2.2 Determination of heat losses and circulation costs in the supply pipelines of the hot water supply system

Circulation consumption of hot water in the system, l / s:

,(2.14)

where> is the total heat loss by the supply pipelines DHW systems, kW;

The temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system to the most remote draw-off point, , is assumed to be 10;

Circulation misalignment coefficient, accepted1

For a system with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value is determined by supply pipelines and water risers at = 10 and = 1

Heat losses in areas, kW, are determined by the formula

Where: q - heat loss of 1 m of pipeline, W / m, taken according to Appendix 7 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

l - length of the pipeline section, m, taken according to the drawing

When calculating the heat loss of sections of water risers, the heat loss of a heated towel rail is taken equal to 100 W, while its length is excluded from the length of the floor riser. For convenience, the calculation of heat losses is summarized in one table 2 with the hydraulic calculation of the network.

Determine the heat loss for the entire system as a whole. For convenience, it is assumed that the risers located on the plan in mirror reflection are equal to each other. Then the heat loss of the risers located to the left of the input will be equal to:

1.328*2+0.509+1.303*2+2.39*2+2.432*2+2.244=15.659 kW

And the risers located on the right:

1.328*2+(0.509-0.144) +2.39*2+(0.244-0.155) =7.89 kW

The total heat loss to the house will be 23.55 kW.

Let's define the circulation flow:

l/s

Let us determine the calculated second flow rate of hot water, l/s, in sections 45 and 44. To do this, we determine the ratio qh/qcir, for sections 44 and 45 it is equal to 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. According to Appendix 5, the coefficient Kcir=0 in both cases, therefore, the preliminary calculation is final.

Provided for circulation circulation pump brand WILO Star-RS 30/7

2.3 Water meter selection

acc. with item p a) item 3.4 we check the condition 1.36m<5м, условие выполняется, принимаем крыльчатый водомер METRON Ду 50 мм.

3. Calculation and design of the sewerage system

The sewerage system is designed to remove from the building pollution generated in the process of sanitary and hygienic procedures, economic activities, as well as atmospheric and melt water. The internal sewer network consists of discharge pipelines, risers, outlets, exhaust part, cleaning devices. Outlet pipes are used to drain Wastewater from sanitary appliances and their transfer to the riser. Outlet pipes are connected to the water seals of sanitary appliances and laid with a slope towards the riser. The risers are designed to transport wastewater to the sewer outlet. They collect drains from outlet pipes and must have a diameter not less than the largest diameter of the outlet pipe or outlet of the device connected to the riser.

In this project, the intra-apartment wiring is made of socket PVC pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, risers with a diameter of 100 mm are made of cast iron, also connected by sockets. Connection to the risers is carried out using crosses and tees. Revisions and cleanings are provided on the network to remove blockages.

3.1 Determination of estimated sewerage costs

Total maximum design water flow:

Where: - water consumption by the device, taken equal to 0.3 l / s acc. with adj.4; - coefficient depending on the total number of devices and the probability of their use Рtot

, (7)

Where: - the total consumption rate per hour of the highest water consumption, l, taken in accordance with Appendix 4 equal to 20

The number of water consumers, equal to 104 * 4.2 people

Number of sanitary fixtures, accepted 416 on assignment

Then, the product N*=416*0.019=7.9, therefore, =3.493

The resulting value is less than 8l/s, therefore, the maximum second wastewater flow:

Where: - consumption from sanitary - technical device with the highest drainage, l / s, adopted according to Appendix 2 for a toilet bowl with cistern equal to 1.6

3.2 Calculation of risers

The water consumption for risers K1-1, K1-2, K1-5, K1-6 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 52 devices.

We accept a riser diameter of 100 mm, a floor outlet diameter of 100 mm, and a floor outlet angle of 90 °. Maximum throughput 3.2 l/s. Estimated flow rate 2.95 l/s. Therefore, the riser operates in normal hydraulic mode.

The water consumption for risers K1-3, K1-4 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 104 devices.

To maintain a constant temperature at water taps in residential and public buildings, hot water is circulated between the taps and the heat generator. The value of the circulation flow is determined during the thermal calculation of the central heating network. Depending on the value of the circulation flow in the design sections, the diameters of the circulation pipelines are assigned. The amount of heat loss by the central heating system is determined as the sum of heat losses in the network sections according to the formula

where - specific heat loss of 1 linear meter of the pipeline.

When designing central heating systems with sectional heat loss units, 1 linear meter of pipeline can be taken, according to, depending on the type of pipeline, the place and method of its laying. Heat losses of 1 p.m of pipes are given in Appendix 2. Heat losses by insulated pipelines of the quarterly network under various laying conditions are given in Appendix 3.

The circulation flow of hot water, according to clause 8.2 in the system, is determined by the formula:

, l/s,

where Q ht - heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply, kW;

t is the temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system from the water heater to the most remote draw-off point, С;

 is the coefficient of circulation misalignment.

Values ​​Q ht and  are taken at the same resistance of section nodes

Dt = 8.5С and b = 1.3.

In accordance with the recommendations of clause 9.16, we provide for thermal insulation of supply and circulation pipelines, including risers, except for connections to appliances and heated towel rails. As thermal insulation, we accept molded mineral wool cylinders manufactured by Rokwool Russia.

Heat losses are determined for all supply pipelines of the hot water supply system. The calculation is carried out in the form of table 4. Specific heat losses are taken according to appendices 2 and 3.

Table 4. Calculation of heat losses by supply pipelines
Pipe diameter, mm	Number of risers or towel dryers		Riser or pipeline length, m		Total length of pipes, m	Specific heat loss, W	Heat loss of risers, W	Heat losses of main pipelines, W
Water risers
Towel dryers
Main pipes in the basement
				Total for one house:
				Total for two houses:
Main pipes in the channel
Total heat loss: Q ht \u003d 29342 + 3248 \u003d 32590 W \u003d 32.59 kW

3.3. Hydraulic calculation of supply pipelines when submitting circulation calculations

The hydraulic calculation of the supply pipelines for the passage of circulation flow through them is carried out in the absence of water intake. The value of the circulation flow is determined by the formula

, l/s.

For section nodes with the same resistance, we accept Dt = 8.5 ° C and b = 1.3.

l/s,

l/s*.

The circulation flow from the water heater is supplied through the supply pipelines and water risers and discharged through the circulation risers and circulation main pipelines to the water heater. Since the risers are the same, in order to replenish heat losses with pipes, the same circulation flow must pass through each water riser.

We determine the value of the circulation flow passing through the riser:

, l/s,

where n st is the number of water risers in a residential building.

The hydraulic calculation of the supply and circulation pipelines is carried out according to the calculated direction relative to the dictating point. Specific pressure losses are taken according to Appendix 1. The results of the calculation are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Hydraulic calculation of supply pipelines for passing
circulation flow
Lot number		Pipe diameter, mm	Circulation flow, l/s		Speed, m/s		Head loss, mm
								Location on	H= il(1+Kl)
						∑h l = 970.14 mm =

On payment for thermal energy in the non-heating period
In the summer, in the receipts of St. Petersburg residents for housing and communal services, the line “losses of thermal energy in hot water". The wording of the position may differ, but the essence is the same - with the transition to seasonal payment for heating, it became necessary to pay for the consumption of thermal energy associated with heat transfer through risers and heated towel rails. For example, in a letter from the Housing Committee of St. Petersburg, an explanation is given "on the procedure for paying for thermal energy for the circulation of hot water through heated towel rails." The problem is that, in accordance with the existing legislation and regulatory framework, tariffs for thermal energy, including for the needs of hot water supply, can only be set in rubles / Gcal. Heat supply organizations (GUP "TEK SPb", TGC) do just that, issuing invoices for thermal energy according to the readings of metering stations in Gcal at established tariffs (prices). And the payment to residents for hot water is made according to the readings of apartment meters or according to the consumption standard in cubic meters, which leads to a significant difference between the cost of thermal energy and the cost of hot water. This difference can be more than 30%. But what was it like before? During the period when the heating fee was charged, the additional consumption of heat energy for risers and heated towel rails was taken into account in the heating fee, the so-called ONE. But according to the Rules approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2013 No. 344, the payment for heating at the ODN was canceled. In accordance with the Rules, the calculation of the amount of payment for utilities is based on the actual volumes of consumption of communal resources in accordance with the readings of common house meters (ODPU). From which it follows that all thermal energy must be paid in full. As they say, you have to pay your bills. The rules developed by the Ministry of Regional Development do not provide for the payment of these costs. At present, the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation is developing appropriate changes related to the indicated heat consumption to be included in the Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 306 and No. 354. Prior to the introduction of these changes, the Committee on Tariffs of St. design consumption 0.06 Gcal/cub. m for the article "thermal energy for heating water for hot water supply". (Letter No. 01-14-1573 / 13-0-1 dated 06/17/2013) Thus, the line that appeared in the receipt is legitimate and fully complies with the requirements of Article 7 and Article 39 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation.
It is published on the website of the UK.

SNiP 2.04.01-85*

Building regulations

Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings.

Systems of internal cold and hot water supply

WATER PIPES

8. Calculation of the hot water plumbing network

8.1. Hydraulic calculation of hot water systems should be made for the estimated flow of hot water

Taking into account the circulation flow, l / s, determined by the formula

(14)

where is the coefficient taken: for water heaters and the initial sections of systems up to the first standpipe according to the mandatory appendix 5;

for other sections of the network - equal to 0.

8.2. The circulation flow of hot water in the system, l / s, should be determined by the formula

(15)

where is the coefficient of circulation misalignment;

Heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply, kW;

Temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system from the water heater to the most remote draw-off point, °С.

The values ​​and depending on the hot water supply scheme should be taken:

for systems that do not provide for the circulation of water through the risers, the value should be determined by the supply and distributing pipelines at = 10 ° C and = 1;

for systems in which water circulation is provided through water risers with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value should be determined by supply distributing pipelines and water risers at = 10 ° C and = 1; with the same resistance of sectional nodes or risers, the value should be determined by the water risers at = 8.5 ° C and = 1.3;

for a water riser or a sectional unit, heat losses should be determined along the supply pipelines, including the annular jumper, taking = 8.5 ° C and = 1.

8.3. Pressure loss in sections of pipelines of hot water supply systems should be determined:

for systems where it is not required to take into account the overgrowth of pipes - in accordance with clause 7.7;

for systems taking into account the overgrowth of pipes - according to the formula

where i - specific pressure loss, taken in accordance with the recommended application 6;

Coefficient taking into account pressure losses in local resistance, the values ​​of which should be taken:

0.2 - for supply and circulation distribution pipelines;

0.5 - for pipelines within heating points, as well as for pipelines of water risers with heated towel rails;

0.1 - for pipelines of water risers without heated towel rails and circulation risers.

