Soviet Union in the first post-war decade. Moscow State University of Printing Arts The Soviet Union in the post-war decade briefly
Socio-economic and political development USSR in 1945-1953.
In the socio-political life of the USSR in 1945-47. the influence of the democratic impulse of the war (a certain tendency towards the weakening of the Soviet totalitarian system) was very noticeable. The main reason for the democratic impulse was the relatively close acquaintance of Soviet people with the Western way of life (during the liberation of Europe, in the process of communicating with the allies). An important role was played by the horrors of war endured by our people, which led to a revision of the system of values.
The response to the democratic impulse was twofold:
Minimal steps were taken towards the "democratization" of society. In September 1945, the state of emergency was terminated and the unconstitutional authority, the GKO, was abolished. The congresses of public and political organizations of the USSR resumed. In 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers, and the people's commissariats into ministries. In 1947, a monetary reform was carried out and the card system was abolished;
there was a significant tightening of the totalitarian regime. A new wave of repressions began. The main blow, this time, was inflicted on repatriates - prisoners of war and forcibly displaced persons returning to their homeland. Cultural figures also suffered, who felt the influence of new trends more sharply than others (see the section "Cultural Life of the USSR in 1945-1953"), and the party-economic elite - "Leningrad Case" (1948), in which over 200 people were shot , the chairman of the State Planning Committee N.A. was shot. Voznesensky. The last act of repression was the "case of doctors" (January 1953), accused of attempting to poison the top leadership of the country.
A characteristic feature of the first post-war years was the deportation of entire peoples of the USSR that began in 1943 on charges of collaborating with the Nazis (Chechens, Ingush and Crimean Tatars). All these repressive measures allow historians to call 1945-1953 years. "Apogee of Stalinism". The main economic tasks of the post-war period were the demilitarization and restoration of the destroyed economy.
The sources of resources for recovery were:
high mobilization abilities of the directive economy (due to new construction, additional sources of raw materials, fuel, etc.);
reparations from Germany and its allies;
free labor of Gulag prisoners and prisoners of war;
redistribution of funds from light industry and social sphere in favor of industrial sectors;
transfer of funds from the agricultural sector of the economy to the industrial sector.
In March 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a plan for reconstruction, which outlined the main directions and indicators. The demilitarization of the economy was basically over by 1947, accompanied simultaneously by the modernization of the military-industrial complex, which played an increasingly prominent role in the conditions of the beginning of the Cold War. Another priority sector was heavy industry, mainly engineering, metallurgy, and the fuel and energy complex. In general, during the years of the 4th five-year plan (1946-1950), industrial production in the country increased and in 1950 surpassed pre-war figures - the restoration of the country was generally completed.
Agriculture emerged from the war very weakened. However, despite the drought in 1946, the state began to reduce personal plots and enacts a number of decrees punishing infringement on state or collective farm property. Taxes were raised significantly. All this led to the fact that agriculture, which, in the early 50s. with difficulty reached the pre-war level of production, entered a period of stagnation (stagnation).
Thus, the post-war development of the economy continued along the path of industrialization. Alternatives, which provided for the predominant development of light industry and agriculture (the project of G.M. Malenkov - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR), were rejected due to the difficult international situation.
Foreign policy of the USSR in 1945-1953. Beginning of the Cold War.
Signs of the Cold War:
the existence of a relatively stable bipolar world - the presence in the world of two superpowers balancing each other's influence, to which other states gravitated to one degree or another;
"Bloc policy" - the creation of opposing military-political blocs by superpowers. 1949 - the creation of NATO, 1955 - OVD (Warsaw Pact Organization);
"Arms race" - the build-up of the USSR and the USA in the number of weapons in order to achieve qualitative superiority. The "arms race" ended by the early 1970s. in connection with the achievement of parity (balance, equality) in the number of weapons. From this moment begins the "policy of detente" - a policy aimed at eliminating the threat nuclear war and reducing the level of international tension. "Detente" ended after the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan (1979);
the formation of the "image of the enemy" in relation to the ideological enemy among their own population. In the USSR, this policy manifested itself in the creation of the "Iron Curtain" - a system of international self-isolation. In the United States, "McCarthyism" is carried out - the persecution of supporters of "left" ideas;
Periodic armed conflicts that threaten to escalate the Cold War into a full-scale war.
