What are formed adjectives. What is an adjective? Which full adjectives have a special set of endings
Adjective- part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering questions: which? which? which? which? Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are put in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer. The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the singular masculine. An adjective differs from a participle in that it does not have signs of pledge, aspect, or tense.
Distinguish in meaning and form qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives:
- Qualitative adjectives denote an irrelevant property of the object itself, capable of manifesting itself with different intensity: white, fast, old.
Designate a sign of an object in shape (straight, angular), size (narrow, low), color (red, lemon), property (strong, viscous), taste (bitter, salty), smell (odorous, fragrant), etc. Most quality adjectives havefull and short forms.
The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
Adjectives in short form change by number and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in short form:much, glad, must, need
.
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed definitions, sometimes they are a nominal part compound predicate.
Short form adjectives are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have a comparative and a superlative degree.
In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quietest.
Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb very, have antonyms.
— Relative adjectives denote the property of an object through its relation to another object or action: door, iron, inflatable, measuring.
Relative adjectives denote: material (wooden, clay), quantity (five-year-old, two-story), location (river, steppe), time (last year, January), purpose (washing, passenger), etc.
Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverbvery, have no antonyms.
Relative adjectives change by case, number and gender (singular).
- Possessive adjectives indicate who owns the item they define ( fathers, sisters, wolf)and answer whose questions? whose? whose? whose?. Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.
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Ranks of adjectives
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three types of adjectives:
Most quality adjectives have a long form and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form change by number and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some quality adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and an adjective that is part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very, have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) and compound (consists of two words): harder, quietest.
- relative(answering the question “which one?”)
- relative adjectives do not have degrees; designate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal features of the object: wood - wooden, January - January, freezing - frosty;
- most relative adjectives do not combine with the adverb "very";
Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very much, do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives change by case, number, and gender (singular).
- possessive- answer the question "whose?" and denote belonging to something living or person ( paternal, sisters, fox).
Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives change for case, number, and gender (singular).
To attribute an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Coordination of adjectives with nouns
Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.
- Example: adjective "blue"
- blue (Sing., m.r., Im.p.) house (Sing., m.r., Im.p.)
- blue (Sing., Wed, Im.p.) sky (Sing., Wed, Im.p.).
Declension of adjectives.
The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition with respect to the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
- solid: red th, red wow, red omu
- soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
- mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.
The declension of adjectives includes a change in numbers, and in the singular - in cases and genders.
The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number, and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, and in other forms they coincide.
The forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in plural relating to animate and inanimate nouns:
- V.p. = I.p. with inanimate nouns:
- “Their villages and fields for a violent raid he doomed to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
- V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
- “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
- “And the whole earth should forever praise ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars for orders for victories” (V. Sysoev).
masculine adjectives in -oh inclined in the same way as th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [bv], flying-his - summer [b].
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:
- hard declination;
- soft declension;
- mixed declension.
Hard declension of adjectives
According to the solid type, adjectives with a base on a solid consonant are inclined, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, native, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
Formation of adjectives
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n th. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: not big, and prefixed-suffixal ways: under waters n th. Adjectives are also formed in a compound suffix way: flax about seed cleaner tedious. Adjectives can also be formed by compounding two stems: pale pink, three-year.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
- General grammatical meaning.
- Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is considered to be singular, nominative, masculine ( blue).
- Constant signs: discharge.
- Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only for qualitative ones); degree of comparison (only for qualitative ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
- syntactic role - definition
Transition to other parts of speech
Most often, participles pass into the category of adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( No artist from him).
Adjectives, in turn, can substantiate, that is, move into the category of nouns: Russian, military.
Features of adjectives in other languages
Notes
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Synonyms:See what "Adjective" is in other dictionaries:
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NAME ADJECTIVE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC
On the other hand, it relates adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative sense can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degree. a) Moon where-then behind, above city, river under shadow his black and velvety (Bitter .); Derevyanen brother your, wooden... brain at him straight what kind-then(Leon.); AT my Revolution believe! Word my – railway . And the words glandular - no! (R. Rozhd.); More languish mothers and children | in in vain waiting fathers. | They are not lie, what Sveta No on the light, | what world terrible – stuffy and lead (Invalid); Today's Bryusov even in their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently lighten up lips and shadow golden Near sunken eye(Colour.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails glandular | faceted German nails! (Invalid); With each afternoon all longer, all glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).
Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives as separate lexico-grammatical categories have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor comparative forms. degree. Changes in the semantics of the adjectives of the listed three groups do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form forms of comparison. degree (about single deviations from general rule cm. § ); in addition, attract., ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives by the nature of inflection.
In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, the forms of adjectives with inflections pl. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that with noun. there is no lexical indication of quantity: large sled- perhaps "one" and "several" sledges; new glasses- both "one" and "several" points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; some peasant sleigh; in flow five long days; raked hay several rake.
Comparative forms are used in combination with genus. n. name or in conjunction with the union how: foxes smarter wolves – foxes smarter, how wolves. However, the absolutive (without dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. At the same time, if the dependent word form is not implied, then different states of the same object are compared in the comparative: nails ki not without reason slyly looking, not without reason, about roses, on the your sheets hotter blush, fresh fragrance: I understood, who fled, buried in flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory about sun in a heart weakens, yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).
Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eysh-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, cruelest), sometimes called a superlative degree, in their meaning of a large degree of manifestation of a feature are correlative with other adjectives with a similar meaning of the type huge, hefty, cheerful, easiest, beautiful. They don't express much morphological significance and represent word-formation types (see §, item 2c).
Note 2. The value of a high degree of manifestation of a feature can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with form adj. in posit. degrees ( most beautiful, most brave), as well as with the help of combinations of pronouns. adj. the whole in the form of a genus. p. units h. av. R. ( Total) or in the form genus. n. pl. h. ( all) with the form adj. in comp. degrees: more serious Total, louder all; You on the light all cuter , All rouge and whiter (Pushk.); AT present time healthier Total negation – we deny(Turg.).
WORD CHANGING adjectives
ADJECTIVE DECLINE
All adjectives with final - uy and - oh(in the form of im. p. masculine r. unit) belong to the basis (i.e., they are not inflection), to the adjective skl. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, your, mine, coy(outdated); 2) attract. adjectives like wolf, fox; 3) ordinal adjective the third. They are all in the shape of them. p. have zero inflection and change according to mixed declination (see §).
The phonemic composition of inflections of adjectives of the adjective skl. next:
Singular |
|||
| masculine | Neuter gender | Feminine | |
| AND. | -|иj|/-|оj| | -|oj a 1 | | -|aj a 1 | |
| R. | -|ovo| | -|oj| | |
| D. | -|omm| | -|oj| | |
| AT. | how to them. or genus. P. |
how to them. P. | -|yjy| |
| Tv. | -|im | | -|oj|(-|ojy|) | |
| Etc. | -|ohm| | -|oj| | |
Plural |
|||
| AND. | -|and j a 1 | | ||
| R. | -|their| | ||
| D. | -|im| | ||
| AT. | how to them. or genus. P. | ||
| Tv. | -|im'i| | ||
| Etc. | -|their| | ||
Note. In the forms of and wine. n. husband R. units h. morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the basis - morph -|иj| ( red-|and j|, si|н "-иj|), and when stressed on inflection - morph -|oj| ( big-|oj|, simple-|оj|).
With spelling. point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four varieties of adjective skl. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with a base on sizzling; 4) adj. with base on |k|, |r|, |x|. All varieties of adjective skl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.
1) App. with a basis on a paired-hard consonant and with an emphasis on inflections differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in the forms of them. and wine. p. units h. husband R.: young-oh, ill-oh, but new-th, kind-th.
2) Forms of wines. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and wine. n. pl. hours are identical to the corresponding forms of them. n. (i.e., forms named after n. masculine and middle. r. units or forms named after n. pl.) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an inanimate object, and the corresponding gender forms. n. (i.e., forms of genus. n. masculine singular or forms of genus. n. plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animated object.
