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What does relative mean. Moscow State University of Printing Arts. Definition of relative value

Types of absolute values

Types and relationships of relative values

The concept of absolute and relative magnitude in statistics

Studying mass social phenomena, statistics in its conclusions relies on numerical data obtained in specific conditions of place and time. The results of statistical observation are recorded primarily in the form of primary absolute values. The absolute value reflects the level of development of the phenomenon.

Absolute statistics show the volume, size, levels of various socio-economic phenomena and processes. They reflect the levels in physical terms of volume, weight, etc. In general, absolute statistics are named numbers. They always have a certain dimension and units of measure. The latter determine the essence of the absolute value.

natural- such units that reflect the size of objects, things in physical measures (weight, volume, area, etc.).

Cash (value)- are used to characterize many economic indicators in value terms.

Labor– used to determine labor costs (man-hour, man-day)

Conditionally natural- units that are used to bring together several varieties of use values ​​(t. c. t \u003d 29.3 MJ / kg; soap 40% fat).

Individual- reflect the size of quantitative traits in individual units of the studied population.

General- express the size, the magnitude of the quantitative characteristics of the entire studied population as a whole.

Absolute values ​​reflect the availability of certain resources, this is the basis of material accounting. They most objectively reflect the development of the economy.

Absolute values ​​are the basis for calculating various relative statistics.

Relative value in statistics- this is a generalizing indicator that gives a numerical measure of the ratio of two compared absolute values. Since many absolute values ​​are interrelated, relative values ​​of one type can in some cases be determined through relative values ​​of another type.

Denominator (base of comparison, base) is the value against which the comparison is made.

Comparable (reporting, current) value - is the value being compared.

The relative value shows how many times the compared value is greater or less than the base value, or what proportion the first is in relation to the second. In some cases, the relative value shows how many units of one value fall on the unit of another.

Important property– the relative value abstracts the differences in absolute values ​​and makes it possible to compare such phenomena, the absolute dimensions of which are not directly comparable.



The main condition for the correct calculation of the relative value is the comparability of the compared indicators and the presence of real links between the studied phenomena. Thus, according to the method of obtaining, relative indicators are always derivative values, defined in the form of coefficients, percent, ppm, decimille, etc. However, it must be remembered that these dimensionless indicators can, in fact, be assigned a specific, and sometimes quite complex, unit of measurement. Thus, for example, relative indicators of the natural movement of the population, such as birth or death rates, calculated in ppm (‰), show the number of births or deaths per year per 1,000 people of the average annual population; the relative value of the efficiency of using working time is the amount of production per one worked man-hour, etc.

General theory of statistics: lecture notes Nina Vladimirovna Konik

3. Relative statistics

Along with absolute values, one of the most important forms of generalizing indicators in statistics are relative values. In modern life, we are often faced with the need to compare and contrast any facts. Not just because there is a saying: "Everything is known in comparison." The results of any comparisons are expressed using relative values.

Relative values ​​are generalizing indicators that express the measure of quantitative ratios inherent in specific phenomena or statistical objects. When calculating a relative value, the ratio of two interrelated values ​​(mostly absolute) is taken, i.e., their ratio is measured, which is very important in statistical analysis. Relative values ​​are widely used in statistical research, as they allow comparison of various indicators and make such a comparison clear.

Relative values ​​are calculated as the ratio of two numbers. In this case, the numerator is called the compared value, and the denominator is called the base of the relative comparison. Depending on the nature of the phenomenon under study and the objectives of the study, the basic value can take on different values, which leads to different forms of expression of relative values. Relative quantities can be measured:

1) in coefficients; if the base of comparison is taken as 1, then the relative value is expressed as an integer or fractional number, showing how many times one value is greater than the other or what part of it is;

2) as a percentage, if the base of comparison is taken as 100;

3) in ppm, if the comparison base is taken as 1000;

4) in decimilles, if the base of comparison is taken as 10,000;

5) in named numbers (km, kg, ha), etc.

