Do-it-yourself cellar in a private house or in the country. Do-it-yourself step-by-step construction of a cellar

13.11.2019

Do-it-yourself cellar in the country is a good opportunity to ensure long-term and high-quality storage of products. And since, if the cellar is built correctly, it all year round the same temperature is stably maintained, it is simply indispensable for storing not only preserves and pickles, but also vegetables and fruits. A cellar in the country is an absolutely necessary thing for those who have a garden or orchard in their country house.

Cellar in the country: the main types

Despite the structural features of the construction, the cellars can be divided into three types (schemes for the construction of cellars, depending on the type, are shown in Fig. 1):

ground - suit in the case of a very high (0.5 m) level ground water. It can be just an insulated box made of wood, a wall cellar (adjacent to the main wall, in fact - another room, only with earth embankment, the diagram is shown in Fig. 2) or a brick storage with embankment (Fig. 3)

semi-buried cellar- arrange in places where the groundwater level is located within 1.5-2 m from the surface of the earth. A diagram of a semi-buried cellar is shown in fig. 4.

For its construction, it will be necessary to dig a pit with a depth of 0.8-1m. The base is built of brick or concrete, raising the walls to a height of 2-2.2 m. The ceiling is made of wood, concrete or slate. From above, the entire structure is sprinkled with soil. The entrance to such a cellar is arranged at ground level, with a vestibule, stairs and a second, necessarily insulated, door. In principle, all construction operations, including waterproofing, ventilation and insulation, are similar to those carried out during the construction of a buried basement.

buried cellar- the most common type, it can be either separate (having its own cellar, Fig. 5), or located under the house, summer kitchen or a garage. Therefore, how to build a cellar with your own hands in the country, we will consider in detail below.

For the construction of a semi-buried, and especially a buried cellar, it is very important to accurately determine the place of construction, or more precisely, to determine the level of groundwater. To do this, you can use the help of professionals (expensive, but reliable), or you can try folk method, which gives a fairly accurate result. This will require a glass jar, a piece of wool and a fresh egg. In the place where you planned the construction of the cellar, put a piece of wool on the ground, on top of it - an egg and cover them with a glass cap on top. Leave this "design" for the night, and in the morning evaluate the results:

wool and egg in dew- the level of occurrence of groundwater is insignificant, here you will have to limit yourself to a ground cellar

there is dew on the wool, and the egg is dry- groundwater is deep enough for the construction of a semi-buried cellar
dry egg and wool- a great place to build a buried cellar.

Advice! The construction of the cellar is best done in the summer, when the groundwater level is at its lowest.

If the construction of the cellar is planned in the house (more precisely, under the house), then it is better to place it under non-residential (unheated) premises, ideally - under the veranda (the temperature in it is lower than in the rest of the house, it is easier to arrange ventilation, and in winter the veranda will protect from frost). If the layout of the house allows you to equip the cellar only in the heated part of the building, additional thermal insulation of the floor will be required (for example, lay foam plastic 5 cm thick on the floor) and good ventilation, otherwise it is impossible to ensure optimal food storage.

After that, you can proceed to the practical part of the construction.

Digging a pit

Do-it-yourself construction of a cellar in a country house begins with marking the pit, while adding from 0.5 to 1 m to the planned dimensions - this will make it easier to waterproof the cellar. First, the top fertile layer of soil is removed - it can later be used to create flower beds, terraces, alpine slides etc. After that, they dig the pit directly (Fig. 6).

Advice! So that the earth does not crumble down and the soil holds on stronger, the walls of the pit are made not vertical, but slightly sloped, while the steepness of the slope is selected depending on the type of soil (the harder it is, the smaller the slope).

To make sure that water does not seep through the walls somewhere, the pit is allowed to stand for a while. The places where water appeared are sealed with the so-called "clay swabs" - they dig a ditch (up to 50 cm deep) and trample it with crumpled greasy clay, while tamping it heavily.

cellar base

To obtain a base, the bottom of the pit is leveled and rammed, after that a sand and gravel cushion is made and the first layer of concrete 5-10 cm thick is poured. Roofing material is laid in 2-3 layers on top of the first layer or melted bitumen is poured (waterproofing layer, Fig. 7) , after which they are concreted again, pouring a layer 10-15 cm thick. If brick walls are erected (half-brick-brick thickness), then this base will be enough as a foundation. If the walls will be laid out from concrete blocks or some walls of the cellar will be continued as bearing walls at home, you will need to fill a separate foundation.

Walling

For the construction of cellar walls, you can use different material. Most often, brick is used for this, concrete blocks(Fig. 8, most often they are used to build load-bearing walls of a house on them), rubble, cinder block (Fig. 9). Another option is to pour monolithic concrete walls, in which case the walls can be integral with the base, for which purpose wall reinforcement is initially fixed in it (Fig. 10), then the formwork is installed and the solution is poured (Fig. 11).