8.4. The speed of water movement should be taken in accordance with paragraph 7.6.

8.5. The pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines from the water heater to the most remote water or circulation risers of each branch of the system should not differ for different branches by more than 10%.

8.6. If it is impossible to link the pressures in the pipeline network of hot water supply systems by appropriate selection of pipe diameters, it should be provided for the installation of temperature controllers or diaphragms on the circulation pipeline of the system.

The aperture diameter should not be less than 10 mm. If, according to the calculation, the diameter of the diaphragms must be taken less than 10 mm, then it is allowed to provide for the installation of valves for pressure control instead of the diaphragm.

The diameter of the openings of the control diaphragms is recommended to be determined by the formula

(17)

8.7. In systems with the same resistance of sectional units or risers, the total pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines within the limits between the first and last risers at circulation flow rates should be 1.6 times higher than the pressure loss in the sectional unit or riser when the circulation is misadjusted = 1.3.

The diameters of the pipelines of the circulation risers should be determined in accordance with the requirements of clause 7.6, provided that at the circulation flow rates in the risers or sectional assemblies, determined in accordance with clause 8.2, the pressure loss between the points of their connection to the distribution supply and collection circulation pipelines does not differ more than 10%.

8.8. In hot water supply systems connected to closed heating networks, pressure losses in sectional units at the estimated circulation flow should be taken as 0.03-0.06 MPa (0.3-0.6 kgf / sq. cm).

8.9. In hot water supply systems with direct water intake from the pipelines of the heating network, the pressure loss in the pipeline network should be determined taking into account the pressure in the return pipeline of the heating network.

The pressure loss in the circulation ring of the pipelines of the system at the circulation flow should, as a rule, not exceed 0.02 MPa (0.2 kgf / sq. cm).

8.10. In shower rooms with more than three shower nets, the distribution pipeline should, as a rule, be provided as a loop.

One-way hot water supply may be provided for collector distribution.

8.11. When zoning hot water supply systems, it is allowed to provide for the possibility of organizing natural circulation of hot water at night in the upper zone.

A new column has appeared in utility bills - hot water supply. It caused bewilderment among users, because not everyone understands what it is and why it is necessary to make payments on this line. There are also apartment owners who cross out the column. This entails the accumulation of debt, penalties, fines and even litigation. In order not to take things to extremes, you need to know what hot water is, hot water heat and why you need to pay for these indicators.

What is DHW in the receipt?

DHW - this designation stands for hot water supply. Its purpose is to provide apartments in apartment buildings and other residential premises with hot water at an acceptable temperature, but DHW is not hot water itself, but thermal energy that is spent on heating water to an acceptable temperature.

Experts divide hot water systems into two types:

• Central system. Here, water is heated at a thermal power plant. After that, it is distributed to the apartments of apartment buildings.
• Autonomous system. It is commonly used in private homes. The principle of operation is the same as in the central system, but here the water is heated in a boiler or boiler and is used only for the needs of one specific room.

Both systems have the same goal - to provide homeowners with hot water. In apartment buildings, a central system is usually used, but many users install a boiler in case the hot water is turned off, as has often happened in practice. An autonomous system is installed where it is not possible to connect to the central water supply. Only those consumers who use the central heating system pay for hot water supply. Users of an autonomous circuit pay for utility resources that are spent to heat the coolant - gas or electricity.

Important! Another in the column in the receipt associated with the hot water supply is the hot water supply at the ODN. Deciphering ODN - common house needs. This means that the DHW column on the ODN is the expenditure of energy for heating water used for the general needs of all residents of an apartment building.

These include:

• technical work that is performed before the heating season;
• pressure testing of the heating system, carried out after repair;
• repair work;
• heating of common areas.

hot water law

The DHW Law was adopted in 2013. Government Decree number 406 states that users of the central heating system are required to pay a two-component tariff. This suggests that the tariff was divided into two elements:

• thermal energy;
• cold water.

This is how hot water appeared in the receipt, that is, the thermal energy spent on heating cold water. Housing and communal services specialists came to the conclusion that risers and heated towel rails, which are connected to the hot water circuit, consume thermal energy to heat non-residential premises. Until 2013, this energy was not taken into account in receipts, and consumers used it for decades free of charge, since outside the heating season, air heating in the bathroom continued. Based on this, officials divided the tariff into two components, and now citizens have to pay for hot water.

Water heating equipment

The equipment that heats the liquid is a water heater. Its breakdown does not affect the tariff for hot water, but the cost of repairing the equipment must be paid by users, since water heaters are part of the property of homeowners in an apartment building. The corresponding amount will appear on the receipt for the maintenance and repair of the property.

Important! This payment should be carefully considered by the owners of those apartments that do not use hot water, since an autonomous heating system is installed in their housing. Housing and communal services specialists do not always pay attention to this, simply distributing the amount for repairing a water heater among all citizens.

As a result, such apartment owners have to pay for equipment that they did not use. If you find an increase in the tariff for the repair and maintenance of property, you need to find out what it is connected with and contact the management company for recalculation if the payment is calculated incorrectly.

Component "thermal energy"

What is it - a component for a coolant? This is cold water heating. A metering device is not installed on the thermal energy component, unlike hot water. For this reason, it is impossible to calculate this indicator by the counter. How is the thermal energy for hot water calculated in this case? When calculating the payment, the following points are taken into account:

• the tariff that is set for hot water supply;
• expenses spent on the maintenance of the system;
• the cost of heat loss in the circuit;
• the costs spent on the transfer of the coolant.

Important! The calculation of the cost of hot water is carried out taking into account the volume of water used, which is measured in 1 cubic meter.

The energy charge is usually calculated based on the value of the readings of the common hot water meter and the amount of energy in the hot water. Energy is also calculated for each individual apartment. For this, water consumption data are taken, which are learned from the meter readings, and multiplied by the specific consumption of thermal energy. The received data is multiplied by the tariff. This figure is the required contribution, which is indicated in the receipt.

How to make an independent calculation

Not all users trust the settlement center, which is why the question arises of how to calculate the cost of hot water supply on your own. The resulting indicator is compared with the amount in the receipt and, based on this, a conclusion is made about the correctness of the charges.

To calculate the cost of hot water, you need to know the tariff for thermal energy. The amount is also affected by the presence or absence of a meter. If it is, then the readings are taken from the counter. In the absence of a meter, the standard for the consumption of thermal energy used to heat water is taken. Such a standard indicator is set by an energy-saving organization.

If an energy consumption meter is installed in a multi-storey building and the housing has a hot water meter, then the amount for hot water supply is calculated based on the general house accounting data and the subsequent proportional distribution of the coolant among the apartments. In the absence of a meter, the rate of energy consumption per 1 cubic meter of water and the readings of individual meters are taken.

Complaint due to incorrect invoice calculation

If, after self-calculation of the amount of contributions for hot water supply, a difference is revealed, it is necessary to contact the management company for clarification. If the employees of the organization refuse to give explanations on this matter, it is necessary to submit a written claim. Her company employees have no right to ignore. A response must be received within 13 business days.

Important! If no response was received or it is not clear from it why such a situation arose, then the citizen has the right to file a claim with the prosecutor's office or a statement of claim in court. The court will consider the case and make an appropriate objective decision. You can also contact organizations that control the activities of the management company. Here the complaint of the subscriber will be considered and an appropriate decision will be made.

Electricity used for water heating is not a free service. The fee for it is charged on the basis of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. Each citizen can independently calculate the amount of this payment and compare the received data with the amount in the receipt. In the event of an inaccuracy, please contact the management company. In this case, the difference will be made up if the error is acknowledged.

2.2 Determination of heat losses and circulation costs in the supply pipelines of the hot water supply system

Circulation flow rate of hot water in the system, l/s:

,(2.14)

where> is the total heat loss by the supply pipelines of the DHW system, kW;

The temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system to the most remote draw-off point, taken 10;

Circulation misalignment coefficient, accepted1

For a system with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value is determined by supply pipelines and water risers at = 10 and = 1

Heat losses in areas, kW, are determined by the formula

Where: q - heat loss of 1 m of the pipeline, W / m, taken according to appendix 7

l - length of the pipeline section, m, taken according to the drawing

When calculating the heat loss of sections of the water risers, the heat loss of the heated towel rail is assumed to be 100 W, while its length is excluded from the length of the floor riser. For convenience, the calculation of heat losses is summarized in one table 2 with the hydraulic calculation of the network.

Determine the heat loss for the entire system as a whole. For convenience, it is assumed that the risers located on the plan in mirror reflection are equal to each other. Then the heat loss of the risers located to the left of the input will be equal to:

1.328*2+0.509+1.303*2+2.39*2+2.432*2+2.244=15.659 kW

And the risers located on the right:

1.328*2+(0.509-0.144) +2.39*2+(0.244-0.155) =7.89 kW

The total heat loss to the house will be 23.55 kW.

Let's define the circulation flow:

l/s

Let us determine the calculated second flow rate of hot water, l/s, in sections 45 and 44. To do this, we determine the ratio qh/qcir, for sections 44 and 45 it is equal to 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. According to Appendix 5, the coefficient Kcir=0 in both cases, therefore, the preliminary calculation is final.

To ensure circulation, a WILO Star-RS 30/7 circulation pump is provided

2.3 Water meter selection

acc. with item p a) item 3.4 we check the condition 1.36m

3. Calculation and design of the sewerage system

The sewerage system is designed to remove from the building pollution generated in the process of sanitary and hygienic procedures, economic activities, as well as atmospheric and melt water. The internal sewer network consists of discharge pipelines, risers, outlets, exhaust part, cleaning devices. Outlet pipes are used to drain wastewater from sanitary appliances and transfer them to the riser. Outlet pipes are connected to the water seals of sanitary appliances and laid with a slope towards the riser. The risers are designed to transport wastewater to the sewer outlet. They collect drains from outlet pipes and must have a diameter not less than the largest diameter of the outlet pipe or outlet of the device connected to the riser.

In this project, the intra-apartment wiring is made of socketed PVC pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, risers with a diameter of 100 mm are made of cast iron, also connected by sockets. Connection to the risers is carried out using crosses and tees. Revisions and cleanings are provided on the network to remove blockages.