In each specific case, the choice of one or another form of relative value is determined by the objectives of the study and the socio-economic essence, the measure of which is the desired relative indicator. According to their content, relative values ​​are divided into the following types: fulfillment of contractual obligations; dynamics; structures; coordination; intensity; comparisons.

The relative value of contractual obligations is the ratio of the actual performance of the contract to the level stipulated by the contract:

This value reflects the extent to which the enterprise has fulfilled its contractual obligations and can be expressed as a number (whole or fractional) or as a percentage. At the same time, it is necessary that the numerator and denominator of the initial ratio correspond to the same contractual obligation.

Relative values ​​of dynamics- growth rates - are indicators that characterize the change in the magnitude of social phenomena over time. The relative magnitude of the dynamics shows the change in the same type of phenomena over a period of time. This value is calculated by comparing each subsequent period with the initial or previous one. In the first case, we obtain the basic values ​​of the dynamics, and in the second case, the chain values ​​of the dynamics. Both those and other values ​​are expressed either as coefficients or as percentages. The choice of the comparison base when calculating the relative values ​​of the dynamics, as well as other relative indicators, should be given special attention, since the practical value of the result obtained largely depends on this.

The relative values ​​of the structure characterize the constituent parts of the studied population. The relative value of the population is calculated by the formula:

The relative values ​​of the structure, commonly referred to as specific gravity, are calculated by dividing a certain part of the whole by the total, taken as 100%. This value has one feature - the sum of the relative values ​​of the studied population is always equal to 100% or 1 (depending on how it is expressed). Relative values ​​of the structure are used in the study of complex phenomena that fall into a number of groups or parts, to characterize the specific gravity (share) of each group in the overall total.

Relative values ​​of coordination characterize the ratio of individual parts of the population with one of them, taken as the basis for comparison. When determining this value, one of the parts of the whole is taken as the basis for comparison. With this value, you can observe the proportions between the components of the population. Indicators of coordination are, for example, the number of urban residents per 100 rural; the number of women per 100 men; Since the numerator and denominator of the relative values ​​of coordination have the same unit of measurement, these values ​​are expressed not in named numbers, but in percentages, ppm or multiple ratios.

Relative intensity values ​​are indicators that determine the prevalence of a given phenomenon in any environment. They are calculated as the ratio of the absolute value of a given phenomenon to the size of the environment in which it develops. Relative intensity values ​​are widely used in the practice of statistics. Examples of this value can be the ratio of the population to the area on which it lives, capital productivity, the provision of medical care to the population (the number of doctors per 10,000 population), the level of labor productivity (output per employee or per unit of working time), etc. .

Thus, the relative values ​​of intensity characterize the efficiency of the use of various kinds of resources (material, financial, labor), the social and cultural standard of living of the country's population, and many other aspects of public life.

Relative intensity values ​​are calculated by comparing oppositely named absolute values ​​that are in a certain relationship with each other, and unlike other types of relative values, they are usually named numbers and have the dimension of those absolute values ​​whose ratio they express. Nevertheless, in some cases, when the obtained calculation results are too small, they are multiplied for clarity by 1000 or 10,000, obtaining characteristics in ppm and decimille.

Of particular interest is a variety of relative intensity values ​​- gross domestic product per capita. Expanding this indicator in the context of industries or specific types of products, one can obtain the following relative intensity values: production of electricity, fuel, machinery, equipment, services, goods and other per capita.

Relative comparison values ​​are relative indicators resulting from a comparison of the same-name levels related to different objects or territories, taken over the same period or at one point in time. They are also calculated in coefficients or percentages and show how many times one comparable value is greater or less than another.

Relative comparison values ​​are widely used in the comparative evaluation of various performance indicators of individual enterprises, cities, regions, countries. In this case, for example, the results of the work of a particular enterprise are taken as a basis for comparison and are consistently correlated with the results of similar enterprises in other industries, regions, countries, etc.

