What kind of brick is used when laying the basement of the building. What brick to use for the base. Evaluation criterion, types of clinker material, requirements. Scheme, types of masonry relative to the wall, insulation. Environmental impact on the material
Often people mistakenly believe that the base is just the bottom external walls building. In fact, the basement is an elevated continuation of the foundation and can rise 50-70 cm above ground level. And in buildings equipped with a basement, its height can reach 150-200 cm.
Thus, the basement is a kind of transitional wall from the foundation to the load-bearing walls of the house. It is a barrier against the penetration of moisture into the structure of the building. Moreover, moisture can be both soil - rising along the foundation, and atmospheric - rain, snow.
At the same time, the plinth not only protects the house from moisture and cold, but is also part of architectural solution appearance of the house.
The design of the plinth has a significant impact on the overall impression of the appearance of the building. Houses with a high base look better than those with a low one. And if it is not there at all, then the building will resemble a squat hut.
Thus, the choice of material for the base device must take into account all its functional loads.
Since the basement is not only exposed to atmospheric influences, but also perceives the weight of the walls, as well as all the loads to which they are subjected, the requirements for the material for its implementation must be quite stringent.
The requirements are:
- high strength;
- resistance to weathering and moisture;
- high frost resistance;
- environmental Safety;
- attractive appearance.
Most often in private construction you can find plinths made of concrete or brick. At the same time, the use of concrete for making the base is not recommended because of its inability to withstand the effect of the "capillary pump" - moisture easily rises from the soil to the walls of the house, due to the presence of interconnected pores in the concrete body.
Thus, the best choice for the device of the base becomes a brick, which must meet not only all of the above requirements, but also additional ones.
In particular:
- it must have standard dimensions;
- have good adhesion to the masonry mortar;
- have an affordable price.
Most often, the following types of bricks are used for the plinth device:
- silicate;
- red building;
- acid-resistant ceramic;
- clinker.
What kind of brick will make a reliable and beautiful base
In order to find out, we briefly consider all the listed types of materials.
- it is usually used as facing material, as well as for masonry internal walls and partitions. Silicate brick belongs to non-fired types of bricks. It has a sufficiently high strength and good indicators of sound insulation and resistance to heat transfer. Therefore, structures made of it may well carry a fairly high load, including the weight of the walls of a low-rise building.
But the weak point of silicate brick is its poor water resistance, especially with the regular presence of moisture.
Therefore, it is not recommended for the basement parts of buildings that are constantly exposed to moisture, both soil and atmospheric. This material can only be used in regions that are characterized by a dry climate.
- a widely known and also widely used material everywhere. It is produced from special clays by plastic molding followed by firing at a temperature of 1050 degrees. The end result is a durable and fairly waterproof product.
Since the basement experiences rather high loads from the weight of the supporting structures of the building, it is better for it to choose a solid brick of a grade of at least M150. And if the building is located in an area with a humid climate, then the M250. The frost resistance index should be at least 50-100 cycles. Such a brick will serve as an excellent basis for bearing walls Houses.
However, this material does not always have the necessary external qualities, therefore, for laying the base, you need to choose a slightly more expensive material, but with the declared geometric characteristics and free from surface defects.
This type of building brick has an affordable cost, therefore it is used most widely.
- is a more expensive material than ordinary building bricks. But its properties fully justify the additional cost of acquisition.
For its production, special grades of clay are used.
This clay contains:
- silica - about 60%;
- alumina - slightly less than 40%;
- oxides of iron and calcium.
When fired, such a brick acquires a yellowish tint.
The composition of the clay mixture provides the following characteristics of the final product:
- High resistance to chemical influences - this material is used for laying stoves, fireplaces and chimneys. floors are also made from it in the production workshops of chemical industries.
- The material also has increased resistance to high temperatures, so it is often used as a lining for structures that need to be protected from aggressive media.
- The geometric dimensions of the bricks are highly accurate, which guarantees high quality masonry.
True, for laying acid-resistant bricks, not an ordinary mortar is used, but a special putty.
Clinker brick- produced using special clays and fired at temperatures up to 1200 degrees. Due to this, the output is a very durable product with a dense structure, almost devoid of pores. Therefore, this brick has high strength, frost resistance and extremely low moisture absorption.
This is the most expensive of the listed materials, but at the same time the most durable and beautiful. But, nevertheless, due to the high cost, it is rarely used for laying plinths.
More often it is used as a cladding, which can protect the material of the walls and plinth from adverse effects.
Thus, for the construction of the basement of the house, you can use both ordinary building bricks and clinker or acid-resistant bricks. Using conventional bricks will save significant money. But in order for it to serve longer, it is still better to protect it by plastering, cladding facade tiles or cladding facade panels.
