To make life in the country comfortable, it is necessary to carry out the main communications - plumbing and sewerage. Often absent in suburban areas centralized network sewers, so each owner of the house solves the problem on his own. Periodic use of the dwelling does not require the installation of expensive and complex equipment, it is enough to arrange a septic tank.

Often in summer cottages, the function of collecting wastewater is performed by a cesspool. If the house is not equipped plumbing system this option fully justifies itself, but with the installation of plumbing fixtures and a large volume of drained water, it is not enough. In this article we will talk about how to make a sewer in the country with your own hands. different ways(from concrete rings, barrels, without pumping out), as well as demonstrate diagrams, drawings, photo and video instructions.

Sewerage should be built according to the developed project, including schemes for external and internal piping.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most convenient is the installation of a collector of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe. Let's find out how to arrange it yourself.

1. Work begins with digging a pit in a place chosen taking into account all sanitary requirements. The volume of the structure depends on the number of people living in the country. You can dig a pit manually or with an excavator.
2. At the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion up to 15 cm high is formed. The depth of the pit is 3 meters.
3. It is necessary to install formwork from boards or chipboard. The design must be reliable. Next, a reinforcing belt is formed from metal rods tied with steel wire.
4. It is necessary to make two holes in the formwork and insert pipe trimmings. These will be places for the entrance of the sewer line and the overflow pipe between the sections.
5. The formwork is poured with concrete, which is distributed throughout the entire volume with the help of a vibrating tool. The design of the septic tank must be monolithic, so it is advisable to fill the entire formwork at a time.
6. In the first compartment, the bottom is poured with concrete, a sealed section is formed, it will serve as a sump. Here, the wastewater will be divided into solid coarse fractions that sink to the bottom, and clarified water that overflows into the adjacent section. For better decomposition of solid residues, aerobic bacteria can be purchased.
7. The second compartment is made without a bottom; it can be made not only from monolithic walls, but also using concrete rings with a diameter of 1–1.5 meters, stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the well is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rock (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) to filter wastewater.
8. An overflow pipe is laid between the two sections. It is installed at an inclination of 30 mm per linear meter. In height, the pipe is located in the upper third of the wells. The number of sections is not necessarily limited to two; a four-section septic tank can be made to provide better cleaning.
9. The overlap of the septic tank is made independently, using formwork and concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are used. Be sure to arrange a hatch that allows you to control the filling of sections and exhaust. The pit is filled with sand and selected soil. The sump of such a system will be cleaned every 2-3 years.

Due to the ease of installation, many summer residents prefer to make a septic tank from concrete rings.

If the soil in the area is clayey or groundwater is very close to the surface, it will not work to arrange a septic tank of this design. You can stop at a sealed container of sufficient volume, securely installed and fixed to a concrete slab in the pit.

Another option is a biological treatment plant. Local stations are convenient and efficient, they are indispensable for suburban buildings of a large area. Specialists are engaged in the installation and launch of the device, the cost of such a station is acceptable for a narrow circle of summer residents.

External line laying

From the exit sewer pipe from the house to the septic tank, it is necessary to lay a pipeline. The main line must lie at a slope providing the flow of polluted water. The larger the diameter of the pipes you use, the smaller the angle of inclination required for their operation, on average it is 2 degrees. The depth of the trench for laying pipes should be greater than the amount of winter freezing of the soil. If the trench is shallow, provide thermal insulation for the line.

The average depth for laying sewers is 1 meter, in warm regions it is enough to go down by 70 cm, and in cold regions you will need to dig a pit up to 1.5 meters. The bottom of the dug hole is covered with a dense cushion of compacted sand. This procedure will protect the pipes from soil displacement.

The best option would be to lay a direct pipeline to the collector. If necessary, make a turn, this place is equipped with a manhole. For the line, you can use plastic and cast iron pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, their connection must be tight. After installation, the pipeline is covered with sand, and then with soil.

The design, which does not require regular pumping of sewage, consists of several tanks operating simultaneously. It can be two / three-chamber septic tanks. The first tank is used as a sump. It is the largest in size. In two-chamber septic tanks, the sump occupies ¾ of the structure, and in three-chamber ½. Here, a preliminary treatment of wastewater takes place: heavy fractions settle, and light fractions are poured into the next compartment as the first one is filled. In the last part of the septic tank, the final post-treatment of wastewater takes place. The water is then directed to the filtration fields/drainage well.

The first 2 compartments must be sealed. The last chamber has holes in the walls/bottom. Thus, purified water seeps into the ground, which helps to avoid the systematic pumping of waste without causing irreparable damage to the soil.

It is worth considering that in wastewater, in addition to organic matter, there are also insoluble impurities. In view of this, such a design will also have to be periodically pumped out in order to get rid of the sediment that accumulates in the sump. This can be done with a fecal / drainage pump. The frequency of maintenance of a septic tank depends entirely on the size / volume / composition of wastewater.

For the independent construction of such a septic tank, you need to correctly calculate its volume. It depends on the water consumption of your household. The norm of water consumption per person is 200 liters per day. So, multiplying this amount by the number of households, you will get the daily rate of water consumption in the house. Add another 20% to the resulting figure.

18 m 3. In this case, you need a septic tank that has a depth and length of 3 m each, and a width of 2 m. Multiplying all sides, you get 18 m 3. The minimum distance from the bottom of the septic tank to the drain pipe is 0.8 m.

The advantage of the treatment system is that the sludge is processed by anaerobic bacteria, as a result of which it settles to the bottom in a much smaller volume. Gradually, this sediment thickens and rises. When the sludge reaches the overflow level, the septic tank must be immediately cleaned. The septic tank needs to be cleaned infrequently. This is due to the fact that the volume of sludge for 6 months will be from 60 to 90 liters.

Volatile septic tanks have built-in pumping units. Their non-volatile analogues should be cleaned manually or using sewage equipment.

However, not so long ago, biological preparations with special enzymes appeared, processing sludge into acid, and then into methane and carbon dioxide. To remove these gases, you just need to install ventilation in the septic tank. Thus, your septic tank will become an absolutely waste-free, safe and energy-independent treatment plant.

Bacteria need to be "fed" with oxygen for greater efficiency of their work. Tanks for a septic tank can be bought or made independently.

Before installation finished construction septic tank, it is necessary to determine a suitable place for this. The minimum distance between the septic tank and the house is 5 m. The sewer pipes leaving the house should go directly to the septic tank. Turning the pipeline is best avoided, because it is in such places that blockages form.

The septic tank should not be installed near trees, as their roots can damage the integrity of the body. The depth of the septic tank and sewer pipes directly depends on the level of soil freezing.

If groundwater is close to the surface, then reinforce the bottom of the pit with a concrete slab / screed. The size of the pit will depend on the size of the septic tank. If you have to install a compact structure, then it is easier to dig a pit manually in order to save money.

The pit should be slightly wider than the septic tank body. The gaps between the walls and the ground should be at least 20 cm, and preferably more. If there is no need to strengthen the bottom, then you should still lay a sand cushion 15 cm thick (meaning the thickness of compacted sand).

The top of the septic tank should rise above the ground. Otherwise melt water in the spring they will flood the equipment of the device.

After installing the base of the pit, lower the septic tank into it. This can be done with the help of cables placed in the stiffeners of the septic tank. In this case, you can not do without an assistant. Next, connect the device to communications, after digging trenches for pipes, laying a sand cushion and installing pipes. They should be laid under a slight slope - 1-2 cm per linear meter. Pipe laying is carried out to a depth of approximately 70–80 cm.

The septic tank should be installed strictly according to the level. It will work better in a horizontal position.