Causes of the Cold War:
Victory in World War II led to a sharp strengthening of the USSR and the USA.
Imperial ambitions of Stalin, who sought to expand the zone of influence of the USSR in Turkey, Tripolitania (Libya) and Iran.
US nuclear monopoly, attempts to dictate in relations with other countries.
Ineradicable ideological contradictions between the two superpowers.
Formation of a socialist camp controlled by the USSR in Eastern Europe.
March 1946 is considered to be the date of the beginning of the Cold War, when W. Churchill delivered a speech in Fulton (USA) in the presence of President G. Truman, in which he accused the USSR of "limitless spread of its power and its doctrines" in the world. Soon, President Truman proclaimed a program of measures to "save" Europe from Soviet expansion (the "Truman Doctrine"). He proposed to provide large-scale economic assistance to the countries of Europe ("Marshall Plan"); create a military-political union of Western countries under the auspices of the United States (NATO); deploy a network of US military bases along the borders of the USSR; to support internal opposition in the countries of Eastern Europe. All this was supposed not only to prevent further expansion of the sphere of influence of the USSR (the doctrine of containment of socialism), but also to force the Soviet Union to return to its former borders (the doctrine of the rejection of socialism).
By this time, communist governments existed only in Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria. However, from 1947 to 1949 Socialist systems are also taking shape in Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, North Korea, and China. The USSR provides them with enormous material assistance.
In 1949, the registration took place economic fundamentals Soviet bloc. For this purpose, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was created. For military-political cooperation in 1955, the Warsaw Treaty Organization was formed. Within the framework of the Commonwealth, no “independence” was allowed. The relations of the USSR with Yugoslavia (Joseph Broz Tito), which was looking for its own path to socialism, were severed. In the late 1940s relations with China (Mao Zedong) deteriorated sharply.
The first serious clash between the USSR and the USA was the war in Korea (1950-53). The Soviet state supports the communist regime of North Korea (DPRK, Kim Il Sung), the USA supports the bourgeois government of South Korea. The Soviet Union supplied to the DPRK modern views military equipment (including MiG-15 jet aircraft), military specialists. As a result of the conflict, the Korean Peninsula was officially divided into two parts.
Thus, the international position of the USSR in the first post-war years was determined by the status of one of the two world superpowers won during the war years. The confrontation between the USSR and the USA and the outbreak of the Cold War marked the beginning of the division of the world into two warring military-political camps.
Cultural life of the USSR 1945-1953.
Despite the extremely tense situation in the economy, the Soviet government seeks funds for the development of science, public education, and cultural institutions. Universal primary education was restored, and since 1952 education in the amount of 7 classes has become compulsory; open evening schools for working youth. Television begins regular broadcasting. At the same time, control over the intelligentsia, weakened during the war, is being restored. In the summer of 1946, a campaign against "petty-bourgeois individualism" and cosmopolitanism began. It was managed by A.A. Zhdanov. On August 14, 1946, the resolutions of the Central Committee of the party were adopted on the journals Leningrad and Zvezda, which were persecuted for publishing the works of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. A.A. was appointed the first secretary of the board of the Writers' Union. Fadeev, who was instructed to restore order in this organization.
On September 4, 1946, the resolution of the Central Committee of the Party “On unprincipled films” was issued - a ban was imposed on the distribution of films “Big Life” (part 2), “Admiral Nakhimov” and the second series of “Ivan the Terrible” by Eisenstein.
Composers are the next object of persecution. In February 1948, the Central Committee adopted a resolution “On decadent tendencies in Soviet music”, condemning V.I. Muradeli, later a campaign against "formalist" composers - S.S. Prokofiev, A.I. Khachaturian, D.D. Shostakovich, N.Ya. Myaskovsky.