The basement floor is designed to protect the building from the negative effects of precipitation, ground moisture, sudden temperature changes and other things. For the base, it is recommended to take a material that is resistant to such external manifestations, which will perfectly cope with other operating conditions. Today, for the manufacture of the base can be used various material, but brick remains in demand. This building material can be called universal, it is used for the construction of houses, the construction of external and internal walls, for cladding facades and erecting fences.
Brick is a traditional building material that has excellent thermal insulation properties. It is the best option for the construction of the basement of the house.
Advantages of brick for basement works
When laying bricks, the following requirements are taken into account:
Scheme of the basement of the foundation: A - a chain ligation system for corners with a thickness of 1 brick, B - C 1 1/2 bricks. 1 - Three-four, 2 - Half, 3 - Four.
- The strength must be high, since it is on the base that a significant negative impact of the external environment is exerted.
- There should be no chips, cracks, or signs of deformation on the brick itself.
- The size of each brick must be the same, you can not use materials that do not have a flat surface, the dimensions of which do not correspond to the norm.
- The service life should be long, as it will be difficult and costly to repair or replace.
- The brick should not crack with the onset of frost, it is best to take a material that perfectly tolerates sudden temperature changes.
- The material must be environmentally friendly, not emit harmful and toxic substances.
- The product must be resistant to the negative effects of moisture, not absorb water. This property is required for the reason that it is the basement that will protect the facade of the house from ground and sedimentary moisture.
- Adhesion with mortar must be excellent.
Red ceramic, silicate, acid-resistant, clinker bricks can be used to finish the basement. All of the listed types have the necessary properties.
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Conditions for laying the plinth
For it is necessary to comply with certain conditions, in which case the design will be durable and strong. It will perfectly withstand even the most adverse operating conditions and the negative impact of the external environment.
Acid-resistant brick is characterized by low water absorption, resistance to various aggressive media and high temperatures.
- 1 part of cement brand M200;
- 6.7 parts of purified sand;
- 0.7 parts of lime dough.
With the addition of lime, the resulting mortar becomes more plastic, it is easy to install, durable and resistant to adverse conditions. If there is no lime dough, it can be easily replaced with clay, the proportion will be exactly the same. If the mortar does not contain lime, then the ratio of cement to sand will need to be different. It will be enough 1 part of cement and 4 parts of sand for the M200 brand and 8 parts of sand for the M400 cement.
The amount of water is determined during mixing, the solution should not turn out to be liquid or excessively hard. Its consistency should resemble thick sour cream; during masonry, the solution should not spread over the surface.
Various forms of the base: a - protruding, b - in the same plane with the wall, c - sinking, 1 - outer wall, 2 - waterproofing, 3 - foundation.
In some cases, when preparing a masonry mortar, its delamination is observed, i.e. sand settles, water comes out at the top. It cannot be used in this form, it is necessary to add clay or lime dough. You can put washing powder in the amount of a tablespoon in a bucket of water.
When the plinth is laid out, 390 bricks with dimensions of 250 * 120 * 65 mm are used for each cube of the structure, the solution is required in the amount of ¼ cube. When calculating, it is better to increase the quantity a little, since more bricks may be required for cutting. Brick breakage can significantly increase masonry costs. So it is best to prepare 0.3 cubic meters of mortar for masonry and 400 bricks of the selected type.
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Types of bricks for masonry
Due to its high density, thermal conductivity and moisture absorption, sand-lime brick can be used in buildings with a heavy load on load-bearing walls.
What brick fit better Total? Any brick can be used for the basement, but today 4 groups have proven themselves, which are most suitable for this. These materials include: clinker bricks, conventional solid ceramic, acid-resistant, silicate. All of them differ not only in appearance, but also in their properties, areas of use, composition, and manufacturing conditions.
One of the most expensive materials for the construction of the basement is considered to be clinker brick, which is characterized by high strength and visual appeal. Such a plinth will have numerous advantages, including durability, high reliability, the ability to absorb moisture by 3-5% of the mass of the brick. Of the defining properties of clinker bricks, a high level of reliability should be noted. It perfectly protects the structure from negative external conditions. When facing with clinker bricks, a beautiful, reliable, stable base is obtained, which perfectly resists moisture, sudden temperature changes, heat, and frost.
After completion of masonry and other construction works there is no longer any need to use complex work on insulation and cladding, since the base is obtained with exactly the properties that are required. There is an opportunity to save on other materials. Experts advise building a house from clinker bricks, as the construction will be durable. It can be used for any region, it is used for houses with any area and size, providing excellent quality of construction.
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Acid-resistant brick for plinth
Ceramic bricks are highly resistant to moisture, to sudden changes in temperature and to severe frosts.
For the construction of a basement, acid-resistant bricks can be used when the environment is aggressive, it is necessary to provide protection from high temperatures, humidity and other extremely unfavorable conditions. This material has a low level of water absorption. building brick acid-resistant type is considered durable, its service life is much longer than even conventional ceramics. It withstands aggressive impacts and adverse rock conditions, under which other building material is quickly destroyed.