3.1 Determination of estimated sewerage costs

Total maximum design water flow:

Where: - water consumption by the device, taken equal to 0.3 l / s acc. with adj.4; - coefficient depending on the total number of devices and the probability of their use Рtot

, (7)

Where: - the total consumption rate per hour of the highest water consumption, l, taken in accordance with Appendix 4 equal to 20

The number of water consumers, equal to 104 * 4.2 people

Number of sanitary fixtures, accepted 416 on assignment

Then, the product N*=416*0.019=7.9, therefore, =3.493

The resulting value is less than 8l/s, therefore, the maximum second wastewater flow:

Where: - flow rate from a sanitary - technical device with the highest drainage, l / s, taken according to Appendix 2 for a toilet bowl with a flush tank equal to 1.6

3.2 Calculation of risers

The water consumption for risers K1-1, K1-2, K1-5, K1-6 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 52 devices.

We accept a riser diameter of 100 mm, a floor outlet diameter of 100 mm, and a floor outlet angle of 90 °. Maximum throughput 3.2 l/s. Estimated flow rate 2.95 l/s. Therefore, the riser operates in normal hydraulic mode.

The water consumption for risers K1-3, K1-4 will be the same, since an equal number of devices are connected to these risers, each with 104 devices.

SNiP 2.04.01-85*

Building regulations

Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings.

Systems of internal cold and hot water supply

WATER PIPES

8. Calculation of the hot water plumbing network

8.1. Hydraulic calculation of hot water systems should be made for the estimated flow of hot water

Taking into account the circulation flow, l / s, determined by the formula

(14)

where is the coefficient taken: for water heaters and the initial sections of systems up to the first standpipe according to the mandatory appendix 5;

for other sections of the network - equal to 0.

8.2. The circulation flow of hot water in the system, l / s, should be determined by the formula

(15)

where is the coefficient of circulation misalignment;

Heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply, kW;

Temperature difference in the supply pipelines of the system from the water heater to the most remote draw-off point, °С.

The values ​​and depending on the hot water supply scheme should be taken:

for systems that do not provide for the circulation of water through the risers, the value should be determined by the supply and distributing pipelines at = 10 ° C and = 1;

for systems in which water circulation is provided through water risers with variable resistance of circulation risers, the value should be determined by supply distributing pipelines and water risers at = 10 ° C and = 1; with the same resistance of sectional nodes or risers, the value should be determined by the water risers at = 8.5 ° C and = 1.3;

for a water riser or a sectional unit, heat losses should be determined along the supply pipelines, including the annular jumper, taking = 8.5 ° C and = 1.

8.3. Pressure loss in sections of pipelines of hot water supply systems should be determined:

for systems where it is not required to take into account the overgrowth of pipes - in accordance with clause 7.7;

for systems taking into account the overgrowth of pipes - according to the formula

where i - specific pressure loss, taken in accordance with the recommended application 6;

The coefficient taking into account the pressure loss in local resistances, the values ​​​​of which should be taken:

0.2 - for supply and circulation distribution pipelines;

0.5 - for pipelines within heating points, as well as for pipelines of water risers with heated towel rails;

0.1 - for pipelines of water risers without heated towel rails and circulation risers.

8.4. The speed of water movement should be taken in accordance with paragraph 7.6.

8.5. The pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines from the water heater to the most remote water or circulation risers of each branch of the system should not differ for different branches by more than 10%.

8.6. If it is impossible to link the pressures in the pipeline network of hot water supply systems by appropriate selection of pipe diameters, it should be provided for the installation of temperature controllers or diaphragms on the circulation pipeline of the system.

The aperture diameter should not be less than 10 mm. If, according to the calculation, the diameter of the diaphragms must be taken less than 10 mm, then it is allowed to provide for the installation of valves for pressure control instead of the diaphragm.

The diameter of the openings of the control diaphragms is recommended to be determined by the formula

(17)

8.7. In systems with the same resistance of sectional units or risers, the total pressure loss in the supply and circulation pipelines within the limits between the first and last risers at circulation flow rates should be 1.6 times higher than the pressure loss in the sectional unit or riser when the circulation is misadjusted = 1.3.

The diameters of the pipelines of the circulation risers should be determined in accordance with the requirements of clause 7.6, provided that at the circulation flow rates in the risers or sectional assemblies, determined in accordance with clause 8.2, the pressure loss between the points of their connection to the distribution supply and collection circulation pipelines does not differ more than 10%.

8.8. In hot water supply systems connected to closed heating networks, pressure losses in sectional units at the estimated circulation flow should be taken as 0.03-0.06 MPa (0.3-0.6 kgf / sq. cm).

8.9. In hot water supply systems with direct water intake from the pipelines of the heating network, the pressure loss in the pipeline network should be determined taking into account the pressure in the return pipeline of the heating network.

The pressure loss in the circulation ring of the pipelines of the system at the circulation flow should, as a rule, not exceed 0.02 MPa (0.2 kgf / sq. cm).

8.10. In shower rooms with more than three shower nets, the distribution pipeline should, as a rule, be provided as a loop.

One-way hot water supply may be provided for collector distribution.

8.11. When zoning hot water supply systems, it is allowed to provide for the possibility of organizing natural circulation of hot water at night in the upper zone.

Heat losses DQ, (W), in the calculated section of the supply pipeline or riser are determined by the standard specific heat loss or by calculation using the formula:

where TO - heat transfer coefficient of insulated pipeline, K=11.6 W / (m 2 - ° C); t g cf - average water temperature in the system, t g cf, \u003d (t n + t k) / 2,°C; t n, - temperature at the outlet of the heater (hot water temperature at the entrance to the building), °С; t to - temperature at the most remote water-folding device, °С; h- Thermal insulation efficiency (0.6); / - length of the pipeline section, m; dH- outer diameter of the pipeline, m; t 0 - temperature environment, °С.

Water temperature at the most remote water tap t to should be taken 5 °C below the water temperature at the inlet to the building or at the outlet of the heater.

Ambient temperature t0 when laying pipelines in furrows, vertical channels, communication shafts and shafts of sanitary cabins, it should be taken equal to 23 ° C, in bathrooms - 25 ° C, in kitchens and toilet rooms of residential buildings, hostels and hotels - 21 ° C.

Heating of bathrooms is carried out by heated towel rails, therefore heat losses of heated towel rails in the amount of 100p(W), where 100 W is the average heat transfer from one heated towel rail, P - the number of heated towel rails connected to the riser.

When determining the circulation flow rates of water, heat losses by circulation pipelines are not taken into account. However, when calculating hot water supply systems with heated towel rails on circulating risers, it is advisable to add the heat transfer of heated towel rails to the sum of heat losses by the supply heat pipelines. This increases the circulation flow of water, improves heating of heated towel rails and heating of bathrooms. The results of the calculation are entered in the table.

№	l, m	D, m	t 0 , o C	t g cf -t 0, o C	1-n	q, W/m	DQ, W	åDQ, W	Note
Riser 6
1-3	0,840	0,0213	21,00	36,50	0,30	8,4996	7,139715	7,139715
2-3	1,045	0,0268	21,00	36,50	0,30	10,6944	11,17566	18,31537
3-4	2,9	0,0268	21,00	36,50	0,30	10,6944	31,01379	49,32916
4-5	2,9	0,0335	21,00	36,50	0,30	13,3680	38,76723	88,09639	åDQ=497,899+900=
5-6	2,9	0,0423	21,00	36,50	0,30	16,8796	48,95086	137,0473	=1397.899 W
6-7	2,9	0,0423	21,00	36,50	0,30	16,8796	48,95086	185,9981
7-8	2,9	0,0423	21,00	36,50	0,30	16,8796	48,95086	234,9490
8-9	2,9	0,0423	21,00	36,50	0,30	16,8796	48,95086	283,8998
9-10	2,9	0,0423	21,00	36,50	0,30	16,8796	48,95086	332,8507
10-11	2,9	0,0423	21,00	36,50	0,30	16,8796	48,95086	381,8016
11-12	4,214	0,048	5,00	52,50	0,30	27,5505	116,0979	497,8994
12-13	4,534	0,048	5,00	52,50	0,30	27,5505	124,9140	622,8134
13-14	13,156	0,048	5,00	52,50	0,30	27,5505	362,4545	985,2680
14-15	4,534	0,060	5,00	52,50	0,30	34,4381	156,1425	1141,4105
15-Input	6,512	0,060	5,00	52,50	0,30	34,4381	224,2612	1365,6716
Riser 1
1a-3a	0,840	0,0213	21,00	36,50	0,30	8,4996	7,139715	7,139715	åDQ=407.504+900==1307.504W
2a-3a	1,045	0,0268	21,00	36,50	0,30	10,6944	11,17566	18,31537
3a-4a	2,9	0,0268	21,00	36,50	0,30	10,6944	31,01379	49,32916
4a-5a	2,9	0,0268	21,00	36,50	0,30	10,6944	31,01379	80,34294
5a-6a	2,9	0,0268	21,00	36,50	0,30	10,6944	31,01379	111,3567
6a-7a	2,9	0,0335	21,00	36,50	0,30	13,3680	38,76723	150,1240
7a-8a	2,9	0,0335	21,00	36,50	0,30	13,3680	38,76723	188,8912
8a-9a	2,9	0,0335	21,00	36,50	0,30	13,3680	38,76723	227,6584
9a-10a	2,9	0,0335	21,00	36,50	0,30	13,3680	38,76723	266,4257
10a-11a	2,9	0,0335	21,00	36,50	0,30	13,3680	38,76723	305,1929
11a-15	4,214	0,0423	5,00	52,50	0,30	24,2789	102,3112	407,5041
15-Input	6,512	0,060	5,00	52,50	0,30	34,4381	224,2612	631,7652

åQp=5591.598 W

Hydraulic calculation of circulation pipelines

The circulation flow of water in the hot water supply system G c (kg / h), is distributed in proportion to the total heat loss:

where åQ c - total heat loss by all supply pipelines, W; Dt - water temperature drop in the supply pipelines of the hot water supply system, Dt=t g -t to =5°C; c is the heat capacity of water, J/(kg°C).

The circulation flow rates of water in the main sections of the hot water supply system consist of the circulation flow rates of the sections and risers, which are located ahead in the direction of water movement.

Riser 1:

Plot 2

Riser 2:

Plot 3:

Riser 3:

Plot 4:

Hydraulic calculation of circulation pipelines of an open hot water supply system.