To connect the sewer pipe to the septic tank, a hole of the appropriate diameter should be made in it. This is done according to the instructions for the cleaning system. After that, you need to weld the pipe to the hole. To solve this problem, you will need a polypropylene cord and a building hair dryer. When the pipe has cooled down, it will be possible to insert a sewer pipe into it.

If you are connecting a volatile septic tank, then after these steps you need to connect the electrical cable. It is carried out from the shield to a separate machine. It must be placed in a special corrugated pipe and placed in the same trench as the sewer pipe. The septic tank has special holes with stamps. Connect a cable to them.

If the level of soil freezing in your area is large enough, then insulate the septic tank. Any heater can be thermal insulation material which can be used for laying in the ground.

After completing the connection of electricity and pipes, the septic tank should be covered with soil. This is done in layers of 15–20 cm. To equalize the pressure in the process of backfilling the soil, water must be poured into the septic tank. In this case, the water level should be slightly higher than the backfill level of the pit. So, gradually the entire septic tank will be underground.

If you are not satisfied with a ready-made plastic autonomous sewage treatment system, due to its size or cost, then you can make a septic tank from several compartments yourself. A great inexpensive material to implement the plan - concrete rings. You can do all the work yourself.

Among the advantages of a septic tank from reinforced concrete rings, we note the following:

• Affordable price.
• Unpretentiousness during operation.
• The ability to perform work without the help of specialists.

Of the shortcomings, the following deserve attention:

1. The presence of an unpleasant odor. It is impossible to make the structure absolutely airtight, and therefore the formation of an unpleasant odor near the septic tank cannot be avoided.
2. The need to clean the chambers from solid waste using sewage equipment.

It is possible to reduce the frequency of the need to pump out a septic tank if bioactivators are used. They reduce the amount of solid fractions due to the fact that they accelerate the process of their decomposition.

If the installation of the rings is illiterate, then the septic tank will be leaky, which will increase the risk of untreated sewage penetrating into the ground. But, with proper installation, the septic tank will be airtight, so this drawback of the system is rightfully called conditional.

The scheme for the construction of a septic tank, as a rule, includes 1-2 chambers designed for settling and treating wastewater and a filtration field / filter well.

If few people live in your house and a minimum of plumbing devices are connected to the sewer, then you can easily get by with a septic tank, consisting of one sump and a filter well. And vice versa, if you have many households and many devices connected to the sewer, then it is better to make a septic tank from two chambers and a filtration well.

How to calculate the required volume for a septic tank has already been described above. According to building codes, the septic tank chamber must contain a three-day volume of wastewater. The volume of the reinforced concrete ring is 0.62 m3, which means that in order to build a septic tank for 5 people, you will need a sump of five rings. Where did this amount come from? For 5 people, you need a septic tank with a volume of 3 m 3. This figure must be divided by the volume of the ring, equal to 0.62 m 3. You will get a value of 4.83. It needs to be rounded up, which means that in order to equip a septic tank in this particular case, you will need 5 rings.

The pit must be of such a size that it can accommodate the septic tank chambers and the filter well. These works, of course, can be done manually, but it is long and very difficult, so it is more cost-effective to order digging a pit from a company with earthmoving equipment.

The bottom of the pit at the installation site of the sedimentation chambers must be concreted in order to avoid the possibility of penetration of untreated effluents into the ground. Before the beginning concrete works, it is necessary to drain part of the bottom of the pit for the installation of sedimentation tanks, laying a sand cushion on it, with a layer of 30–50 cm.

If you do not want to concrete the bottom, then you can purchase reinforced concrete rings with a blank bottom. They will need to be installed first in a vertical row.

The place for the filter well also requires the preparation of the base. Under it, you need to make a pillow of sand, crushed stone and gravel with a thickness of at least 50 cm.

To install the rings, you will have to order the services of lifting equipment. It is very difficult to perform these tasks manually. You can, of course, install the rings by digging under the bottom ring. But this method is labor intensive. Yes, and the bottom will have to be filled after the installation of the last ring, which will entail a number of inconveniences. In view of this, it is better not to save on ordering lifting equipment.

Typically, the rings are fastened together with a solution, but for greater structural reliability, they can be fastened with metal plates or staples. In this case, your septic tank will not suffer due to ground movement.

Now it's time to organize an overflow, and for this you need to bring pipes to the rings. It is better that they work on the principle of a water seal, that is, they must be installed with a bend.

To seal the joints, you need to use a solution with an aqua barrier. From the outside, the tanks must be treated with coating or built-up waterproofing.

Another option is to purchase plastic cylinders installed inside the well. In this case, the likelihood of dirty water ingress will be minimized.

Installation of ceilings / backfill

Finished wells must be covered with special concrete slabs, in which holes are provided for mounting sewer manholes. Ideally, the backfilling of the excavation should be carried out with soil with a high percentage of sand in its composition. But if it is impossible to realize this, the pit can be covered with soil removed from it before.

Now the septic tank can be put into operation.

The wastewater treatment system from barrels, as well as a similar design made of concrete goods, can be two- or three-chamber. Wastewater will flow into it by gravity, so it must be installed below the sewer pipes. The principle of operation of this device is similar to the construction of reinforced concrete rings.

For the arrangement of an autonomous sewage system according to the principle of a treatment system, you can use any containers. It may be old metal / plastic barrels. The main thing is that they are airtight.

If you decide to make a septic tank from metal barrels, then they should be pre-treated with an anti-corrosion agent.

Plastic containers have several advantages over their metal counterparts:

1. A wide range of plastic containers that can be used to equip a septic tank.
2. Barrels are highly resistant to the aggressive effects of effluents. Therefore, they last longer than their metal counterparts.
3. The light weight of the containers simplifies their installation at the place of permanent deployment.
4. Plastic does not need to be further processed, unlike metal.
5. The high tightness of the barrels eliminates the possibility of dirty water penetrating into the ground.

Plastic barrels must be securely fixed when installed in the ground, because due to spring floods or winter frosts, they can be squeezed out of the ground. In view of this, plastic barrels are fastened with cables to a concrete base (it must first be poured or a reinforced concrete slab installed). In order not to crush plastic barrels, backfilling should be carried out very carefully.

For seasonal use, sewage from metal barrels is also suitable, but for stationary use this is not an option.

The popularity of metal containers for arranging sewerage is associated with their compactness and ease of installation. As a cover, you can use a wooden blank of the appropriate size or the one provided by the manufacturer. To install a metal septic tank, you need to dig an appropriate pit, which also needs to be concreted - walls and bottom.

Metal containers do not have a long service life even after they have been treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Therefore, their installation as a septic tank may be unprofitable. Buying stainless steel containers is not an option, as these products are very expensive.

Maybe you decide that in this case you can buy barrels with thin walls. However, this is also not the best solution, since during operation such a septic tank can be pushed out. Yes, and such barrels have a limited capacity - up to 250 liters, which is not suitable for a large family.

For mounting reliable system for wastewater treatment, it is better to use factory polymer barrels.

To make a septic tank from 220 l barrels, you will need the following materials:

• geotextile - 80 m 2;
• sewerage pipe Ø110 m, length 5 m;
• crushed stone fraction 1.8–3.5 cm, approximately 9 m 3;
• corner for sewerage at an angle of 45 and 90º - 4 pcs.;
• plastic barrel with a volume of 220 l - 2 pcs.;
• coupling, flange - 2 pcs.;
• wooden peg - 10 pcs.;
• Y-shaped sewer tee - 4 pcs.;
• building level;
• drainage perforated pipe in the filter 5 m - 2 pcs.;
• epoxy two-component sealant - 1 pc.;
• glue for PVC - 1 pc.;
• water tape - 1 pc.

Of the tools you will need:

• Shovel.
• Electric jigsaw.
• Rake.