The brick is made from a special material, it contains high-quality clay and dunite.
The processing is carried out carefully, which ensures the highest resistance to heat and heat, aggressive effects, as evidenced by the very name of the material. For the plinth, only high-quality bricks are suitable. The problem is that if you save money and buy a material that is not of such high quality, then it will quickly begin to crack, and harmful substances will be released into the atmosphere. In a normal situation, he can do no harm. Acid-resistant material is used for the plinth only where a serious level of protection is required for the house. High density allows the material to withstand heavy loads, this brick can be used even if the number of storeys is large. In areas with unfavorable conditions, plinths of even multi-storey city buildings are laid out with such bricks.
The choice of brick for the foundation
Brick is ceramic and silicate.
Silicate will be rejected immediately: it is not suitable for the foundation. Why? It has a large (compared to ceramic) water absorption, and such a foundation will not be strong.
Now you need to figure out how to choose whether the ceramic (red) brick you have looked at is suitable for use in building the foundation of your house.
Of course, to build a foundation, you need to use a solid brick (it is also called building, ordinary or ordinary): it has high flexural and compressive strength, responds normally to temperature changes, is moisture resistant, and has high adhesive strength with mortar when laying (although its the heat-shielding ability is quite low, therefore it is better not to use it for the construction of walls - or immediately rely on additional wall insulation).
The right brick should ring on impact (and, of course, not crumble): this means that all technical requirements were met during its production.
Check the surface of the brick: if it is not even, and melting is visible on it, the production requirements have been violated.
Frost resistance of bricks must have at least 25 cycles. This figure indicates how many freeze-thaw "cycles" a brick must withstand without showing signs of destruction.
For construction in the "latitude" of the Moscow region, it is better to use brick with a frost resistance of 35 cycles or higher.
Also an important characteristic is the brand of brick, it shows what kind of load such a brick can withstand (for example, M 100 must withstand a load of 100 kilograms per square centimeter). In principle, it is this brand that you need: after all, the M 150 is usually used in the construction of multi-storey buildings.
Another characteristic of a brick is water absorption. Water absorption in the range of 6 to 12% is considered acceptable. The lower - the better (since the higher the water absorption - the lower the frost resistance). If you put your finger moistened with water on a brick and the water is immediately absorbed, then the water absorption is high, the frost resistance is low, and such a brick is not suitable for you.
Also good stuff for the foundation is a clinker brick, which is one of the varieties of ceramic: it is distinguished by special strength, durability, resistance to external damage, frost resistance.
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Foundation brick
Many who wish to raise Vacation home without extra costs on their own, they wonder: what material is best suited for the base? One of the most used elements of building materials is a brick for the foundation. This is an artificial stone, which has a rectangular shape convenient for buildings and has a number of positive properties: strength, durability, breathability.
Brick is most often used under the base for temporary, light, suburban structures. Such a foundation can be tape or columnar. It is important to consider that it is built either on dry, immovable ground, or requires careful waterproofing, since the brick is porous in structure and absorbs moisture. In climatic conditions with seasonal temperature changes, this is fraught with its destruction.
The next important question is: what brand of brick to choose for the foundation? There are two types of this artificial stone: white (silicate) and red (clay). They are durable (due to different density) and sizes. Red brick has better characteristics than silicate brick, since fired clay stone does not break down as quickly under the influence of moisture. It is also divided into several types: ordinary, facial, special.
Which brick is better for the foundation
Each is designed for different construction work.
- Ordinary red brick is corpulent and hollow. The first option can be used both for the base and for the basement floors. The second #8212 is more suitable for building walls and partitions.
- Front - decorative (color, textured) and light, retains heat. It is used only for cladding.
- Special refractory (with the addition of fireclay) - designed for stoves, fireplaces, chimneys.
The foundation of red brick is convenient in construction due to optimal size, light weight. It fits well, adjusts and adheres with cement mortar, is not susceptible to mold and is environmentally friendly. For its laying, heavy specialized equipment is not required, as, for example, when installing monolithic blocks.
Even one person or a small team can build a brick foundation. The design is ideal for low-rise construction. The base does not interfere with the construction of the basement (if groundwater permits).
With technology and correct calculation load-bearing walls, the foundation will last up to 50 years. In the future, it can be partially repaired without exposing the structure to the risk of destruction.
disadvantages
- A brick foundation 30 cm wide is designed for light weight - no more than 14 t / m2.
- Due to its porosity, it is able to absorb moisture. She, in turn, freezes at low temperatures, and then, thaws when warming and gradually destroys the structure. Therefore, waterproofing, drainage and protection against ground water.
- It is not recommended to put the foundation in a swampy area. You should not build it where floods are possible or underground sources are shallow.