In the statistical study of social phenomena, absolute and relative values ​​complement each other. If absolute values ​​characterize, as it were, the statics of phenomena, then relative values ​​make it possible to study the degree, dynamics, and intensity of the development of phenomena. For the correct application and use of absolute and relative values ​​in economic and statistical analysis, it is necessary:

1) take into account the specifics of phenomena when choosing and calculating one or another type of absolute and relative values ​​(since the quantitative side of the phenomena characterized by these values ​​is inextricably linked with their qualitative side);

2) to ensure the comparability of the compared and the basic absolute value in terms of the volume and composition of the phenomena they represent, the correctness of the methods for obtaining the absolute values ​​themselves;

3) complex use of relative and absolute values ​​in the analysis process and not separate them from each other (since the use of relative values ​​alone in isolation from absolute ones can lead to inaccurate and even erroneous conclusions).

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Absolute and relative values

These concepts act as key elements in statistical science. They are used to determine the quantitative characteristics, the dynamics of their change. Absolute and relative values ​​reflect different characteristics, but without one, others cannot exist. The former express the quantitative dimensions of this or that phenomenon, regardless of others. It is impossible to assess the ongoing changes and deviations from them. They express the volume and level of a process or phenomenon. Absolute values ​​are always named numbers. They have a dimension or unit of measure. They can be natural, labor, monetary and so on. For example, standard hours, pieces, thousand rubles. etc. Average and relative values, on the contrary, express the ratio of several exact dimensions. It can be established for several phenomena or for one, but taken in a different volume and in a different period. These elements act as a quotient of statistical numbers, which characterizes their quantitative ratio. To determine the relative values, you need to divide one size by another, taken as the base. The latter may be planned data, actual data from previous years or another enterprise, and so on. Relative can be expressed as a percentage (if the base is taken as 100) or coefficients (if the base is one).

Classification of statistical numbers

Absolute values ​​are presented in two types:

  1. Individual. They characterize the size of the trait in specific units. For example, it can be the amount of an employee's salary, a bank deposit, and so on. These dimensions are found directly in the course of statistical observation. They are recorded in the primary accounting documentation.
  2. Total. Values ​​of this type reflect the total indicator of the attribute for the totality of objects. These dimensions act as the sum of the number of units (the population size) or the volume of the varying characteristic.

Units

Natural absolute values ​​can be simple. These are, for example, tons, liters, rubles, pieces, kilometers. They can be complex, characterizing a combination of several quantities. For example, statistics use ton-kilometers to establish the freight turnover of railway transport, kilowatt-hours to estimate electricity production, and so on. Conditionally natural units are also used in research. For example, the tractor park can be converted into reference machines. Value units are used to characterize a heterogeneous product in terms of money. This form, in particular, is used in assessing the income of the population, gross output. Using value units, extras take into account the dynamics of prices over time, and overcome the disadvantage due to "comparable" or "constant" prices for the same period. Labor values ​​take into account the total cost of work, the complexity of certain operations that make up the technological cycle. They are expressed in etc.

Relative values

The main condition for their calculation is the comparability of units and the existence of a real connection between the phenomena under study. The value with which the comparison is carried out (the denominator in a fraction) acts, as a rule, as the base or base of the ratio. Depending on its choice, the result can be expressed in different fractions of a unit. It can be tenths, hundredths (percent), thousandths (10th part of% - ppm), ten thousandths (hundredth of% - decimille). Comparable units can be either the same or different. In the second case, their names are formed from the units used (c/ha, rub./person, etc.).

Types of relative values

Several types of these units are used in statistics. So, there is a relative value:

  1. structures.
  2. Planned task.
  3. intensity.
  4. Speakers.
  5. coordination.
  6. Comparisons.
  7. Degrees of economic development.

The relative value of the task expresses the ratio of what is planned for the upcoming period to what has actually developed for the current period. The plan unit is calculated in the same way. The relative size of the structure is a characteristic of the share of specific parts of the population under study in its total volume. Their calculation is carried out by dividing the number in individual parts by their total number (or volume). These units are expressed as percentages or simple multiples. For example, this is how the proportion of the urban population is calculated.