Floor installation

The choice of material for overlapping is largely determined by what loads it will have to withstand during further operation. It can be made:

wood - beams or logs, on which boards or beams are laid on top. Since there is always high humidity in the cellar, all wooden elements must be treated with an antiseptic.

metal beams on which concrete slabs can be laid. In this case, it is especially necessary to carefully process and seal the seams (joints of plates)
monolithic concrete floor - poured in the same way as monolithic walls

Stairs

The simplest, but very inconvenient option is a ladder, welded from pipes or knocked down from wood. It is advisable to provide in the project a stationary staircase made of iron, concrete or metal, it is both more convenient and safer to use it:

the minimum width is 30-40 cm, but better is about 50-60 cm, it will be convenient to climb along it

if it is planned to lower heavy, bulky goods that need to be carried together in the cellar, then the width of the stairs should be at least 80 cm

the maximum allowable slope is 75 degrees, but such a staircase will be within the power of young and energetic. To make the stairs comfortable, but at the same time not take up much space, a slope of 45 degrees would be optimal - it is quite easy to climb it (the span is not very long) even with a load in hand
step height - 15 - 20 cm, width - 25-30 cm

Basement wall waterproofing

To ensure water tightness, concrete and brick walls additionally plastered with cement mortar. After final drying of the layer plasters applied from the outside of the wall bituminous mastic, on which the roofing material is glued (Fig. 11), after which the soil is backfilled.

Advice! To improve waterproofing, instead of backfilling with soil, you can make a clay castle. To do this, clay is mixed with water and coarse sand until a plastic mass is formed, resembling plasticine. The resulting mass is placed in a pit between the walls and the ground, tamping very tightly.

Ventilation device

Properly organized natural ventilation will avoid excessive humidity and dampness, maintaining the optimal temperature and humidity conditions in the cellar. To do this, two pipes are installed in the cellar (metal, ceramic, asbestos-cement, plank, etc.):

exhaust - installed at the top, almost under the ceiling, while it must be insulated

supply - located at a height of 50-60 cm from the floor

To ensure maximum air exchange, pipes should be located as far apart as possible. The cross section of the pipe is selected in accordance with the dimensions of the cellar, for example, for normal ventilation of a cellar with an area of 8 m2 and a height of 2 m, a pipe with a cross section of 12X12 cm is required. The main signs of impaired ventilation are: condensation on the ceiling, dampness, signs of mold, musty, unpleasant air . Figure 12 shows a diagram of the organization of ventilation for a separate cellar

Figure 13 shows a diagram of the organization of ventilation for the cellar in the basement of the house.

It is worth paying attention that it is necessary to install a grate on the supply pipe, which will prevent rodents from entering the cellar.

Advice! If a natural ventilation not enough, to combat excessive moisture, you can install boxes with substances that actively absorb moisture (quicklime, salt).

How to build a cellar with your own hands: step-by-step instruction, video review. The cellar is an important element of any suburban area, it is indispensable for storing vegetables, fruits and conservation. The article contains information on how to build a cellar in the country with your own hands: step by step description will help to take into account a lot of nuances, ranging from right choice places and ending with the installation of waterproofing and electrical wiring. The external arrangement of the building also has great importance, and the construction of shelving and drawers will help to use the space efficiently.

The process of erecting the walls of the cellar of red brick

Varieties and features of cellars

Do not confuse the cellar and basement. Do-it-yourself construction of a cellar in the country can come down to simply digging a hole and its minimal arrangement. The choice of the type of construction depends on many parameters, for example, on its intended purpose, on the climatic conditions of the region, financial possibilities, etc. Also, when choosing the type and materials for building a cellar in a country house with your own hands, you need to take into account its location.

It is easier to build a separate building than, for example, to build a cellar under the house, but this option will require more materials, and hence finances. It is cheaper to make storage under a residential building or outbuilding, but this option is limited in space.

The arrangement of the cellar will allow long time preserve preserves and other products

One of the most popular options is the glacier cellar. It perfectly copes with the function of long-term storage of products even in the hot season and is especially in demand in the southern regions. Building this type of cellar in a private house with your own hands is quite difficult and expensive, but the result is high performance, durability and reliability.

Another a good option This building is a storage of two sections. As a rule, this type is used when it is necessary to avoid mixing the smells of various vegetables and fruits that are simultaneously stored in the cellar. To build such a storage, fewer materials are needed than for a glacier.

A separate type of cellar is a wine cellar. It is used to store wine products, has its own design features and nuances that must be taken into account in order to carry out the correct construction of the cellar. As a rule, not only wine, but also various preservation can be stored in such a storage.

The wine cellar has design features that must be taken into account at the planning stage of the building

The nuances of arranging a cellar with your own hands at a high level of groundwater

When choosing a location for storage, it is very important to take into account such factors as the general soil moisture and the level of groundwater. The lower it is, the easier it will be to build the structure, and the less often repairs will be needed. If a we are talking about a stand-alone structure, then you should choose the highest place on your site. It is best to determine the level of groundwater when it is maximum, that is, in spring or autumn. If there is a well or a well on the site, then you can determine the maximum mark from them, otherwise you will have to drill a well separately.

It will be somewhat more difficult to build a cellar if groundwater is close. How to do it in the most efficient way? First of all, it is necessary to pay great attention to the waterproofing of the structure. Also, with high soil moisture, for better waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater, it is worth using Construction Materials, characterized increased resistance to the water. In this case, you should not use wood or plywood, but it is better to give preference to concrete and brick.

Scheme of the arrangement of a separately located cellar: 1 - foundation; 2 - steps; 3 - protective fence; 4 - walls; 5 - ceiling vault; 6 - ventilation; 7 - waterproofing; 8 - bulk soil

Helpful advice! You can check the groundwater level by folk omens. To do this, leave a piece of wool and a chicken egg at the construction site, and cover them with a clay pot on top. If in the morning there is dew on both the wool and the egg, then groundwater is close, and if only on the wool, it is far away.