- Planting trees close to the building should be avoided. If they are already growing there, it is better to uproot them. The root system, growing, will damage the base, leading to cracks in the walls.
- It is impossible to call such a building quickly erected. Installation takes much longer than other types. But the shrinkage period is much less.
Choice and purchase
Too cheap brick is defective or used. To choose a quality one, you need to pay attention to its color, shape, strength, ability to repel moisture.
Too bright or vice versa, a faded uneven shade indicates a violation of production technology. A loose, uneven brick that crumbles is not suitable for a solid foundation. This is a sign that it has been used somewhere before, and therefore will not last long.
Also, the foundation brick should not instantly absorb water, otherwise it will quickly collapse. These simple guidelines will help you choose quality material or vice versa, bring down the price, pointing out the shortcomings of raw materials.
In Moscow, you can buy a brick for the base at a price of 13 to 17 rubles / piece. It will be of high quality, strength M125, M200, with corrugated sides for better bonding with cement. The cheapest red will cost about 8 rubles / piece.
Strip foundation
First you need to find out the properties of the soil (its level of freezing, humidity) to make sure that it is suitable for brick building. For surface water (precipitation), it is better to drain immediately.
It is not difficult to build a foundation with your own hands from brick, even without special knowledge and proper preparation. To do this, you will need: brick, cement, crushed stone, sand, waterproofing. And you will need tools and equipment: building level, tape measure, shovel, trowel, pegs, cord, container for cement mortar.
- The first thing to do is clear the site of debris and plants. The fertile layer of soil is usually removed and transferred to another place, where it will still serve for other purposes.
- Then you need to mark the territory, drive in pegs around the perimeter and pull the rope so that you can see where to dig a trench (or pit).
- Now you need to dig a hole of sufficient depth.
- A pillow of sand with crushed stone about 10 cm thick is laid at the bottom of the trench.
- After that, waterproofing is laid.
- In order to make the foundation more reliable, a concrete sole is poured under it, which should harden well. This is where the preparation ends.
- Next, laying begins. All gaps between bricks are filled with mortar. The width of the seams should not exceed 10 mm. If necessary, it can be reinforced with a reinforced mesh.
- At the final stage, when the cement dries, it is necessary to cover the external and internal walls with waterproofing. Finally, you can fill the ground along the masonry.
Column Foundation
This foundation is no less in demand than the previous one. Its distinguishing feature is economy. This is justified for the construction of light buildings: baths, kitchens, wooden houses without a basement, gazebos, utility rooms. It is also appropriate in cases where the height difference of the ground surface is about 2 m. Another plus is less land works.
For such a foundation, red solid brick M-150 and above is used, as it is durable and resistant to moisture. According to the types of laying, it is divided into shallow-depth (up to 70 cm) and deep-seated (up to 2 m). The pillars are placed at a distance of 1.5-2 m. The protrusion above the ground is left at least 30-50 cm (lower is unjustified - it is difficult to repair plumbing). The cross section and number of columns is calculated taking into account the weight of the building.
The steps here are:
- site leveling
- markup
- well digging
- pillow laying
- waterproofing
- concrete screed with reinforcement
- building supports
- treatment of pillars with waterproofing.
After that, the space in the trenches is filled with crushed stone, sand or gravel. To improve the appearance of the building, after completion of work, the pillars are covered with bricks, decorative stone, tree or living shrub. Subject to technological process using quality materials, the foundation will last for decades.
What brick to use for the plinth
A plinth is a foundation located above the ground surface. It is best to make it out of brick. The plinth is located in close proximity to the ground, so it gets wet very quickly from melt water and rain.
A brick plinth encloses the underground space of the building from the outside; in most cases, it is a continuation of the foundation, extending from ground level to the floor of the lower floor.
Only certain types of bricks can withstand constant wetting and drying.
Another danger for the #8211 plinth is getting wet from the moisture contained in the ground. Moisture rises from the soil through the capillaries of the material through the foundation and penetrates into the brickwork of the basement. In winter, in the cold, water freezes, and, increasing in volume, the capillaries break. After repeating this process from year to year, the destruction of the masonry begins.
Through the capillaries of the material, water rises from the ground through the foundation and enters the brickwork of the basement. In frosts in winter, water freezes and breaks the capillaries, increasing in volume. To stop such destruction, it is necessary to waterproof the basement.
When choosing which material is better to choose for the construction of the basement, it is necessary to take into account its combination with other materials used for the walls of the building. For example, a plinth made of stone or brick will look very good with smooth wall surfaces. When building ordinary brick walls, a burnt clay ordinary brick will look good. Silicate and lightweight bricks are used only when constructing a basement located above the waterproofing layer. At the same time, it is imperative to line its outer surface with ordinary clay bricks or other weather-resistant materials (for example, cover with reinforced concrete slabs).