№	l, m	G, l/s	D, mm	w, m/s	R, Pa/m	Km	DP, Pa	åDP, Pa
Circulation ring through riser 1
15-16	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	1954,602
11-15	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	4248,074
1-11		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	403777,20
1’-11’		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	803306,32
11’-15’	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	805599,79
15’-16’	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	807554,39
Circulation ring through riser 2
15-16	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	1954,602
14-15	4,534	0,181492	0,032	0,1915	44,4186	0,2	953,399	2908,001
11-14	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	5201,473
1-11		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	404730,59
1’-11’		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	804259,72
11’-14’	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	806553,19
14’-15’	4,534	0,181492	0,032	0,1915	44,4186	0,2	953,399	807506,59
15’-16’	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	809461,19
Circulation ring through riser 3
15-16	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	1954,602
14-15	4,534	0,181492	0,032	0,1915	44,4186	0,2	953,399	2908,001
13-14	13,156	0,099485	0,020	0,3085	209,147	0,2	36749,54	39657,542
11-13	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	41951,014
1-11		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	441480,07
1’-11’		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	841009,12
11’-13’	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	843320,59
13’-14’	13,156	0,099485	0,020	0,3085	209,147	0,2	36749,54	880052,13
14’-15’	4,534	0,181492	0,032	0,1915	44,4186	0,2	953,399	881005,53
15’-16’	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	882960,13
Circulation ring through riser 4
15-16	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	1954,602
14-15	4,534	0,181492	0,032	0,1915	44,4186	0,2	953,399	2908,001
13-14	13,156	0,099485	0,020	0,3085	209,147	0,2	36749,54	39657,542
12-13	4,534	0,006592	0,020	0,0201	11,2013	0.2	240,4178	39897,960
11-12	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	42191,432
1-11		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	441720,48
1’-11’		0,073767	0,015	0,4326	579,868	0,5	399529,12	841249,54
11’-12’	4,214	0,073767	0,020	0,2313	123,301	0,2	2293,472	843543,01
12’-13’	4,534	0,006592	0,020	0,0201	11,2013	0.2	240,4178	843783,43
13’-14’	13,156	0,099485	0,020	0,3085	209,147	0,2	36749,54	880532,87
14’-15’	4,534	0,181492	0,032	0,1915	44,4186	0,2	953,399	881486,37
15’-16’	6,512	0,267093	0,040	0,21367	44,719	0,2	1954,602	883440,97

We determine the discrepancy between pressure losses in two directions through the near and far risers according to the formula: DH cf - pressure loss in the water meter, m; H St - disposable free pressure at the bath mixer (3m); DH cm - losses in the mixer (5 m); N g - the geometric height of the water rise from the axis of the pipeline at the inlet to the axis of the highest located water-folding device (24.2 m).

The water meter is selected according to the water flow at the inlet G and conditional diameter Dy on . Head loss in a water meter DH mid(m) are determined by the formula:

where S is the hydraulic resistance of the water meter, taken according to, (0.32 m / (l / s 2)). We accept the water meter VK-20.

Excess pressure at the input:

Bibliography.

1. Building codes and regulations. SNiP 3.05.01-85. Internal sanitary systems. M: Stroyizdat, 1986.

2. Building codes and regulations. SNiP 2.04.01-85. Internal plumbing and sewerage of buildings. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1986.

3. Building codes and regulations. SNiP II-34-76. Hot water supply. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1976.

4. Designer's Handbook. Heating, plumbing, sewerage / Ed. I. G. Staroverova. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1976. part 1.

5. Handbook of heat supply and ventilation / R. V. Shchekin, S. M. Korenevsky, G. E. Bem and others - Kyiv: Budivelnik, 1976. Part 1.

6. Heat supply: Textbook for universities / A. A. Ionin, B. M. Khlybov and others; Ed. A. A. Ionina. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1982.

7. Heat supply (course design): Textbook for universities on special. "Heat and gas supply and ventilation" / V. M. Kopko, N. K. Zaitseva and others; Ed. V. M. Kopko. - Mn.: Higher. school, 1985.

8. Heat supply: Tutorial for university students / V. E. Kozin, T. A. Levina, A. P. Markov and others - M .: Vyssh. school, 1980.

9. Zinger N. M. Hydraulic and thermal regimes of heating systems. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1986.

10. Sokolov E.Ya. Heating and heating network. - M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2001.

11. Adjustment and operation of water heating networks: Reference book / V. I. Manyuk, Ya. I. Kaplinsky, E. B. Hizh and others - M .: Stroyizdat, 1988.

UDC 621.64 (083.7)

Developed by: CJSC Research and Production Complex "Vector", Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University)

Performers: Tishchenko A.A., Shcherbakov A.P.

Under the general editorship of Semenov V.G.

Approved by the Head of the Department of State Energy Supervision of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation on February 20, 2004.

The methodology establishes the procedure for determining the actual losses of thermal energy through thermal insulation of pipelines of water heating networks of district heating systems, some of whose consumers are equipped with metering devices. The actual losses of thermal energy for consumers with measuring instruments are determined based on the readings of heat meters, and for consumers not equipped with metering devices, by calculation.

Thermal energy losses determined according to this Methodology should be considered as an initial basis for compiling the energy characteristics of a heating network, as well as for developing technical measures to reduce actual thermal energy losses.

The methodology was approved by the Head of the Department of State Energy Supervision of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation on February 20, 2004.

For organizations carrying out an energy audit of heat supply enterprises, as well as for enterprises and organizations operating heating networks, regardless of their departmental affiliation and form of ownership.

This "Methodology ..." establishes the procedure for determining the actual losses of thermal energy 1 through thermal insulation of pipelines of water heating networks of district heating systems, some of whose consumers are equipped with metering devices. The actual losses of thermal energy for consumers with measuring instruments are determined based on the readings of heat meters, and for consumers not equipped with metering devices, by calculation.

1 Terms and definitions are given in Appendix A.

The "Methodology ..." is based on the calculation and experimental method for estimating thermal energy losses, set out in.

"Methodology ..." is intended for organizations carrying out an energy audit of heat supply enterprises, as well as for enterprises and organizations operating heating networks, regardless of their departmental affiliation and ownership.

Losses of thermal energy determined according to this "Methodology ..." should be considered as the initial basis for compiling the energy characteristics of the heating network, as well as for developing technical measures to reduce actual losses of thermal energy.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

The purpose of this "Methodology ..." is to determine the actual losses of thermal energy through thermal insulation of pipelines of water heating networks of district heating systems without conducting special tests. Thermal energy losses are determined for the entire heating network connected to single source thermal energy. Determination of the actual losses of thermal energy for individual sections of the heating network is not carried out.

Determination of thermal energy losses according to this "Methodology ..." assumes the presence of certified thermal energy metering units at the source of thermal energy and at consumers of thermal energy. The number of consumers equipped with metering devices must be at least 20% of the total number of consumers of this heating network.

Metering devices must have an archive with hourly and daily registration of parameters. The depth of the hourly archive should be at least 720 hours, the daily archive - at least 30 days.

The main thing when calculating the losses of thermal energy is the hourly archive of heat meters. The daily archive is used if hourly data is not available for some reason.

The determination of the actual losses of thermal energy is carried out on the basis of measurements of the flow rate and temperature of the network water in the supply pipeline 1 for consumers with metering devices, and the temperature of the network water at the source of thermal energy. Losses of thermal energy for consumers who do not have measuring instruments are determined by calculation according to this "Methodology ...".

__________________

1 Symbols for quantities are given in Appendix B.

The sources and consumers of thermal energy in this "Methodology ..." are:

1. in the absence of metering devices directly in buildings: sources of thermal energy - thermal power plants, boiler houses, etc.; consumers of thermal energy - central (DTP) or individual (ITP) heat points;

2. in the presence of metering devices directly in buildings(in addition to paragraph 1): sources of thermal energy - central (CTP) heating points; consumers of thermal energy - directly buildings.

For the convenience of calculating the losses of thermal energy through thermal insulation, the supply pipeline in this "Methodology ..." is delimited into: the main pipeline and a branch from the main pipeline.

Main pipeline- this is a part of the supply pipeline from the source of thermal energy to the thermal chamber, from which there is a branch to the consumer of thermal energy.

Branch from the main pipeline- this is a part of the supply pipeline from the corresponding thermal chamber to the consumer of thermal energy.

When determining the actual losses of thermal energy, the normative values ​​of losses are used, determined by the norms of losses of thermal energy for thermal networks, the thermal insulation of which was performed according to design standards or (the norms are specified according to the design and executive documentation).

Before making calculations:

initial data on the heating network are collected;

a design diagram of the heat network is drawn up, which indicates the conditional passage (nominal diameter), length and type of laying of pipelines for all sections of the heat network;

data is collected on the connected load of all network consumers;

the type of metering devices, the presence of hourly and daily archives are established.

In the absence of a centralized collection of data from heat metering devices, preparation of the appropriate devices for collection is carried out: an adapter or a laptop computer. A portable computer must be equipped with a special program supplied with the meter, which allows you to read hourly and daily archives from installed heat meters.

To improve the accuracy of determining heat losses, it is preferable to collect data from metering devices for a certain time interval in the non-heating period, when the flow of network water is minimal, having previously checked with the heat supply organization about planned shutdowns in the supply of thermal energy to consumers in order to exclude this time from the period of collecting data from measuring devices .

2. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF INITIAL DATA

2.1. COLLECTION OF INITIAL DATA ON THE HEAT NETWORK

Based on the design and as-built documentation for the heat network, a table of characteristics of all sections of the heat network is compiled (Table B.1 of Appendix B).

A section of a heat network is considered a section of a pipeline that differs from others by one of the following features (which are indicated in Table B.1 of Appendix B):

conditional passage of the pipeline (conditional diameter of the pipeline);

type of laying (aerial, underground channel, underground channelless);

the material of the main layer of the heat-insulating structure (thermal insulation);

year of laying.

Also in Table. B.1 of Annex B specifies:

the name of the initial and final nodes of the section;

section length.

Based on the data of the meteorological service, a table of average monthly outdoor air temperatures, °С, and soil, °С, is compiled at various depths of the pipelines, averaged over the past five years (Table D.1 of Appendix D). The average annual temperatures of the outside air, °С, and the soil, °С, are determined as the arithmetic mean of the average monthly values ​​for the entire period of operation of the heating network.

Based on the approved temperature schedule for the release of thermal energy at the source of thermal energy, the average monthly temperatures of network water in the supply, °C, and return, °C, pipelines are determined (Table D.1, Appendix D). The average monthly temperature of the network water is determined by the average monthly temperature of the outside air. The average annual temperatures of network water in the supply, °C, and return, °C, pipelines are determined as the arithmetic average of the average monthly values, taking into account the duration of the network by months and per year.