3) All app. female R. have variant forms of TV. n. on - oh, -oyu and - her, -her: young-oh, new-oh and young-oyu, new-oyu, syn-her and syn-her. The main form for the modern language is the form on - oh, -her; form on - oyu, -her found in book speech, in poetry: And above thoughtful Fly Cane revived resounded(Ahm.); And now always is he breathes | above June Moscow | toy military anxiety, | unforgettable longing(Tushn.).
Samples declination adjectives
§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a pair-solid consonant ( hard variety).
Singular |
||||
| masculine | Neuter gender |
|||
| AND. | new - th | young - oh | new - oh | young - oh |
| R. | new - wow | young - wow | ||
| D. | new - omu | young - omu | ||
| AT. | new-
th and new - wow |
young-
oh and young - wow |
new - oh | young - oh |
| Tv. | new - th | young - th | ||
| Etc. | (about ) new - ohm | (about ) young - ohm | ||
Feminine |
||
| AND. | new - and I | young - and I |
| R. | new - oh | young - oh |
| D. | new - oh | young - oh |
| AT. | new - wow | young - wow |
| Tv. | new - oh (- oyu ) | young - oh (- oyu ) |
| Etc. | (about ) new - oh | (about ) young - oh |
Plural |
||
| AND. | new - s | young - s |
| R. | new - s | young - s |
| D. | new - th | young - th |
| AT. | new-
s and new - s |
young-
s and young - s |
| Tv. | new - s | young - s |
| Etc. | (about ) new - s | (about ) young - s |
§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).
Singular |
|||||
masculine |
Neuter gender |
||||
| AND. | syn - uy | homely - uy | syn - her | homely - her | |
| R. | syn - his | homely - his | |||
| D. | syn - him | homely - him | |||
| AT. | syn-
uy and syn - his |
homely-
uy and homely - his |
syn - her | homely - her | |
| Tv. | syn - them | homely - them | |||
| Etc. | (about ) syn - eat | about homely - eat | |||
Feminine |
||
| AND. | syn - ya | homely - ya |
| R. | syn - her | homely - her |
| D. | syn - her | homely - her |
| AT. | syn - yuyu | homely - yuyu |
| Tv. | syn - her (- her ) | homely - her (- her ) |
| Etc. | (about ) syn - her | (about ) homely - her |
Plural |
||
| AND. | syn - ie | homely - ie |
| R. | syn - them | homely - them |
| D. | syn - them | homely - them |
| AT. | syn-
ie and syn - them |
homely-
ie and homely - them |
| Tv. | syn - them | homely - them |
| Etc. | (about ) syn - them | (about ) homely - them |
Note. In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base on a hard and soft consonant and formed case forms both in hard and in soft variety. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, perennial, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, juvenile, perennial, unilateral, late, mulberry(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern: mental agony magic healer, My friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Pushk.); For shores homeland distant You left edge stranger(Pushk.); AT suburbs distant , Where, as black snakes, are flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident may address in Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).
In modern language, adj. interior, old further, perennial, nonresident, sincere, perennial, unilateral, late form all case forms according to the soft variety, adj. annual, country, primordial, suburban- solid variety. A usage that does not follow this rule is obsolete: distant acquaintance sheltered my kids(journal); tame Russia and after rob her, as before wars robbed Turkey, China, as are going rob Germany, – here sincere wish imperialists(Bitter.). In the formation of case forms adj. boundless, intercity and lofty(bookish) fluctuations are allowed, and forms with bases on a soft consonant prevail: Division, advancing, deepened in boundless forests(Kazakevich); went on the intercity station(Simon.); praised theatre, using incredible amount foreign words and lofty expressions(N. Virta). Compare: Forest on the horizon drowned in boundless water(G. Berezko); Beketov lived and increased in boundless sands Turkmenistan(Gaidar); Removes handset, calling on the our intercity (Field); None lofty requirements to him not present(Fed.).
§ . Declension of adjectives with stem into sibilant.