Recommendations for building a cellar with your own hands: how to do it as efficiently as possible

Regardless of what type of construction you have chosen or what materials you are going to use, there are a number of general recommendations that you should follow when building your own cellar step by step:

if you are going to use wooden elements, then they must be pre-treated with a special impregnation to protect them from the harmful effects of moisture;
the construction of the cellar is best started in the summer, then the groundwater level is at the bottom. In this case, the soil will be the driest, and the risk of flooding the structure will be minimal;
to ensure efficient storage of products, it is very important to think over the ventilation system;
if you want the structure to maintain the desired temperature, then it is recommended to make two doors separated by a vestibule when building a cellar with your own hands;

To build a really good cellar, you need to carefully study the features of materials and types of structures.

special attention should also be paid to thermal insulation, then it will be provided optimum temperature in the cellar at any time of the year;
the choice of tools and materials for construction is very important, so you should familiarize yourself with the advantages and disadvantages in advance various types. The construction itself must be carried out in a clearly recommended order.

Features of the use of various materials

Most often, materials such as brick or concrete blocks are used in the construction. They are best tolerated high humidity and low temperatures, and are also characterized by durability, reliability and relatively low cost. When building a brick cellar with your own hands, it is worth considering the features of the operational characteristics of each of the varieties of this material:

cinder block or foamed brick is characterized by increased fragility, so these varieties are not recommended for use in the construction of an underground storage facility;
silicate brick is more durable, but reacts very poorly to high humidity. This means that the construction of it will not be able to boast a long service life;

The ideal material for building cellar walls is red brick.

red brick is ideal option for a cellar in a private house. How to make the construction of this material as efficient as possible, you can learn from the numerous step-by-step instructions from experts.

If you decide to use concrete blocks for construction, then you will definitely need a specialized construction machinery because they are heavy in weight. The cellar of them will last a long time and keep the temperature well.

Also, when building a cellar in a house with your own hands, you can use a brick that has already been in use, if its condition allows. And in the event that you are going to simply sheathe an earthen pit with wooden boards, they must be carefully treated with antiseptics to prevent rotting.

Note! The use of concrete slabs reinforced with metal is also possible. But in this case, it will be quite difficult to maintain the desired temperature, so this material should not be used for the building in which you are going to store food.

Diagram of a semi-buried brick cellar

Do-it-yourself cellar in the country: a step-by-step guide for construction

Strict adherence to the sequence of actions is the key to a proper cellar. How to make the building as efficient as possible, spending a minimum of time and effort on it? For this installation work must be done in a specific order.

Pit arrangement

Sod is removed from the selected area, after which the earth is leveled and marking is performed. Many do-it-yourself photos of the cellar show that specialized construction equipment is often used to equip the pit, but if this is not possible, then shovels and spades can be used. Job advantage hand tool is that it allows you to preserve the structure of the soil. If the ground in the selected area is loose, then the walls of the pit should slope to avoid shedding.

Building a cellar with your own hands. Step 1: Digging a hole

The dimensions of the cellar depend solely on your needs, but remember that the size of the pit should be 0.5 m larger than the size of the structure itself. In the process of building a cellar with your own hands, the excavated fertile land can be distributed over the summer cottage. The evenness of the bottom after completion of work must be measured with a level and corrected, if necessary.

Foundation construction

Although you can do without this stage (simply by filling the bottom of the pit with rubble or bitumen), the arrangement of the foundation will increase the level of waterproofing of the cellar from groundwater. How to make the foundation as effective as possible, but not very expensive? To do this, you can use a reinforcing frame, on top of which the concrete mixture is poured. The recommended height of the foundation is about 40 cm. Installation of the foundation is a prerequisite for building a cellar in the country with your own hands, if groundwater is close. How to make the foundation correctly - thematic videos on the Internet will tell you.

Building a cellar with your own hands. Step 2: arranging the foundation

Walling

If you use brick to build a cellar under the house with your own hands, then you will need a number of specialized tools. These include a trowel, a construction cord, a mason's hammer, building level and a bucket for solution. For greater efficiency, you should use the help of another person.

As a mortar connecting the bricks, a mixture of clay and sand or cement can be used. When building an underground or ground cellar with your own hands, laying should start from the corners, and the first row is laid without using mortar in order to more accurately plan the position of the wall. Bricks of the following rows must be sunk into the mortar until the joint thickness is approximately 12 mm.

Building a cellar with your own hands. Step 3: building walls

Helpful advice! Be sure to use a building level and a plumb line when laying walls. With the help of the first, it is checked how evenly the brick is laid, and with the help of the second - the correctness of the angles.

Do-it-yourself cellar ceiling installation

When building a ceiling, it is best to use wooden planks. If the structure is being built under the house, then beams can be used as a ceiling, and the ceiling of the ground cellar in the country house is made step by step from PKZH slabs or slate with your own hands. In this case, the surface can be flat or gable.

The thermal insulation of the ceiling is done according to the same principle as the thermal insulation of a conventional roof - the gap between wooden beams and roofing material filled with a layer of thermal insulation.

Building a cellar with your own hands. Step 4: installation of the ceiling

Types and features of floor installation in the cellar

There are many various options arranging the floor in the cellar, which one is better - depends on your preferences, the purpose of the building, the characteristics of the soil and other factors. You should also familiarize yourself with the specifics of each method in advance, this will help you quickly and efficiently build a cellar with your own hands. Both video and photo instructions can greatly facilitate the installation process.

earthen floor- the simplest and cheap option. There is a misconception that the correct floor in the cellar should only be earthen, but this is not so. Even well-compacted soil will not protect the room from dampness and mold.

If you nevertheless decide to make a dirt floor in the cellar, then the base must be carefully leveled and tamped, after which a layer of gravel about 10 cm thick is poured in. The advantage of this option is zero installation cost, but there are much more disadvantages. These include a high risk of flooding the premises and a high probability that metal elements will rust and wooden elements will rot.

