TTK. The device of overlappings from wooden beams with a shield roll. Interfloor ceiling on wooden beams: calculation of prefabricated loads and allowable deflection Skull bars for filing the ceiling between the beams
During the construction of private low-rise houses made of wood, concrete blocks or bricks, wooden floors are most often erected between floors. These structures, in comparison with alternative concrete slabs, have a number of advantages. Wooden floors do not overload the walls, during installation they do not require the involvement of lifting equipment. In addition, they have high strength, durability and reasonable price. Installation of such ceilings is quite simple, so many home craftsmen perform it on their own.
floor structure
The basis of the wooden floor is the beams that are held on load-bearing walls and serve as a kind of "foundation" for the rest of the structural elements. Since the beams during the operation of the floor will bear the entire load, special attention should be paid to their competent calculation.
For beams, massive or glued beams, logs, and sometimes boards (single or fastened in thickness with nails or staples) are usually used. For floors, it is desirable to use bars from conifers(pines, larches), which are characterized by high bending strength. Bars from hardwood work on bending much worse and can deform under load.
Draft boards (OSB, plywood) are fixed to the floor beams on both sides, on top of which the front cover is sewn. Sometimes the floor of the second floor is laid on logs, which are fixed on the beams.
It is worth remembering that the wooden floor from the side of the first floor will be the ceiling, and from the side of the second floor (attic, attic) - the floor. So upper part floors are sheathed with floor materials: grooved board, laminate, linoleum, carpet, etc. The lower part (ceiling) - clapboard, drywall, plastic panels, etc.
Due to the presence of beams, space is formed between the draft boards. It is used to give the overlap additional properties. Depending on the purpose of the second floor, heat-insulating or sound-proofing materials are laid between the floor beams, protected from moisture by waterproofing or vapor barrier.
In the event that the second floor is a non-residential attic that will not be heated, thermal insulation must be laid in the floor structure. For example, basalt wool (Rockwool, Parock), glass wool (Isover, Ursa), polystyrene, etc. A vapor barrier film (glassine, polyethylene and polypropylene films) is laid under the heat-insulating layer (from the side of the first heated floor).
If EPPS, which does not absorb water vapor, was used as thermal insulation, the vapor barrier film from the “pie” can be excluded. A layer of waterproofing film is laid on top of heat-insulating or sound-proof materials that absorb and can deteriorate from moisture. In the event that during the finishing the possibility of atmospheric moisture entering the attic was excluded, the insulation can not be protected by waterproofing.
If the second floor is planned as a heated and living space, then the “pie” of the floor does not need additional thermal insulation. However, in order to reduce the impact of noise that will occur when people move along the floor, a soundproof layer is laid between the beams (usually the usual heat-insulating materials are used).
For example, basalt wool (Rockwool, Parock), glass wool (Isover, Ursa), polystyrene foam, ZIPS sound-absorbing panels, soundproof membranes (Tecsound), etc. When using materials that can absorb water vapor (basalt wool, glass wool), a vapor barrier film is laid between the ground floor and the sound insulator, and waterproofing is placed over the sound insulator.
Fastening beams to the wall
Floor beams can be connected to walls in several ways.
in brick or log houses the ends of the beams lead into grooves ("nests"). If beams or logs are used, then the depth of the beams in the walls should be at least 150 mm, if the boards - at least 100 mm.
Parts of the beams in contact with the walls of the "nest" are waterproofed by wrapping them with two layers of roofing material. The ends of the beams are cut at 60 ° and left uninsulated to allow free "breathing" of the wood.
When inserting into a "nest", between the beam and the wall (on all sides), ventilation gaps of 30-50 mm are left, which are filled with thermal insulation (tow, mineral wool). The beam is supported on the base of the groove through an antiseptic and waterproofed wooden plank 30-40 mm thick. The sides of the groove can be covered with rubble or covered with cement mortar by 4-6 cm. Every fifth beam is additionally fastened to the wall with an anchor.
In wooden houses, beams are buried in the grooves of the walls by at least 70 mm. To prevent the appearance of squeaks, a waterproofing material is laid between the walls of the groove and the beam. In some cases, beams are cut into walls, making connections like " dovetail" etc.
Also, the beams can be fixed on the wall using metal supports - steel corners, clamps, brackets. They are connected to walls and beams with self-tapping screws or screws. This fastening option is the fastest and most technologically advanced, but less reliable than when beams are inserted into the grooves of the walls.
Calculation of floor beams
When planning the construction of the floor, first you need to calculate the design of its base, that is, the length of the beams, their number, the optimal section and the spacing. This will determine how safe your floor will be and what load it can withstand during operation.
Beam length
The length of the beams depends on the width of the span, as well as on the method of fastening the beams. If the beams are fixed on metal supports, their length will be equal to the width of the span. When embedded in the grooves of the walls, the length of the beams is calculated by summing up the span and the depth of inserting the two ends of the beam into the grooves.
Beam spacing
The distance between the axes of the beams is kept within 0.6-1 m.
Number of beams
The calculation of the number of beams is carried out as follows: they plan to place the extreme beams at a distance of at least 50 mm from the walls. The remaining beams are placed evenly in the span space, in accordance with the selected interval (pitch).
Beam section
Beams can have a rectangular, square, round, I-section. But the classic option is still a rectangle. Frequently used parameters: height - 140-240 mm, width - 50-160 mm.
The choice of the beam section depends on its planned load, the span width (on the short side of the room) and the spacing of the beams (step).