For a summer house / small country house, with economical use, standard plastic barrels are suitable. Installing such a cleaning system is easy. If you do not drain black drains into the sewer, then the septic tank will be unpretentious in maintenance. If the house has a toilet, then the sewer will have to be cleaned regularly, calling for sewage equipment.

For private houses with permanent residence, barrels will not be enough. For sewage, it is better to purchase plastic cubes / tanks / tanks. The process of their installation in the ground does not differ from the installation of barrels.

The distance of the septic tank from the house should not exceed 15 m. Too much distance will complicate the process of connecting the sewer to the house:

• there is a need for a large deepening of the pipeline;
• on the way to the septic tank, you will need to install a revision well.

The sewerage system from metal barrels does not require large financial investments and complex installation work. To begin with, as in previous cases, you need to prepare a pit, and then install 2 barrels, each of which has a volume of at least 200 liters. Then pipes are installed for overflowing liquid from one barrel to another and a transition to the filtration fields / drainage well.

Each subsequent container must be located below the previous one in level.

The joints must be sealed, and the barrels must be insulated with foam. After that, the pit with a septic tank is filled up. Since, as mentioned above, metal barrels are short-lived, you need to be prepared for the fact that after 3-4 years they will need to be replaced.

Pipe laying

Scheme

The information from this article is useful not only for the independent performance of all work. With its help, you can find out what a modern sewerage system is for a private house, how to shop for components and design routes. This knowledge will help to competently control the actions of the construction team, prevent errors, and make adjustments to the project documentation.

Read in the article:

Basic definitions

The purpose of the project needs to be clarified. We will leave the issues of storm (5) and drainage (4) sewerage outside the scope of the article. The effluents in these systems are not too dirty, so there are no significant problems with their disposal.

It is more difficult to solve problems with household waste. They are discussed below. The figure shows the internal (1) and external (2) part of the autonomous sewage system for a private house. In this example, a septic tank (3) with a drainage field is shown, but other solutions are used in practice. To choose the best option, you should familiarize yourself with them in more detail.

1. must remove domestic wastewater with sufficient capacity.
2. The lack of unnecessary difficulties in the process of their disposal will come in handy.
3. The absence of blockages and complex routine procedures will simplify operation.
4. The durability of system components will increase the intervals between overhauls.

Note! For a correct assessment, consider in a complex all important factors. You supplement the purchase price of individual components with data on the service life, maintenance, other obligatory expenses in the course of use.

Principle of operation, sewerage device in a private house

In domestic systems, a gravity drain system is used. Drains move under the influence of gravity, so a sufficient slope is needed in all horizontal sections of the sewerage system in a private house.

Sinks, showers, and other plumbing are connected through (5, 8). These simple devices create a hydraulic seal that prevents penetration unpleasant odors from the sewer. The fan pipe (7) is needed not only for. It prevents vacuum in the upper part of the riser during a volley discharge of drains that block the working opening.

If the external part of the system is properly equipped, the liquid will be cleaned to a safe level.

Where to place the sewer on the site

Note! When choosing a suitable place for placing a cesspool, it is referred to 15 m or more from the foundation of a private house. The distance can be reduced to three meters if you install a modern biological treatment station.

Related article:

From our materials you will learn the device, the principle of operation, location requirements, the secrets of self-equipping treatment facilities for a private house, as well as advice and recommendations from specialists.

The distance to the well is increased (30-50 m). On a relief site, a lowland is chosen for installation of a septic tank, away from residential premises. The distance to the borders of the neighboring area in order to avoid problems should be more than three meters.

Functional sewerage for a private house: how to make the right calculation

During the construction of housing, an autonomous sewage system is designed together with architectural components and other engineering structures. For accurate calculations, specialized specialists take data on the drain of individual points (plumbing, other equipment). They calculate the percentage of filling of the working channel, the speed of movement of the liquid, the slope and diameter of the pipes in different sections.

The following information will help you draw the right conclusions yourself:

1. At the stage of preparing a general construction project, install the connection points for appliances and equipment as close as possible to the riser.
2. AT high-rise buildings bathrooms are installed one above the other.
3. To prevent blockages, track turns are made at angles less than 90°. An exception is the vertical sections of the sewerage of a private house.
4. Special couplings are used for a smooth transition between different diameters.
5. On turns and long sections, an element with a removable side cover (“revision”) is installed to simplify inspection and remove blockages.

For laying sewers in a private house with your own hands, you can use the following standard sizes:

Expert opinion

Water supply and sewerage design engineer, LLC "ASP North-West"

Ask a specialist

“The distance to the riser should not be increased by more than 5 m. The toilet bowl is recommended by specialized experts to be mounted no further than 1.5-2 m. If these rules are violated, the height difference for draining by gravity will increase significantly.”

With an increase in the distance to the vertical section of the fan pipe, it may not be enough to compensate for the vacuum. To solve the problem, special valves are installed in the right places of the sewer for a private house. They let air out of the room, but prevent the penetration of odors from the drain system without a hydraulic seal.

The current building regulations set the maximum height difference. For a horizontal sewerage section for a private house 100 cm long, it should not exceed 15 cm. Otherwise, the liquid flow moves too quickly, does not have time to wash off the pollution.

This table shows optimal values for different diameters of the drain system while maintaining the normalized angles of inclination:

The choice of components for the sewerage drain system in a private house

To ensure good compatibility of all track components, it is recommended to use products from the same manufacturer. As a rule, specialized companies offer a varied catalog of PVC sewer pipes. It is not difficult to clarify the sizes and prices of current offers using the Internet. Such products have significant advantages over analogues:

1. Reasonable cost means small costs even when equipping large properties.
2. Light weight simplifies transport and work operations. Plastic systems sewers for a summer residence do not create an extra load. Therefore, reinforcement is not required. power frame buildings.
3. The standard connection system (with socket and integrated O-ring) speeds up installation work.
4. Such pipes are not subject to the destructive effects of corrosion, aggressive components of detergents.

Polyvinyl chloride is used most often when creating sewers for a private house. This material is used to create durable pipes that can be installed in a multilayer design at a depth of up to 8 meters (SN8 modifications). They maintain their integrity over a wide temperature range (from -10°C to +65°C).

Polyethylene pipelines are more plastic, designed for low temperatures, but they can be damaged by UV radiation. They are for transportation only. cold water. Polypropylene pipes cost 2-3 times more than PVC pipes. They are able to withstand short-term movement of liquids heated up to +95°C. But it is unlikely that such properties will be needed at a great distance from plumbing fixtures.

Non-pressure gravity sewerage for a private house is not subjected to heavy loads from the inside. But even in this case, to preserve the integrity of the structure, one should choose pvc pipes gray color with a wall thickness of at least 1.8 mm. For outdoor work, more durable products are purchased. To simplify identification, they are specially painted in orange.

When designing an external sewerage route for a private house, the following verification data can be used. They determine the permissible wall thickness for pipes with a diameter of 200 m:

Note! The connection of the home and the outer part of the sewerage of a private house can be done using corrugations to prevent violation of the integrity of the system during ground movements. Select elements corresponding in diameter (two-layer) with smooth inner walls.

In sandwich constructions, ribs increase rigidity. The inside is made smooth for the smooth passage of drains.

Execution of installation work without errors: pipe connection, correct slope and other nuances

How to properly make a sewer in a private house (connect individual parts into a single system) is described in the following description:

• After marking the dimensions from the plan, the pipe is cut at an angle of 90 °. To accurately perform this operation, use such a device (1). Use a hacksaw with a blade for metal, or a special tool.
• A file (2) chamfers the end part at an angle of 15 °, removes small defects at the cut site. The burrs are removed with a knife.
• To simplify the connection, a small area (3) is covered with a special lubricant (soap solution). Do not apply silicone sealant. It blocks the mobility of the connection, which must be preserved in this node.
• A rubber ring (4) is inserted into the recess. As a rule, such products are supplied assembled with a sealing element.
• At the next stage, insert one part into the other until it stops. The visible color of the marker put a mark (5) of the corresponding position.
• Next, the parts of the structure (6) are moved apart by about 1 cm.