Dynamics

The relative value reflects in this case the ratio of the level of the object in a particular period to its status in the past tense. In other words, it is characterized by a change in a phenomenon over a period of time. The relative value characterizing the dynamics is called The choice of the base in the calculation is carried out depending on the purpose of the study.

Intensity

The relative value can reflect the degree of development of a phenomenon in a particular environment. In this case, we talk about intensity. Their calculation is carried out by comparing opposite quantities that are related to each other. They are set, as a rule, based on 1000, 100 and so on units of the study population. For example, per 100 hectares of land, per thousand people, and so on. These indicators of relative values ​​are named numbers. For example, this is how population density is calculated. It is expressed as the average number of citizens per square meter. km of territory. The characteristics of the degree of economic development serve as a subtype of such units. These, for example, include such types of relative values ​​as the level of GNP, GDP, VID, and so on. per capita. These characteristics play an important role in the analysis of the economic situation in the country.

Coordination

The value of relative values ​​can characterize the proportionality of the individual elements of the whole to each other. The calculation is carried out by dividing one part by another. Relative quantities in this case act as a subtype of units of intensity. The difference lies in the fact that they reflect the level of distribution of heterogeneous parts of the same population. The base can be one or another sign, depending on the goal. In this regard, for the same whole, several relative values ​​of coordination can be calculated.

Mapping

Relative comparison values ​​are units that are partial divisions of the same statistical features that act as characteristics for different objects, but refer to the same moment or period. For example, the ratio of the cost of a particular type of product produced by two enterprises, labor productivity for different industries, and so on is calculated.

Economic evaluation

In this study, absolute and relative units are actively used. The former are used to establish the ratio of reserves and expenses with sources of financing and evaluate the enterprise in terms of financial stability. Relative indicators reflect the structure of funds with the state of fixed and working capital. Economic evaluation uses horizontal analysis. The most generalizing absolute value that characterizes the financial stability of the company is the lack or excess of sources of financing costs and reserves. The calculation is made by subtraction. The result is the difference in the size of the sources (minus non-current assets), the means of which stocks are formed, and their number. The key elements in this are the following statistical units:

  1. Own current assets.
  2. General indicator of planned sources.
  3. Long-term borrowed and own funds.

Deterministic factorial research

This analysis is a specific technique for studying the impact of factors whose interaction with the results has a functional character. This study is conducted by creation and evaluation. Relative indicators are widely used in this analysis. In most cases, factor analysis uses multiplicative models. For example, profit can be expressed as the product of the quantity of goods and the unit cost. Part of the analysis in this case is carried out in 2 ways:

  1. implies a chain substitution. The change in the result due to the factor is calculated as the product of the deviation of the studied trait by the base of another according to the selected sequence.
  2. The relative difference method is used to measure the impact of factors on the increase in the result. It is used when there are previously calculated percentage deviations in the source data.

Time Series

They represent a change in the numerical indicators of social phenomena over time. One of the most important directions in this analysis is the study of the development of events for specific periods. Among them:

Conclusion

Undoubtedly, relative values ​​have a high scientific value. However, in practice they cannot be used in isolation. They are always in relationship with absolute indicators, expressing the ratio of the latter. If this is not taken into account, then it is impossible to accurately characterize the phenomena under study. Using relative values, you need to show what specific absolute units are hidden behind them. Otherwise, you can draw wrong conclusions. Only the complex use of relative and absolute values ​​can act as the most important means of information and analysis in the study of various phenomena occurring in socio-economic life. In general, the transition to the calculation of deviations makes it possible to compare the economic potential and the result of the activities of enterprises that differ significantly in terms of the amount of resources used or other characteristics. Relative values, in addition, can smooth out some processes (force majeure, inflation, and others) that can distort absolute units in financial statements.