The load of the beam is calculated by summing the load of its own weight (for interfloor floors - 190-220 kg / m 2) with the temporary (operational) load (200 kg / m 2). Usually, for operating floors, the load is assumed to be 350-400 kg / m 2. For non-operated attic floors, you can take a smaller load, up to 200 kg / m 2. Special calculation is necessary if significant concentrated loads are expected (for example, from a massive bath, pool, boiler, etc.).
Beams are laid along a short span, the maximum width of which is 6 m. On a larger span, sagging of the beam is inevitable, which will lead to deformation of the structure. However, in this situation there is a way out. To support the beams on a wide span, columns and supports are installed.
The cross section of the beam directly depends on the width of the span. The larger the span, the more powerful (and durable) the beam must be chosen for overlapping. The ideal span for overlapping with beams is up to 4 m. If the spans are wider (up to 6 m), then non-standard beams with an increased cross section must be used. The height of such beams should be at least 1/20-1/25 of the span. For example, with a span of 5 m, beams with a height of 200-225 mm should be used with a thickness of 80-150 mm.
Of course, it is not necessary to independently perform beam calculations. You can use ready-made tables and diagrams that indicate the dependence of the dimensions of the beams on the perceived load and the width of the span.
After performing the calculations, you can proceed to the overlap device. Consider the whole technological process, starting with fixing the beams on the walls and ending with the finishing sheathing.
Wood flooring technology
Stage #1. Installation of floor beams
Most often, beams are installed with their introduction into the grooves of the walls. This option is possible when the installation of the floor is carried out at the stage of building a house.
The installation process in this case is as follows:
1. Beams are covered with antiseptics and flame retardants. This is necessary to reduce the tendency of wooden structures to rot and ensure fire safety.
2. The ends of the beams are cut at an angle of 60 °, they are painted with bituminous mastic and wrapped with roofing material in 2 layers (for waterproofing). In this case, the end should remain open, for the free exit of water vapor through it.
3. Installation begins with the installation of two extreme beams, which are placed at a distance of 50 mm from the walls (minimum).
The bars are inserted into the "nests" by 100-150 mm, leaving a ventilation gap between the wood and the walls of at least 30-50 mm.
4. To control the horizontalness of the beams, a long board is installed on their upper plane on the edge, and a bubble level is placed on top of it. To align the beams in level, wooden dies of different thicknesses are used, which are placed in the lower part of the groove on the wall. Dies must first be treated with bituminous mastic and dried.
5. To eliminate the creaking of the beam and block the access of cold air, the gap is filled with mineral insulation or tow.
6. On the laid control board lay out the rest, intermediate, beams. The technology for inserting them into the sockets of the walls is the same as for the installation of the extreme beams.
7. Every fifth beam is additionally fixed to the wall with an anchor.
When the house is already built, it is easier to install floor beams using metal supports. In this case, the installation process is as follows:
1. Beams are impregnated with flame retardants and antiseptics.
2. On the walls, at the same level, in accordance with the calculated step of the beams, fix the supports (corners, clamps, brackets). Fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws or screws, screwing them into the holes of the supports.
3. Beams are laid on supports and fixed with self-tapping screws.
Stage #2. Attachment of cranial bars (if necessary)
If it is more convenient to lay the “pie” of the floor structure from above, that is, from the side of the second floor, cranial bars with a section of 50x50 mm are stuffed along the edges of the beams on both sides. The bottom of the bars should be flush with the surface of the beams. The cranial bars are necessary in order to lay the rolling boards on them, which are the rough basis for the ceiling.
You can do without cranial bars if you hem the boards from the bottom, from the side of the first floor. In this case, they can be fastened directly to the beams using self-tapping screws (nails are not suitable, as they are difficult to drive vertically into the ceiling).
Stage #3. Fastening boards for the rough base of the ceiling
When mounting from the side of the second floor, roll-up boards are fixed to the cranial bars with nails or self-tapping screws (it is possible to use OSB, plywood).
When fastening the roll from the side of the first floor, the boards are fixed on the beams from below with the help of self-tapping screws. If necessary, lay a thick layer of insulation or soundproof material between the beams; the option of filing boards from below is preferable. The fact is that the cranial bars "eat up" part of the inter-beam space, and without their use, the thickness of the ceiling can be completely laid with insulating material.
Stage #4. Vapor barrier installation (if necessary)
The vapor barrier is laid in the floor structure in front of the insulation (which can also act as a sound insulator), if there is a risk of steam entering it or condensation. This happens if the overlap is arranged between floors, the first of which is heated, and the second is not. For example, an unheated attic or attic is being built above the first residential floor. Also, steam can penetrate into the floor insulation from damp rooms on the ground floor, for example, from the kitchen, bathroom, pool, etc.
The vapor barrier film is laid on top of the floor beams. The canvases are overlapped, leading the edges of the previous canvas to the next by 10 cm. The joints are glued with construction tape.
Stage #5. Thermal or sound insulation device
Between the beams, slab or roll heat or sound insulators are laid on top. Cracks and voids must be avoided, materials must fit snugly against the beams. For the same reason, it is undesirable to use trimmings that have to be joined together.
To reduce the occurrence of impact noise in the ceiling (with a residential upper floor), sound insulator strips with a minimum thickness of 5.5 mm are laid on the upper surface of the beams.
Stage #6. Laying waterproofing film
A waterproofing film is laid on top of the heat or sound insulating layer. It serves to prevent the penetration of moisture from the upper floor into the insulating material. If the upper floor is non-residential, that is, no one will wash the floors there and the penetration of atmospheric moisture will also be excluded, the waterproofing film can not be used.
