one: in the 50s and 60s, thousands of small hydroelectric power plants operated.

Currently, their number almost does not reach hundreds of pieces. Meanwhile, the constant increase in prices for fossil fuels leads to a significant increase in the cost of electricity, the share of which in production costs is 20% or more. In this regard, a small hydroelectric power plant received a new life.

Modern hydropower, compared to other traditional types of electricity, is the most efficient and environmentally friendly way to generate electricity.

The small hydroelectric plant continues in this direction. Small power plants make it possible to preserve the natural landscape, the environment, not only during the operation phase, but also during the construction process.

Mini hydro power plant 10-15-30-50 kW

In future negative influence does not affect the quality of water: it completely retains its original natural properties.

In canned fish rivers, water can be used for aquatic plant species. Unlike other environmentally friendly renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, small hydroelectric power plants are practically independent of weather conditions and can provide a stable supply of electricity to economical consumers. Another advantage of small energy is savings.

At a time when natural energy sources - oil, coal and gas - are depleted, constant growth is more expensive, the use of cheap, affordable renewable energy sources, especially small ones, makes it possible to produce cheap electricity. In addition, the construction of small hydropower plants is cheap and pays off quickly. Thus, the construction of a small hydropower plant with an installed capacity of about 500 kW, the cost construction works is about 14.5-15.0 million rubles.

Project documentation, construction of equipment, construction and installation of small hydropower plants for 15-18 months are put into operation in the combined table. The high frequency of electricity from hydroelectric power plants is no more than 0.45-0.5 rubles per 1 kWh, 1. This is five times lower than the cost of electricity actually sold by the power system.

By the way, in the next year or two years, the electric power systems are going to increase by 2-2.2 times, so the construction costs will be repaid in 3.5-5 years. The implementation of such a project in terms of the environment will not harm the environment.

In addition, it should be noted that the reconstruction, previously deducted from the operation of a small hydroelectric power plant, will cost 1.5-2 times cheaper.

Many Russian scientific and industrial organizations and companies are engaged in the design and development of equipment for such HPPs.

One of the largest is the intersectoral scientific and technical association INSET (St. Petersburg). INSET specialists have developed and patented original technical solutions for automated control systems for small and micro hydropower plants. The use of such systems does not require the constant presence of maintenance personnel at the facility - the hydraulic unit operates reliably in automatic mode. The control system can be implemented on the basis of a programmable controller, which allows you to visually control the parameters of the hydraulic unit on the computer screen.

Hydraulic installations for small and micro hydro power plants produce MNTO "built-in", designed to operate in a wide range of flows and pressures with high energy properties and made with propeller, radial and axial turbine blades.

The scope of delivery usually includes a turbine, generator and automatic control of the hydraulic unit. The flow rates of all turbines are based on a mathematical modeling method.

Small energy is the most effective solution to energy problems for areas belonging to areas of decentralized power supply, which is more than 70% of the territory of Russia. Providing energy for remote regions and energy shortages are costly.

And here it is far from useful to use the capabilities of the existing federal energy system. The economic potential in Russia is much higher than the potential of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar energy and biomass combined. In the national energy program, the INSET company is developing "The concept of development and facilities of the layout of small hydroelectric power plants in the Republic of Tyva", according to which this year will put into operation a small hydroelectric power station in the village of Kyzyl-Khaya.

Currently, INSET hydroelectric power plants operate in Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria, Bashkortostan), the Commonwealth of Independent States (Belarus, Georgia), as well as in Latvia and other countries.

Environmentally friendly and economical mini-energy has long attracted the attention of foreigners.

Micro INESET operates in Japan, South Korea, Brazil, Guatemala, Sweden, Poland.

Free electricity - do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station

If a river or even a small stream flows near your home, then with the help of a home-made mini hydroelectric power station you can get free electricity. It may not be a very big budget replenishment, but the realization that you have your own electricity costs much more.

Well, if, for example, in a country house, there is no central power supply, then even small power capacities will be simply necessary. And so, to create a home-made hydroelectric power station, at least two conditions are necessary - the presence of a water resource and desire.

If both are present, then the first thing to do is to measure the flow rate of the river.

It is very simple to do this - throw a twig into the river and measure the time during which it swims 10 meters. By dividing meters by seconds, you get the speed of the current in m/s. If the speed is less than 1 m / s, then a productive mini hydroelectric power station will not work.

In this case, you can try to increase the flow rate by artificially narrowing the channel or by making a small dam if you are dealing with a small stream.