Singular |
|||||
masculine |
Neuter gender |
||||
| AND. | fresh - uy | big - oh | fresh - her | big - oh | |
| R. | fresh - his | big - wow | |||
| D. | fresh - him | big - omu | |||
| AT. | fresh-
uy and fresh - his |
big-
oh and big - wow |
fresh - her | big - oh | |
| Tv. | fresh - them | big - them | |||
| Etc. | (about ) fresh - eat | (about ) big - ohm | |||
Feminine |
||||||
| AND. | fresh - and I | big - and I | ||||
| R. | fresh - her | big - oh | ||||
| D. | fresh - her | big - oh | ||||
| AT. | fresh - wow | Plural |
||||
| AND. | fresh - ie | big - ie | ||||
| R. | fresh - them | big - them | ||||
| D. | fresh - them | big - them | ||||
| AT. | fresh-
ie and fresh - them |
big-
ie and big - them |
||||
| Tv. | fresh - them | big - them | ||||
| Etc. | (about ) fresh - them | (about ) big chalk - uy | chalk - oh | chalk - and I | ||
| dry - oh | dry - oh | dry - and I | ||||
| R. | strict - wow | strict - oh | ||||
| chalk - wow | chalk - oh | |||||
| dry - wow | dry - oh | |||||
| D. | strict - omu | strict - oh | ||||
| chalk - omu | chalk - oh | |||||
| dry - omu | dry - oh | |||||
| AT. | strict - uy | strict - oh | strict - wow | |||
| chalk - uy | chalk - oh | chalk - wow | ||||
| dry - oh | dry - oh | dry - wow | ||||
| and | ||||||
| strict - wow | ||||||
| chalk - wow | ||||||
| dry - wow | ||||||
| Tv. | strict - them | strict - oh (- oyu ) | ||||
| chalk - them | chalk - oh (- oyu ) | |||||
| dry - them | dry - oh (- oyu ) | |||||
| Etc. | (about ) strict - ohm | (about ) strict - oh | ||||
| (about ie | chalk - ie | dry - ie | ||||
| R. | strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | |||
| D. | strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | |||
| AT. | strict - ie | chalk - ie | dry - ie | |||
| and | and | and | ||||
| strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | ||||
| Tv. | strict - them | chalk - them | dry - them | |||
| Etc. | (about ) strict - them | (about ) chalk - them | (about ) dry - them | |||
Note 1. In App. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in the forms of them. p. units h. husband R. the last consonant of the stem is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection - uy spelling does not differ from flexion adj. with a stem into a soft consonant ( strict, liquid and blue, summer). in the form of TV. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and in all case forms pl. hours at adj. with a stem on |r|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |r|, |k|, |x| positionally soften.
Note 2. In cos. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position - after negation: Neither at which relatives I not was; Neither with what student not met; Neither about what meetings speeches not It was.
At pronouns. adj. with initial something-, coy- the position of the preposition can be as before the morpheme something- and after it: with something-what commission, in something-what home and - less often - something with what commission, something in what home.
Note 3. By type of app. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declension is obsolete. pronominal adj. coy forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. p. units h. husband and avg. R. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to some, some(and some), about some(and about no one); forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. n. wives. R. can also be based on |j|: some(and some): Equilibrium became different, as would from some internal severity(Lidin) and: Soon let's start we suspect presence some of magic(Soloukh.). In many hours are used obsolete. forms some, some, some instead of some(genus and suggestion n.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. h. P. some, date P. some, tv. P. some, preposition P. about some: Are formed snowflakes in form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars with transverse rungs on the everyone beam(Olesha).
Adjective is an independent part of speech that indicates a sign of an object and answers questions which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? , which determines the dependence of its main categories (gender, number and case) on the gender, number and case of the noun.
The concept of a sign covers many different meanings: Colour(green, blue), value(big small), length(long, short), spatial and temporal relationships(coastal, evening), material(woolen, bronze), belonging(mother, uncle) internal and external qualities(smart, thin), etc.
initial form adjective - nominative singular masculine.
syntax function: definition or nominal part of the predicate (in short form), less often - other members of the sentence.