The reasons why the question of what material to choose for the plinth is very important:
- the basement is in an unfavorable environment compared to the walls of the house
- when it rains, drops constantly fall on the blind area and wet the basement of the house (this makes it constantly wet)
- when it snows, snowdrifts are often near the plinth, and during the melting, the plinth gets wet
- there will be a huge load on it from above (both plates and walls, roofs, etc.)
- it is loaded from below (due to tangential frost heaving of the soil)
- when the plinth gets wet, frost expands the moisture and the plinth is destroyed.
Therefore, it is very important to choose the most durable material for the plinth.
The brick for the base must meet the main indicators: strength, the ability to absorb moisture and frost resistance.
Durability building material based on key indicators:
- Strength #8211 is determined by the compressive strength limits that the material can withstand before the failure phase begins. The bigger it is, the better, of course.
- Moisture Absorbency #8211 is defined as the ability of a material to absorb moisture until fully saturated. The lower the absorption rate, the better. A high rate of moisture absorption does not provide high frost resistance.
- Frost resistance #8211 is determined by calculating the number of freeze-thaw cycles that it can withstand before it begins to break down.
These three parameters are closely related.
Tool needed to determine the suitability of bricks for plinth construction, #8211 cold stores, moisture meters, scales, presses and others to test the basic characteristics of the material. Research is carried out in the factory. The manufacturer fixes the results in quality certificates.
Consider the main types of bricks that can be used for these purposes.
Clinker brick
Clinker brick is one of the elite materials, characterized by high performance strength and attractiveness.
Compared to facial ceramic and facade plaster, clinker has a lot of advantages. The main ones #8211 are reliability and durability. The ability to absorb moisture is 3-5% of the volumetric mass of the material.
The defining property of clinker as a building material is its high reliability. Not a single facade brick can compare with it in terms of its ability to protect the facade from adverse effects. environment.
Facade made of clinker bricks. does not change its original color and does not require any operational maintenance. Manufacturers producing this brand often give a guarantee on the material for more than 100 years from the date the building was put into operation.
As a material for the construction of the base, it can be recommended in the first place.
Acid-resistant analogue
Acid-resistant brick is resistant to aggressive environments and to physical influences and high temperatures. In addition, this type of brick is characterized by low water absorption.
This building material is not in vain considered eternal. It is able to withstand any natural and various aggressive influences. Acid-resistant brick has a very high strength. The level of moisture absorption is quite low.
It is produced from special raw materials. Its most basic components are special clay and dunite. Very careful processing of the material gives it resistance to aggressive environments and physical influences. It can be quite resistant to high temperatures.
Such material is produced only according to the state standard. Therefore, during the purchase, be sure to pay attention to this. Poorly made brick leads to a violation of both the health of people and damage to equipment. Harmful substances will be released into the environment.
The material is used where serious protection is needed. Acid-resistant brick can easily withstand both a small load of a small building and a high load. high-rise building.
silicate material
Silicate brick has high thermal conductivity and moisture absorption, has a high rate of sound insulation. Due to its high density, it can be used in buildings with a large load on load-bearing walls.
This type of building material is most often needed for the construction of walls. When building a plinth from silicate material, it is imperative to finish the outer surface. It has a relatively low cost and good construction qualities: the correct shape, accurate dimensions and the necessary strength. It is made from quartz sand and lime.
According to established standards, the ability of this building material to absorb moisture is from 8 to 16%.
When constructing the basement of a building, it can only be used if the climate is sufficiently dry. Under normal conditions with average rainfall, its use is not recommended.
Ceramic solid red brick
Ceramic brick is resistant to moisture, temperature extremes and frost.
A versatile material that is suitable for all kinds of construction work: the construction of foundations, partitions, walls. It can be used to make fireplaces and stoves. It is also applicable for laying the basement of the building.
Whatever material you choose, always consider how long you want your building to last. In construction, it is always better to do everything once with high quality and for a long time. Saving on this material is equivalent to building a castle in the sand. When destructive processes begin, you will need to rebuild the entire structure.
foundation plinth country house is the basis and support for load-bearing walls. Its main purpose is to protect the interior of the building from the flow of water and the penetration of cold air. Carefully selected brick for the basement of the foundation eliminates problems in subsequent operation.
The basement brick should not only be beautiful: strength and moisture resistance are no less important characteristics. Source it.decorexpro.com
Choosing the right brick for the basement
First of all, when figuring out which brick is best for the base, it is worth remembering that it must combine high strength, durability and decorative values.
These three main parameters are not the only ones. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to the indicators of frost resistance of bricks, its minimum water-absorbing capacity and resistance to deformation. And, of course, it is desirable to fit all this into a small budget.
Do not forget that the selected brick must match the design decision of the house and look beautiful.
Basement arrangement
When arranging the basement, it is very important to choose high-quality material, so the risk of shortening the life of the building is reduced. If a physical properties and the technical characteristics of the brick will be appropriate, more than one generation will live in the built house.