Ideological control covers all spheres of spiritual life. The party actively interferes in the research not only of historians and philosophers, but also of philologists, mathematicians, biologists, condemning some sciences as "bourgeois". Wave mechanics, cybernetics, psychoanalysis and genetics were severely defeated.
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The Soviet Union in the first post-war decade (the main directions of foreign and domestic policy)
At the final stage of World War II, when the victory over Germany was beyond doubt, the Yalta Conference took place (February 45). Germany was divided by allies into 4 occupation zones: British, American, Soviet and French. The USSR demand for German reparations in the amount of 10 billion dollars was recognized as legal. They had to come in the form of the export of goods and capital, the use of human power (this decision was not fully implemented. In addition, morally and physically obsolete equipment was imported into the USSR, which prevented the modernization of the Soviet economy). On the basis of the decisions of the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union succeeded in strengthening its positions in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. At the conference, the Soviet Union confirmed its promise to enter the war with Japan, for which it received the consent of the allies to join the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin. It was decided to establish the United Nations (UN). The USSR received three seats in it - for the RSFSR, Ukraine and Belarus, i.e. those republics that suffered the most in the war suffered the greatest economic losses and human casualties. By agreement, the USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, 1945. In the summer of 1945, the Soviet command created a significant superiority in manpower and equipment over the Japanese Kwantung Army in the east. And in fact, within a month, Japan suffered a crushing defeat. Soviet troops occupied Manchuria, Sakhalin, Kurile Islands, Northeast China and Korea. On September 2, 1945, the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan was signed.
The Potsdam Conference (Berlin) took place in July-August 1945. The Soviet delegation was headed by Stalin, the American one by Truman, and the British one by Churchill. They drew up a plan to eradicate German militarism and Nazism. It included the liquidation of the German military industry, the prohibition of the German National Socialist Party and Nazi propaganda, and the punishment of war criminals. The conference considered territorial issues. The USSR was transferred to Koenigsberg. Poland expanded at the expense of the territory of Germany (the Polish-German border passed along the Oder-Neisse rivers). Peace treaties were prepared that took into account the geopolitical interests of the USSR, but Potsdam's decisions were partially implemented. B45-46 years. there were differences between the former allies. Since 1946, the era of the “cold war” began in international relations - the “iron curtain” appeared, there was a confrontation between the capitalist and socialist socio-political systems. The Cold War lasted from 1946 until the early 1990s. The confrontation between the parties escalated in 47 after the Marshall Plan (US Secretary of State) put forward. The program provided for economic assistance to European countries that suffered during World War II. The USSR and the countries of people's democracy were invited to participate in the conference, but the Soviet Union regarded this step as anti-Soviet (simply this plan threatened the influence of the USSR on the countries of Eastern Europe and refused to participate, at his insistence, the countries of Eastern Europe also refused, because "Their participation will be regarded as a hostile act. The formation of military-political blocs became a manifestation of the Cold War. In 1949, the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) was created, its formation contributed to the strengthening of the US position in various regions of the world. NATO, created in 1945, opposed d. United Nations (UN). This international organization united 51 states. Its goal was to strengthen peace and security and develop cooperation between states. Soviet representatives came up with proposals for the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons. On the withdrawal of foreign troops from the territory of foreign states. All these proposals were blocked by US representatives. The confrontation between the former allies reached its peak at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. in connection with the Korean War. In 1950, the leadership of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea made an attempt to unite the two Korean states under its control. In the opinion of the Soviet leaders, this association could strengthen the positions of the anti-imperialist camp. in this region of Asia.