All lesson notes on the topic "MORPHOLOGY: Adjective name":
Classes of adjectives (brief overview)
Quality adjectives:
1. Have degrees of comparison (lighter, brightest).
2. They have a short form (light - light).
3. Form adverbs (light).
4. Can form (by repeating a word) compound adjectives (blue-blue).
5. Can form adjectives with the prefix non-(unkind).
6. Form adjectives with a diminutive suffix (cute).
7. You can pick up synonyms and antonyms for them (amazing - amazing, marvelous, amazing; good - bad, kind - evil).
Relative adjectives denote signs of an object that manifest themselves through an attitude to another object (woolen - from wool, seaside - near the sea, autumn - related to autumn).
Possessive adjectives designate a sign according to whether the object belongs to a person (father's house) or an animal (cat's house) and answer the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose?
Turning adjectives into nouns
(SUBSTANTIVATION)
1. Adjectives can turn into nouns: military parade (adj.) - handsome military (n.). Such nouns ( substantiated adjectives) are called:
- face: worker, employee;
- room: dining room, children's;
- meals, drinks: aspic, champagne;
- documentation: travel card.
2. Nouns formed by transition from adjectives:
- belong to a certain genus: worker (m.), laundry (female), champagne (cf. s)
- do not agree with nouns, but carry agreed definitions: conscientious worker, new laundry
- have an adjective ending and are declined like adjectives(adjective type of declension): scientist, scientist, etc.
- in a sentence can be subject, predicate, object.
Lesson summary "Adjective as a part of speech."
The adjective name denotes a sign of an object, its quality: good, big, copper and answers the questions: which? whose?
adjectives change by birth:red, red, red;
by numbers : red, red;
by cases(them. P.: white, genus. P.: white, dates P.: white, wine P.: white, tv. P.: white, R. on) white).
The grammatical categories of the adjective name are completely dependent on the noun with which it agrees, and, therefore, are non-independent.
Defining the sign of the subject, the adjective in the sentence most often acts as definitions:
dissuaded by the grove
golden birch, cheerful
language ... (S. Yesenin)
The adjective can also be included into the predicate:
At the moment of shipwreck, water to us seemed extremely cold , but we soon got tired of it (I. Turgenev).
Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives
According to the lexical meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are divided into categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.
quality adjectives denote a feature of an object that determines its quality:
beautiful flower, sweet berry, hot day.
The lexical meaning of quality adjectives is varied:
they can represent color physical properties, taste, smell, etc.
Qualitative adjectives can be used with diminutive suffixes(green - greenish)
and with adverbs of measure and degree:very, very, much, absolutely etc.: very cold, very pleasant.
From quality adjectives can be formed:
adverbs
on -o (-e):
hot - hot
melodious - melodious
abstract nouns:
red - redness
white - whiteness
young - youth, etc.
Qualitative adjectives call signs denoting the qualities of an object:
. in size (small);
. by age (young);
. by color (bright);
. by weight (light);
. on appearance(cute);
. by internal qualities (lazy), etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
. degrees of comparison (evil - angrier - the most evil);
. short form (evil - evil - evil);
. synonyms, antonyms (angry, kind);
. can form adverbs in -o, -e: evil (looked); compound adjectives by repetition: evil-prezly; abstract nouns: anger.
relative adjectives name a sign in relation to the material, place, action, abstract concept:
Iron door, gold ring, sea air, Town Square.
Relative adjectives have parallel synonymsforms expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations:
Example:
stone palace - a palace made of stone;
silver ball - a ball of silver;
institute building - the building of the institute.
Relative adjectives are called signs expressing the relationship of one object to another:
. locally (Ukrainian is the language of Ukrainians);
. by material (crystal glass - crystal glass);
. by time (last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
. by appointment (washing powder - washing powder), etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.
Possessive adjectives indicate that an object belongs to a person or animal,answer whose questions? whose? whose? whose?:
Example: father's house, grandmother's glasses, fox tail.