This technology ensures reliable fastening and tightness of the connection. The created gap will prevent the route from deforming due to thermal expansion. plastic pipes during the operation of sewerage for a private house.

A working drawing can be created manually, without the obligatory compliance with the scale and exact drawings of individual products. But when compiling a package of design documentation for the sewerage of a private house, the following facts must be taken into account:

1. A sufficient slope is observed in all areas, the permissible maximum distance to the riser.
2. The route is laid without right angles, without creating obstacles to the drain.
3. Do not forget about installing revisions in difficult places and on long sections.

A similar drawing can be used as a basis for preparing a list of necessary sewerage components for a private house.

Related article:

In this material, we will consider in detail how its devices are mounted, we will also study it, and along the way we will find out the cost of such work when performed by specialists.

If the sewer pipes of a private house are installed in concrete screed, provides reliable protection from external influences, but repairs are difficult. The track can be mounted for wall panels, inside the frame structure of the floor. In these cases, access is easier, but the noise level increases. To create comfort and at the same time maintain the integrity of the walls, the risers are fixed through damping pads. In some situations it is necessary to set special insulation, delaying the sounds of draining. The corresponding layers are made of polyurethane foam and other moisture-resistant materials.

The official instructions indicate the features of the use of their products. The following figures show examples with manufacturer's explanations:

The external part of the autonomous sewer for giving

For year-round living, you need a continuously functioning sewerage system for a country house. What to choose for the insulation of individual sections, the owner himself will decide. But this design must be strong enough, resistant to moisture.

An attentive person will notice that the picture shows the exit from the house, located above the ground. However, many houses are made with a basement (basement). In such buildings, it is easy to make the track below the level of soil freezing for a certain region.

But do not rush to draw conclusions. It is necessary to take into account the gradual slope and distance of the treatment facilities for a private house. It is possible that they will have to be installed at too great a depth. Additional protection against groundwater penetration will be required. The cost of supplying fluid to the drainage field will increase.

After determining the depth, check the passage of the route through the site. Under roadways, parking lots, other additional loads, protection from reinforced concrete slabs or other structures is installed. Pipes are laid on a pillow of sand, cleaned of stones and other large fractions. Separate parts of the structure are assembled according to the manufacturer's instructions. The necessary sections of sewerage for a private house are insulated.

As well as inside buildings, sharp turns are not used here to prevent the movement of drains. On long stretches of sewerage for a private house, revision wells are installed. Connection nodes with such elements and septic tanks are made movable. This will prevent damage from ground displacement during use.

Cesspool: low cost and big problems

How to choose an autonomous sewer in a private house will become clear after studying all the options. You should start with traditional designs, well-proven by centuries of operation.

The authenticity of the origin of the last picture is questionable. However, such structures were indeed used many centuries ago. Today they continue to fulfill their functional purpose.

However, the use of such projects for the sewerage of a private house is contrary to the norms of modern legislation. Oddly enough, but it is much easier to fulfill the requirements of SanPin with the help of a classic “dream house”, located at a sufficient distance from the main building and other objects. Its depth is limited to 3 meters. This parameter is adjusted taking into account the actual level of groundwater. Structures without a bottom are allowed to be used with a total number of drains not more than 1 cubic meter. in 24 hours.

The permissible minimum distance to the well is determined by the geological characteristics of the site:

• clay - 20 m;
• loam - 30 m;
• sand - 50 m.

Note! When carefully studying the issue, it is necessary to take into account the distances to the relevant objects in the neighboring areas.

If you want to comply with SanPin norms at no extra cost, use this drawing of an autonomous structure (toilet with cesspool) as a basis

Closed tank: a simple solution, operating features

The figure shows important details:

• Hatch (1) for inspection and removal of accumulated drains.
• High neck (2), which allows the installation of the main part below the freezing level of the soil.
• Large ribs (3) that increase the rigidity of the structure.
• Pipe for removal of explosive gases (4). According to current building codes, its height above the ground is made less than 60 cm. The hole must be 10 cm or more in diameter.

The volume of sewage capacity for a private house is selected taking into account real needs. The main disadvantage is the rather frequent calls of the sewage machine. The depth is not made more than 2.5-3 m, so as not to complicate the removal of household waste using the typical length of hoses and the power of pumping equipment.

It is not difficult to figure out how to make a sewer in a private house ( storage capacity) made of bricks, reinforced concrete rings.

Metal tanks are rarely used due to low resistance to corrosion processes.

Septic tanks: an overview of technical solutions with professional recommendations

How to properly make a sewer in a private house will be easier to decide after a detailed acquaintance with the basics of technology. Through the transport system, wastewater enters the first tank. Here, large heavy fractions settle to the bottom, the processes of biological decomposition begin.

Through special pipe partially purified liquid enters the second tank. Similar processes take place here, but with a noticeably smaller amount of mechanical impurities.

At the third stage, the smallest impurities are retained by a layer of granular backfill. The last container has no bottom. The liquid penetrates the soil and is additionally purified in a natural way. With the correct setting of all components, the system prevents contamination environment.

Note! A clear advantage of the technology is the reduction in calls to the services of vacuum trucks.

The number of processing steps determines the degree of sewer cleaning for a private house. Therefore, for full reproduction, it is recommended to use at least two containers.

A closed third tank is installed here. After it, the liquid is discharged to a special aeration field. This part is formed from drainage (perforated) pipes. They are laid in rows with an interval of 40-60 cm on crushed stone bedding. Ventilation shafts are installed at all ends. Such facilities provide effective cleaning without the use of additional biological and technical means.

In this sewer option for a private house, you will need an appropriate free area on the land to accommodate the drainage field. With a high level of groundwater, it has to be raised to artificial embankments. Here you will have to install additional pumping equipment and control automation. The exact costs can be calculated taking into account the terrain, the number of users, and other features.

To simplify the sewerage project for a private house, they purchase ready-made equipment kits. Manufacturers offer turnkey solutions in a wide range, designed for different conditions and needs.

How to prevent environmental pollution with an artificial treatment plant

Automated sewage treatment plant for a private house. The price of such kits is the highest in the corresponding category of equipment. However, the significant initial investment is offset by several benefits:

• relatively small size;
• high-quality wastewater treatment;
• minimal hassle during operation.

In this model, the separation of contaminants is improved with the help of a productive aeration unit. Active air saturation of the sewer cleaning system for a private house accelerates not only biological, but also chemical reactions. Dissolved salts, iron and other impurities are converted into a solid precipitate. A well-purified liquid comes out.

When contacting specialists, the sewerage of a private house will be calculated professionally. The profile company will carry out delivery, installation and adjustment work, issue official warranty obligations. Comparing the costs of independently performing similar actions, one must take into account the cost of auxiliary procedures, the purchase of tools and consumables.

The above information will simplify the formulation of requirements for an individual project. They will help to implement it without errors and unnecessary costs. Specify the sewerage parameters for a private house using the comments to the article. Communicate with experienced craftsmen, express your own opinion about the products of different manufacturers. On this specialized information platform, valuable knowledge can be obtained completely free of charge.

Video, professional installation of plastic sewer pipes

Sewer drains in the house must be collected and sent to the central sewer or to or to.

This task is performed by the piping system inside and outside the house - internal and external sewage.

How to lay sewer pipes in a private house

The sewerage diagram shows two vertical pipes crossing the house from the basement to the roof − these are sewers, in which drains from nearby sanitary appliances are collected.

Drains from sanitary appliances move by gravity to sewer risers, and from there to horizontal sewers and further to the outlet outdoor sewerage.