During the preparation and course of hostilities, the USSR provided financial, military and technical assistance to North Korea. At Stalin's insistence, the leadership of the People's Republic of China (China) sent North Korea several military divisions to participate in hostilities. The war was ended in 53 after diplomatic negotiations. In 1949, in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between countries, an intergovernmental economic organization was created - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) with its center in Moscow. One of the reasons for the organization of the CMEA was the boycott by Western countries of trade relations with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe. The CMEA included: Albania (until 61), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and from 49 - Germany. The cooperation of the USSR with the countries of Eastern Europe were contradictory and conflicting. The USSR sought to impose its own models of building socialism. The conflict with Yugoslavia occurred due to Yugoslavia's refusal to participate in a federation with Bulgaria, this path was offered by owls. leaders. In addition, Yugoslavia refused to comply with the terms of the agreement on mandatory consultationswith the USSR on issues of national foreign policy. In 1949 the USSR severed diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia. During this period, the regime of Stalin's personal power was strengthened, the command-administrative system became tougher, and the idea of the need for changes in society was formed. The death of Stalin facilitated the search for a way out of this situation. In 1955, an agreement between the USSR and the countries of the “socialist camp on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance” was signed in Warsaw. The USSR, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia became members of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO). The tasks of the ATS are to ensure the security of the ATS states and to maintain peace in Europe. The country's leadership, headed by Khrushchev, saw one of the means of easing international tension in expanding relations between the USSR and the countries of the world. By the end of the 50s, the USSR was bound by trade agreements with 70 world powers. Much attention was paid to the development of relations with the states of the "third world" (developing countries) - India, Indonesia, Burma, Afghanistan, etc. During Khrushchev's tenure as head of state, with the financial and technical assistance of the USSR, it was built in different countries there are about 6000 enterprises in the world. In the mid-1950s, conflicts appeared more often in the relations between states. One of the reasons for this was the retreat of the USSR from the principles of mutual cooperation proclaimed by it. There were attempts to dictate on the part of the USSR and open military intervention in the affairs of independent states. So, for example, in Hungary in October 56, Soviet troops took part in the suppression of anti-socialist uprisings in Hungary. The organizers of the performance demanded the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungarian territory.The uprising was suppressed by the united armed forces of the member states of the Warsaw Pact. At the end of the 1950s, relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) became more complicated. The leadership of the PRC rejected the request of the USSR to place Soviet bases on its territory. In response, the Union refused to implement the agreement on cooperation between the two countries in the field of nuclear physics, signed earlier.
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Order writing a unique work
The Soviet Union in the first post-war decade (the main directions of foreign and domestic policy)
At the final stage of World War II, when the victory over Germany was beyond doubt, the Yalta Conference took place (February 45). Germany was divided by allies into 4 occupation zones: British, American, Soviet and French. The USSR demand for German reparations in the amount of 10 billion dollars was recognized as legal. They had to come in the form of the export of goods and capital, the use of human power (this decision was not fully implemented. In addition, morally and physically obsolete equipment was imported into the USSR, which prevented the modernization of the Soviet economy). On the basis of the decisions of the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union succeeded in strengthening its positions in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia. At the conference, the Soviet Union confirmed its promise to enter the war with Japan, for which it received the consent of the allies to join the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin. It was decided to establish the United Nations (UN). The USSR received three seats in it for the RSFSR, Ukraine and Belarus, i.e. those republics that suffered the most in the war suffered the greatest economic losses and human casualties. By agreement, the USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, 1945. In the summer of 1945, the Soviet command created a significant superiority in manpower and equipment over the Japanese Kwantung Army in the east. And in fact, within a month, Japan suffered a crushing defeat. Soviet troops occupied Manchuria, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Northeast China and Korea. On September 2, 1945, the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan was signed.