Based on the data of the heat consumption accounting service of the heat supply organization, a table is compiled in which for each consumer it is indicated (Table D.1 of Appendix D):

name of the consumer of thermal energy;

type of heat supply system (open or closed);

connected average load of the hot water supply system;

name (brand) of metering devices;

depth of archives (daily and hourly);

the presence or absence of centralized data collection.

If there is a centralized collection of data based on the results of measurements, a period is selected for which the losses of thermal energy will be determined. In doing so, the following must be taken into account:

to improve the accuracy of determining the losses of thermal energy, it is desirable to choose a period with a minimum consumption of network water (usually this is a non-heating period);

during the selected period, planned disconnections of consumers from the heating network should not be carried out;

measurement data are collected for at least 30 calendar days.

In the absence of centralized data collection, it is necessary to collect hourly and daily archives of metering devices from consumers of thermal energy and at the source of thermal energy within 3-5 days, using an adapter or a portable computer with an installed program for reading data from the corresponding type of heat meter.

To determine the loss of thermal energy, you must have the following data:

consumption of network water in the supply pipeline for consumers of thermal energy;

temperature of network water in the supply pipeline at consumers of thermal energy;

consumption of network water in the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy;

temperature of network water in the supply and return pipelines at the source of thermal energy;

make-up water consumption at the source of thermal energy.

2.2. PROCESSING OF INITIAL DATA OF METERING INSTRUMENTS

The main task of processing data from metering devices is to convert source files read directly from heat meters into a single format that allows subsequent verification (validation) of the measured values ​​of heat consumption parameters and calculations.

For different types heat meters data is read in various formats and requires special processing procedures. For the same type of heat meters for different consumers, the parameters stored in the archive may require the use of different coefficients for reducing the initial data to uniform physical quantities. The difference between these coefficients is determined by the diameter of the flow transducer and the characteristics of the pulse inputs of the calculator. Therefore, the initial processing of measurement results requires an individual approach for each source data file.

The daily and hourly values ​​of the coolant parameters are used to verify the measured values. When carrying out this procedure, the main attention should be paid to the following:

temperatures and flow rates of the coolant should not go beyond physically justified limits;

there should be no sharp changes in the coolant flow in the daily file;

the values ​​of the average daily temperature of the heat carrier in the supply pipeline at consumers should not exceed the average daily temperature values ​​in the supply pipeline at the heat source;

the change in the average daily temperature of the heat carrier in the supply pipeline at consumers must correspond to the change in the average daily temperature in the supply pipeline at the heat source.

Based on the results of verification of the initial data of metering devices, a table is compiled in which for each consumer of thermal energy having metering devices, and for the source of thermal energy, the period when the reliability of the initial data is not in doubt is indicated. Based on this table, a general period is selected for which reliable measurement results are available for all consumers and at the heat source (data availability period).

Using the hourly data file obtained at the source of thermal energy, the number of hours in the measurement period is determined n and, the data for which will be used for further processing.

Before determining the measurement period, the time for filling all supply pipelines with coolant t p, s is calculated according to the formula:

where V

The average flow rate of the coolant for the entire measurement period through the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy, kg/s.

The measurement period must satisfy the following conditions: the average temperature of the network water in the supply pipeline at the heat source for the time t p preceding the start of the measurement period, and the average temperature of the network water in the supply pipeline at the heat source for time t p at the end of the measurement period does not differ more than 5 °C;

the measurement period is entirely contained in the data availability period;

the measurement period must be continuous and be at least 240 hours.

If such a period cannot be selected due to the lack of data from one or more consumers, then the data from the metering devices of these consumers are not used in the further calculation.

The number of remaining consumers who have data from metering devices should be at least 20% of the total number of consumers of this heating network.

If the number of consumers with metering devices has become less than 20%, it is necessary to select another period for data collection and repeat the verification procedure.

For the data obtained at the source of thermal energy, the average temperature of the network water in the supply pipeline over the measurement period, °С, and the average temperature of the network water in the return pipeline over the measurement period, °С, are determined:

where

n and - the number of hours in the measurement period.

For the measurement period, the average soil temperature is determined at the average depth of the pipeline axis, °С, and the average outdoor air temperature, °С.

3. DETERMINATION OF NORMAL HEAT ENERGY LOSSES

3.1. DETERMINATION OF AVERAGE ANNUAL STANDARD LOSSES

THERMAL ENERGY

For each section of the heating network, the average annual specific (per 1 meter of the length of the pipeline) values ​​​​of thermal energy losses are determined according to the design standards or, in accordance with which the thermal insulation of pipelines of heating networks is made.

The average annual specific losses of thermal energy are determined at the average annual temperatures of the network water in the supply and return pipelines and the average annual temperatures of the outdoor air or soil.

The values ​​of the average annual specific losses of thermal energy at the difference between the average annual temperatures of the network water and the environment, which differ from the values ​​given in the norms, are determined by linear interpolation or extrapolation.

For sections of heating networks underground laying with thermal insulation made in accordance with (Table E.1 of Appendix E), the standard specific heat losses are determined in total for the supply and return pipelines q n, W/m, according to the formula:

(3.1)

where - specific losses of thermal energy in total through the supply and return pipelines with a tabular value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, W / m, less than for this network;

Greater than for this network, the tabular value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, ° С.

The difference between the average annual temperatures of network water and soil is determined by the formula:

(3.2)

where , is the average annual temperature of network water in the supply and return pipelines, respectively, °С;

Average annual soil temperature at the average depth of the pipeline axis, °С.

To distribute the specific losses of thermal energy in the sections of underground laying between the supply and return pipelines, the average annual standard specific losses of thermal energy in the return pipeline are determined q but, W / m, which are taken equal to the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the standard specific losses in the return pipeline, given in table. E.1 of Appendix E.

q

q np = q n - q but. (3.3)

For sections of thermal networks of underground laying with thermal insulation made in accordance with (Table I.1 of Appendix I, Table K.1 of Appendix K, Table H.1 of Appendix H), before determining the standard specific losses of thermal energy, it is necessary to additionally determine the difference in average annual temperatures, °С, for each pair of average annual temperatures of network water in the supply and return pipelines and the soil, given in Table. I.1 of Appendix I, Table. K.1 of Appendix K and Table. H.1 Annex H:

(3.4)

where , - respectively, the tabular values ​​of the average annual temperatures of network water in the supply (65, 90, 110 °C) and return (50 °C) pipelines, °C;

Normative value of the average annual soil temperature, °С (assumed to be 5°С).

For each pair of average annual temperatures of network water in the supply and return pipelines, the total standard specific losses of thermal energy are determined, W / m:

where , - respectively, the values ​​of the standard specific losses of thermal energy for underground laying in the supply and return pipelines, given in table. I.1 of Appendix I, Table. K.1 of Appendix K and Table. H.1 Annex H.

The values ​​of the average annual specific losses of thermal energy for the considered heat network with a difference in the average annual temperatures of the network water and the environment, which differs from the values ​​determined by formula 3.4, are determined by linear interpolation or extrapolation.

Values ​​of total specific losses of thermal energy q n, W/m, are determined by formulas 3.1 and 3.2.

Average annual standard specific losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline q np, W/m, are determined by the formula:

(3.6)

where , - specific losses of thermal energy through the supply pipeline with two adjacent, respectively, smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, W / m;

Adjacent, respectively smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of the network water in the supply pipeline and the soil, ° С.

The average annual values ​​of the temperature difference between the network water and the soil for the supply pipeline are determined by the formula:

where is the average annual temperature of the soil at the average depth of the pipeline axis, °С.

The tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of the network water in the supply pipeline and the soil are determined by the formula:

Average annual standard specific losses of thermal energy in the return pipeline q but, W / m, are determined by the formula:

q but = q n - q e.g. (3.9)

For all sections of above-ground heating networks with thermal insulation made in accordance with, (Table G.1 of Appendix G, Table L.1 of Appendix L, Table P.1 of Appendix P), the standard specific heat losses are determined separately for the supply and return pipelines, respectively, q np and q but, W / m, according to the formulas:

(3.10)

(3.11)

where , - specific losses of thermal energy through the supply pipeline with two adjacent, respectively smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and outdoor air, W / m;

The value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and outdoor air, respectively, for the supply and return pipelines for a given heating network, ° С;

Adjacent, respectively smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of the network water in the return pipeline and the outside air, ° С.

The values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and outdoor air for the supply and return pipelines are determined by the formulas:

where is the average annual temperature of the outside air, °C.

For laying in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, basements specific losses of thermal energy of sections are determined according to the relevant standards for laying in rooms (Table M.1 of Appendix M, Table P.1 of Appendix P) at average annual ambient temperatures: tunnels and passage channels - +40 ° С, for basements - + 20 °C.

For each section of the heat network, the normative average annual values ​​of heat energy losses are determined separately for the supply and return pipelines:

where - average annual standard losses of thermal energy through the supply pipeline, W;

L

b - coefficient local losses thermal energy, taking into account the loss of thermal energy by fittings, compensators and supports, taken in accordance with equal to 1.2 for underground channel and above-ground laying for pipeline nominal passages up to 150 mm and 1.15 for nominal passages of 150 mm or more, as well as for all conditional passages for channelless laying.

3.2. DETERMINATION OF NORMAL HEAT ENERGY LOSSES

FOR THE PERIOD OF MEASUREMENTS

For each section of the heating network, the normative averages for the measurement period of the loss of thermal energy in the supply, W, and return, W, pipelines are determined.

For underground heating network sections

For sections of the above-ground heating network normative average losses of thermal energy for the measurement period are determined by the formulas:

(3.18)

(3.19)

where , is the average temperature of the network water over the measurement period in the supply and return pipelines at the source of thermal energy, °С;

The average annual temperature of network water in the supply and return pipelines, respectively, °С;

The average temperature of the soil and the outside air over the measurement period, respectively, °С;

The average annual temperature of the soil and outdoor air, respectively, °С.

For sections laid in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, basements normative average losses of thermal energy for the measurement period are determined by formulas (3.18) and (3.19) at an average outdoor temperature equal to the average annual temperature: for tunnels and passage channels - +40 °С, for basements - +20 °С.