The waterproofing film is laid in sheets, overlapping by 10 cm. The joints are glued with adhesive tape to prevent moisture from penetrating into the structure.
Stage #7. Fixing boards (plywood, OSB) for the subfloor
A draft base for the floor of the second floor is sewn along the beams from above. You can use ordinary boards, OSB or thick plywood. Fastening is carried out using self-tapping screws or nails.
Stage #8. Sheathing of the ceiling from below and from above with finishing coatings
On top of the draft base from the bottom and top of the floor, you can lay any suitable materials. On the upper side of the ceiling, that is, on the floor of the second floor, coatings of laminate, parquet, carpet, linoleum, etc. are arranged. When arranging the floor of a non-residential attic, draft boards can be left without sheathing.
On the lower surface of the ceiling, which serves as the ceiling for the first floor, ceiling materials are sewn: wooden lining, plastic panels, drywall constructions etc.
Operation of floors
If beams with a large margin of safety were used in the structure, laid with a small step, then such an overlap will not need to be repaired for a long time. But still, you need to check the beams for strength regularly!
If the beams are damaged by insects or as a result of waterlogging, they are strengthened. To do this, the weakened beam is removed, replaced with a new one, or reinforced with durable boards.
There are two options for arranging wooden floors: on beams and on logs. The choice of one or another method of performing work depends on the individual characteristics of the premises and the preferences of its owners. Among the advantages of floors made on beams, it should be noted high level their strength and low cost of work. How to build floors on wooden beams, we will consider further.
Floor construction on wooden beams: performing calculations
The use of wooden beams, in comparison with reinforced concrete, is distinguished primarily by a more affordable cost and ease of work. In addition, the floor has almost the same strength characteristics. The use of wooden structures helps to reduce the overall weight of the house and its load on the foundation base.
Among the advantages of floor beams in wooden house, note:
- high resistance and rigidity before loads;
- light weight compared to concrete beams;
- affordable cost;
- the possibility of self-assembly, without specialized technical equipment.
For arranging the floor on wooden beams, specialized equipment is not required, since several people are enough to lay the balls. The main load-bearing element of the structure is a wooden beam. It has the shape of a wooden beam, the height of which is from ten to thirty centimeters, and the thickness is from seven to twenty centimeters. The optimal beam laying step ranges from 65-100 cm. To determine the beam cross section, one should take into account the individual characteristics of the room, the load and weight of the building, the span length and other important factors. Interconnected wooden boards mounted on the edge will help to replace the timber. The use of hewn logs will be the most economical option for arranging flooring.
In order to determine the cross section of a beam installed in a particular house, it is necessary first of all to determine the level of load that affects it. To determine the total load, the weight of the floor, the load from people and the fittings that will be installed on it are taken into account. General value the total load is four hundred kilograms per square meter. In relation to this value, the cross section and size of the beam is determined by the table:
If the span is about 4 m, then with an installation step of 65 cm, a 10x20 cm beam will be required. Please note that the length of the beam must be 15 cm longer on each side to ensure its installation in the wall. That is, to determine the length of the beam, add 30 cm to 400 cm, you get 4.3 m.
Correct calculation of wooden beams allows you to choose optimal size materials with which it will be possible to correctly distribute the load in the building.
Laying wooden beams is carried out in a direction parallel to each other. At the same time, the interval between the beams should be maintained in almost all areas, with the exception of chimneys and other structural elements of the ceiling. The interval for laying beams in a house made of wood is about one meter. If the house is built frame technology, then this distance is reduced to 50 cm. If given value increases in relation to design features building, then between the beams is installed additional element improving their bearing capacity.
If there is no place for fastening the beam in the area close to the stairwell, it should be arranged here additional design in the form of a wooden crossbar. It will become a place for installing beams. At the same time, the beams can be installed directly on the crossbar or in it. In order for the beams to easily withstand the loads placed on them, the following requirements must be observed:
- the optimum height of the beams will be at least one twenty-fourth of its length;
- the width of the beam should be at least half of its height;
- if the beam is installed in the attic, then a width of one third of its height is sufficient.
With the help of this ratio it is possible to choose best option beams for arranging floors. If the installation of beams is carried out in a section of the mounting grooves, then the size of the beams should increase slightly. In order to reduce the thickness of the beam, if the overlap is quite long, support posts are installed between them.
If the installation of beams is carried out in outbuildings, garages, change houses or other non-residential premises, the average load level decreases and ranges from 100 to 300 kg per square meter. At the same time, the cross section of the beams should also be reduced.
If you could not find the indicated size of the beams, then it is possible to construct them independently using ordinary boards. At the same time, they are stacked in a checkerboard pattern, connecting with each other with the help of nails.
With the further construction of the stove and chimney in the house, one should take into account the fact that the distance between it and the beam should not be less than thirty centimeters.
Overlapping the floor on wooden beams: features of the installation of beams
Fixing wooden beams is carried out directly on the wall. If the ceiling is arranged in the attic, then the beams are installed on the last crown of the wall, made of timber or logs.
A hole should be made in the wall, comparable in size to a beam. Before installation, the beam should be overlaid with tow. If there are too thin beams, they are installed into the wall by 10-15 cm. In this case, a special cutting method is used. It is possible to attach the beam using a connection called a dovetail.
This option is suitable for houses, which is also made of timber. To fix the beam in a house made of wood, a trapezoidal connection is used, and a clamp is installed for additional strength. In this case, the crossbar and the beam will be on the same level. by the most in a simple way installation of floor beams is the installation of cranial bars and fixing beams on them. In this case, the size of the bars will be about 5x5 cm.