The Potsdam Conference (Berlin) took place in July-August 1945. The Soviet delegation was headed by Stalin, the American Truman, and the British Churchill. They drew up a plan to eradicate German militarism and Nazism. It included the liquidation of the German military industry, the prohibition of the German National Socialist Party and Nazi propaganda, and the punishment of war criminals. The conference considered territorial issues. The USSR was transferred to Koenigsberg. Poland expanded at the expense of the territory of Germany (the Polish-German border passed along the Oder-Neisse rivers). Peace treaties were prepared that took into account the geopolitical interests of the USSR, but Potsdam's decisions were partially implemented. B45-46 years. there were differences between the former allies. Since 46, the era of the “cold war” began in international relations - there appeared “ iron curtain”, there was a confrontation between the capitalist and socialist socio-political systems. The Cold War lasted from 1946 until the early 1990s. The confrontation between the parties escalated in 47 after the Marshall Plan (US Secretary of State) put forward. The program provided for economic assistance to European countries that suffered during World War II. The USSR and the countries of people's democracy were invited to participate in the conference, but the Soviet Union regarded this step as anti-Soviet (simply this plan threatened the influence of the USSR on the countries of Eastern Europe and refused to participate, at his insistence, the countries of Eastern Europe also refused, because "Their participation will be regarded as a hostile act. The formation of military-political blocs became a manifestation of the Cold War. In 1949, the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) was created, its formation contributed to the strengthening of the US position in various regions of the world. NATO, created in 1945, opposed d. United Nations (UN). This international organization united 51 states. Its goal was to strengthen peace and security and develop cooperation between states. Soviet representatives came up with proposals for the reduction of armaments and the prohibition of atomic weapons. On the withdrawal of foreign troops from the territory of foreign states All these proposals were blocked US lamas. The confrontation between the former allies reached its peak at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s. in connection with the Korean War. In 1950, the leadership of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea made an attempt to unite the two Korean states under its control. In the opinion of the Soviet leaders, this association could strengthen the positions of the anti-imperialist camp. in this region of Asia.
During the preparation and course of hostilities, the USSR provided financial, military and technical assistance to North Korea. At Stalin's insistence, the leadership of the People's Republic of China (China) sent several military divisions to North Korea to take part in the hostilities. The war was ended in 53 after diplomatic negotiations. In 1949, in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between countries, an intergovernmental economic organization, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created with a center in Moscow. One of the reasons for the organization of the CMEA was the boycott by Western countries of trade relations with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe. The CMEA included: Albania (until 61), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and from 49 - Germany. The cooperation of the USSR with the countries of Eastern Europe were contradictory and conflicting. The USSR sought to impose its own models of building socialism. The conflict with Yugoslavia occurred due to Yugoslavia's refusal to participate in a federation with Bulgaria, this path was offered by owls. leaders. In addition, Yugoslavia refused to comply with the terms of the agreement on mandatory consultations with the USSR on issues of national foreign policy. In 1949 the USSR severed diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia. During this period, the regime of Stalin's personal power was strengthened, the command-administrative system became tougher, and the idea of the need for changes in society was formed. The death of Stalin facilitated the search for a way out of this situation. In 1955, an agreement between the USSR and the countries of the “socialist camp on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance” was signed in Warsaw. The USSR, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia became members of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO). The tasks of the ATS are to ensure the security of the ATS states and to maintain peace in Europe. The country's leadership, headed by Khrushchev, saw one of the means of easing international tension in expanding relations between the USSR and the countries of the world. By the end of the 50s, the USSR was bound by trade agreements with 70 world powers. Much attention was paid to the development of relations with the states of the "third world" (developing countries) - India, Indonesia, Burma, Afghanistan, etc. During Khrushchev's tenure as head of state, with the financial and technical assistance of the USSR, about 6,000 enterprises were built in different countries of the world. In the mid-1950s, conflicts appeared more often in the relations between states. One of the reasons for this was the retreat of the USSR from the principles of mutual cooperation proclaimed by it. There were attempts to dictate on the part of the USSR and open military intervention in the affairs of independent states. So, for example, in Hungary in October 56, Soviet troops took part in the suppression of anti-socialist uprisings in Hungary. The organizers of the performance demanded withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungarian territory. The uprising was suppressed by the united armed forces of the states participating in the Warsaw Pact. At the end of the 1950s, relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) became more complicated. The leadership of the PRC rejected the request of the USSR to place Soviet bases on its territory. In response, the Union refused to implement the agreement on cooperation between the two countries in the field of nuclear physics, signed earlier.