Generalizing statistical indicators reflect the quantitative side of the studied set of social phenomena. They represent a statistical value expressed in the corresponding unit of measurement. Generalizing indicators characterize the volumes of the studied processes, their levels, ratio, etc.

The generalizing indicators reflect the results of cognition of the quantitative side of the studied phenomena.

Building statistical indicators This is one of the most important tasks of statistical science.

statistic is a quantitative characteristic of socio-economic processes and phenomena.

Statistical indicators have interrelated quantitative and qualitative aspects. The qualitative side of a statistical indicator is reflected in its content, regardless of the specific size of the feature. The quantitative side of an indicator is its numerical value.

A number of functions performed by statistical indicators are, first of all, cognitive, managerial (control and organizational) and stimulating functions.

Statistical indicators in the cognitive function characterize the state and development of the studied phenomena, the direction and intensity of the development of processes occurring in society

General indicators- this is the basis for the analysis and forecasting of the socio-economic development of individual districts, regions. regions and the country as a whole. The quantitative side of phenomena helps to analyze the qualitative side of the object and penetrates into its essence.

The managerial function is one of the most important elements of the management process at all its levels.

The indicators used to study statistical practice and science are divided into groups according to the following criteria:

1) according to the essence of the studied phenomena, these are volumetric, characterizing the dimensions of processes, and qualitative, which express quantitative relationships, typical properties of the studied populations;

2) according to the degree of aggregation of phenomena - these are individual, which characterize single processes, and generalizing, reflecting the totality as a whole or its parts;

3) depending on the nature of the studied phenomena - interval and moment. Data reflecting the development of phenomena over certain periods of time are called interval indicators, i.e., this is a statistical indicator that characterizes the process of changing signs. Momentary indicators include indicators that reflect the state of the phenomenon on a certain date (moment);

4) depending on the spatial certainty, indicators are distinguished: federal - characterize the object under study in the whole country; regional and local - these indicators refer to a certain part of the territory or a separate object;

5) depending on the properties of specific objects and the form of expressions, statistical indicators are divided into relative, absolute and average, these indicators will be discussed below.

For the correct reflection in the statistical indicators of the studied phenomena or ongoing processes, the following requirements must be met:

1) when constructing statistical indicators, it is necessary to rely on the provisions of economic theory, statistical methodology and the experience of statistical work of trade management; strive to ensure that the indicators express the essence of the phenomena being studied and give them an accurate quantitative assessment;

2) it is necessary to obtain complete statistical information both on the coverage of units of the object under study, and on a comprehensive display of all aspects of the ongoing statistical process;

3) ensure the comparability of statistical indicators through the uniformity of the initial data in spatial and temporal terms, as well as using the same units of measurement;

4) the degree of accuracy of the information received, on the basis of which the indicators will be calculated, should be increased. Statistical indicators are interdependent, therefore they are considered in a certain connection, since one indicator that characterizes one or more aspects of a statistical phenomenon cannot give a complete picture of the process under study.

To develop a system of indicators, it is necessary to deeply study the essence of the analyzed object and accurately formulate the target setting of the research process, highlighting the main link in the entire studied set of statistical indicators.

The system of statistical indicators is formed by a set of interrelated indicators that have a single-level or multi-level structure. The system of statistical indicators is aimed at solving a specific problem.

Systems of statistical indicators have a different scale. For example, they characterize the activities of a store, association, trade district, region, etc. Subsystems of indicators are distinguished, with their help they study certain areas of activity of enterprises in the industry, for example, a subsystem of indicators for labor, material resources, financial resources and etc.

2. Absolute values, their main types

Statistical data obtained during observation, as a result of a summary, grouping, are almost always absolute values, i.e., values ​​that are expressed in physical units and obtained as a result of counting or direct measurement. Absolute values ​​reflect the number of units of the studied populations, the sizes or levels of signs registered in individual units of the population, and the total amount of a quantitatively expressed sign as a result of summing up all its individual values.

Absolute values ​​are of great cognitive importance.