The layout of the basement is shown in the following figure:
Classic plinth on a strip foundation Source rekvartira.ru
For its reliable subsequent operation, the following recommendations must be observed during the arrangement:
The thickness of the plinth is determined based on the materials of the walls. For brickwork, you need a plinth with a base of at least 51 cm. If the walls of the house are made of timber, then a width of 25 cm is quite sufficient.
When laying a brick basement, a properly selected cement mortar is very important. A mixture with the following composition optimally meets all requirements: cement M200, sand and lime. You should adhere to the proportions 1:6.7:6.7. The mixture is brought to a pasty consistency.
The existing system for calculating materials allows you to prepare the right amount for arranging a brick base. For 1 m? the basement needs 400 bricks (250 × 120 × 65 mm in size) and 30 cm? cement-sand mixture
Properties that a brick for a basement should have
Considering all of the above, it is clear that a brick for building a basement must have the following properties:
increased compressive strength (from 200 MPa);
standard dimensions - 250x120x65 mm;
high environmental friendliness;
moisture resistance;
embossed surface.
The strength of the brick ensures the reliability and durability of the basement and the entire structure as a whole. Standard dimensions will ensure an even and attractive appearance of the basement and the entire building in particular.
In addition, the construction of the basement will be less labor-intensive. Absence harmful impurities in a brick will exclude harm to the residents of the house. The embossed surface of the brick perfectly adheres to the mortar and prevents the formation of cracks and cracks, and, accordingly, cold bridges.
Types of brick plinth
Brick plinth can be equipped in three different ways:
sinking;
bulging;
on the same level as the walls.
When arranging a sunken basement, its walls are somewhat thinner than the main walls of the building. A plinth of this type is carried out in case of need to protect the building from sedimentary water coming from above. Most often used in regions with high rainfall.
It looks like a sinking plinth - flowing down the walls rainwater falls immediately on the blind area Source plita.guru
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer foundation repair services. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
The protruding plinth is built with a greater wall thickness than the walls of the building. In most cases, such a base is equipped with additional protection against precipitation, for example, metal visors covering the ledge.
The protruding plinth is additionally protected by an ebb, which can simultaneously perform decorative functions. Source www.pinterest.ru
Which brick is suitable for the basement
If you follow the standards prescribed in clause 6.65 of the SNiP, then the usual solid red brick is universal for many regions, it is also called well-fired ceramic brick of plastic pressing. It is manufactured in accordance with GOST 7484-78 and TU and GOST 530-2007.
A solid brick with a high density has a mass of 3-4 kg. Its volumetric weight is 1500 - 1900 kg / m3. It is used when it is necessary to organize high rates of structural strength, sound insulation, thermal conductivity and heat capacity.
Despite the obvious positive characteristics of such a brick, there are more quality options, however, and they are much more expensive. It's about about clinker, fireclay and subspecies of clay bricks.
Clinker immediately stands out with obvious advantages:
water absorption (not more than 5%);
strength (from M250);
frost resistance (from F100);
increased wear resistance.
In some cases, a combined option is practiced, in which the laying of the basement is made of red brick, and its lining is carried out with clinker.
Clinker bricks are ideal in terms of wear resistance. Its front surface retains its original appearance for many years. In terms of characteristics, it is much superior to red brick, which, accordingly, directly affects the cost of clinker bricks. The high price is its disadvantage.
Fireclay bricks are also called refractory bricks. Accordingly, it has the following characteristics:
water absorption does not exceed 3%;
starting strength - M25;
increased acid resistance protects against aggressive environmental influences.
Well, fire resistance, which allows the product to withstand high temperature extremes. Summing up, we can safely say that the red solid brick of the M150-200 brand with frost resistance F35-50– best option for a plinth capable of reliably serving hundreds of years.
Clinker and fireclay bricks also meet all the requirements of a basement brick well, but are much more expensive.
Ordinary clay brick brand 150-250 is durable, frost-resistant and low price. Its significant drawback is a completely unpresentable appearance. The plinth laid out of it definitely needs to be finished.
The appearance of an ordinary clay brick can hardly be called presentable Source odkarla.cz
But the brick base can be additionally tiled Source utepleniedoma.com
Which brick can not be used for the base
Due to the high hygroscopicity, silicate brick is categorically not suitable for arranging the basement. The plinth erected from it will gradually collapse, since the silicate perfectly absorbs moisture from the ground and collapses from temperature changes.
In just a couple of years, the plinth will need overhaul. A collapsing basement, in turn, will lead to the destruction of the foundation and, accordingly, the building as a whole.
Silicate brick: beautiful, but not suitable for the plinth Source bricknews.ru
Plinth laying in stages
The process of arranging the basement is quite complex and responsible, requiring the participation of professionals. The plan of the brick basement is as follows:
from the 1st to the 4th row - masonry;
5 row - transverse wall;
6 row - brick layout;
7 row - filling the space with insulation.