Cellar with sandy floor

Concrete floor- a good option to protect the room from high-lying groundwater. A concrete screed can act not only as a floor covering, but also as a base for the installation of other materials.

For the construction of a concrete floor, it is very important to level the surface, after which a pillow of crushed stone and sand 15-20 cm thick is mounted. The sand must be thoroughly moistened and compacted, and poured with bitumen on top. In order to concrete base was as strong as possible, a metal grate can be installed on top of the bitumen layer. After that, you can start pouring concrete.

You can mount the waterproofing layer both on a sand cushion and on top of concrete. In the second case, another concrete layer must be poured from above.

Clay floor- a reliable, but very time-consuming option in terms of installation. It requires a large amount of high-quality material, so it is rarely used. Clay is considered one of the most eco-friendly materials. It is laid on a base of crushed stone 10-15 cm thick, which can be impregnated with bitumen. Under the clay, it is worth mounting a waterproofing layer of roofing material or other material, and the cracks that may form after drying are sealed with a clay-lime mixture.

The floor in the cellar, built with his own hands, is equipped with concrete

brick pavement- strong, durable and attractive appearance. In addition, the material is quite cheap and easy to install. The brick floor is laid on a pillow of fine gravel or gravel, a clay solution is poured on top. Bricks are slightly recessed into the solution close to each other. Also, cement mortar can be hammered into the seams between the bricks with a stiff brush.

Wooden floor- used in ground-based cellar options or where groundwater is very deep. Before installation, the tree must be treated with special impregnations to extend its service life. Wooden boards are mounted on top of logs made of timber, which, in turn, are laid on a base of crushed stone and clay. It is best to fasten the boards with self-tapping screws, but you can also simply nail them.

Note! For each of the materials you will need a separate set of tools, the acquisition of which is better to attend to in advance.

An example of a ventilation device: 1 - for a cellar under the house; 2 - for a separate cellar

Design and installation of the cellar ventilation system

If you are building a structure above ground, then air can flow into the cellar naturally through small openings. For an underground structure, ventilation must be supply and exhaust. The outlet of the exhaust pipe should be located near the ceiling, and the suction pipe should be located near the floor. In many photos of the cellar in the country house with your own hands, you can see that the ventilation outlets are equipped with special curtains, this allows you to more accurately control the temperature in the room.

Installation of stairs and doors

If the cellar is being built under the house or, if necessary, to save space, it is worth making an almost vertical staircase to the cellar with your own hands. How to make it as safe as possible for descent? The use of handrails is recommended. Do-it-yourself photos of the stairs to the cellar show that it can be built from wooden boards fixed directly in the ground, as well as from brick or other materials.

Doors are mounted in ground versions of the design, in other cases a hatch is used. Making a hatch in the cellar with your own hands is quite simple.

The cellar has a metal staircase.

Manufacture of the hatch

If the cellar is located under the house or outbuilding, then a hatch is used as an entrance partition. You can buy a hatch for the cellar, or you can make it yourself. The second option will allow you to get a design that exactly meets your needs. Self-installation of the hatch includes the following steps:

a place for the future entrance is chosen. It is very important that access to it be as simple as possible and not be cluttered with shelves, drawers and other items;
hatch dimensions are determined. It all depends on your needs, but its parameters should not be less than 75x75 cm. In order for the room to be airtight, the side faces of the hatch must be sheathed with a sealant;
a manhole cover is made in the cellar. How to make it light and strong? For this, it is best to use wooden boards impregnated with drying oil. They are interconnected by rails, and a sheet of plywood is nailed to one side of the cover. If we are talking about a cellar in a residential building, then the manhole cover can be sheathed on top with the same flooring that and the floor around it. It should be borne in mind that if it is planned to equip a cellar hatch for tiles, its design must be made of sufficiently strong materials that can withstand all ceramics. If you prefer to use steel, then for the cover you will need a sheet with a thickness of at least 3 mm, which is welded onto a metal frame;

The scheme of the hatch device for the cellar

handle is attached. The best option would be a special hidden or folding design. If the cellar is located in a non-residential area or there is a need to save money, then you can use a regular door handle;
loops are screwed on. These can be ordinary door hinges or car hinges with springs. The latter option will make it easier to open the lid and fix it in any position.

There are many answers to the question of how to make a hatch in the cellar with your own hands, so you should choose the option that is most suitable in your particular case.

Wiring and lighting

Due to the fact that the design of the cellar provides for high humidity, the wiring in it must be reliably insulated. The best option for wiring are copper wires with a double layer of insulation. Light bulbs should be placed in the driest places and additionally equipped with protective caps. It is strictly forbidden to make sockets when building a cellar. How to make the wiring as safe as possible can be viewed on training videos from experts.

Light bulbs in the cellar must be placed in dry places and must be equipped with caps

Installation of waterproofing in the cellar

As already mentioned, moisture insulation is very important point when building a cellar in the country with their own hands. How to make waterproofing the most effective - there are many options, and the choice of the optimal one depends on the level of soil moisture and design features the buildings.

Waterproofing can be external or internal. The outer one is done at the construction stage, while the walls are sheathed with insulating materials from the outside, and drains, drainage wells and other structures are also mounted. Internal insulation is done after the cellar is built. In this case, before using insulating materials, groundwater must be drained, otherwise the work will be ineffective.