Absolute values ​​express the dimensions (levels, volumes) of socio-economic phenomena and processes, they are obtained as a result of statistical observation and summaries of initial information. Absolute values ​​are used in the practice of trade, used in the analysis and forecasting of commercial activities. Based on these values, business contracts are drawn up in commercial activity, the volume of demand for specific products is estimated, etc. All aspects of social life are measured by absolute values.

Absolute values ​​according to the way of expressing the sizes of the processes under study are divided into: individual and total, they, in turn, belong to one of the types of generalizing values. The sizes of quantitative features for each statistical unit characterize individual absolute values, and they are also the basis for a statistical summary for connecting individual units of a statistical object into groups. On their basis, absolute values ​​are obtained, in which it is possible to single out indicators of the volume of features of the population and indicators of the size of the population. If we study the development of trade and its condition in a certain area, then a certain number of firms can be attributed to individual values, and the volume of trade and the number of employees working in the firm are classified as total.

Absolute values ​​are economically simple (the number of stores, employees) and economically complex (the volume of trade, the size of fixed assets).

Absolute values- always named numbers, have a certain dimension, units of measurement. In statistical science, natural, monetary (value) and labor units of measurement are used.

Units of measurement are called natural if they correspond to the consumer or natural properties of an object, product and are expressed in physical weights, measures of length, etc. In statistical practice, natural units of measurement can be composite. Conditionally natural units of measurement are used when summing up the number of dissimilar goods, products.

Labor units of measurement (man-days, man-hours) are used to determine labor costs for the production of products, work, etc.

Absolute values ​​are measured in cost units - prices. In cost units measure the income of the population, gross output, etc.

3. Relative values, their meaning and main types

Absolute statistical values ​​alone are not enough to characterize the objects under study. To reflect the state of growth, the development of phenomena, their correlation in time and space in statistics, relative values ​​are widely used.

Indicators obtained as a result of comparing absolute values ​​are called in statistics relative values.

Relative values ​​give an idea of ​​how many times one absolute value is greater than another, or what part one absolute value is from another, or how many units of one set are per unit of another.

Relative values ​​- this is an indicator that is a quotient of the division of two statistical values ​​and characterizes the quantitative relationship between them.

To calculate relative values, the compared indicator is put in the numerator, which will reflect the phenomenon under study, and the denominator reflects the indicator with which this comparison will be made, it is the basis or base for comparison. The base of comparison is a kind of meter. The base has the result of a ratio depending on the quantitative (numerical) value, which is expressed in: coefficient, percentage, ppm or decimille.

If the base of comparison is taken as one, then the relative value is a coefficient and shows how many times the value under study is greater than the base. If the base of comparison is taken as 100%, then the result of calculating the relative value will be expressed as a percentage.

If the comparison base is taken as 1000, then the result of the comparison is expressed in ppm (%0). Relative values ​​can also be expressed in decimilles if the base of the ratio is 10,000.

The form of the expression depends on: the quantitative ratio of the compared values; the semantic content of the result of the comparison. If the compared indicator is greater than the base, then the relative value is expressed as a coefficient or as a percentage, but if the compared indicator is less than the base, then it is better to express the relative value only as a percentage.

If the indicators being compared are comparable, then the calculation of relative values ​​may be correct.

Depending on the purpose of the statistical study, relative values ​​are divided into the following types: fulfillment of contractual obligations; relative values ​​characterizing the structure of the population; relative values ​​of dynamics; comparisons; coordination; relative intensity values.

The relative value of the fulfillment of contractual obligations is an indicator characterizing the level of fulfillment by the enterprise of its obligations stipulated in the contracts.

The calculation of the indicator is made by the ratio of the volume of actually fulfilled obligations and the volume of obligations stipulated in the contract. It is expressed in the form of coefficients or as a percentage.

Relative indicators of the planned target (RPP) are used for long-term planning of the activity of a subject of the financial and economic sphere, etc.