Before proceeding with laying, it is necessary to correctly set the corners for the subsequent laying of the base. At the preliminary stage, the solution is not used. This row is set purely by level, since subsequent rows can no longer be shifted. After the first row is set, measure all sides, two diagonals and make sure that the structure is even. The evenness of the masonry must be perfect.
The largest allowable discrepancy should not exceed 2 cm. In this case, the discrepancy can still be corrected during further laying.
After the end of the measurements, they begin to equip the basement. It is laid out with bricks with a cement-sand mortar having the following proportions 3: 1: 1 (cleaned sand, cement, water).
The minimum width of the plinth is 380 mm. If the basement wall involves only bricklaying without insulation, the thickness is at least 500 mm. If the insulation is assumed to be foam, the thickness of the base is 380 mm.
When arranging the basement, the foundation should be 30-40 cm. This width provides a beautiful basement, of sufficient height, which allows you to equip a large room that can be equipped as a boiler room or utility room.
Video description
Clearly about the choice of brick for the construction of the base in the following video:
Conclusion
Summing up, we can say that before arranging the base, you need to make careful measurements, since the choice of materials largely depends on the expected maximum loads.
The best option is brick. It is warmer than concrete, which greatly improves the comfort of stay and reduces the cost of maintaining an optimal microclimate. Making a basement out of concrete is unprofitable from an economic point of view.
The basement is, in fact, that visible part of the building, which is based on the foundation and is a kind of transition from the base to the walls of the house. Obviously, in addition to the bearing capacity, that is, the inherent strength potential to withstand the entire load from the structures located above, the plinth must also endure all external influences, as it is located in perhaps the most vulnerable place. In this regard, any material from which this part of the building will be built requires a special approach when choosing, effective protection during operation.
The basement belt can be built from reinforced concrete, rubble stone, building blocks or bricks - all of these options require certain labor costs. A brick base on a strip foundation during the construction of a private house is often chosen from the considerations that such material is environmentally friendly (made from natural components), affordability, including price, simplicity, more precisely, the clarity of construction, low thermal conductivity and good strength characteristics (naturally, when choosing a quality brick).
In order for a brick base on a reinforced concrete base to turn out to be reliable and last for many years without requiring any repairs, the work on its construction must be performed in compliance with a number of rules. And let's start with what kind of brick can be used for these needs.
Materials for the construction of a brick base
What kind of brick is needed for the basement?
If it is planned to use a brick to raise the basement belt, then the first thing to do is to choose the “right” and high-quality material, since not everyone is suitable for laying out this part of the building.
Brick is made from various raw materials and according to different technologies, so products may differ in purpose. Some samples are suitable for internal partitions, others for external walls, others -, fourth - exclusively as a facing finish, and so on.
- Silicate bricks are usually not used in the construction of the basement, since the products do not have sufficient strength simply due to the specifics of the manufacturing technology and the materials used for this.
Silicate brick is widely used for the construction of internal and external walls and partitions, but it is not suitable for the basement, as it is not resistant to moisture. And something, something, but moisture in the area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation is always in excess.
- Ceramic brick can be called the most suitable material not only for the construction of the basement, but also for the construction or cladding of the outer walls of the house. AT industrial scale several varieties are produced, for example, building (ordinary) brick for building walls, and facing, which is well suited for decorative finishing of the basement and the higher surfaces of the facade.
Such a brick is made from specially selected varieties of clay and quartz sand, and in the process of high-temperature firing, it receives the necessary strength and protection from moisture.
- Red brick M-150 has a fairly high strength and quite reasonable price. However, there is a drawback - the porous structure of such a product easily absorbs moisture. Therefore, an unprotected brick quickly becomes wet, and at low temperatures it freezes and can crack, causing the supporting structure to be weakened. Such products are able to withstand 55÷60 winter cycles. In order to keep the material in a high-quality condition after the construction of the house, it is necessary (in addition to waterproofing and insulation) to provide for a protective finish of the basement walls - resistant cement plaster or facing tiles.
- The red brick M-250 is more reliable, since plastic grades of clay are used for manufacturing, which acquire the necessary qualities after properly firing, and stability finished products to external aggressive influences - incomparably higher, and the plinth may not even require a protective lining. Usually the laying of such bricks is made "under jointing". Such material is recommended to be used for the construction of building plinths in regions with high humidity.
The marking speaks of the strength of the product - it is according to it that the brick is selected for a particular application. Specifically, the numerical indicator indicates the permissible load that the brick can withstand without destruction (expressed in kilograms per square centimeter).
For example, a brick with the designation M-100 is intended for the construction of internal or external walls of small one-story houses, but for multi-storey structures or a basement belt, it will not work in any way. For these purposes, products marked M-200 and M-300 are mainly used, since such products are designed for high loads and pronounced resistance to moisture.