Features of the movement of effluents through sewer pipes

When developing a sewerage scheme, be guided by the following.

With a volley discharge of water through the toilet, a portion of water filling all, or almost all, the cross section of the sewer pipe, moving along the pipe, acts like a piston. Behind the flow of water, a vacuum is created in the pipe, which, if there is no ventilation, sucks water from the siphons of sanitary appliances connected to the pipe downstream.

BUT pressure builds up ahead of the water flow, which pushes water out of the siphons of sanitary appliances connected upstream.

The effect of pressurizing the pipe is usually less pronounced, since the sewer pipe at the front end usually has an open outlet. The vacuum in the pipes with an improper sewage system in the house often leads to the suction of water from the siphons of sanitary appliances and smell in the house.

Similar processes in sewer pipes can occur:

• When emptying the tub or draining the washing machine under pressure from the pump.
• In very long supply pipes from sanitary appliances to the riser.
• With a large difference in height between the beginning and end of the supply pipe.

Rules for laying sewerage in the house

When developing a sewerage scheme for a private house, the following rules are observed:

1. The toilet must have a separate connection to the riser. No other sanitary appliances should be connected to the pipe between the toilet bowl and the riser. Failure to comply with this rule may lead to the fact that when flushing the toilet over the full cross section of the pipe, water will be sucked out of the siphons of other sanitary appliances.

2. Connection to the riser on the floor of other sanitary appliances should not be lower than the connection point of the toilet bowl. Otherwise, when flushing the toilet, sewage may appear in the drain hole of adjacent appliances.

Other sanitary appliances, except for the toilet, may have one common pipe to the riser.

3. When choosing the diameter of the pipes, they are guided by the rule - the diameter of the pipe leading to the riser should not be less than the diameter of the drain pipe of the sanitary appliance. If several devices are connected to one supply pipe, then the diameter of the pipe is taken according to the largest section of the branch pipe of the connected devices.

The diameter of the riser pipe should not be less than the diameter of the toilet drain pipe - 100 mm.; or 50 mm.- for a riser without a toilet bowl.

4. The length of the supply pipe to the riser from the toilet should be no more than 1 m. The length of the pipe connections from other sanitary appliances is not more than 3 m. For longer connections (up to 5 meters), it is necessary to increase the pipe diameter to 70-75 mm. Eyeliners longer than 5 m made of pipes with a diameter of 100-110 mm. It is not necessary to increase the diameter of the inlet pipes if the upper ends of the inlets are ventilated with an aeration vacuum valve or by connecting the inlet to the riser vent pipe. The length of the piping to the toilet can be increased provided that the end attached to the toilet is ventilated.

5. The slope of the pipes for effective self-cleaning should be within 2 - 15% (2 - 15 cm. per meter length). The difference in height between the beginning and end of the piping to the toilet should not exceed 1 m. For other eyeliners - no more than 3 m. If the height difference is greater, then ventilation of the upper end of the liner is necessary.

6. Avoid installing corner fittings with an angle of 90 degrees at pipe bends. The angles of rotation and connection of pipes must be formed smoothly, from standard parts with an angle of 135 degrees along the flow of the liquid.

7. Sewer pipes are laid with a socket in the direction - towards the flow.

8. Be sure to ventilate the risers. To do this, the pipes of the risers are brought up, at least 0.5 m. above the roof surface. The lack of ventilation leads to the appearance of a vacuum in the pipes when draining water, emptying the siphons of sanitary appliances and the smell of sewerage in the house and on the site. Ventilation of the sewer riser should not be associated with channels natural ventilation premises.

9. For ventilation of risers and piping, in the cases indicated above, an aeration vacuum valve is installed at the upper end of the room. The aeration valve only allows air to enter the pipe, but does not release gases to the outside. The operation of the valve prevents the occurrence of a vacuum in the pipe, which leads to the emptying of the siphons of sanitary appliances. If an aeration valve is installed, it is not necessary to ventilate such a riser. But ventilation of at least one riser in the house should be done without fail.

10. It is necessary to provide soundproofing of sewer risers. To do this, it is better to place the risers in the niches of the walls, cover them with a layer of mineral wool, and sheathe the niches with drywall.

11. The riser pipe at the floor level is fixed rigidly. On the floor, between the ceilings, the pipes are connected and fixed in such a way as to ensure movement during temperature deformations. On the lower floor of the house in an accessible place, a hatch is installed in the riser - a revision.

12. Horizontal pipes connecting the risers and the outlet of the external sewage system are laid in the basement of the house along the walls, in the ground under the floor. Every 15 m. and at each turn in the pipes they install a revision hatch.

13. Diameter horizontal pipes should not be less than the diameter of the riser pipes. The angles of rotation and connection of pipes are made at an angle of not more than 60 degrees. Pipes laid in the unheated part of the house are insulated.

Doing so is dangerous! A horizontal strobe in the wall for sewer pipes reduces the strength of the walls. The possibility of installing a horizontal strobe in the wall must be confirmed by the designer's calculation.

A device for laying sewer pipes in a vertical niche in the wall, to the entire height of the floor, or a horizontal strobe, leads to a weakening of the strength of the wall. You should not make niches and strobes anywhere, at your own peril and risk. Niches and strobes with a depth of more than 3 cm. for laying communications in the walls should be provided in the design of the house.

It is allowed, without agreement with the designer, to arrange vertical strobes in the lower part of the wall to a height of not more than 1/3 of the floor height.

Outside sewer outlet

Sewerage outlet - the outer section of the pipe from the house, is connected to the well of the central sewerage system of the village (if any), or to a drainless storage septic tank for the removal of wastewater by a sewage machine, or to the septic tank of local treatment facilities on the site.

Outside, directly at the house, it is recommended to install an inspection well on the outlet pipe. In the well, it is recommended to install in the pipe check valve. The valve will prevent flooding of the underground part of the building (for example, when the septic tank overflows) and prevent rodents from entering the house through sewer pipes.

The outer pipe at the outlet of the revision well is connected to the central sewerage system or to the septic tank of the autonomous sewerage system of a private house.

The outer pipe to the septic tank is laid with a slope of 2.5 - 3%, at a depth of about 0.4 m. If the release length is more than 5 m., then the pipe along the entire length is insulated with a shell made of polystyrene foam or extruded polystyrene foam.

The exhaust pipe must not be buried- otherwise, it will lead to the need to install a septic tank at a great depth, which will cost more and make it difficult to operate the septic tank.

Siphon in the sewer

The drain pipe of each sanitary appliance is connected to the supply pipe through a siphon. The siphon is a U - shaped elbow, in the lower part of which there is always a layer of drained liquid.

Some sanitary appliances, such as the toilet, have a built-in siphon. The layer of water in the siphon serves as a barrier to gases, preventing them from escaping from the sewer pipe into the room.

The siphon of a sanitary appliance may not be filled with water and pass gases into the room in the following cases:

1. With prolonged inactivity of the sanitary appliance, the water in the siphon dries up. During inactivity (more than two weeks), it is recommended to close the drain holes of sanitary appliances.
2. When water is sucked out of the siphon as a result of the vacuum created in the pipes. The risk of water suction from siphons increases with an increase in the length and a decrease in the diameter of the supply pipe, as well as in the absence of ventilation of risers and long supply pipes.

Fecal pumps with grinder for home

Drains move in the sewer pipes by gravity, due to the laying of pipes with a slope.

However, situations sometimes arise in the house when creating required slope pipes from sanitary appliances is difficult. For example, if a sanitary room is equipped in the basement of a house. Or it is necessary to move the drains a considerable distance (from the bath), and the required pipe slope cannot be created.

A fecal pump with a grinder is attached to the toilet. The pump also accepts drains from the washbasin.