As a guide, you can use the ratio between the flow velocity in m/s and the power of the electricity removed from the propeller shaft in kW (propeller diameter 1 meter).

These are experimental data, in reality the received power depends on many factors, but it is suitable for evaluation. So:

• 0.5 m/s - 0.03 kW,
• 0.7 m/s - 0.07 kW,
• 1 m/s - 0.14 kW,
• 1.5 m/s - 0.31 kW,
• 2 m/s - 0.55 kW,
• 2.5 m/s - 0.86 kW,
• 3 m/s -1.24 kW,
• 4 m/s - 2.2 kW, etc.

The power of a homemade mini hydroelectric power station is proportional to the cube of the flow rate.

As already mentioned, if the flow rate is insufficient, try to artificially increase it, if this is of course possible.

Types of mini hydroelectric power plants

There are several basic options for homemade mini hydroelectric power plants.


This is a wheel with blades mounted perpendicular to the surface of the water.

The wheel is less than half immersed in the stream. Water presses on the blades and rotates the wheel. There are also turbine wheels with special blades optimized for the liquid jet. But these are rather complex designs, rather factory-made than home-made.

It is a vertical axis rotor used to generate electrical energy.

A vertical rotor that rotates due to the pressure difference on its blades. The pressure difference is created due to the fluid flow around complex surfaces. The effect is similar to the lift of a hydrofoil or the lift of an airplane wing. This design was patented by Georges Jean-Marie Darier, a French aeronautical engineer, in 1931. It is also often used in the construction of wind turbines.

garland a hydroelectric power station consists of light turbines - hydro vingrotors, strung and rigidly fixed in the form of a garland on a cable thrown across the river.

One end of the cable is fixed in the support bearing, the other end rotates the generator rotor.

Mini hydroelectric power station - Leneva hydropower unit

The cable in this case plays the role of a kind of shaft, the rotational movement of which is transmitted to the generator. The flow of water rotates the rotors, the rotors rotate the cable.

Also borrowed from the designs of wind farms, such a "underwater windmill" with a vertical rotor. Unlike an air propeller, an underwater propeller has blades of a minimum width. For water, a blade width of only 2 cm is sufficient. With this width, there will be a minimum resistance and a maximum rotation speed.

This width of the blades was chosen for a flow velocity of 0.8-2 meters per second. At high speeds, other sizes may be optimal. The propeller does not move due to water pressure, but due to the occurrence of lift. Just like an airplane wing. The propeller blades move across the flow rather than being carried along by the flow in the direction of the flow.

Advantages and disadvantages of various homemade mini hydroelectric systems

The disadvantages of a stringed hydroelectric power station are obvious: high material consumption, danger to others (a long underwater cable, rotors hidden in the water, blocking the river), low efficiency.

Garland HPP is a kind of small dam. It is advisable to use in deserted, remote places with appropriate warning signs.

You may need permission from the authorities and environmentalists. The second option is a small stream in your garden.

Rotor Daria - difficult to calculate and manufacture.

At the beginning of work, it needs to be untwisted. But it is attractive in that the rotor axis is located vertically and the power take-off can be made above the water, without additional gears. Such a rotor will rotate with any change in the direction of flow - this is a plus.

The most widespread in the construction of home-made hydroelectric power plants were propeller and water wheel schemes.

Since these options are relatively simple to manufacture, require minimal calculations and are implemented with minimal cost, have high efficiency, are easy to set up and operate.

An example of the simplest mini-hydroelectric power station

The simplest hydroelectric power station can be quickly built from an ordinary bicycle with a dynamometer for a bicycle headlight.

Several blades (2-3) must be prepared from galvanized iron or not thick sheet aluminum. The blades should be 2-4 cm long from the wheel rim to the hub, and 2-4 cm wide.

These blades are installed between the spokes in any improvised way or pre-prepared fixtures.

If you are using two blades, then set them opposite each other.

If you want to add more blades, then divide the circumference of the wheel by the number of blades and install them at regular intervals. You can experiment with the depth of immersion of a wheel with blades in water. Usually it is immersed from one third to half.

The option of a camping wind farm was considered earlier.

Such a micro hydroelectric power station does not take up much space and will serve cyclists well - the main thing is the presence of a stream or river - which is usually the case at the campsite.

A mini hydropower plant from a bicycle will be able to light a tent and charge cell phones or other gadgets.

Source

homemade free-flow