In addition to the strength grade, the brick differs in the frost resistance grade. It is denoted by the letter F and a numerical indicator that indicates the guaranteed number of deep freeze and thaw cycles that the material will withstand without losing its characteristics. Naturally, for the base, the higher this figure, the better.
Ceramic bricks differ in their size and structural structure.
According to the geometric dimensions, the brick is divided into ordinary single, one and a half and double - the linear parameters are shown in the illustration. (In this case, we are not talking about facing bricks - there are a lot of various domestic and foreign standards, as well as non-standard options in general).
In addition, ceramic bricks are divided into solid and hollow (hollow).
- A solid brick has a solid structure of the material, that is, an increased overall density, which leads to an increase in its thermal conductivity. It is highly durable, used for the construction of load-bearing structures of the house, including the basement, and for internal walls and partitions, but masonry from it will require more careful
- Hollow products are called products that have in their structure a different number of non-through or through holes of a rectangular or round shape. This type of brick has a lower thermal conductivity, so it is often used for building exterior walls. In addition, the overall density of such material is noticeably lower, which makes it possible to reduce the weight. building structures, facilitate the tasks of transportation and masonry.
Hollow ceramic bricks may be suitable for the construction of the basement of small one-story houses. But for taller buildings it is better to use full-bodied products, as they have a higher resistance to heavy loads.
By the way, it is always necessary to get acquainted with technical specifications purchased brick. Hollow products are also different - the percentage of "voidness" in them can vary from 12 ÷ 13% to 40-50%, respectively, the indicators also vary widely. permissible load. That is, you should choose the "golden mean" in order to obtain possible "preferences" from the reduced mass and thermal conductivity of the base, but at the same time - without losing the required compressive strength.
Calculation of the number of bricks
When planning the construction of the basement, taking into account its required thickness, length and height, the calculation of the number of bricks that will be required for these purposes is usually made. It is clear that it is advisable to perform such calculations in advance in order to include the data obtained in the estimate being drawn up and find out the amount required for the purchase of building material.
The thickness and height of the base, as a rule, are multiples of the linear dimensions of the brick. When calculating, it is necessary to take into account not only the above parameters, but also the thickness of the seams between the masonry bricks, which is usually 10 mm. That is, in order to calculate the number of bricks, taking into account the seams, it is necessary to add the thickness of the seam to the length, width and height of the product. As a result, for example, the following dimensions of a single ordinary brick will be obtained: 260 × 130 × 75 mm (this also includes the thickness of the reinforcing mesh layer, if used).
A few words on the thickness of the base. At brickwork usually they operate with concepts related to the multiplicity of whole bricks or their halves: “half a brick”, “brick”, “one and a half bricks”, etc. Knowing the linear parameters of the brick, adding the thickness of the seams to them, it is easy to get a "clean" value of the thickness of the masonry. However, this is well shown, with dimensions, in the illustration below.
a- "in half a brick." (In practice, when building plinths, half-brick masonry is usually not used - as it is too thin and unstable). Thickness (hereinafter - without exterior finish) - 120 mm
b- "in a brick." Thickness - 250 mm.
in- "one and a half bricks." Thickness - 380 mm.
G- "in two bricks." Thickness - 510 mm.
d- "in 2.5 bricks." Thickness - 640 mm.
Since there are other standard sizes of ordinary bricks (except for single - one and a half or double - in height), the calculation of the required amount can be made only after the type of material purchased has been determined.
The table below shows the average calculation of the number of bricks per 1 square meter masonry:
| Masonry thickness in "bricks" | Masonry thickness in mm | brick type | Number of bricks per 1 m² of masonry, pieces | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - without seams | - including seams | |||
| "In half a brick" | 120 | Single | 61 | 51 |
| One and a half | 45 | 39 | ||
| Double | 30 | 26 | ||
| "One Brick" | 250 | Single | 128 | 102 |
| One and a half | 95 | 78 | ||
| Double | 60 | 52 | ||
| "One and a half bricks" | 380 | Single | 189 | 153 |
| One and a half | 140 | 117 | ||
| Double | 90 | 78 | ||
| "In two bricks" | 510 | Single | 256 | 204 |
| One and a half | 190 | 156 | ||
| Double | 120 | 104 | ||
| "In two and a half bricks" | 640 | Single | 317 | 255 |
| One and a half | 235 | 195 | ||
| Double | 150 | 130 | ||
Most often, calculations are made individually for each specific building, taking into account all the parameters listed above. At the same time, it is recommended, after counting the bricks, to add a certain margin to the result, from 5 to 15%, depending on the degree of skill of the builder and the quality of the purchased material. Such a measure is usually taken with any building material: the stock never fits, but the shortage at the most unnecessary moment will slow down the work process.
Let's make it easier for the reader - below is a convenient online calculator that will quickly and accurately carry out the necessary calculations.