Types of materials used for internal waterproofing

If you made a cellar in the country with your own hands from waterproof concrete, then you are unlikely to need additional lining with insulating material. But for a brick structure, you can use the following waterproofing options:

mastic or bitumen - are used in cases where the groundwater level is below the floor level. The solution is heated and a thin layer is applied to the walls, resulting in a reliable waterproof film;

Membrane type waterproofing material

penetrating waterproofing is the most expensive, but also the most effective option. It is good in that it increases not only the level of resistance of walls to moisture, but also their frost resistance. Also, penetrating waterproofing reliably seals all cracks and micropores, is characterized by a long service life and is quickly mounted;
cement-based polymer mortar is one of the most reliable and easy-to-apply waterproofing materials. It fits snugly to the walls and reliably protects them from mechanical damage;
membrane-type moisture insulation - consists of various polymers, among which bitumen-based liquid rubber is very popular.

Note! It is very important to have effective ventilation for reliable waterproofing of the cellar in the country with your own hands. How to build a ventilation system so that excess moisture does not condense in the storage? For this, the installation of a supply and exhaust system is best suited.

Scheme of the device for thermal and waterproofing of the cellar

The procedure for installing waterproofing

Numerous photos of the cellar in a private house show that the waterproofing can be hidden under decorative wall panels. This is not a prerequisite, but only affects the appearance of the walls. The nuances of installing a waterproofing layer depend on the type of material chosen.

Do-it-yourself waterproofing using bitumen or mastic for the walls of the cellar under the house, as a rule, will not be difficult. To do this, the walls must first be plastered, and the waterproofing itself is best applied in two layers. Before the final drying of the coating, it is recommended to sprinkle it with fine dry sand.

Before installing the penetrating moisture insulation, the surface of the walls must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt and dust, and then moistened with water. After applying a layer of insulation for several days, it also needs to be constantly moistened. concrete walls before installation of penetrating waterproofing, they are processed with a metal brush.

One of the most effective moisture protection options is penetrating waterproofing.

For application liquid rubber walls must be leveled and cleaned. After that, the surface is primed and a waterproofing material is applied to it with a brush, spatula or roller. Decoration Materials can be mounted directly on the layer of liquid rubber after it has dried. In the photo of wine cellars, for example, you can see that the walls are sheathed with wooden panels.

The cement-polymer mixture is applied to well-moistened walls with a notched trowel or brush. It is best to do this in several layers.

Do-it-yourself installation of shelves in the cellar: photo and instructions

Shelves and racks are integral elements of any cellar and basement. There are several types of cellar shelving, which you can buy in specialized stores, but it is much easier and more economical to make them yourself. The most popular options are the following:

wood shelving is one of the most common answers to the question of what to make a shelf in the cellar from. The material is environmentally friendly and easy to use, and for shelving it is best to use a bar with a section of 100x100 mm and boards 3-4 cm thick. In order for wooden shelves to last longer, they are impregnated with special compounds;

Mounting dimensions of a wooden shelving unit for a cellar

concrete shelving is a good option if you want to know how to make your cellar shelves as durable and moisture resistant as possible. To create concrete shelves, you can use reinforced concrete slabs or niches in the walls, which are filled with concrete screed;
shelves from a steel corner - used in rooms with a low level of humidity, otherwise the structures can begin to rust very quickly. In order to make a shelf in the cellar for cans, it is usually used welding machine, but you can get by with simple screws. First, frames are made of metal slats, then shelves are attached to them;
plastic shelving is one of the most economical and simple options, which is attractive in appearance and resistant to moisture. However, plastic does not tolerate well. low temperature, therefore, cannot boast of durability.

Helpful advice! When wondering how to make a shelf in the cellar with your own hands, and what material to choose for this, consider the level of humidity in the room, as well as the average weight of the cans and boxes that will be stored on the shelves. Concrete perfectly withstands even a very large load, but plastic cannot boast of this.

Along the walls of the cellar there are shelves made of wood.

Potato boxes can be made from the same materials in the cellar. As a rule, they are equipped with removable covers, which are installed if necessary. No matter what material you choose, in the warm season, shelves and drawers are recommended to be taken outside to dry. This will prevent the occurrence of mold and the reproduction of pathogens.

When the construction and interior arrangement of the cellar is completed, you can think about exterior finish ground facility. Its option depends solely on your preferences - you can simply pour an earthen hill, or you can decorate it with turf or ornamental grass, turning it into an element landscape design. Use video and photo instructions in the process of building a cellar with your own hands, which will help you take into account all the nuances and equip a practical and functional room.

The best place for long-term storage of crops and conservation is the cellar, which is a characteristic attribute of most household plots in Russia. There are several types of cellars, but buried structures are common in our country, which we will talk about in this article.

We will tell you how to build a cellar with your own hands. An instruction will be given in which all stages of construction are considered step by step - from the arrangement of walls to the installation of ventilation.

Basement and cellar - what's the difference?

Often these concepts are taken for the same design, but these are fundamentally different structures. The basement is a room inside a private or high-rise building located below ground level. Such a basement is used for any household needs - it can store the same conservation, tools, make a utility room or workshop.

The cellar is used exclusively for food storage, it differs both in layout and in internal arrangement. At the same time, the construction of a basement is possible only inside the house, while the cellar is often performed as a separate room, but it can be equipped both under the house and in the garage. They differ in designs and sizes, a do-it-yourself basement can occupy the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe house, while the cellar has a compact size.

1.1 We make a cellar in the garage with our own hands

Before you start building a cellar under the garage, you need to draw up a sketch of the future structure. The scheme should indicate the spatial position of the building, the location of the main structural elements - the entrance, ventilation, and the dimensions of the building.