For the reception and forced movement of wastewater, special electric fecal pumps are installed. The fecal pump has a device for grinding the contents of wastewater and pumping them into the pipes located above sewer system.

A pump for forced movement of wastewater is installed after each sanitary appliance or for pumping wastewater from a group of closely spaced sanitary facilities.

The fecal pump can raise wastewater to a height of up to 10 meters and move several tens of meters.

Inflow of air into the sewer pipes for ventilation occurs through the open end of a pipe in a septic tank or central sewerage well. The outlet of the sewer pipe, through which drains from the house enter the septic tank, should always be above the level of drains in it.

About the processes that occur during the movement of effluents through sewer pipes, about the design and correct use of the aeration valve watch this video:

Sewerage options - sewage disposal from a private house

What to do with drains in a private house if there is no central sewerage system nearby?!

There are two sewer options- sewage disposal from a private house:

1. Drain water into a drainless storage septic tank (reservoir, cesspool) with periodic, as it is filled, pumping out and removing wastewater by a sewage machine to the treatment plant of the nearest settlement.
2. Arrangement of local treatment facilities at the site and discharge of purified water into the natural environment - into the ground or onto the relief.

The first method provides the minimum cost of construction sewers, but the annual operating costs (removal of wastewater) can be significant.

The sewerage option with local treatment facilities is more costly during construction, but can provide lower operating costs for the maintenance of the system.

Methods for cleaning sewer drains of a private house

In local treatment facilities, a biological method of cleaning wastewater from pollution is used. Wastewater treatment is carried out by microorganisms capable of decomposing organic pollution. The main task of biological treatment is the removal of organic matter from wastewater. Biochemical reactions occurring in the process of biological treatment partially remove many chemical elements from wastewater, reducing their concentration in wastewater.

Distinguish anaerobic(bacteria without oxygen) and aerobic(bacteria in the presence of oxygen) biological treatment processes.

Two types of local sewage treatment plants for a private house

For wastewater treatment of a private house use:

1. Anaerobic septic tanks, supplemented by ground treatment facilities with filtering drainage through the soil layer. In soil filters, the process of post-treatment of wastewater with the help of aerobic bacteria takes place.
2. Active septic tanks- treatment devices in which the process of intensive biological wastewater treatment with the help of aerobic bacteria has been established. Treated drains after an active septic tank, as a rule, are discharged into the ground or onto the terrain.

First option, anaerobic septic tank with drainage into the ground, as a rule, cheaper in the device and operation. Here, in the treatment facilities, conditions close to natural are created for the vital activity of microorganisms. A simple device ensures long-term and reliable operation of the sewer.

The second option with an active septic tank- more expensive and difficult to operate. An active septic tank is a high-tech factory-made device in which artificial conditions are created for the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms, which can significantly speed up the cleaning process.

Sewerage of a private house with an active septic tank provides the highest degree of wastewater treatment. Treated effluents from an active septic tank are sent to the ground through the drainage system. With waterproof soils on the site, drains are dumped onto the terrain, into a ditch.

An active septic tank requires connection to the mains, does not tolerate long interruptions in the supply of sewage, is sensitive to power outages, needs constant monitoring of operation, as well as timely repair and maintenance.

Advantages - small dimensions, quick installation, independence from soil conditions on the site. For an economy class house, it makes sense to use an active septic tank when there is not enough space on the site for placing ground filtering drainage or at a high level of groundwater.

Cleaning sewage drains of a private house in an active septic tank Topas

Autonomous sewerage system Topas is an effective and rational solution for the private sector, country and country estates, where connection to the central sewage system is impossible. Many consumers have already managed to evaluate the presented system and characterize it from the best side, but what is it?

The Topas septic tank is a wastewater accumulation and treatment system, as a result of which the purest industrial water is brought to the surface. The range of such devices is very wide - each buyer can choose optimal product able to serve as a separate private house, and a small cottage village.

The essence of autonomous sewage Topas

In the production of Topas septic tanks, foamed polypropylene is used; in addition, storage chambers are equipped with stiffeners. This production technology allows you to achieve the following device parameters:

• High strength characteristics.
• Installation of the system in all weather conditions.
• The operation of the system even in winter period time.
• Independence from the type of soil and the level of groundwater.

We note some advantages of autonomous sewerage:

• high level of water purification;
• there is no need to equip additional aeration sites;
• long service life;
• compact size, which allows you to install a septic tank in a minimum space;
• environmental friendliness;
• ease of maintenance with a minimum of labor costs, financial costs and no need to call special equipment;
• secondary products of processing can be used as fertilizer, and purified water for irrigation of plantings;
• no foreign smells, noise;
• absolute tightness of the structure.

It is worth noting and cons of the system, although it is difficult to call it minuses:

• dependence on electricity;
• high cost of the product, but over time the costs will pay off;
• for installation, you will need to call a team of specialists, although self-assembly is possible.

The principle of operation of an active septic tank

The principle of operation of autonomous sewage can be divided into several stages:

1. Wastewater enters the receiving chamber, where it is cleaned from impurities and heavy contaminants. The filling level of the chamber is adjustable; after filling, the effluent enters the aerotank.
2. An aeration process takes place, as a result of which sewage is treated with oxygen and special bacteria.
3. The treated effluents accumulate in the sump, from where the sludge is subsequently pumped out, settling at the bottom.
4. Process water passes into the stabilizer, from where it can be disposed of into the ground or used, for example, for irrigation.

Rules for the operation of an active septic tank Topas

Any model of the Topas septic tank is equipped with detailed instructions on operation, but we highlight a few rules that must be observed:

1. In the event of a power outage, try to limit the flow of wastewater into the storage chamber to avoid overflow.
2. Do not allow harsh chemicals, alkalis, acids, etc. to enter the system. – they will destroy the useful microorganisms of the device.
3. Do not throw waste into the sewer that is not intended for it - food leftovers, bags, plastic, and other solid household waste.
4. Sludge cleaning takes place twice a year.
5. Some parts of the device are subject to mandatory replacement, for example, Air Mac compressor membranes - once every 2 years, aeration elements - once every 12 years.

Installation of an active septic tank Topas

The installation of an autonomous sewage system will not cause any particular difficulties, the whole process is divided into several stages:

1. Search for a place where a septic tank will be installed - a distance of at least 5 meters must be maintained from the foundation of buildings, while it is worth remembering about trenches, a pit, a drain site that needs to be dug.
2. Digging a pit, the dimensions of which vary depending on the size of the station. With an unstable type of soil, formwork will have to be installed.
3. Sand or concrete pad that prevents the station from floating up. For small models, a sand cushion is arranged, and for stations designed for maintenance a large number users - from concrete.
4. Installation of the station in the pit - manual or automatic method.
5. Laying sewer pipes.
6. Sealing sewer pipes at the points of their connection with the device. A special polypropylene cord is used, which is included with the station.
7. Connecting a power cord that runs underground in a corrugated pipe.
8. Backfilling with soil is the last stage in which water is simultaneously poured into the pit to a depth of 35 cm and covered with sand. The station must be completely submerged in the ground, otherwise there will be no normalization of external pressure.

Selecting a Standalone Station Model

When choosing a Topas septic tank, the following factors should be considered:

• number of future users;
• depth of the sewer pipe;
• method of ejection of treated effluents - forced or free.

Any model of the Topas septic tank will last long time subject to the rules of operation and installation. It is worth contacting professionals who will not only quickly and competently provide all services for the selection and installation of an autonomous station, but also provide warranty obligations for all installation work.

How to make an anaerobic septic tank and ground treatment facilities for autonomous sewage in a private house with your own hands

More articles on this topic:

Where to send sewerage in a private house

It is difficult for us to live without amenities, even being in a private house. We strive to provide maximum convenience, creating an optimal standard of living for our family. For this, it is very important to think over the issue of construction in advance.