For the entire network, the standard averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline are determined, W:

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all sections of the underground laying are determined, W:

(3.21)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline are determined for all sections of the underground laying, W:

(3.22)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline are determined for all sections of the above-ground installation, W:

(3.23)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline are determined for all sections of the above-ground installation, W:

(3.24)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline are determined for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, W:

(3.25)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline are determined for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, W:

(3.26)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline are determined for all sections located in the basements, W:

(3.27)

The normative averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline are determined for all sections located in the basements, W:

(3.28)

4. DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL LOSS OF THERMAL ENERGY

4.1. DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL LOSS OF THERMAL ENERGY

FOR THE PERIOD OF MEASUREMENTS

At the source of thermal energy and for all consumers of thermal energy with metering devices ( i-th consumers of thermal energy), the average flow rate of the coolant in the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period is determined:

where is the average flow rate of the coolant for the entire measurement period through the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy, kg / s;

Measured during the measurement period, the values ​​of the coolant flow at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, t/h;

i-th consumer of thermal energy, kg/s;

Measured during the measurement period, the values ​​of the coolant flow rate y i-th consumer of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, t/h.

For closed heating system the average consumption of make-up water at the source of thermal energy for the entire measurement period is determined:

(4.3)

where is the average consumption of make-up water at the source of thermal energy for the entire measurement period, kg/s;

Measured during the measurement period, the values ​​of the coolant flow rate for make-up at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, t/h.

The average flow rate of the heat carrier in the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period, kg / s, for all consumers of thermal energy that do not have metering devices ( j-th consumers of thermal energy), for closed systems heat supply is determined by the formula:

For open heating systems, which do not have round-the-clock consumers of the heat carrier, the average consumption of make-up water at the source of thermal energy at night is determined for the entire measurement period.

To do this, for each day from the measurement period, the night (from 1:00 to 3:00) average hourly consumption of make-up at the source of thermal energy is selected. For the data obtained, the arithmetic mean value of the flow rate is determined, which is the average hourly replenishment of the heating network at night, t/h. To determine the value, kg / s, the formula is used:

(4.5)

For open heat supply systems with industrial consumers consuming the coolant around the clock and having metering devices, the average hourly consumption of the coolant at night is determined. To do this, for each day from the measurement period, the night (from 1:00 to 3:00) average hourly coolant flow rate for each such consumer is selected. For the data obtained, the arithmetic mean value of the flow rate is determined, t/h. To determine the value, kg / s, the formula is used:

(4.6)

The average flow rate of the coolant in the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period for all j th consumers is determined by the formula 4.4.

The average flow rate of the coolant in the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period for each j-th consumer, kg/s, is determined by distributing the total coolant flow among consumers in proportion to the average hourly connected load:

(4.7)

where is the average hourly connected load during the measurement period j-th consumer, GJ/h;

j-th consumers without metering devices during the measurement period, GJ / h.

For everybody i-th consumer, the average losses of thermal energy over the measurement period through the thermal insulation of the supply pipeline are determined, W:

(4.8)

where with p is the specific heat capacity of water, with p= 4.187×10 3 J/(kg×K);

Measured values ​​of the network water temperature in the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, °С;

i-th consumer, taken from the hourly file, °С.

Averaged over the measurement period, the total losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines are determined for all i th consumers with metering devices, W:

(4.9)

The average losses of thermal energy over the measurement period are determined, W, through the thermal insulation of the supply pipeline, referred to i-th consumer, minus the loss of thermal energy in the branch from the main pipeline:

(4.10)

In the first approximation, the loss of thermal energy in a branch from the main pipeline is taken equal to the normative average for the period of measurements of the loss of thermal energy:

(4.11)

where are the normative averages for the measurement period of the loss of thermal energy in the branch from the main supply pipeline to i-th consumer, W.

Total losses of thermal energy, W, in the main supply pipelines for all i-th consumers with metering devices:

Network heat loss coefficient r losses p, J / (kg × m), in the main supply pipelines is determined according to measurement data for consumers with metering devices:

(4.13)

where l i- the smallest distance from the source of thermal energy to the branch from the main pipeline to the consumer with metering devices, m.

When determining the average losses of thermal energy over the measurement period, W, y j th consumers without metering devices, the ratio is used:

where l j j-th consumer without metering devices, m.

The average total losses of thermal energy for the measurement period are determined, W, in the supply pipelines for j th consumers who do not have metering devices:

(4.15)

Actual averages for the measurement period total losses of thermal energy, W, in all supply pipelines:

After determining the actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all consumers, the ratio of these losses of thermal energy to the standard losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline is determined:

and the entire calculation is repeated (second approximation), starting from formula 4.10, and the losses in the branches from the main pipelines are determined by the formula:

(4.18)

After determining the value of the actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all consumers in the second approximation, its value is compared with the value of the actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all consumers, obtained in the first approximation, and the relative difference is determined:

(4.19)

If the value is > 0.05, then one more approximation is carried out to determine the value, i.e. the entire calculation, starting from formula 4.10, is repeated.

Usually, two or three approximations are sufficient to obtain a satisfactory result. The value of heat losses, obtained by formula 4.16 in the last approximation, is used in further calculations.

Another method of taking into account the influence of branches is possible. After performing calculations according to formulas 4.1 - 4.9, the time of movement of the coolant t, s, from the source of thermal energy to each of the consumers is determined:

(4.21)

where t to - the time of movement of the coolant in a homogeneous section of the heating network, s;

lk

Wk

r is the density of water at the average temperature of network water in the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy for the first day of the data availability period, kg/m 3 ;

F k- cross-sectional area of ​​the pipeline in a homogeneous section, m 2;

G k- coolant flow rate in a homogeneous area, kg/s.

A homogeneous section of a heat network is a section where the flow rate of the coolant and the conditional passage of the pipeline do not change, i.e. the constancy of the coolant velocity is ensured.

Thermal energy loss coefficient, determined by the time of movement of the coolant in the supply pipelines, , J / (kg × s):

(4.22)

where t i i-th consumer with metering devices, p.

Average losses of thermal energy over the measurement period through thermal insulation in the supply pipeline, W, referred to j-th consumer without metering devices:

(4.23)

where t j j-th consumer without metering devices, p.

Having determined by formula 4.15, we calculate by formula 4.16. The value of thermal energy losses, obtained by formula 4.16, is used in the further calculation.

The actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections of the underground installation, W, averaged over the measurement period, are determined:

(4.24)

The actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections of the above-ground installation, W, averaged over the measurement period, are determined:

(4.25)

The actual losses of thermal energy averaged over the measurement period in the supply pipelines for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, , W are determined:

(4.26)

The actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections located in the basements, averaged over the measurement period, are determined, W:

(4.27)

The actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections of the underground installation, W, averaged over the measurement period, are determined:

(4.28)

The actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections of the above-ground installation, W, averaged over the measurement period, are determined:

(4.29)

The actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines, averaged over the measurement period, are determined for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, , W:

(4.30)

The average actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections located in the basements are determined for the measurement period, , W:

(4.31)

The actual total losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines, W, averaged over the measurement period, are determined:

The actual total losses of thermal energy, W, averaged over the measurement period, in the network are determined:

4.2. DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL LOSS OF THERMAL ENERGY FOR THE YEAR

The actual losses of thermal energy for the year are determined as the sum of the actual losses of thermal energy for each month of operation of the heating network.

The actual losses of thermal energy per month are determined under the average monthly conditions for the operation of the heating network.

For all sections of underground laying the actual average monthly losses of thermal energy are determined in total for the supply and return pipelines, W, according to the formula:

For all sections of above-ground laying the actual average monthly losses of thermal energy are determined separately for the supply, W, and return, W, pipelines according to the formulas:

(4.35)

(4.36)

For all sections located in through and semi-through channels and tunnels

(4.37)

(4.38)

For all plots located in basements, the actual average monthly losses of thermal energy are determined separately for the supply, W, and return, W, pipelines according to the formulas:

(4.39)

(4.40)

Actual losses of thermal energy in the entire network for a month, GJ, are determined by the formula:

where n month - duration of operation of the heating network in the month under consideration, h.

The actual losses of thermal energy in the entire network for the year, GJ, are determined by the formula:

(4.42)

APPENDIX A

Terms and Definitions

Water heating system- a heat supply system in which the heat carrier is water.

Closed water system heat supply- a water heating system that does not provide for the use of network water by consumers by taking it from the heating network.

Individual heating point- a heat point intended for connection of heat consumption systems of one building or its part.

executive documentation- a set of working drawings developed by the design organization, with inscriptions on the compliance of the work performed in kind with these drawings or the changes made to them made by the persons responsible for the execution of the work.

Source of thermal energy (heat)- a heat generating power plant or a combination of them, in which the heat carrier is heated by transferring the heat of the burned fuel, as well as by electric heating or by other, including non-traditional methods, participating in the heat supply of consumers.

Commercial accounting (accounting) of thermal energy- determination, on the basis of measurements and other regulated procedures, of thermal power and the amount of thermal energy and heat carrier in order to carry out commercial mutual settlements between energy supply organizations and consumers.

Boiler room- a complex of technologically related thermal power plants located in separate industrial buildings, built-in, attached or built-on premises with boilers, water heaters (including installations of an unconventional method of obtaining thermal energy) and auxiliary boiler equipment designed to generate heat.

Norm of thermal energy loss (norm of heat flux density through an insulated surface)- the value of the specific losses of thermal energy by pipelines of the heating network through their heat-insulating structures at the calculated average annual values ​​of the temperature of the coolant and the environment.

Open water heating system- a water heating system in which all or part of the network water is used by taking it from the heating network to meet the needs of consumers in hot water.

heating period- time in hours or days per year during which heat energy is supplied for heating.

make-up water- specially prepared water supplied to the heating network to make up for the loss of the heat carrier (network water), as well as water intake for heat consumption.

Heat loss- thermal energy lost by the coolant through the insulation of pipelines, as well as thermal energy lost with the coolant in case of leaks, accidents, drains, unauthorized water intake.

Heat consumer- legal or individual, carrying out the use of thermal energy (power) and heat carriers.

- total design maximum thermal load(capacity) of all heat consumption systems at the outside air temperature calculated for each type of load or the total design maximum hourly flow rate of the heat carrier for all heat consumption systems connected to heat networks (source of heat energy) of the heat supply organization.

Network water- specially prepared water, which is used in the water heating system as a heat carrier.

Heat consumption system- a complex of thermal power plants with connecting pipelines and (or) heating networks, which are designed to meet one or more types of heat load.

Heating system- a set of interconnected heat sources, heat networks and heat consumption systems.

District heating system- united by a common technological process sources of thermal energy, thermal networks and consumers of thermal energy.

Heat load of the heating system (heat load)- the total amount of thermal energy received from thermal energy sources, equal to the sum of heat consumption of thermal energy receivers and losses in thermal networks per unit time.