If the house is made of a shield, then for laying the beam, you should equip a hole in the wall in the form of a nest. Each end of the beam is installed inside the holes. In this case, each nest for the beam must be at the same level. The optimal depth of the nest in this case is about 15-20 cm, and the width between the beam and the wall is about 1 cm. Each of the ends that is installed in the nest is lined with tow. This is followed by the process of processing the beam with an antiseptic solution. Thus, it will be possible to extend its life and protect the coating from mold and fungus.
It is possible to fix the tow with steel anchors. One end of the anchor is installed in the socket, and the other is fixed on the beam with screws, while the length of the beam is calculated so that it does not enter the wall and is different from the length of the ceiling.
If the house is made of brick, then the installation of wooden beams will also require the construction of nests. They are the supporting elements for holding the beams. Try to build nests as level as possible. In order to install the beams at the same level, you will need to level the bottom of the nests with a concrete mortar. After the concrete solution is completely dry, a roofing material or roofing felt is installed on its surface, which protects the tree from moisture.
In this case, the size of the nest is 6-10 cm more than the thickness of the beam. The gap between the wall and the wooden beam should be about three centimeters. The depth of the nest in this case is about 20-25 cm, while the beam is installed only 15 cm inside. The sections of wooden beams that are placed in the nest should be smeared with hot bitumen.
Then they are wrapped with roofing felt or glassine in two layers. After that, the rest of the beam is covered with a solution with antiseptic properties. After laying the beams in the nests, they should be poured with a concrete solution, for which crushed stone is used as a filler. Alignment of beams is carried out on the same level with the wall.
Overlapping the floor on wooden beams: features of the floor device
The rolling part of the ceiling is the ceiling on the rolling floor. There are several ways to lay out flooring. Most often, cranial bars are installed on the beam, the cross section of which is 4x4 or 5x5 cm. The cranial bars are installed in such a way that they are flush with the beam. Next, a wooden roll is laid on the surface of the bars in the form wooden planks, the thickness of which is from 10 to 20 cm. At the same time, there should be no gaps between the boards. A ready-made shield made of wood or ordinary plywood will help replace the boards. In order to equip a flat ceiling on the lower floor, drywall sheets or plywood are installed on top of the run.
With the help of another method of mounting the roll, it is possible to significantly increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe ceiling, if it is not large enough. Bars are installed on a wooden beam, with a section of 4x4 cm. A roll is laid on them, while its installation is carried out perpendicular to the beams. This is followed by the installation of filing in the form of boards, the thickness of which is the same as that of the previously installed bars.
In addition, a bar with a thickness of 6 cm or more is also used to make a roll. Cranial bars are installed on the beam, the cross section of which is 4x4 or 5x5 cm. This is followed by the process of laying the bar, At the same time, they are connected by a quarter method using a cut groove in the bar . The thickness of the beam depends on the height of the beams, they must be located on the same level. In this case, the beam performs the function of both rolling and filing. In addition, the manufacture of a mounting groove inside the beam will help replace the cranial bars. In some cases, the lower part of the beams is left open and unfinished. This method relevant when used indoors country style.
Floor installation on wooden beams: technology for performing work
This is followed by the process of arranging the floor on wooden beams. To begin with, bars are installed on each of the beams, in relation to which the flooring surface is formed. This stage involves the implementation of the adjustment of the floor and the construction of a rough coating. Therefore, it is allowed to use an unplaned board in the work, however, it must be covered with protective materials and impregnations.
The next step is waterproofing the flooring. The best option is to use a clay-sand mortar, which has the consistency of putty. Another option for performing waterproofing work is the use of roofing material. With it, it is possible to provide high-quality waterproofing, which does not take up much space. After that, the process of providing thermal insulation follows. The most popular materials for carrying out these works are the use of:
- slag, poured between the bars;
- mineral wool;
- polystyrene;
- non-polystyrene;
- sawdust or expanded clay.
The most popular floor insulation for wooden beams is mineral wool. It has high thermal insulation capabilities, has a long service life, is resistant to rodents and is quite antiseptic.
Mineral wool is installed in such a way that it fits snugly against the floor surface. After that, a vapor barrier is installed, since this material is not resistant to moisture, which can get on it through a wooden floor.
Further actions are related to the arrangement of the finishing flooring. It is possible to install it directly on the beams, but it is best to pre-install the system from the log. Thus, firstly, additional space and ventilation will be arranged under the flooring, and secondly, the noise level emitted by the wooden floor will be significantly reduced.
In addition, it is possible to build a wooden floor of a floating type. The warm floor on wooden beams is distinguished by the presence of rigid fixation to the surface of the walls. In addition, it has excellent soundproofing characteristics and a low level of creaking. As a finishing material for arranging a concrete floor on wooden beams, a planed floorboard, chipboard, laminate, parquet board or linoleum.
The cranial bar is a material that is fixed on the side face of a wooden beam, as a result of which floor panels rest on it. It is used in both civil and residential buildings, while it is important to observe that the cranial and wooden beam were in the same plane.
To fasten the bars, nails of a certain diameter are used. At the same time, they must be hammered at a certain distance and in the center of the bar.
The cranial bars are a kind of supporting structure, to which all kinds of Decoration Materials, for example, a lathing of walls, or a lathing used for laying a tiled roof. It is also possible to use them in a frame wooden fence. The price of this material varies from 15,000 per 1m 3.
Beam production
In most cases, the beam is made of pine, with the help of a special machine it is processed from all sides. The most common dimensions of the cranial bar are 40x50 mm.