When building a sewer with your own hands in a private country cottage, you can save money, but you need to carry out these works in accordance with construction and installation requirements.

Sewerage in the house involves the arrangement of external and internal sewerage.

Internal is piping, installation of a fan pipe and a riser.

The outer one includes a set of pipes running from the house to a septic tank or a deep cleaning station.

Scheme of internal sewerage

You need to choose a scheme based on the layout of each house. Ideally, when all plumbing equipment is tied to one collector, through which water will flow.

AT big house, with several bathrooms, it is more correct to prefer such a scheme in which there will be at least two cesspools or a septic tank. And in a two-story house, risers must be installed.

How to draw up a sewerage scheme for a private house:

1. make a house plan;
2. determine the location of the risers;
3. mark the locations of plumbing fixtures and determine how to connect them;
4. depict the pipes going from the fittings and the riser to the plumbing, and all the elements of the connection;
5. do this for each floor;
6. determine the dimensions of the fan pipe and riser;
7. sum the length of all inner pipes;
8. at the final stage, draw up an external sewerage scheme.

How to choose sewer pipes

For external and internal sewage, different ones are used.

For laying pipes inside, PVC and gray are used. For sunbeds and risers, pipes with a diameter of 110 mm are used, and for drains - 40 and 50 mm. Turns are made with two plastic knees bent at a right angle.

Often, pipes for external sewerage are orange, 110 mm in diameter and have the necessary rigidity. Two-layer corrugated pipes can also be used.

Pipe Properties

Cast iron:

• durable and strong, designed for heavy loads.
• expensive, heavy and brittle, corrosion of the interior can contribute to blockages.

Polypropylene:

• light and flexible, well withstand high water temperatures.
• there are no shortcomings.

PVC:

• inexpensive and lightweight, used for outdoor sewage.
• Fragile, do not tolerate high water temperatures well.

Pipe laying

The most serious process in the construction of sewerage in the house is the wiring and laying of pipes. At the end of the work, check the tightness of the system, and only then, proceed to its operation.

Pipe connection

Today, many types of revisions, tees, elbows and plastic pipes are sold that are easy to connect. Connection points can be processed. And in places where the pipe passes through the foundation, it is recommended to install a sleeve.

It is also important to remember about the slope of the pipes, which depends on its diameter, and is 2 - 3 cm per 1 m.

Sewer outlet

In order not to encounter a discrepancy between the internal and external sewers, start the installation of the sewer from the outlet,

It is mounted through the foundation deeper than the frost level. When setting the outlet higher, it will be necessary to insulate the pipe.

If you didn't think about it at the time, you will need to punch a hole in it, sufficient to install a drain pipe with a sleeve. A sleeve is a small piece of pipe with a diameter of 130-160 mm. It should protrude 15 cm from both sides of the foundation.

The diameter of the outlet must not be less than the diameter of the riser. A sleeve is needed to create a pipe slope.

Dilution of pipes and installation of a riser

It is ideal to place the riser in the toilet. It is mounted openly or hidden.

To connect sewer pipes with a riser, oblique tees are used, and at the joints of pipes that are different in diameter, adapters are used. At the intersection of pipes, it is necessary to install a collector having a diameter of 100-110 mm. Also install water seals that will protect you from unpleasant odors.

Installation of a special tee (revision) on each riser is required. With its help, it will be possible to clean the blockage. You can set the cleaning after each bend.

The riser is best located in the toilet of a private house

Exhaust pipe outlet

Fan pipe functions:

• supports Atmosphere pressure within the system;
• increases the durability of the sewer system;
• ventilates the entire sewerage system.

A fan pipe is called a continuation of the riser. This is a pipe leading to the roof. Before connecting the fan pipe and riser, it is important to install a revision. After that, the pipe is displayed at a convenient angle to the attic.

Do not combine a fan pipe with a chimney or ventilation at home. The outlet of the fan pipe must be located at a distance of 4 meters from windows and balconies. The height of the retreat from the roof should be 70 cm. It is also important to place sewer, house and chimney ventilation at different levels.

External sewerage at home

You can equip the sewer in the house in different ways, but it is very important to choose correct system that suits your needs.

It is necessary to choose an external sewage scheme taking into account the following:

• temporarily or permanently you live in the house;
• the number of people living;
• daily water consumption per person;
• ground water level;
• plot size;
• soil type and structure;
• climate.

For more detailed information, you should read the relevant chapters of SNiP and SanPin.

All external sewage systems are divided into two types:

• storage (cesspool, sealed container);
• wastewater treatment structures (single-chamber septic tank, septic tank with two overflowing wells, aeration tank, septic tank with biofilter, septic tank with several chambers and a filtration field).

Cesspool without a bottom

This is very old way sewer, which is now used exclusively as a country house.

In the cesspool, walls are made of rings of concrete or bricks, and the earth remains as the bottom. In the pit, relatively clean water seeps into the ground, and organic waste settles to the bottom.

When completely filled with waste, it needs to be cleaned.

It is possible to make such a cesspool if the house is not permanently inhabited and does not consume a lot of water. At the same time, groundwater must pass at least 1 m below the bottom of the pit, otherwise it will lead to soil water pollution.

Adding microorganisms to the pit will slightly reduce the unpleasant odor and speed up the process of water purification.

Sealed storage tank

This option involves the installation of a sealed container into which water will drain. You can purchase a ready-made container made of metal or plastic, or you can make your own from concrete rings. The lid is made of metal, and the bottom is made of concrete. Important in construction storage tank is its complete tightness and insulated cover.

When filling the tank, it must be cleaned using a special sewage machine. The volume of the tank and the frequency of its cleaning depends on the water consumption.

This system can be used when groundwater is high, so you secure water sources and soil. But its disadvantage is that you will need to call the sewer truck quite often.

Single chamber septic tank

This is a well, the bottom of which is sprinkled with a layer of rubble and coarse sand. Water seeping through them is purified by 50%. Along with mechanical cleaning, there are processes of biological cleaning.

It is not necessary to build such a sewer in a private house if people live in it permanently. This option can only be used when the groundwater level is low. It should be noted that gravel and sand need to be changed periodically.

With your own hands, a septic tank can be made of polypropylene, reinforced concrete rings, bricks or a bay of its walls and floor. At the same time, it is necessary to determine whether the post-treatment of wastewater will take place in the well field or in the filtration field. You also need to equip the system and carry out its hydro and thermal insulation.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most popular way of arranging in a country house, it is economical and can be built independently.

It consists of two wells. The first one has a sealed bottom, and the second one does not, but is covered with rubble and sand, which will need to be replaced about once every five years.

The first well plays the role of a sump, and the second - a filter well. Periodically, the first well is filled with waste and to clean it you need to call a sewage truck about 2 times a year.

It is worth installing such a sewage system in the house, even if during the flood the groundwater level is below 1 m from the bottom of the second well.

Soil and biological treatment - septic tank with filtration field

This type of septic tank is made in the form of a container, divided into sections connected by pipes.

The first container is needed for settling wastewater. The clarified water goes to the second section, where organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. After the water goes to the filtration fields.

This is a vast underground area where soil sewage treatment takes place. If the soil in your area is sandy, then this perfect option. After that, the water is sent through pipelines to a well or drainage ditch.

Sometimes it is necessary to replace sand and gravel in the filtration field.

Natural treatment station - septic tank with biofilter

With its help, you can sewer at any level of groundwater.

Such a station is a container divided into 3-4 sections.

In the first, water is settled, in the second, organic residues are decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms. In the third, water is separated, and in the fourth, organic matter is decomposed by aerobic bacteria that live only under the condition of a constant air supply. To do this, a pipe rising above the ground is installed above the chamber. In the pipe leading from the third chamber to the fourth, there is a filter with aerobic bacteria. Purified water can be used for technical purposes. From the fourth chamber there is a pipe leading to a drainage ditch, or storage tank.