The CVPP is calculated using the following formula:


Relative values ​​of the structure- these are indicators characterizing the share of the composition of the studied populations. The relative value of the structure is determined by the ratio of the absolute value of an individual element of the statistical population to the absolute value of the entire population, that is, as the ratio of the part to the general (whole), and characterizes the share of the part as a whole, in the form of a percentage.

In the analysis of the commercial activity of trade and the service sector, relative values ​​make it possible to study the entire composition of the turnover in terms of its assortment, the composition of the company's employees - according to certain characteristics (length of service, gender, age), the composition of the enterprise's expenses and other factors affecting the commercial activity of the enterprise.

Relative Structural Indicators (RSI) = level of a part of the population / total level of the population as a whole

The relative values ​​of the dynamics characterize the change in the phenomenon under study over time, reveal the direction of development, and measure the intensity of development. The relative value of the dynamics is calculated as the ratio of the level of a feature in a certain period or point in time to the level of the same feature in the previous period or point in time, that is, it characterizes the change in the level of a certain phenomenon over time. The relative values ​​of the dynamics are called growth rates:


Relative comparison values ​​characterize the quantitative ratio of similar indicators related to different objects of statistical observation.

To compare the level of prices for the same product sold through state stores and on the market, relative comparison values ​​are used. The state price is taken as the basis for comparison. Relative values ​​of coordination are a kind of comparison indicators. They are used to characterize the relationship between the individual parts of the statistical population. Relative values ​​of coordination characterize the structure of the studied population. Relative intensity values ​​demonstrate how widespread the studied phenomenon is in a certain environment; they are characterized by the ratio of oppositely named and interconnected absolute values.

Named values ​​are expressed in relative intensity values:

Relative intensity value \u003d absolute value of the phenomenon under study / absolute value characterizing the volume of the medium in which the phenomenon propagates

The relative value shows how many units of one statistical population account for a unit of another statistical population.

The condition for the correct use of generalizing indicators is the study of absolute and relative values ​​in their unity. The complex use of absolute and relative values ​​gives a comprehensive description of the phenomenon under study.

Relative indicators of coordination (RIC) is the ratio of one part of the population to another part of the same population:

OPC = level characterizing the i - th part of the population / level characterizing the part of the population chosen as the basis of comparison

Absolute indicators characterize the total number of units of the population or its parts, the dimensions (volumes, levels) of the phenomena and processes under study, express temporal characteristics. Absolute figures can only be named numbers, where the unit of measurement is expressed in specific numbers. Depending on the essence of the phenomenon under study and the tasks set, the units of measurement can be natural, conditionally natural, cost and labor.

Natural units of measure correspond to the consumer or natural properties of a product or object and are evaluated in physical terms of mass, length, volume (kilogram, ton, meter, etc.).

A variety of natural units are conditionally natural, which are used in cases where a product, having several varieties, must be converted into a conditional product using special coefficients (dairy products with different content of creamy base, soap with different content of fatty acids, etc.).

Value Units evaluate socio-economic processes and phenomena in monetary terms (prices, comparable prices), which is very important in a market economy.

Labor units of measurement are designed to reflect labor costs, the complexity of technological operations in man-days, man-hours.

The whole set of absolute values ​​includes both individual indicators(characterize the values ​​of individual units of the population), and summary indicators(characterize the final value of several units of the population or the final value of an essential feature for one or another part of the population).

Absolute indicators should also be divided into momentary and interval.

Moment absolute indicators characterize the fact of the presence of a phenomenon or process, its size (volume) at a certain date in time.

Interval absolute indicators characterize the final volume of the phenomenon for a particular period of time (for example, output for a quarter or for a year, etc.), while allowing subsequent summation.

Absolute indicators cannot give an exhaustive idea of ​​the studied population or phenomenon, since they cannot reflect the structure, relationships, dynamics. These functions perform relative indicators, which are determined on the basis of absolute indicators.