Possessive adjectives are formed only from animate nouns with the help of suffixes -iy, -ov (-ev), -in (-yn), -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk- (-ynsk-):
Example: fox, father's, mother's, chicken, father's, mother's.
Comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives
A distinctive feature of quality adjectives is that they have degrees of comparison:
comparative (closer, stronger) and excellent(nearest, strongest).
Both the comparative and the superlative can be simple (synthetic):
kinder, kinder;
and complex (analytical):
kinder, kinder.
A simple form of the comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -ee (s), -e:
weak - weaker, weaker; cool - cooler.
Synthetic form of excellent - with the help of suffixes -eysh, -aysh:
kind - the kindest; great is the greatest.
complex shape comparative degrees and combine words More or less and the initial form of the adjective:
kind - more kind, less kind;
honest - more honest, less honest.
Complex form of superlatives and can be formed by adding:
1) the words most to the adjective in the initial form:
high - the highest;
kind - the kindest;
2) words most or least to the adjective in the initial form:
reliable - the most reliable; comfortable - least comfortable;
3) words of everything or all to an adjective in a simple form of a comparative degree:
nicer - all the nicer;
hard - the hardest.
1. Adjectives in the simple form of the comparative degree with the suffix -ee are stylistically neutral, those with the suffix -ee are colloquial.
2. Complex forms of the comparative degree are bookish.
3. Adjectives in simple superlative form are bookish.
4. Complex superlatives are: neutral (see 1st mode of education), bookish (2nd mode), colloquial (3rd mode).
Short forms of adjectives
Most quality adjectives can have both full and short forms:
a long way - a long way;
beautiful garden beautiful garden.
Short adjectives are formed from full ones by discarding endings:
low - low, hot - hot.
In adjectives with a stem on hissing in Im. and Vin. p. units h. ь is not written: prickly, powerful, fresh, handsome, burning, odorous, clumsy, melodious, good.
Adjectives in -enn form a short form in two ways:
identical - identical, identical.
Sharp - sharp and sharp, worthy - worthy,
but: honored - honored(participle).
Short adjectives change only in numbers and have a gender form:
the day is bright - the days are bright;
smart boy, smart girl.
Short adjectives in modern Russian do not decline, therefore they only act as predicate:
The air is full of a storm that has swept by ( B. Pasternak);
I last poet villages, modest in songs boardwalk bridge. (S. Yesenin)
Short adjectives can also act as a definition, but this function is obsolete for them:
The prince walks by the blue of the sea... (A. Pushkin);
on bare feet.
Possessive adjectives with suffixes -ov, -ev, derived from surnames, are obsolete.
For example: Platonic writings, Hegel's "Logic" etc.
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Relative and possessive adjectives can move into the category of qualitative ones.
Wed: stone house (stone house) stone heart(heart like a stone, cold)
father's house(father's house) paternal feelings(like his father, warm).
Possessive adjectives can become relative:
hare tail(hare tail) - hare sheepskin coat(sheepskin coat from a hare).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
1. General grammatical meaning - a sign of the subject.
2. Morphological features:
1) Initial form: nominative singular masculine.
2) Permanent signs - rank by value:
qualitative, relative or possessive;
3) Non-permanent signs:
a) for quality adjectives:
- degree of comparison: comparative and superlative,
- short and long forms;
b) for all adjectives:
- case (in full forms),
- number,
- genus (singular)
3. Syntactic role - role in the sentence:
- agreed definition;
- the nominal part of the compound predicate;
- predicate (short adjectives)
An example of a morphological analysis of them. adjective.
A crow perched on a tall pine tree.
Oral analysis.
On the high- an adjective, since it denotes a sign of an object: (on which?) high, the initial form is (what?) high.
Has morphological features.
Permanent: high quality
Inconstant: used in the full form, in the prepositional case, in the singular, in the feminine.
In the sentence it is a definition (syntactic role): on a pine tree (what?) high.
Written review.
On the pine(which?) high
n.f. - tall
Permanent signs: quality
Non-post. signs: in full form, in Pr.p., in singular, in f.r.
on a pine (what?) high - definition.