For a country house permanent residence, a septic tank with a biofilter is optimal solution. The disadvantage is that with a changeable residence, the bacteria will simply die.

Artificial cleaning station - septic tank with forced air supply

This is a fast cleaning installation, in which natural processes are artificially caused. The device of sewerage with the help of an aerotank is impossible without leading to it

It is hard to imagine country cottage without a civil toilet and a cozy bathroom. But not every village is equipped with a waste collection system. Therefore, sewerage in a private house is performed separately. Don't know which system to choose? This article will tell you about all the features of sewerage in a private house.

We have described possible ways organization of waste collection, outlined their features of arrangement and use. They also gave step-by-step instructions on drafting a project, installing a sewer pipeline, installing a septic tank and a drainage well.

There are several types of waste collection systems: central, accumulative, draining, filtration.

Central. The sewer pipe of the house is connected to the public sewer network, through which organic waste is collected in the city sewer.

Depending on the distance of the central pipeline to the house, a decision is made on the advisability of using an autonomous or central system sewers

Accumulation system- modern prototype. The main difference is the complete tightness of the waste collection point. It can be: concrete, brick, metal, plastic. To do this, a ditch for a container is dug on a piece of land remote from a residential building.

The principle of operation of the storage system is to discharge organic compounds into a sealed container. When it fills up, the contents are pumped out. cesspool machine.

This scheme for installing an individual sewerage system in a private house has gained wide popularity due to its low cost.

Pipe ventilation arrangement

The exhaust sewage system is designed to balance the negative pressure inside the pipeline. Due to the connection of sewer pipes with the atmosphere, the system is aligned.

As a ventilation system is used:

• air valve.

fan hood is a continuation central riser. It is brought out above the roof ridge at a distance of 30-50 cm. To protect against precipitation, a deflector is attached to the outlet, which further enhances traction.

Installing a fan hood for a private cottage is extremely impractical. Such a system will require insulation of the pipeline, as well as the allocation of a separate ventilation duct in the partitions.

Air valve- perfect option. It is easy to mount it in the pipeline. The device is installed directly in the room. The valve is equipped with a soft rubber membrane that only lets air in.

For two-story house one device is enough. The valve is mounted on the second floor.

Scheme of connecting waste water discharge points to the central pipe. The difference in the height of the connection of the outflow of the dishwasher and the toilet bowl determines the total angle of inclination of the pipeline

Stage number 3 - installation of a septic tank

If a decision is made to make a sewerage system in a private house with your own hands, then it is better to install a septic tank from concrete rings or a ready-made plastic tank.

The volume of the container for collecting and settling organic waste is determined by calculation. Be sure to add an extra cube. The pipe insertion point is located at a distance of 2/3 from the upper edge of the septic tank, so it is not filled to the top.

Septic tank device

The first step is to dig three holes for the installation of containers. To save time and financial costs, it is advisable to combine two settling tanks into one.

The bottom of the dug hole should be reinforced with a concrete base. Concrete cannot be laid on the ground, so pour a layer of crushed stone, 20 cm thick.

For the device of the base, a formwork from construction board. It must be fixed with reinforcement along the outer and inner perimeter.

The composition of the mixture is the same as for pouring the foundation. At the same time, be sure to lay a knitted mesh as a reinforcing element. It is better to take cement grade M500, since the weight of the filled container will be large.

After the base hardens, and this will happen no earlier than after 3 weeks, proceed to the installation of drives.

With the help of a crane, they are installed in a dug hole. When the first link is laid, the joint with the base must be smeared cement mortar or tile adhesive. This is how you achieve tightness.

Do the same with subsequent rings. Before installing the second and third, pre-apply a layer of mortar to the joints. After mounting all the links, once again process the joints inside the container. When the tank is installed, a brick partition is made inside.

For cleaning are mounted. The horizontal partition is made of a concrete slab with holes for plastic covers.

The last step is all the inner surfaces of the two containers.

It should be borne in mind that the outlet from the first container should be 10 cm lower than the first - the entrance from the house.

The angle of inclination is determined by the same parameters as for home wiring: with a pipe diameter of 110 mm, the height difference per 1 m is 20 mm.

Scheme of installation of a draining septic tank with two sealed tanks. The presence of a second tank allows you to filter water from silt and other contaminants

To ensure that the slope of the pipe complies with the standards, the inlet of the second sump is lowered by 10 cm relative to the first.

On the upper part tanks, as well as inner part cleaning hatches, a heater is attached. Cleaning or inspection hatches are installed directly above the bypass pipes so that they can be cleaned.

For device concrete base not required. Here, the soil under the rings must pass water and retain sewage.

Therefore, a sand-gravel cushion is poured at the bottom of the pit. The thicker the layer of rubble, the longer the well will perform its functions. After 5 years, you will have to replace the top layer of rubble with a new one, because the old one will silt up.

Keep track of the level. When installing the first ring on crushed stone, one edge may warp. If this happens, simply lift the link with a crane and level the level with rubble.

The joints of the rings must be treated with a solution in order to achieve tightness. The device for waterproofing and an inspection hatch occurs by analogy with a sump.

Organization of septic tank ventilation

Installation of ventilation pipes for septic tanks is justified only if aerobic bacteria are used. They strongly absorb the air that is supplied through the hood.

Another type of biological bacteria are anaerobes. The process of their vital activity proceeds without oxygen.

It is important not to confuse these two concepts, as some anaerobes die if there is air in the environment.

are added to the sedimentation tanks. Bacteria completely convert organic matter into water. In practice, this effect can only be achieved by installing complex filtration systems, but still they must be used. Therefore, install a ventilation pipe in both sumps.

A PVC sewer pipe for outdoor use is led out of each tank through the lid. A deflector is installed at the end.

Stage number 4 - laying the central pipe

The sewer pipe, which removes sewage from the house, is diverted from the basement to a distance of 5 m. The pipeline for outdoor use is painted orange. Such a product differs from "home" pipes in thicker walls. Permissible laying depth - 3 m.

At the bottom of the dug pit, as well as on top of the laid pipe, a layer of sand of 8-10 cm is poured. To ensure the best removal of organic sewage from the house to the septic tanks, the pipe should go in one line. Turns of the central drain are strictly prohibited.

Alternatives to a drainage septic tank

A modern device that allows you to purify wastewater by 90% or more is a deep cleaning station.

Biological filtration devices are equipped with three levels of purification $

• biological purification by bacteria;
• mechanical filtration with meshes;
• final cleaning with chemicals.

It will not work to independently install such a sewer. The stations are produced in a single container, divided inside into several compartments. The device is volatile.

The compressor unit pumps air into the aerobic compartment for increased bacterial activity. The percentage of water purification, depending on the model of the septic tank

When the power is turned off, the bacteria will continue to live for up to two days. After this period, the installation loses its effectiveness. It will take several days to grow a new crop

Deep purification of organic matter allows the use of waste water for watering plants. For this, a storage tank with a pump is installed.

Deep cleaning stations are advisable to use when ground water located too close to the ground. Also, if the site has clay soil, natural drainage will be difficult.

In addition to a biological septic tank, a sealed tank can serve as a way out of the situation. It will have to be pumped out often, but you will not have other problems.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

The intricacies of arranging sewerage are set out by the author of the video, who is busy laying sewer pipes:

The device of a septic tank made of concrete rings will be discussed in the following video:

Sewerage in a private house is an important stage of construction. Even at the design stage, the owner should think about the future design of septic tanks, their location, as well as the filtration system.

The comfort of all those living in the house will depend on the proper arrangement of the sewer system, therefore, if there is doubt in one’s abilities, it is better to entrust its arrangement to specialists.