In preparing this work, materials from the site were used.
(1945-1964)
Lesson ___
FOREIGN POLICY OF THE USSR AND THE BEGINNING
"COLD WAR"
Common goals: introduce students to the concept of "cold war"; to give an idea of the beginning of the Cold War and its impact on the country's foreign policy.
Auxiliary goals: draw up a diagram "The direction of the foreign policy of the USSR" using the text of the textbook (§ 28); to determine, based on the text of the textbook § 28, the causes of the Cold War; show on the map the countries included in the system of unions.
Additional goals: explain the causes of the Cold War; draw up a detailed plan for answering the question "USSR and the Marshall Plan"; explain the essence and result of the emergence of the system of unions.
Basic concepts and terms: expansion, Cold War, local superpowers, conflicts, Truman Doctrine, "USSR containment policy", "rejection doctrine", "Marshall Plan", military-strategic parity, "socialist way of development", Mutual Economic Assistance Council (CMEA).
Important dates and events:
March 1947 - Adoption of the Truman Doctrine. June 1947 - Marshall Plan. 1949 - creation of CMEA and NATO.
1949 - creation of the German states of the FRG and the GDR.
1950-1953 - war in Korea.
1950 - signing of an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the USSR and China.
1951 - signing of a separate peace and security treaty between the US and Japan.
1955 - creation of the Department of Internal Affairs.
Equipment: map "Post-war structure of the world".
During the classes
I. Learning new material.
1. Causes of the Cold War.
2. The USSR and the Marshall Plan.
3. Creation of two systems of unions.
Task for students:
- Using the map "Post-war organization of the world", what are the territorial changes that took place in the world after the end of World War II?
What changes, besides territorial ones, have taken place in the international situation since the end of the war?
How, in your opinion, has the place and role of the USSR changed in the post-war world?
Causes of the Cold War.
When explaining new material, the teacher focuses on the reasons that prompted the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition to refuse cooperation immediately after the end of the war.
1. The beginning of the confrontation between the great powers:
a) change of character international relations;
b) growing influence communist parties;
c) the revival of the idea of world revolution.
2. Speech by W. Churchill in Fulton (March 1946):
a) the task of the United States and Great Britain is to contain the "Soviet expansion";
b) The USSR is a danger to the "great principles of freedom and human rights."
a) the creation of NATO;
b) creation of military bases;
c) the doctrine of "rejection of socialism".
What is a "cold war"?
What were the causes of the Cold War?
Who do you think is responsible for the Cold War?
Could the Cold War have been avoided?
Independent work: read the text of § 28 "Causes of the Cold War".
Interview with students:
How was the victory over the fascists and the prospects for post-war development perceived and evaluated by the authorities and the public of Western countries?
Determine the essence of the concept of "Yalta-Potsdam system" of international relations.
Give examples proving the strengthening of the positions of the USSR in the post-war world.
What are the reasons for the transition of the USSR and Western countries from allied relations to the Cold War?
Why did US President G. Truman regard the USSR as a hostile power? What does the term "Truman Doctrine" mean?
2. The USSR and the Marshall Plan.
US Secretary of State D. Marshall in the summer of 1947 proposed a plan for economic assistance to Europe (the plan provided for economic assistance in overcoming the post-war devastation): "Not against any country, but against hunger, poverty, despair and chaos."
Those wishing to use the assistance had to provide a report on the state of the economy and independently determine the required amount of support.
In June 1947, the countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR received an offer to participate in the Marshall Plan.
But both I. V. Stalin and his entourage perceived D. Marshall's plan as an attempt to put the economic and political life of the countries that adopted it under US control.
JV Stalin ordered the countries of the "people's democracy" of Eastern Europe to abandon the "Marshall Plan".