Based on the fact that the ceiling of the cellar should have a height of 180-190 cm, the depth of the developed pit should be 2 m. Choose its area based on the size of the garage and your own needs, for storing crops from the garden and a small amount conservation will be enough room with an area of 2 * 3 m.

You also need to decide on the materials used. The walls of the cellar can be made of brick or concrete blocks (FBS), it is not recommended to use cellular materials (foam concrete and aerated concrete) for this purpose, as they strongly absorb moisture. The cellar floor is easiest to do in the form of a regular concrete screed. The slab must be reinforced and have a thickness of 5-10 cm. The optimal concrete strength class is M400.

Note that it makes sense to do a cellar in a garage or under a house directly at the stage of laying the foundation of these buildings, in all other cases it would be more rational to equip a separate room.

How to make a cellar in the garage - step by step instructions:

Floor arrangements. First of all, you need to dig a pit of the required depth and form a backfill of two layers of sand and gravel 5 cm thick at its bottom, while each of them must be carefully tamped. A layer of footing 2-3 cm thick is poured over the sealing pad, after it dries, waterproofing is laid on the concrete preparation (you can use ordinary roofing material) and a front screed 7-10 cm thick is poured, this will be the floor in the cellar. The screed must necessarily be reinforced with steel mesh.
Wall laying. You can start raising the walls no earlier than 10 days after you have poured the floor in the cellar. The optimal material is brick (red or silicate), masonry is carried out using cement-sand mortar(proportions 1:4). You need to lay the first row starting from the corners of the slab, and do not forget to control the evenness of the masonry in the horizontal and vertical plane using a level.
Wall waterproofing. The simplest way waterproofing - the arrangement of a greasy clay castle around the perimeter of the walls, which will protect them from the penetration of surface water. To do this, you need to dig the walls of the cellar to a depth of 50 cm, glue foam panels 5 mm thick to them and fill the ditch with clay, ramming it in layers. Styrofoam is needed not only for thermal insulation, but also to protect the wall from the expansion of clay, which occurs when it is moistened.
Cover installation. As an overlap, it makes sense to install a reinforced concrete slab with a hatch, which will form the ceiling of the cellar. The concrete slab has a significant weight, so lifting equipment will be required to install it. In the future, the hatch will serve as the entrance to the cellar, along with it you will need to use a portable ladder (arrangement of stairs with concrete steps is rational only for large basements).

After the cellar box is ready, work begins on the installation of ventilation and waterproofing of the walls. A cellar in a house or garage can be equipped with a conventional supply and exhaust ventilation from pipes with a diameter of 10 cm, in most cases it will be enough. The supply pipe must be installed directly under the ceiling, the exhaust pipe - 10 cm above the floor level. The pipes are brought out along the ground, their cut should be 30 cm above the roof of the building. The hole, in order to avoid clogging the pipe, must be covered with a mesh.

When equipping a cellar under the house with your own hands, it is important to take care of the waterproofing of the walls, since the room located underground will be exposed to groundwater. This can cause a variety of problems - from the formation of condensation on the walls, dampness and fungus, to partial flooding of the cellar. The most effective way of protection is the treatment of walls with penetrating waterproofing (Penetron, Penetrate, KT-Tron). These are coating materials that, after being applied to the surface of the walls, penetrate into the pores of brick or concrete and clog them, preventing water from seeping through the material.

1.2 We make a cellar with our own hands (video)

2 How to build a basement?

As well as the arrangement of the internal cellar, the construction of a foundation with a basement should be provided for even at the design stage of a house or garage. The technologies of their construction are not much different, except for the difference in the size of the premises - the same floor is made of concrete screed, walls are made of FBS or brick, and the ceiling in the basement is also made from a factory floor slab.

However big sizes a basement, which can occupy the entire area of a private house, requires much more serious expenses for its installation, and therefore, when deciding on the need for a basement, you need to be completely sure of the feasibility of its construction.

The main reason due to which the basement builder cannot be, is the high GWL (groundwater level). Even though there are many effective ways drainage, in some cases it will be easier and cheaper to make an extension on the ground floor of the house than to deal with groundwater.

Let's figure out how to build a basement:

Excavators develop a pit of the required dimensions.
The foundation slab is marked at the bottom of the pit.
A collapsible formwork is mounted from boards along the height of the slab, a sand and gravel cushion 20-30 cm thick is poured into the formwork.
A footing up to 5 cm thick is poured over the bedding, which, after hardening, is covered with waterproofing.
On the footing, an armored frame is assembled from rods with a diameter of 14 mm. The slab must be reinforced with a frame in two belts with cells of 25 * 25 cm. The reinforcement is connected by welding or knitting wire.
The slab is concreted with M400 concrete.
After the foundation has gained residual strength, the walls of the basement from FBS are raised. Each 4th row of masonry must be reinforced with rods with a diameter of 12-16 mm, which are laid in the strobes made on the surface of the blocks.
Upon completion of the laying of the walls, a floor slab is laid with a crane, which performs the function of a basement flow.

Further, the waterproofing works discussed in the previous section are carried out. A few words about how to make a staircase to the basement. It can be a wooden, metal or cast concrete structure. The optimal width of the stairs is 80-90 cm, the clearance is 200 cm, the slope is from 20 to 30 degrees, the height of one step is 20 cm.

The most reliable and easiest to arrange is metal stairs. To weld it, you will need two channels, 5 cm corners for the frame of the steps and sheet metal for their upholstery. Finished construction it is necessary to concrete in pits 20 cm deep, in the floor slab the stairs are fixed with the help of reinforcement anchors.

