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Theory for passing the exam in social studies. Preparation for the exam in social studies online. Sphere of politics and social management

The main state exam in social studies is one of the elective tests that students can take at the end of grade 9. This subject is chosen by those students who decide to continue their studies in the 10th grade with a humanitarian bias or decide to enter secondary special educational establishments for the humanities.

Also, the OGE can be the first step in preparing for the unified state exam in this subject at the end of full schooling.

Peculiarities

You have 3 hours to complete all items of the exam. In order for it to be read out as completed, you must score at least 15 points - this corresponds to a "satisfactory" rating. 25 - 33 points - the range for a solid four. The maximum amount that can be earned is 39 (from 34 the rating is "excellent"). There are no permitted visual materials and aids for this type of OGE; only a form with texts and a pen can be placed on the table of the examinee.

The structure of the main state exam provides for the execution of tasks of two types - there are 31 in total.

The first part includes 25 tests (numbered 1-25) that require a short answer. Here you will find options in which you need to choose the only correct option from the proposed ones, correlate the terms and their definitions, indicate the correct sequence of actions, and so on.

The second part is 6 tasks for which you need to give a full detailed answer. These are questions numbered from 26 to 31. For example, an informational text is given that you need to carefully read and then answer a series of questions.

Preparation algorithm

  • Repeat all sections of the school curriculum - for this you can use textbooks, teaching aids or your own notes;
  • Study various demonstration materials and additional literature - they can be found in specialized stores or on the Internet;
  • Use online OGE tests - they can be found on thematic sites, including ours. They will help to consolidate what they have learned and simulate the format of work as close as possible to the real exam. This will help you master the sequence of all actions and give confidence on the test itself.

How are the results evaluated?

From 1 to 21 numbers are worth 1 point, the same number in questions 23-25. For number 22 they get 2 - if everything is correct, 1 - if there is one error, 0 - if there are two or more of them. The result of the second part depends on the correctness and completeness of the answers. Questions 26-28, 30 and 31 bring a maximum of 2, with incomplete disclosure of the topic - 1. No. 29 with high-quality performance will add 3 points.

The state final certification for ninth grade graduates is currently voluntary, you can always refuse and take the usual traditional exams.

What is more attractive then the form of the OGE (GIA) for graduates of the 9th grade of 2019? Carrying out direct certification in this new form allows you to get an independent assessment of the preparation of schoolchildren. All tasks of the OGE (GIA) are presented in the form of a special form, which includes questions with a choice of answers to them. A direct analogy with the USE is drawn. In this case, you can give both short and detailed answers. Our website website will help you prepare well and assess your chances realistically. Besides, GIA and OGE tests online with checking answers help you make the right choice profile class high school. You can easily evaluate your knowledge in the chosen subject. To do this, our project offers you various tests in a number of disciplines. Our website dedicated to preparation for passing the GIA 2019 grade 9 online, will fully help you prepare for the first serious and responsible test in life.

All materials on our site are presented in a simple, easy-to-understand form. Whether you are an A student in your class or an average student, everything is now in your hands. It will not be superfluous for you to visit ours. Here you will find answers to all your questions. Be prepared for a difficult test of the OGE, GIA and the result will exceed all your expectations.

We present to your attention the section on preparing for the OGE in Social Studies. This subject is the third most popular after the compulsory and the first most popular among elective exams. We are pleased to provide you with the most useful and necessary material for each task with a detailed explanation and theory. We are sure that this section will help you pass the exam in social studies in grade 9 with excellent marks!

General information about the exam

The OGE in social studies consists of two parts, which in total contain 31 tasks.

First part contains 25 tasks with brief answer. Second part - 6 tasks with deployed answer.

For execution examination work in social studies assigned 3 hours(180 minutes). Answers to tasks 1-20 are written as one digit, which corresponds to the number of the correct answer. Answers to tasks 21-25 are written as a sequence of numbers in the answer field in the text of the work.

Part 2 includes the text and 6 tasks for it. To complete these tasks, you must:

  • select the required information from the text
  • disclose (including examples) its individual provisions
  • correlate the information from the text with the knowledge gained during the course
  • apply existing knowledge to analyze social situations
  • express and justify your own opinion.

Answers to the tasks of part 2 are written on a separate sheet. When performing tasks can use draft. Draft entries do not count towards the evaluation of the work.

Theory for the OGE in Social Studies

A brief theory for the successful completion of tasks (recommended for reading before analyzing options).