V. M. Molotov announced that US assistance "will inevitably lead to the intervention of some states in the affairs of others", "will split Europe into two groups of countries."
JV Stalin forbade the countries of "international democracy" to join the International Monetary Fund.
Try to explain why I. V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall.
How do you think this proposal should be responded to?
Why did I.V. Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in American project?
In 1945, the communist regime was established in Yugoslavia and North Vietnam.
In 1946 - in Albania.
In the autumn of 1947, the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties (Cominformburo) was created to replace the Comintern, dissolved in 1943.
The Cominformburo included the ruling, communist and workers' parties of the countries of Eastern Europe, the communist parties of Italy and France.
In 1947, the Communists of the Eastern European countries, at the direction of the Information Bureau, sharply condemned the "Marshall Plan" and put forward the idea of accelerating the development of their countries, relying on their own forces and with the support of the USSR.
The new line in the policy of the communist parties caused the collapse of the coalition governments and the political crises of 1947-1948.
For example, back in November 1946 in Bulgaria, G. Dimitrov formulated a communist government, in the summer of 1947 a constitutional one was adopted.
January 1947 - communist B. Bierut became president of Poland.
In August 1947, the communists won the elections in Hungary.
On December 6, 1947, the Romanian King Mihai, under pressure from the Soviet military command, abdicated and handed over power to the communists.
February 1948 - The communist regime was established in Czechoslovakia.
1948 - pro-Soviet regime was established in North Korea.
1949 - Communists take power in China.
There was a complete subordination of the leaders of the communist regimes to I. I. Stalin.
Explain the growth of expansionist sentiments in the Stalinist leadership after the war.
Why were pro-Soviet regimes not established in all countries where Soviet occupation troops were stationed after the war?
Creation of two systems of unions.
Opening the first meeting of the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties, A. A. Zhdanov stated that a new alignment of forces had developed in the world and two camps had formed: imperialist (led by the USA and England) and democratic (led by the USSR).
The teacher explains the question based on the diagram:
The division of Europe into two groups of states
The front line of the Cold War took place not only in the international arena, but also within most countries of the world
Task for students:
Listening to the messages “Berlin Crisis”, “USSR and the Korean War”, “USSR Policy and Changes in Asia”, make a table “Conflicts and confrontations of the superpowers in the initial period of the Cold War”.
Can the split in Germany and Europe be regarded as a "smoldering hearth" of a new world war?
What is the role of the Korean War in the buildup of strategic arms of the USSR and the USA?
How to explain the beginning of the military confrontation in Korea?
II. Consolidation of the studied material.
Comment on A. Einstein's statement: “With the splitting of the atom, everything has changed, except for the way people think. And this leads us to the threat of a worldwide catastrophe.”
How real was the danger of outgrowing the “cold
war" into a "hot" war at its initial stage? Your opinion
argue.
Homework:§ 28. Know new concepts, dates, events. Answer questions 4 and 6 in writing.
Lesson ___
THE SOVIET UNION IN THE RECENT
J. V. STALIN'S LIFE YEARS
Common goals: get an idea of the students about the process of economic recovery in the post-war years; to acquaint with the ideological campaigns of the late 1940s.
Auxiliary goals: based on the text of the educational material, name the problems that required a priority solution in last years the life of IV Stalin; explain, based on the text of § 29 of the textbook, the policy pursued in the Soviet Union in relation to the peasantry, workers, and intelligentsia.
Additional goals: establish the sources of rapid economic recovery in the postwar years; analyze the causes and essence of the mass repressions of the 1940s - early 1950s; describe the political regime in the USSR.
Basic concepts and terms: repatriated, "Leningrad case", "cosmopolitans", "doctors' case", kowtowing before the West.
Main dates and events:
1946-1947 - famine in the USSR.
1946-1950 - the fourth five-year plan.
1949 - creation of the Soviet atomic bomb.
1954 - launch of the world's first nuclear power plant.
During the classes
I. Verification homework. Paperwork.