If the conditions on the site allow the construction of an underground basement, then it can be equipped in an existing building. However, there may be problems with the lack of height of the foundation, which will be used as basement walls. In accordance with the rules of SNiP, the height of the basement of a private house should be 2 meters. Taking into account the thickness of the floor slab, the pit will need to be developed at least 2.1 m.

Technically, the problem of insufficient height of the foundation can be solved, but at the same time it is quite laborious. To get the required 2.1 m, you can build up the foundation from below using the lining of FBS blocks, or you can make a separate basement wall to the side of the foundation tape.

For many years, millions of our compatriots have been using cellars. This is just an ideal place in which the harvest harvested in the fall and canned food is stored almost in its original form. The average temperature in the cellars, as a rule, varies from +2 to +4 degrees, which has a positive effect on food supplies. A cellar on the street is simply necessary for all those who have a private suburban household and collect a rich harvest from their garden. You can make an all-season storage for fruits and vegetables on your own and without the involvement of specialists. Moreover, the cellar can be located both under the house and as a separate building on the street.

The cellar, located under the house, occupies the basement of the building and can be accessed directly from the building. Storehouses built on the street have their own entrance. By and large, cellar options are very similar in technology, regardless of its location, and the differences are only in the construction of the entrance.

Where does the cellar begin?

The first step is to correctly determine the depth of groundwater, because how to make a cellar correctly can only be done by knowing this indicator. It will help to understand how deep the structure is into the ground. Find the lowest place on your site and make a 200–250 cm deep hole there. In fact, it will be a well. A pipe is placed in it. Through this pipe, you can track the presence of water. If after some time water appeared in the pipe, then this indicates that the groundwater is located above the indicator recommended for underground construction. It should be borne in mind that when it is hot outside, the groundwater level is at a minimum.

Before proceeding with the construction of the cellar, it is necessary to clarify at what level the groundwater occurs.

Before building a cellar, it is impossible not to pay attention to such a phenomenon as heaving of the soil. It can occur when the soil saturated with moisture freezes. The ice begins to melt closer to spring, as a result of which the density of the soil is destroyed and it becomes porous. When heaving the soil, all work should be carried out with extreme caution.

If the groundwater level is higher than 2.5 m, then the problem can be solved with a device drainage system. Drainage means a pipe that is laid in a trench underground and is designed to divert all moisture from the cellar into a special container or a reservoir located nearby. It is also important to provide for a drainage slope, which should be 5-10 cm for every 10 meters. In addition, the device of the drainage system will be required for perch water on your site.

What can be distinguished from the basic rules for the construction of a detached cellar?

It is worth starting to make a cellar only in the warm season. It is advisable to plan construction for July, August.
The best place to build a cellar on the street is a small hill on the site, if there is one, of course.
Each storage room (if there is more than one) must have effective ventilation.
Each wood detail, which will be used in the construction of the cellar, must be impregnated with a special antiseptic composition.
The front door, if possible, is best located on the north side.

Digging a pit

The standard dimensions of the cellar on the street are 2.5x2.5x2.3 m. For the storage device, it is necessary to choose the highest place on the site, which will reduce the likelihood of flooding. You can dig a pit for the cellar with your own hands, but if possible, you can use the services of excavator equipment. In length and width, the dimensions of the pit should be larger than the cellar being created, because then it will be necessary to waterproof the walls.

The dimensions of the pit must be larger than the planned dimensions of the storage.

When the pit is dug, the soil at the bottom should be tamped, and then gravel should be poured. The size of the gravel layer is 30 cm, of which 20 cm is sand. The gravel is well compacted into the bottom of the pit. Then reinforcement with a rod diameter of 8 mm is laid. Then the concrete is poured, which is prepared traditional way: sand and cement are taken in a ratio of 3: 1. After pouring concrete, you need to wait until the cement is completely dry, and only then lay the waterproofing material.

Floor waterproofing

To build a cellar correctly, we must not forget about the waterproofing of the floor and walls with special materials. For the cellar floor, inexpensive ones are just perfect. roll materials that have the proper level of water resistance. For example, a traditional roofing material.

Roofing material is laid on hardened concrete, after which it is smeared with tar. If the transverse dimension of the cellar exceeds the width of the roll, the latter can be overlapped, and the upper edges raised along the walls and glued securely. At this stage of the work, the walls of the cellar have not yet been erected, therefore, the roofing material should be glued only to concrete, after which the next stage should begin.

Walling

For walls, you can choose brick or ordinary concrete. The erection of the wall necessarily begins with the laying of a reinforcing frame, the width of which should not be less than 10 cm. When the work is done manually, the concrete should not be completely poured immediately. It is best to mix in several portions, given that it will last for 1-2 hours of construction work.

Reinforcing cage for concrete walls.

The reinforcing frame is made of rods with a diameter of 10 mm. They are laid vertically, after which they are tied with wire. The formwork is mounted along the walls of the pit on both sides of the frame, after which the concrete is poured. To eliminate the formation of voids, it is recommended to compact it with a concrete vibrator. The mixture will dry completely only after 8-10 days, so it is best not to remove the formwork for 2-3 weeks.

In the event that the walls are made of brick, it is necessary to use cement grade M200 for mortar. For the cellar, the best option is to use two layers of solid red brick. If the groundwater level is low, one layer will suffice. External insulation of the walls is carried out by coating with mastic, and it is necessary to make 2-3 layers and no less. A waterproofing material must then be glued onto the mastic.