The reference book, addressed to graduates of the 9th grade of general educational organizations, presents the material of the course "Social Studies" in the amount checked at the main state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the control measuring materials of the OGE are compiled.
The content lines of the course are grouped into six blocks-modules: "Man and Society", "Sphere of Spiritual Culture", "Economics", "Social Sphere", "Sphere of Politics and Social Management", "Law".
Completeness, compactness, clarity and clarity of presentation provide maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam.
Job Samples different type and all levels of difficulty (basic, advanced and high), answers to them and an indication of the approximate time for their completion will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge and skills.
The book is addressed to high school students, and may also be useful for teachers to organize repetition.

Biological and social in man.
Man is a special link in the development of living organisms on Earth.

Man is essentially a biosocial being: he is a part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with society. Biological and social (Latin socialis - public) are merged in a person, and only in such a unity does he exist.

The biological nature of man is his natural prerequisite, the condition of existence, and sociality is the essence of man.


Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Social Studies, A complete guide to preparing for the OGE, Grade 9, Baranov P.A., 2016 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

  • Social science, A large collection of thematic tasks for preparing for the main state exam, Baranov P.A., 2018
  • OGE 2020, Social studies, Grade 9, Demo, Codifier, Specification, Project
  • Social studies, Main State Exam, Preparing for the final attestation, Rutkovskaya E.L., Polovnikova A.V., Shokhonova E.E., 2020

The following tutorials and books.

Subject: Society and man.
Scientists believe that public life began with the appearance of man on Earth. Even ancient people united in a tribal community, a tribe. The unification and interaction of ancient people helped the human race to survive in difficult natural conditions, defend against enemies, explore new territories. This is where the concepts of "community" and "society" come from.
The concept of society is used in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense:
Society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification.
Broad meaning: all of humanity as a whole:
1) part of the material world;
2) dynamic system;
3) a set of ways of interaction and association.

In a narrow sense:
Society is a collection of people in some way.
Narrow meaning:
1) a certain group of people;
2) the stage of development of society;
3) joint activities;
4) a certain country.

The concept of society has many meanings:
1. Stage in the history of mankind
3. All mankind (world community)
(primitive society, slaveholding, etc.)

SOCIETY

2. (association) 4. Region, country, state (Russia, European
society)
Circle of people united
common goals, interests
(sport Club)

Man can satisfy his material and spiritual needs only in society. And also in society, social relations develop between people.
Social relations are relations that develop between members of various social groups.

Society not only arises with the advent of man, but also develops with him, which means that society is a dynamic system.

A distinctive trend in the development of modern society is globalization.

Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political, cultural and religious integration and unification.
Main global problems:
1) the unresolved problem of eliminating aging in people and the weak information of the society about neglect ¬zhikmom old ¬re¬nii;
2) the “North-South” problem - a gap in development between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;
3) preventing a thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing peace with the community of non-sanctioned tsi-o-n-ro-van-no-go distribution of nuclear technologies, radio active pollution of the environment;
4) prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment
5) reduction of biological diversity;
6) providing mankind with resources, exhaustion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water , wood, non-ferrous metals;
7) global warming;
8) ozone holes;
9) the problem of heart-related diseases, onco-logical diseases and AIDS;
10) demo graphic development (democ graphic explosion in developing countries and demo graphic crisis in development), possible famine;
11) terrorism;
12) asteroid hazard;
13) underestimation of global threats to the existence of humanity, such as the development of unfriendly ¬th artificial intelligence and global catastrophes.

Characteristic features of society as a dynamic system.
Self-development, self-regulation, the ability to adapt and integrate, the withering away of old parts, the emergence of new ones.

Society has subsystems (parts of the system)

Spheres of public life
1.Political
State and public authorities
(president, government, parties, army, police, tax and customs services)
2.Economic
(goods, services, enterprises (firms), production process.
3.Social
Interaction of various social groups, strata of the population, personality.
4. Spiritual
(morality, culture, science, education, art and religion)

All societies can be divided into 3 historical types:
1. Pre-industrial (traditional or agricultural)
– people are engaged in agriculture, manual labor prevails, primitive tools, communal way of life, low social mobility, cultural backwardness.
2. Industrial
- people are engaged in industrial production, the development of private property, machine labor prevails, the growth in the number of cities and urban populations, collective values, average social mobility, social life and cultural development.
3. Post-industrial
- people are mainly employed in the service and information sector, dominated by information Technology, computerization and automation of labor, the value of the individual, human rights and freedoms, high social mobility, the influence of the media.
(social mobility is a change in the position of a person or group in society)

Interaction of society and nature
It is important to realize that society and nature are interconnected and influence each other.
Nature is the natural habitat of man.
Differences between society and nature
- creates culture
- develops under the influence of human activity.
The difference between nature and society:
- able to develop independently
- has its own laws, which do not depend on the will and desires of man.