Its production is carried out in two main ways:
- Standard edged method - production is carried out from wood of normal humidity;
- Dry planed method - involves the manufacture of timber from wood with a moisture content of 8-10%. It is first dried with a special drying chamber where all bacteria die.
Important!
Before use, the bar must be treated with a bioprotective agent - this can significantly increase its operational life.Calculator
A simple calculator for calculating the required amount of timber looks like this:
Wall length
m
Wall width
m
Wall height
m
Bar section
150x150 mm. 180x180 mm. 200x200 mm.
Beam length
5 m 6 m 7 m 8 m 9 m 10 m 11 m 12 m
Floor device
The cranial bar is quite widely used in the process of constructing a "rough" floor. The bars are attached to the floor joists and subsequently they serve as a support for it. This is the easiest and fastest way.
Main elements
Basement or floor, consist of the following elements:
- Beams - runs that rely on the basement strapping, or on the crown crown (in log cabins);
- Logs - beams laid across the runs;
- "Black" floor (rewind);
- Backfill - insulation;
- Clean floor.
The main load-bearing element of the floor are the girders, they provide the required structural rigidity.
Floor logs - beams with cranial bars
Important!
The overlap must withstand a load of about 200 kgf per 1 m 2 of surface (in addition to its own weight, which is approximately 60 kgf per 1 m 2).
If this condition is met, the operation of the building is allowed.Flooring device
- For this, a material with a thickness of 5-8 cm is used, if a greater thickness is required, then double products are taken, however, it is allowed to use a solid beam, or a log cut with at least one edging;
- Cranial bars 4x4 cm are fixed on the bottom of the beam-run. This is done in order to support the roll, on which it will subsequently be laid;
- If the log is being hewn for use as a beam, it is advisable to cut out the cranial profile at once as well;
- The girders were cut into the crown or laid on the plinth, their horizontalness (using a hydraulic level) and flatness (using a cord stretched over the outer girders or a long rail) was checked. As a result, the top edges of all beams must be in the same plane (horizontal);
- Now it is necessary to lay a roll over the cranial bars. As a reel, a slab or board is perfect;
- Then glassine is laid on top of the roll as follows, and its edges should be bent vertically upwards so that it can be nailed to the beams without problems;
- If the runs are located quite densely, it is allowed to lay the floor boards directly on them, after installing the insulation and the top layer of glassine;
- If the runs are more than 1.2 m apart, then logs from a bar (50x80 or 50x100 mm) are laid across the beams in increments of approximately 0.6-1.2 m. In this case, the logs will act as a support for the boards clean floor.
Laying the floorboard
Installation instructions:
- At the wall across the lag, an extreme board is nailed. After that, 6-8 boards are laid, squeezed out (rallyed) along the length of the board in 2-3 places. Thus, the maximum adjoining of boards to each other is provided. Further, with the help of nails, the boards are nailed into each log, and the spin is removed. Then the operation must be repeated;
- There are various methods for rallying the structure. The simplest is with the help of building brackets. These devices are driven into the logs, after which two wedges are driven in between the extreme board and the bracket (the gasket and the working wedge are made of birch);
- Instead of wedges, you can support the board on staples, and wring out with a vertical lever. Special wedge clamps or tee brackets are much more convenient.
In addition, there are tension devices that are used in mass construction. Unlike wedges, they are much more efficient (it takes less time to spin). A jack (not hydraulic) is perfect as a wringing mechanism.
Attic floor installation
The device of the attic floor is carried out similarly to the basement:
- Run-beams are cut into the crown of the log house at the required height. In the case of a frame structure, they rest on a horizontally located board (width - 100 mm, thickness - 50 mm), cut into the vertical posts flat flush;
- After that, the ceiling is hemmed from below along the cranial bars. On top of the lags, the floor of the second floor or attic is being installed. If the use of the attic floor is not provided, then, as a rule, the floor is not laid.
Results
Summing up, it should be noted that at present the bulk of people during the construction country houses uses not a brick, but a tree, wooden structures made of timber are especially popular. The video in this article will help to consider in more detail the technology of laying tile bars.
The structure of the floors and the materials used for their construction are fully dependent on the design of the building. In buildings of frame or frame-panel construction, the floors are made of wood, since the frame of the house is not designed for heavier loads. Here we can say with confidence that the ceiling is also a fence, with the only difference being that it is located in a horizontal plane. Despite this, the order of installation of the ceiling is somewhat different from the wall structures.
The supporting basis of the wooden floor frame is the ceiling beams, which are included in the scheme power frame building. They perceive the load of their own weight, filling, as well as operational loads, transferring them to runs or poles.
:
A - attic floor with a "black" ceiling; B - attic with a hemmed plank ceiling and running deck; B - interfloor overlap without sound insulation; G - overlap with increased sound insulation; D - basement with plank filing;
1 - a layer of thermal insulation; 2 - layer of vapor barrier; 3 - "black" ceiling; 4 - filing; 5 - running flooring; 6 - floor; 7 - beam; 8 - dry filling; 9 - bedding; 10 - elastic lining; 11 - cranial bar
:
1 - beams; 2 - run; 3 - bolt; 4 - spike; 5 - stripes; 6 - pillar; 7 - pillow
For the installation of floors, beams are selected whose bearing capacity meets the requirements. Beams are made of round timber, processed into four edges, timber or boards 60-80 mm thick, installed on the edge. It is allowed to use paired boards with a thickness of 50 mm, which are "sewn" together with nails or metal staples. It is even better if you form an I-beam or a box structure from boards. For large spans, the middle part of the beams is supported on internal walls or intermediate posts. In any case, the choice of load-bearing beams is influenced by the magnitude of the loads. Permissible sections of beams of interfloor and attic floors, depending on the span, at a load of 400 kg per 1 m 2.