The outer side of the walls must be overlaid with soft clay. This approach will allow you to build a cellar with the highest quality protection against water and condensation. The clay layer should be about 10 cm, but only if the groundwater level exceeds the bottom of the cellar. In addition, it will be right to backfill the soil, thoroughly compacting it. The inside of the walls should ideally be plastered and whitewashed. It's affordable and natural remedy from mold and germs.

Entrance to the cellar

Entrance from the street should be convenient and safe. That is why it is recommended to make a monolithic and preferably a wide staircase, so that it is convenient to load products into the cellar.

Option decorative design storage entry.

In addition, it is very important to make high-quality ventilation of the cellar. For this, a wide pipe is suitable, part of which will be placed in the cellar, and part will be located on the street.

The door can be made of wood, but using some kind of waterproofing material.

In some cases, a hatch acts as a kind of door. In this embodiment, the ladder can be attached: it is welded to the hatch frame. This is not only inconvenient, but also extremely dangerous (for example, to move with products). Cellars with hatches were made in the days of the USSR, when it was not freely available necessary materials to create a normal entry. Today, such a problem does not exist, so you should not save on your convenience and safety.

Roof device

A detached cellar must necessarily have a roof (it does not matter if it is shed or gable). From above, such a roof can be insulated with turf. In addition, the use of synthetic insulation is allowed, however, the use natural materials guarantees a good microclimate.

Gable roof vault.

For air circulation, you need to install exhaust pipe, which should go outside and not reach the cellar floor about 30 cm. Ideally, you need to make two pipes, the second in this case will be an inlet.

Inside, it is laid out with boards flush with the ground. Used, in most cases, croaker. Such boards have a smooth edge on one side, but a rounded one on the other. From the inside, the slab must be plastered with clay and whitened with lime. From above it can be covered with roofing material, coated with a mixture of clay and straw. After that, the coating should be covered with moist soil with moss or grass. This version of the roof device is especially convenient and effective if the rear top part the cellar is located slightly above the surface of the earth.

For detached cellars, it is best to use a roof with two slopes, which will be correctly built from a board that overlaps the pit by 50 cm. This is necessary so that rain and snow do not get inside. The roof ridge is made of a 50 mm beam, roll insulation is laid on the slopes, and straw is on top. If possible, you can lay slate or soft tiles.

Design verification

At the final stage, it is necessary to carefully check each design of the constructed cellar and, if necessary, make adjustments in time. In the event that the presence of any defects is found after several years of operation of the cellar, then it will be much more difficult to eliminate them.

You can also improve the roof of the cellar, finishing it with beautiful turf, plants, artificial stone etc.

The cellar is a useful room that is useful in any private house. In the article we will tell you how to make a cellar with your own hands, give step-by-step instructions, as well as photos and videos on construction.

Types of cellars

There are several types of cellars that differ functionally. The cellar can be a separate structure or be located in the house (it is called the underground).

capital construction

In such storage you can keep a large number of vegetables, canned fruits and other products. During its construction, it is necessary to comply with the rules for the construction of such structures.

How to choose a place for a cellar

Find a hill in your area. The cellar placed on it will be less affected by groundwater and soil pressure. The storage will be dry, which means that less material will be used for the construction of waterproofing.

Before starting construction, decide what kind of cellar you need. It can be located inside the building or stand alone.

Note! A cellar located under a garage or house has more advantages. It takes up less space on the site, besides it is more convenient to use it in winter.

Once you've chosen a storage location, design your project and get to work.

The choice of material for construction

For the construction of the cellar, you can use wood, brick, concrete slabs. You should not build it from metal, as it is difficult to set the desired temperature in it. Choose the material that suits your needs and budget.

Wall waterproofing

Pay special attention to waterproofing, the service life of the cellar largely depends on this. Sometimes it is necessary to build drainage around the building.

Construction stages

First of all, you need to dig a pit. Its dimensions should exceed the planned ones by 50 cm. This avoids problems during the construction and supply of communications.

The next step is the arrangement of the base of the cellar.

Pour a pillow of broken bricks and rubble and fill everything with heated bitumen. This layer will protect the room from moisture.

Then build and strengthen the walls. If you do not regret the funds for the foundation, it will be much easier to build them. After that, lay out the walls on the base and firmly tie them together with reinforcement.

Note! Make the walls stronger, not sparing steel bars: the cellar experiences strong lateral pressure during operation.

Having laid out and well strengthened the walls, proceed to the decoration. The outer side of the cellar is finished with simple cement plaster, which must be covered with several layers of roofing material with resin impregnation. It improves the waterproofing properties and promotes a tight fit of the roofing material to the walls.

After the walls are erected and qualitatively strengthened, it is necessary to correct finish. From the outside, plaster from an ordinary cement mortar should be laid. Next, several layers of roofing material are laid, it is possible immediately with resin or bituminous impregnation, which will ensure a thorough adjoining to the wall and an increase in waterproofing properties.

Note! On the inside, the walls are laid out with asbestos sheets covered with hot bitumen. The sheets are attached to a wooden crate, which must be made in advance on internal walls the buildings. Top sheets can be whitewashed.

Properly executed walls and floors, as well as their high-quality bonding and waterproofing, will allow the cellar to last a long time.

The final stage in the construction of the cellar is the construction of its upper part. It is built according to the usual standards.

Masters Tips:

It is necessary to build a cellar in the summer.
It must be on the top.
The room must be well ventilated.
All wooden crafts treat with solutions. You can use a solution of lime, which effectively disinfects surfaces.
Follow the correct order of construction.

By following all these rules, you will build on suburban area a great cellar in which you can store all your crops.