Relative indicators, their role and typology

In statistics, relative indicators are used in comparative analysis, generalization and synthesis. - these are digital generalizing indicators, they are the result of a comparison of two statistical values. By their nature, relative values ​​are derived from dividing the current (comparable) absolute indicator by the base indicator.

Relative indicators can be obtained either as ratios of similar statistical indicators, or as ratios of oppositely named statistical indicators. In the first case, the resulting relative indicator is calculated either as a percentage, or in relative units, or in ppm (in thousandths). If oppositely named absolute indicators are correlated, then the relative indicator in most cases is named.

Relative values ​​used in statistical practice:

    the relative size of the structure;

    relative amount of coordination;

    the relative value of the planned task;

    the relative value of the implementation of the plan;

    the relative magnitude of the dynamics;

    the relative value of the comparison;

    the relative magnitude of the intensity.

Relative Structure Value (RVS) characterizes the structure of the population, determines the share (specific gravity) of the part in the total volume of the population. OVS is calculated as the ratio of the volume of a part of the population to the absolute value of the entire population, thereby determining the share of the part in the total volume of the population (%):

(4.1)

where m i - the volume of the studied part of the population; M is the total volume of the studied population.

Relative Coordination Value (RVR) characterizes the ratio between two parts of the studied population, one of which acts as a base of comparison (%):

(4.2)

where m i - one of the parts of the studied population; m b - part of the population, which is the basis of comparison.

Relative value of the planned target (OVPZ) is used to calculate the percentage increase (decrease) in the value of the plan indicator compared to its base level in the previous period, for which the formula is used

(4.3)

where R pl - planned indicator; Р 0 - actual (basic) indicator in the previous period.

The relative value of the implementation of the plan (RTI) characterizes the degree of fulfillment of the planned target for the reporting period (%) and is calculated by the formula

(4.4)

where R f - the value of the implementation of the plan for the reporting period; Р pl - the value of the plan for the reporting period.

Relative value of dynamics (RTS) characterizes the change in the volume of the same phenomenon in time, depending on the accepted base level. ATS is calculated as the ratio of the level of the analyzed phenomenon or process at the current time to the level of this phenomenon or process over the past period of time. As a result, we get growth factor, which is expressed as a multiple ratio. When calculating this value as a percentage (the result is multiplied by 100), we get the growth rate.

Growth rates can be calculated as with a constant base level ( base growth rate- ATS b), and with a variable baseline ( chain growth rates- ATS c):

(4.5)

where P t - current level; R b - basic level;

(4.6)

where P t - current level; Р t-1 - the level preceding the current one.

Relative comparison value (RVR)- the ratio of absolute indicators of the same name related to different objects, but to the same time (for example, the population growth rates in different countries for the same period of time are correlated):

(4.7)

where M A is the indicator of the first object of the same name under study; M B - indicator of the second object of the same name under study (base of comparison).

All previous indicators of relative values ​​characterized the ratios of similar statistical objects. However, there is a group of relative values ​​that characterize the ratio of dissimilar but related statistical indicators. This group is called the group relative intensity values ​​(RVI), which are usually expressed as named numbers. In statistical practice, relative intensity values ​​are used to study the degree of volume of a phenomenon in relation to the volume of the medium in which this phenomenon propagates. JVI here shows how many units of one population (numerator) account for one, ten, one hundred units of another population (denominator).

Examples of relative intensity values ​​can be, say, indicators of the level of technical development of production, the level of well-being of citizens, indicators of the provision of the population with the media, cultural and household items, etc. JVI is calculated by the formula

where A - distribution of the phenomenon; B A - the propagation medium of the phenomenon A.

When calculating the relative intensity values, the problem of choosing an adequate base of comparison (the environment for the propagation of the phenomenon) may arise. For example, when determining the population density indicator, the total size of the territory of a particular state cannot be taken as a comparison base; in this case, only a territory of 1 km 2 can be a comparison base. The criterion for the correctness of the calculation is the comparability of the developed methodology for calculating the compared indicators used in statistical practice.