Man.
Man
- a biosocial creature, i.e. it intertwines the social and the biological.
Individual
is a representative of the human race, with unique natural features. (one of the people; singular)
Individuality
-uniqueness, originality, richness of the inner world, features that are characteristic only of a certain person.
Personality
- this is a person as a social being with his inherent features and relationships that manifest themselves in interaction with people.
Socialization is the process of becoming a person
Socialization agents
1. Family
2. Education
3. Professions
4. Social environment
5. State
6. Media
7. Self-education
Stages of socialization
1. Initial
2. Middle (youthful age)
3. Final

The main differences between humans and animals
1. Thinking and articulate speech
2. Conscious purposeful creative activity
3. Human creator of culture
4. The ability to make tools and use them.

Human activity.
Activity is a human activity aimed at achieving a goal. As a result of his activity, he transforms both nature and society.
Activity structure
1.Subject of activity (the one who carries out activities)
2. Object of activity (what it is aimed at) or (what your attention is directed to.
The object can be not only objects, but also people (the teacher teaches students).

A person who starts any activity sets a goal.
The goal is what we expect as a result of the activity.

In order to reach our goal we need:
1. Funds
2. Actions
3. Result

A motive is something that motivates us to act. (Vasya reads a newspaper (action) to find out sports news (motive).

Human activity is aimed at satisfying needs.
Three groups of needs (or classification of needs):
1. Biological (food, sleep, air, water, etc. They are innate, bring us closer to animals)
2. Social (communication, self-realization, self-affirmation)
3. Spiritual (needs for knowledge of the surrounding world and the person himself)

This classification is not the only one. American psychologist A. Maslow.
1. Physiological (food, breathing, movement)
2. Existential (in safety, comfort, confidence in the future)
(1,2 - innate needs)
3. Social (in communication, in caring for others, in understanding)
4. Prestigious (selfish) - in self-respect, success, recognition
5. Spiritual (self-actualization, self-expression)
(3-5 - acquired)

Main activities- Labor, play, teaching.

Types of activity - practical, spiritual (associated with a change in people's consciousness), destructive (wars, acts of vandalism, cutting forests), labor, educational, creative, etc.

Creativity is about creating something new.
(helps us to create - imagination, fantasy, intuition)
Labor activity is an activity that is aimed at obtaining a deliberately useful result.
Gaming or leisure activities are focused not so much on the result as on the process itself - entertainment, recreation.
Learning is a type of activity whose purpose is to acquire a person's knowledge, skills and abilities.

Social and interpersonal relations of a person. Communication.
Social relations are relations between a leader and a subordinate.
Forms of social relations: one-sided (hidden, open conflicts), mutual (accessible and clear social reality).
interpersonal relationship - attitude between friends.

Society is a collection of social groups.
Social group - a group of people identified by socially significant features.
Functions of a social group
1. Instrumental - to perform any work (department, dean, team of workers)
2. Expressive - to meet social needs for respect, approval or trust (Alcoholics Anonymous)
3. Supportive - to relieve unpleasant feelings. (protection of the interests of social groups (trade unions, etc.))

Communication is communication between people as a result of which they exchange information.
Types of communication: verbal (verbal), using words and sounds
non-verbal (non-verbal), with the help of facial expressions and gestures

Forms of communication:
- official (business)
- everyday (household)
- persuasive
ritual (the process of observing the prescribed behavior)
-intercultural
By content and semantic orientation:
-story
-message
-talk
-report
-compliments
-opinion exchange
Interpersonal conflicts
Interpersonal conflicts are a clash of different points of view.

Ways to resolve conflicts
1. Dialogue-communication between people.
2. Compromise agreement based on mutual concessions.
3. Consensus - a form of expressing agreement with the arguments of the opponent in the dispute.

Social sphere
Social classes, large groups of people, differing in their place in the historically defined system of society production, according to their relation (for the most part fixed and formalized in laws) to the environment production.

Nation (from lat. natio - tribe, people) - social-economic, cultural, political and spiritual naya generality of the industrial era.

Social classes (social classes) - social communities, distinguished by relation to the property and the social division of labor.

Conditions - social-legal groups of subjects, by their legal position by any definition in a divided way from the rest of us .; at the same time, differences are transferred by inheritance.