| Permissible sections of beams of interfloor and attic floors, depending on the span at a load of 400 kg per 1 m2 | |||
| Span, m | Distance between beams, m | Log diameter, cm | Cross section of bars, cm |
| 2 | 1 | 13 | 12*8 |
| 0,6 | 11 | 10*7 | |
| 2,5 | 1 | 15 | 14*10 |
| 0,6 | 13 | 12*8 | |
| 3 | 1 | 17 | 16*11 |
| 0,6 | 14 | 14*9 | |
| 4 | 1 | 21 | 20*12 |
| 0,6 | 17 | 16*12 | |
| 4,5 | 1 | 22 | 22*14 |
| 0,6 | 19 | 18*12 | |
| 5 | 1 | 24 | 22*16 |
| 0,6 | 20 | 18*14 | |
| 5,5 | 1 | 25 | 24*16 |
| 0,6 | 21 | 20*14 | |
| 6 | 1 | 27 | 25*18 |
| 0,6 | 23 | 22*14 | |
| 6,5 | 1 | 29 | 25*20 |
| 0,6 | 25 | 32*15 | |
| 7 | 1 | 31 | 27*20 |
| 0,6 | 27 | 26*15 | |
The loads on the floors are made up of their own mass and temporary loads that arise during the operation of the house. The own weight of interfloor wooden floors depends on the design of the floor, the insulation used and is usually 220-230 kg / m2, attic - depending on the weight of the insulation is 250-300 kg / m2. Temporary loads on the attic floor are taken as 100 kg / m2, on the interfloor - 200 kg / m2. In order to determine the total load that falls on one square meter of overlap during the operation of the house, the temporary and own loads are added up, and their sum is the desired value. Depending on the bearing capacity of the beams, the length of their span and the magnitude of the operational loads, the distance between the beams is chosen, which usually lies in the range of 0.5-1m.
:
1 - drywall sheets; 2 - floor shield made of tongue-and-groove boards; 3 - waterproofing layer; 4 - sound insulation layer; 5 - beam; 6 - lag; 7 - floor boards; 8 - cranial bars beams
A flat flooring is suitable for non-residential premises, since the sound-absorbing and heat-insulating properties of such a floor are quite low. The essence of the overlap is that a flooring made of boards is sewn between the load-bearing beams, which serves as the floor of the attic. Hemmed overlap is most often used in country houses attic type, which are operated seasonally, and there are no high requirements for the thermal insulation properties of the floor. The essence of the overlap is that on both sides of the beams, a flooring of tongue-and-groove boards is attached. The sound-absorbing layer is laid directly on the boards of the lower filing. The lower floor serves as the ceiling of the lower floor, and the upper one serves as the floor of the attic. In cases where the lower flooring, which serves as the ceiling of the first floor, is planned to be plastered, then the boards should be taken without grooves and a gap should be left between them. So that cracks do not form in the floorboards when the plaster dries and they do not warp, they make punctures along the entire length, into which wooden wedges are hammered. Plastering hemmed ceilings on shreds.
Rice. 112.:
A - with insulation: 1 - beams; 2 - cranial bars; 3 - black floor; 4 - glassine; 5 - insulation; 6 - glassine; 7 - floor boards;
B - rolling on cranial bars with sound insulation: 1 - beams; 2 - cranial bars; 3 - filing the ceiling; 4 - roll-over shields; 5 - sound insulation; 6 - glassine; 7 - floor boards;
B - rolling on beams without cranial bars: 1 - beams; 2 - boardwalk; 3 - glassine; 4 - insulation; 5 - draft floor; 6 - finishing floor
:
A - from scraps; B - from bars; B - with reinforcement with metal brackets; G - using longitudinal samples
Backfill on the boards of the lower flooring can tear off the boards from the beams, so its weight is limited. When constructing such ceilings, it is possible to use backfilling only with a low bulk density (sawdust, husks, etc.). Ceilings with a rolling device are built for residential buildings when the requirements for the insulating properties of the building envelope are increased. This type of ceiling more fully meets the soundproofing and heat-saving requirements. To do this, a reel is installed along the load-bearing beams, which serves to absorb the load from the insulating layer and to transfer it to the beam. Rolls can be in the form of shields assembled from longitudinal or transverse boards. The shields rest on holes (cranial bars) nailed to the side faces of the beams. Installation of the ceiling begins with the installation of load-bearing beams. Wooden beams are laid, as a rule, along a short section of the span, as parallel as possible to each other and with the same distance between them. In this case, the distance between the beams must correspond to the distance between the load-bearing posts of the load-bearing frame of the walls. The beams are laid in the "lighthouse" way - first, the outer beams are installed, and then the intermediate ones. The correctness of the position of the extreme beams is verified with a level or spirit level, and the correctness of the intermediate ones is checked with a rail and a template. Beams should not have flaws that affect their strength characteristics (a large number of knots, slanting, graininess, etc.). Beams are subject to mandatory antiseptic and fire impregnation.