Heating network- a set of devices designed for the transmission and distribution of coolant and thermal energy.

Thermal point- a complex of devices located in a separate room, consisting of elements of thermal power plants that ensure the connection of these plants to the heating network, their performance, control of heat consumption modes, transformation, regulation of coolant parameters.

Coolant of a thermal power plant, coolant- a moving medium used to transfer thermal energy in a thermal power plant from a more heated body to a less heated body.

Heat consuming plant- a thermal power plant or a set of devices designed to use heat and coolant for the needs of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, hot water supply and technological needs.

Heat supply- providing consumers with thermal energy (heat).

Thermal power plant (CHP)- steam turbine power plant designed for the production of electrical and thermal energy.

Node for commercial metering of thermal energy and (or) heat carriers- a set of duly certified measuring instruments and systems and other devices designed for commercial accounting of the amount of thermal energy and (or) heat carriers, as well as to ensure quality control of thermal energy and heat consumption modes.

District heating- heat supply to consumers from a source of thermal energy through a common heat network.

Central heating point (CTP)- a heat point designed to connect two or more buildings.

Operational documentation- documents intended for use during operation, maintenance and repair during operation.

Energy supply (heat supply) organization- an enterprise or organization that is legal entity and owning or in full economic management of installations generating electrical and (or) thermal energy, electrical and (or) thermal networks and providing on a contractual basis the transmission of electrical and (or) thermal energy to consumers.

APPENDIX B

Symbols for quantities

Actual losses of thermal energy in the entire network for the year, GJ;

Actual losses of thermal energy in the entire network for a month, GJ;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy in total for the supply and return pipelines for all sections of underground laying, W;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy separately through the supply pipeline for all sections of the above-ground laying, W;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy separately through the return pipeline for all sections of the above-ground laying, W;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy separately along the supply pipeline for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, W;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy separately through the return pipeline for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, W;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy separately through the supply pipeline for all areas located in the basements, W;

Actual average monthly losses of thermal energy separately through the return pipeline for all sections located in the basements, W;

The actual total losses of thermal energy in the network are average for the measurement period, W;

The actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections of underground laying are average for the measurement period, W;

The actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections of the above-ground laying are average for the measurement period, W;

Actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, average for the measurement period, W;

Actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for all sections located in the basements, average for the measurement period, W;

The actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections of the underground laying are average for the measurement period, W;

The actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections of the above-ground laying are average for the measurement period, W;

Actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels are average for the measurement period, W;

The actual losses of thermal energy in the return pipelines for all sections located in the basements are average for the measurement period, W;

The actual total losses of thermal energy in all supply pipelines are average for the measurement period, W;

Actual total losses of thermal energy in all return pipelines are average for the measurement period, W;

The total loss of thermal energy in the supply pipelines for j th consumers who do not have metering devices, average for the measurement period, W;

Loss of thermal energy j-th consumers without metering devices average for the measurement period, W;

Total losses of thermal energy in supply pipelines for all i-th consumers with metering devices, average for the measurement period, W;

Loss of thermal energy through the thermal insulation of the supply pipeline for each i-th consumer with metering devices average for the measurement period, W;

Hourly average connected load during the measurement period j-th consumer, GJ/h;

Hourly average connected load of all j-th consumers without metering devices during the measurement period, GJ/h;

Average losses of thermal energy over the measurement period through the thermal insulation of the supply pipeline, referred to i-th consumer, minus the loss of thermal energy in the branch from the main pipeline, W;

Losses of thermal energy in a branch from the main pipeline, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the branch from the main supply pipeline to i-th consumer, W;

Total losses of thermal energy in the main supply pipelines for all i th consumers with metering devices, W;

Regulatory losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline are average for the measurement period, W;

Regulatory losses of thermal energy in the return pipeline are average for the measurement period, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for the entire network, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all sections of the underground laying, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline for all sections of the underground laying, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all sections of the above-ground laying, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurements of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline for all sections of the above-ground laying, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline for all sections located in through and semi-through channels, tunnels, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all sections located in the basements, W;

Regulatory averages for the period of measurement of the loss of thermal energy in the return pipeline for all sections located in the basements, W;

Average annual normative losses of thermal energy through the supply pipeline, W;

Average annual normative losses of thermal energy in the return pipeline, W;

Relative difference between the comparison of the actual heat loss in the supply pipeline for all consumers in the second approximation with the actual heat loss in the supply pipeline for all consumers, obtained in the first approximation;

q n - normative specific losses of thermal energy in total for the supply and return pipelines for sections of underground heating networks, W / m;

Specific losses of thermal energy in total through the supply and return pipelines with a tabular value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, W / m, less than for this network;

Specific losses of thermal energy in total through the supply and return pipelines with a tabular value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, W / m, greater than for this network;

q but - average annual standard specific losses of thermal energy in the return pipeline, W / m;

q np - average annual standard specific losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline, W / m;

Total normative specific losses of thermal energy for underground laying, W/m;

Accordingly, the tabular values ​​of the standard specific losses of thermal energy for underground laying in the supply and return pipelines, W / m;

Specific losses of thermal energy through the supply pipeline with two adjacent, respectively, smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, W / m;

Specific losses of thermal energy through the supply pipeline with two adjacent, respectively, smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and outdoor air, W / m;

Specific losses of thermal energy through the return pipeline with two adjacent, respectively smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and outdoor air, W / m;

Average for the entire measurement period, the flow rate of the coolant through the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy, kg / s;

Measured values ​​of the coolant flow at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, t/h;

The average flow rate of the coolant through the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period i-th consumer of thermal energy with metering devices, kg / s;

Measured values ​​of the coolant flow y i-th consumer of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, t/h;

Average consumption of make-up water at the source of thermal energy for the entire measurement period, kg/s;

Measured values ​​of the coolant consumption for make-up at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, t/h;

The average flow rate of the coolant in the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period for all consumers of thermal energy that do not have metering devices, kg / s;

Average hourly replenishment of the heating network at night, t/h;

The average hourly consumption of the coolant for each i-th consumer having metering devices at night for each day from the measurement period, t/h;

The average flow rate of the coolant in the supply pipeline for the entire measurement period for each j-th consumer without metering devices, kg/s;

G k- coolant flow rate in a homogeneous area, kg/s;

Average monthly outdoor air temperature, °C;

Average monthly soil temperature at the average depth of the pipeline axis, °С;

Average annual outdoor air temperature, °С;

Average annual soil temperature at the average depth of the pipeline axis, °С;

Average monthly temperature of network water in the supply pipeline, °С;

Average monthly temperature of network water in the return pipeline, °С;

Average annual temperature of network water in the supply pipeline, °С;

Average annual temperature of network water in the return pipeline, °С;

Temperature of network water averaged over the measurement period in the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy, °С;

Temperature of network water in the return pipeline at the source of thermal energy, averaged over the measurement period, °С;

Measured values ​​of the network water temperature in the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, °С;

Measured values ​​of the temperature of the network water in the return pipeline at the source of thermal energy, taken from the hourly file, °С;

Average soil temperature at the average depth of the pipeline axis during the measurement period, °С;

Average outdoor air temperature for the measurement period, °С;

Accordingly, the tabular values ​​of the average annual temperatures of network water in the supply (65, 90, 110 °C) and return (50 °C) pipelines, °C;

Normative value of the average annual soil temperature, °С;

Measured values ​​for the heating water temperature in the supply pipe i-th consumer, taken from the hourly file, °С;

The value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil for a given heating network, ° С;

Less than for this network, the tabular value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, ° С;

Greater than for this network, the tabular value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil, ° С;

Difference of average annual temperatures for each pair of values ​​of average annual temperatures in supply and return pipelines and soil, °С;

The value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and soil for the supply pipeline of the considered heating network, ° С;

Adjacent, respectively smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of the network water in the supply pipeline and the soil, ° С;

The value of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water and outdoor air, respectively, for the supply and return pipelines for a given heating network, ° С;

Adjacent, respectively, smaller and larger than for a given network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of network water in the supply pipeline and outdoor air, ° С;

Adjacent, respectively smaller and larger than for this network, tabular values ​​of the difference in the average annual temperatures of the network water in the return pipeline and the outside air, ° С;

V n - the total volume of all supply pipelines of the heating network, m 3;

L- length of the heating network section, m;

l i- the smallest distance from the source of thermal energy to the branch from the main pipeline to i-th consumer with metering devices, m;

l j- the smallest distance from the source of thermal energy to the branch to j-th consumer without metering devices, m (p. 18);

lk- length of a homogeneous section, m;

r is the density of water at the average temperature of network water in the supply pipeline at the source of thermal energy for the first day of the data availability period, kg/m 3 ;

cp- specific heat capacity of water, J/(kg×K);

Wk- coolant velocity in a homogeneous area, m/s;

F k- the area of ​​the pipeline passage in a homogeneous section, m 2;

b - coefficient of local losses of thermal energy, taking into account the losses of thermal energy by fittings, compensators and supports;

r losses n - coefficient of losses of thermal energy of the network in the main supply pipelines, J / (kg × m);

Thermal energy loss coefficient, determined by the time of movement of the coolant in the supply pipelines, J / (kg × s);

n and - the number of hours in the measurement period;

n month - the duration of the heating network in the month under consideration, h;

t p - time of filling all supply pipelines with coolant, s;

t is the time of movement of the coolant from the source of thermal energy to each of the consumers, s;

t to - the time of movement of the coolant in a homogeneous section of the heating network, s;

t i- the time of movement of the coolant through the supply pipeline from the source of thermal energy to i-th consumer with metering devices, s;

t j- the time of movement of the coolant along the shortest distance from the source of thermal energy to j-th consumer without metering devices, s;

K- the ratio of the actual losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline for all consumers to the standard losses of thermal energy in the supply pipeline.