:
1 - plinth; 2 - beam (60x180 mm); 3 - grooved floorboards (40 mm); 4 - filling with expanded clay; 5 - a layer of roofing felt or roofing material; 6 - rolling from boards (25 mm); 7 - cranial bar (50x50 mm); 8 - tarred board (200x50 mm); 9 - drain board (200x50 mm); 10 - waterproofing (2 layers of roofing material on hot bituminous mastic); 11 - tarred board 100x40 mm; 12 - flooring from boards 30 mm thick; 13 - filing from boards (25 mm); 14 - grooved boards (30 mm); 15 - logs 80x40 mm through 400 mm; 16 - gasket 25 mm thick every 500 mm; 17 - a layer of cement-sand mortar with a thickness of 20-50 mm; 18 - boardwalk (40 mm)
The floor beams are cut into the bars of the upper strapping of the wall frame above the supporting racks of the frame (Fig. 114). The ends of the beams are brought out of the wall to form a cornice overhang, which will protect the walls from atmospheric precipitation. The cranial bars are nailed to the sides of the beams, aligning their lower part in the same plane with the beams. To do this, they usually take bars with a section of 40x40 or 40x50 mm from coniferous wood. The fastening of the cranial bars must be secure enough to support the weight of the insulating backfill. Instead of cranial bars, you can nail angle steel, on one of the shelves of which roll-up shields are installed. As a reel, you can use single-layer shields made of bakelized plywood, boards, slabs, fiberboard, gypsum slag and other sheet materials that can withstand the weight of the backfill, etc. The reel plates are tightly fitted one to the other. Most often, a quarter is chosen at the ends of the underlying boards so that their lower surface is in the same plane as the surface of the beam. When constructing rolling and flooring, it should be remembered that the more wooden elements there are in the ceiling, the more likely they are to vibrate under load, which becomes an additional source of noise. To reduce this probability, it is advisable to connect all the elements of rolling and flooring into a sheet pile.
On the reel, a layer of roofing paper or glassine is laid, on which they are laid thermal insulation material: mineral wool, granular slag, perlite, expanded clay or another type of insulation, the properties of which we have already considered. When insulating the attic floor, porous bulk materials (slag, expanded clay, etc.) are treated on top with a liquid sand-lime mortar to form a crust. The crust will serve as a protective layer against dust. The type of insulation and its thickness are determined depending on the estimated outside air temperature, using table 20 for this.
| Table 20. Attic floor backfill thickness depending on the outdoor temperature | ||||
| Material | Volume weight, kg/m3 | Backfill thickness (mm) at outdoor temperature, °C | ||
| -15 | -20 | -25 | ||
| sawdust | 250 | 50 | 50 | 60 |
| Wood shavings | 300 | 60 | 70 | 80 |
| Agloporite | 800 | 100 | 120 | 140 |
| Boiler slag | 1000 | 130 | 160 | 190 |
The ceiling is hemmed with boards, sheet materials (fiberboard, chipboard, drywall) or one of the types of decorative panels entering the modern distribution network. Binder drywall sheets increases the fire resistance of the structure. The top flooring is best done double. First, boards 20 mm thick are laid, cardboard is laid on them, and only after that the floor of the second floor is laid. In attics that are not supposed to be used, the top flooring may not be performed. Instead, boards are installed in the places of the alleged emergency passage. Such flooring is called walk-through boards.
The disadvantages of all wooden floors include their increased sensitivity to operating conditions. This is especially evident in the basement ceilings. The fact is that any structure of overlapping with the floor has, to one degree or another, vapor impermeability. Therefore, with appropriate air humidity and a sufficient temperature difference inside the house and outside, vapor condensation begins. Vapors condensing on wooden structures, cause them to saturate with moisture and become the cause of rotting of the wood. To eliminate this, in the basement of the house they arrange ventilation for underground ventilation or equip special ventilation wells.
Particular attention should be paid to wooden floors in rooms with possible moisture (bathrooms, bathrooms, etc.). In such premises, it is better to perform ceilings with a waterproofing layer, the ends of which rise up to a height of at least 100 mm. Can be installed on the floor drain ladder through which spilled water will be spontaneously removed. Beams from below should not be closed, as the lack of ventilation can lead to the formation of dampness and mold. The absence of a bottom binder will make it possible to control the state of the overlap.
TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)
DEVICE OF FLOORS FROM WOODEN BEAMS WITH SHIELD ROLLING
I. SCOPE OF THE MAP
The technological map was developed for the installation of an interfloor ceiling consisting of wooden beams with a shield roll of 30 m2 in a wooden two-story building.
Rice. 1. Details of interfloor overlap with shield roll
a - beam support unit on the wall; b - cross section of the floor;
1 - plinth; 2 - floor; 3 - lag; 4 - beam; 5 - backfill or mineral wool; 6 - clay lubricant or roofing layer; 7 - shield reel; 8 - cranial bar; 9 - bar for fixing the beam; 10 - insulation.
The map provides for the performance of work using a light mobile crane MBTK-2.
Rice. 2. Installation of the ceiling
1 - pipe valve MBTK-2; 2 - beam with cranial bars; 3 - mounting tables; 4 - installation of beams on the first plot
When linking the map to specific repair conditions, the scope of work, the scheme of mechanization, the calculation of labor costs, the schedule for the process, and technical and economic indicators are specified.
II. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Labor intensity for the entire scope of work:
normative 8.1 man-days
accepted 7.3 man-days
Labor intensity per 100 m of overlap:
normative 27.1 man-days
accepted 24.4 man-days
Average output per worker per shift:
normative 3.7 m overlap
assumed 4.1 m overlap
III. TECHNOLOGY OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. Prior to the commencement of work on the installation of the floor, the following must be performed:
a) disassembly of the roof over the area where the replacement of floors is carried out;
b) dismantling of old floors (with the preservation of old beams through one);
c) replacement of rotten wall crowns;
d) dismantling or hanging partitions.