APPENDIX B

Characteristics of sections of the heating network

Table B.1

APPENDIX D

Average monthly and average annual temperatures of the environment and network water

Table D.1

Months	Average temperature for 5 years, °C		Temperature of network water, °C
	soil	outside air	in the supply pipeline	in the return pipeline
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average annual temperature, °С

APPENDIX E

Characteristics of consumers of thermal energy and metering devices

Table E.1

Consumer name	Type of heat supply system (open, closed)	Meter brand	Archive depth		Availability of centralized data collection (yes, no)
			heating	ventilation		DHW	Total	daily	hourly
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

APPENDIX E

Norms of heat energy loss by insulated water heat pipelines located in impassable channels and with channelless laying (with a design soil temperature of +5 ° С at the depth of the heat pipelines) according to

Table E.1

Outer diameter of pipes, mm
	Return heat pipe at an average water temperature ( t o \u003d 50 ° С)	Two-pipe laying with a difference in the average annual temperatures of water and soil of 52.5 ° С ( t n =65°C)	Two-pipe laying with a difference in the average annual temperatures of water and soil of 65 ° С ( t n =90°C)	Two-pipe laying with a difference in the average annual temperatures of water and soil of 75 ° С ( t n = 110°C)
32	23	52	60	67
57	29	65	75	84
76	34	75	86	95
89	36	80	93	102
108	40	88	102	111
159	49	109	124	136
219	59	131	151	165
273	70	154	174	190
325	79	173	195	212
377	88	191	212	234
426	95	209	235	254
478	106	230	259	280
529	117	251	282	303
630	133	286	321	345
720	145	316	355	379
820	164	354	396	423
920	180	387	433	463
1020	198	426	475	506
1220	233	499	561	591
1420	265	568	644	675

APPENDIX G

Norms of losses of thermal energy by one insulated water

heat conductor for above-ground laying

(with an estimated average annual outdoor temperature of +5 °С) according to

Table G.1

Outer diameter of pipes, mm	Thermal energy loss rates, W/m
	The difference between the average annual temperature of network water in the supply or return pipelines and outdoor air, ° С
	45	70	95	120
32	17	27	36	44
49	21	31	42	52
57	24	35	46	57
76	29	41	52	64
89	32	44	58	70
108	36	50	64	78
133	41	56	70	86
159	44	58	75	93
194	49	67	85	102
219	53	70	90	110
273	61	81	101	124
325	70	93	116	139
377	82	108	132	157
426	95	122	148	174
478	103	131	158	186
529	110	139	168	197
630	121	154	186	220
720	133	168	204	239
820	157	195	232	270
920	180	220	261	302
1020	209	255	296	339
1420	267	325	377	441

APPENDIX AND

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of two-pipe water heating networks when laying in impassable channels, W / m, according to

Table I.1

	Pipeline
	server	back	server	back	server	back
	65	50	90	50	110	50
25	16	11	23	10	28	9
30	17	12	24	11	30	10
40	18	13	26	12	32	11
50	20	14	28	13	35	12
65	23	16	34	15	40	13
80	25	17	36	16	44	14
100	28	19	41	17	48	15
125	31	21	42	18	50	16
150	32	22	44	19	55	17
200	39	27	54	22	68	21
250	45	30	64	25	77	23
300	50	33	70	28	84	25
350	55	37	75	30	94	26
400	58	38	82	33	101	28
450	67	43	93	36	107	29
500	68	44	98	38	117	32
600	79	50	109	41	132	34
700	89	55	126	43	151	37
800	100	60	140	45	163	40
900	106	66	151	54	186	43
1000	117	71	158	57	192	47
1200	144	79	185	64	229	52
1400	152	82	210	68	252	56

APPENDIX K

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines for two-pipe underground channelless laying of water heating networks, W / m, according to

Table K.1

Conditional passage of the pipeline, mm	With more than 5000 hours of work per year
	Pipeline
	server	back	server	back
	Average annual coolant temperature, °C
	65	50	90	50
25	33	25	44	24
50	40	31	54	29
65	45	34	60	33
80	46	35	61	34
100	49	38	65	35
125	53	41	72	39
150	60	46	80	43
200	66	50	89	48
250	72	55	96	51
300	79	59	105	56
350	86	65	113	60
400	91	68	121	63
450	97	72	129	67
500	105	78	138	72
600	117	87	156	80
700	126	93	170	86
800	140	102	186	93

Coefficient taking into account the change in the norms of the heat flux density when using a heat-insulating layer made of polyurethane foam, polymer concrete, phenolic foam plastic FL

Table K.2

APPENDIX L

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heating networks when located outdoors, W / m, according to

Table L.1

Conditional passage of the pipeline, mm	With more than 5000 hours of work per year
	Average annual coolant temperature, °C
	50	100	150
15	10	20	30
20	11	22	34
25	13	25	37
40	15	29	44
50	17	31	47
65	19	36	54
80	21	39	58
100	24	43	64
125	27	49	70
150	30	54	77
200	37	65	93
250	43	75	106
300	49	84	118
350	55	93	131
400	61	102	142
450	65	109	152
500	71	119	166
600	82	136	188
700	92	151	209
800	103	167	213
900	113	184	253
1000	124	201	275
	35	54	70

APPENDIX M

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heating networks when located indoors and in a tunnel, W / m, according to

Table M.1

Conditional passage of the pipeline, mm	With more than 5000 hours of work per year
	Average annual coolant temperature, °C
	50	100	150
15	8	18	28
20	9	20	32
25	10	22	35
40	12	26	41
50	13	28	44
65	15	32	50
80	16	35	54
100	18	39	60
125	21	44	66
150	24	49	73
200	29	59	88
250	34	68	100
300	39	77	112
350	44	85	124
400	48	93	135
450	52	101	145
500	57	109	156
600	67	125	176
700	74	139	199
800	84	155	220
900	93	170	241
1000	102	186	262
Curved surfaces with an external nominal bore of more than 1020 mm and flat	Norms of surface heat flux density, W / m 2
	29	50	68

APPENDIX H

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of two-pipe water heating networks when laying in impassable channels and underground channelless laying, W / m, according to

Table H.1

Conditional passage of the pipeline, mm	With more than 5000 hours of work per year
	Pipeline
	server	back	server	back	server	back
	Average annual coolant temperature, °C
	65	50	90	50	110	50
25	14	9	20	9	24	8
30	15	10	20	10	26	9
40	16	11	22	11	27	10
50	17	12	24	12	30	11
65	20	13	29	13	34	12
80	21	14	31	14	37	13
100	24	16	35	15	41	14
125	26	18	38	16	43	15
150	27	19	42	17	47	16
200	33	23	49	19	58	18
250	38	26	54	21	66	20
300	43	28	60	24	71	21
350	46	31	64	26	80	22
400	50	33	70	28	86	24
450	54	36	79	31	91	25
500	58	37	84	32	100	27
600	67	42	93	35	112	31
700	76	47	107	37	128	31
800	85	51	119	38	139	34
900	90	56	128	43	150	37
1000	100	60	140	46	163	40
1200	114	67	158	53	190	44
1400	130	70	179	58	224	48

APPENDIX P

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heat networks when located outdoors along

Table A.1

Conditional passage of the pipeline, mm	With more than 5000 hours of work per year
	Average annual coolant temperature, °C
	50	100	150
25	11	20	30
40	12	24	36
50	14	25	38
65	15	29	44
80	17	32	47
100	19	35	52
125	22	40	57
150	24	44	62
200	30	53	75
250	35	61	86
300	40	68	96
350	45	75	106
400	49	83	115
450	53	88	123
500	58	96	135
600	66	110	152
700	75	122	169
800	83	135	172
900	92	149	205
1000	101	163	223
Curved surfaces with an external nominal bore of more than 1020 mm and flat	Norms of surface heat flux density, W / m 2
	28	44	57

APPENDIX P

Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heating networks when located indoors and in a tunnel along

Table R.1

Conditional passage of the pipeline, mm	With more than 5000 hours of work per year
	Average annual coolant temperature, °C
	50	100	150
	Norms of linear heat flux density, W/m
25	8	18	28
40	10	21	33
50	10	22	35
65	12	26	40
80	13	28	43
100	14	31	48
125	17	35	53
150	19	39	58
200	23	47	70
250	27	54	80
300	31	62	90
350	35	68	99
400	38	74	108
450	42	81	116
500	46	87	125
600	54	100	143
700	59	111	159
800	67	124	176
900	74	136	193
1000	82	149	210
Curved surfaces with an external nominal bore of more than 1020 mm and flat	Norms of surface heat flux density, W / m 2
	23	40	54

Note. When insulated surfaces are located in the tunnel (through and semi-through channels), a coefficient of 0.85 should be entered to the density standards.

APPENDIX C

List of normative and technical documents to which there are links

1. Determination of actual heat losses through thermal insulation in district heating networks / Semenov V. G. - M .: News of heat supply, 2003 (No. 4).

2. Norms for the design of thermal insulation for pipelines and equipment of power plants and heating networks. - M.: Gosstroyizdat, 1959.

3. SNiP 2.04.14-88*. Thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines. - M.: GUP TsPP Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.

4. Methodology for calculating heat losses in heating networks during transportation. - M.: Firma ORGRES, 1999.

5. Rules technical operation thermal power plants. - M.: Publishing house of NTs ENAS, 2003.

6. Typical instruction for the technical operation of systems for the transport and distribution of thermal energy (heat networks): RD 153-34.0-20.507-98. - M.: SPO ORGRES, 1986.

7. Methodology for determining the normative values ​​of the indicators of the functioning of water heating networks of communal heat supply systems. - M.: Roskommunenergo, 2002.

9. GOST 26691-85. Thermal power engineering. Terms and Definitions.

10. GOST 19431-84. Energy and electrification. Terms and Definitions.

11. Rules for the development of regulations, circulars, operational instructions, guidelines and information letters in the electric power industry: RD 153-34.0-01.103-2000. - M.: SPO ORGRES, 2000.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF INITIAL DATA

2.1. Collection of initial data on the heat network

2.2. Processing of initial data of metering devices

3. DETERMINATION OF NORMAL HEAT ENERGY LOSSES

3.1. Determination of the average annual standard losses of thermal energy

3.2. Determination of normative losses of thermal energy for the measurement period

4. DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL LOSS OF THERMAL ENERGY

4.1. Determination of actual losses of thermal energy for the measurement period

4.2. Determination of actual losses of thermal energy for the year

APPS

Appendix A. Terms and definitions

Appendix B. Symbols for quantities

Appendix B. Characteristics of sections of the heating network

Appendix D. Average monthly and average annual temperatures of the environment and network water

Appendix D. Characteristics of consumers of thermal energy and metering devices

Annex E. Norms of thermal energy losses by insulated water heat pipelines located in impassable channels and with channelless laying

Annex G

Appendix I. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of two-pipe water heating networks when laying in impassable channels

Appendix K. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines for two-pipe underground channelless laying of water heating networks

Annex L. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heating networks when located outdoors

Annex M. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heating networks when located indoors and in a tunnel

Appendix H. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of two-pipe water heating networks when laying in impassable channels and underground channelless laying

Appendix P. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heat networks when located outdoors

Annex P. Norms of heat flux density through the insulated surface of pipelines of water heating networks when located indoors and in a tunnel

Appendix C. List of normative and technical documents to which there are links