Rice. 3. Wooden beams with cranial bars for floors
a - general view;
b, c - cross-sections of beams of the BD and BO type (dimensions in mm);
1 - fastening the bars to the beam
3. The overlap device is made in the following order:
a) install scaffolds from inventory elements on the floor of the first floor;
b) cut out the rotten sections of the crowns near the supports of the beams with a motorized or electric chain saw and close up the holes from the removed beams;
c) according to preliminary marking, they are cut down and cut into outer wall rectangular sockets for supporting new beams; in the middle wall cut through nests.
In some cases, in the absence of a middle wall, through nests are cut out in one of the outer walls. The width of the through nest should be 5 cm larger than the corresponding size of the section of the beams;
d) the ends of the beams before laying, except for the ends, are coated with resin and wrapped with antiseptic felt;
e) beams are fed to the place of decline with the help of a crane, one end is inserted into a through nest, the other end is lowered and pushed into a nest in the opposite wall; in a through nest, the beam is firmly fixed by: driving wedges; the horizontal laying of the beams is checked by a level; the gaps between the end of the beam and the walls of the nest are tightly clogged with tow. The beams are supported when bypassing the chimneys using crossbars and metal pockets suspended from the beams.
Rice. 4. Supporting beams on crossbars
f) as new beams are laid, the beams left temporarily to ensure the rigidity of the building are removed, replacing them with new ones as well;
g) the laying of the roll-over shields is carried out after the laying of the beams from the temporary flooring from the boards laid along the beams;
h) after laying the reel, a layer of roofing is laid and the ceiling is backfilled with calcined sand (slag, expanded clay). Backfilling of bulk materials is carried out using containers with a capacity of 0.5 m3 with an opening bottom;
i) bulk materials delivered to a newly constructed wooden floor must be carefully leveled with a layer in thickness in accordance with the design decision
4. When performing work, the following must be observed safety regulations:
a) access to the premises where work is carried out must be closed;
b) floors should not have unenclosed openings;
c) it is forbidden to overload the floors with construction debris, materials from dismantling;
d) it is forbidden to work on the reel, as well as to put materials on the reel;
e) it is forbidden to stand on the ceiling lining after the roll has been removed.
5. Requirements for the quality of work
a) the work performed must comply with the project and not have deviations exceeding the following values:
in cross sections beams ±10 mm
in distances between beams ±10 mm
at the bottom faces of the beams:
per 1 m length 2 mm
for the whole room 10 mm
b) for the laid prefabricated structures, the acceptance commission must be presented with the manufacturer's passports.
IV. ORGANIZATION OF WORKERS' LABOR
1. The composition of the link of workers (3 people):
installers (carpenters):
5 digits - 1 2 digits - 1
3 digits - 1
2. Distribution of work between performers:
a carpenter of the 5th category marks the places for laying new beams, prepares beams and roll-up boards for laying in the ceiling, participates in laying beams and roll-up boards, lays an insulating layer;
a carpenter of the 6th category cuts holes and nests in the walls for laying beams (if old ones are not used), participates in laying beams and roll-up shields;
a carpenter of the 2nd category closes up holes from dismantled beams, participates in laying shields, arranges clay lubricant or spreads roofing, falls asleep insulation.
The work organization scheme is shown in fig. 5.
Rice. 5. Scheme of organization of work
1 - pipe valve MBTK-2; 2 - roll-over shields; 3 - beams; 4 - wooden beds for crane movement; 5 - insulation;
b - clay solution;
I-IV - successive stages of installation
V. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES
Table 1
|
Name |
Unit |
|||
|
Materials, semi-finished products, construction details and structures |
||||
|
Beams from bars of the third grade, beam length 4.5 m. |
||||
|
Roofing nails |
||||
|
Ready-made boards |
||||
|
Nails 90 mm |
||||
|
Machinery, equipment, mechanized tools, inventory and fixtures |
||||
|
Light mobile crane MBTK-2 |
||||
|
Motor saw "Friendship" |
||||
|
Nail hammers |
||||
|
Shovels |
||||
|
Containers with a capacity of 40 - 50 l |
||||
VI. Schedule of work on the installation of floors from wooden beams with shield rolling on an area of 30 m
table 2
|
Name of works |
Profession, and quantity |
Hourly work schedule |
|||||||||||||
|
Installation of inventory scaffolding |
|||||||||||||||
|
Laying wooden beams |
|||||||||||||||
|
Carpenters: 5 digits - 1 3 digits - 1 2 digits - 1 |
|||||||||||||||
|
Panel deck laying |
|||||||||||||||
|
Backfilling with screened slag |
|||||||||||||||
|
Scaffold dismantling |
|||||||||||||||
|
Total according to the norm |
|||||||||||||||
|
Adopted taking into account the overfulfillment of production standards by 16% |
VII. Calculation of labor costs for the installation of floors from wooden beams with shield rolling
Table 3
|
Base to the accepted ENiR standards |
Scope of work |
per unit measurement, |
Profession, and quantity |
Rate per unit measurement, rub.-cop. |
scope of work, |
Price labor costs scope of work, |
|||||
|
Laying wooden beams on chopped walls25,500,125 |
Carpenters: 3 digits - 1 2 digits - 1 |
||||||||||
|
Backfilling with sieved slag with lubrication |
|||||||||||
|
Seal holes from disassembled beams |
Carpenters: 5 digits - 1 3 digits - 1 2 digits - 2 |
||||||||||
|
Moving timber on the site at a given distance of 50 m |
Moving slag, roofing felt, resin on the site at a reduced distance of 50 m |
1 digit - 1 |
|||||||||