Phraseologisms about human behavior. Phraseological units and their meanings are examples of phraseological units. appearance of a person
Diogenes: "I'm looking for a man"
All people are different. Someone has high moral qualities, someone has friendliness and openness to the world in the first place, someone is bilious and sarcastic. There are callous people and there are sympathetic. In the Russian language there are many phraseological units that briefly and aptly characterize this or that type of person.
A man with a capital letter
So they say about a person with high moral qualities, who has won universal respect. A person, as a rule, is hardworking, responsive, ready to lend a helping hand.
Ivan Mikhailovich was appreciated in the village. The chairman himself spoke of him - a man with a capital letter.
Be human!
It is used as a call to someone with a request to behave like a human being, that is, in compliance with the rules and norms of behavior generally accepted in the light.
Everyone knows the expression: “Barankin! Be human!"
gall man
About a person who is sarcastic towards others, shows hostility towards everyone. He is mocking and unkind, irritable, intolerant, angry.
man in a case
This is how they characterize a person living in his own, closed little world. To live within some limits - that's his role. Such a person is not interested in what is happening around. He only cares about his own minor problems. The expression became widespread after the appearance of A.P. Chekhov's story "The Man in the Case", the protagonist whom, Belikov, isolated himself from the outside world in every possible way and was afraid, no matter how something happened.
Here's a man!
So they say about someone who surprises with his qualities, actions (both positive and negative).
- I got up early in the morning and mowed the field for grandmother Lukerya. Here's a man! Savva Ivanovich admired his neighbor.
A callous person
Bread is stale - it is not soft and fragrant, but dry and hard. There is also a callous person. What individual are they talking about? About a rude, cruel and insensitive person.
Golden man
About a man with a golden character, possessing positive qualities that are valuable to the people around him.
old school man
As a rule, they say this about a representative of the older generation who has a persistent character.
He survives! Petrovich is a man of the old school.
little man
Derogatory characterization of a person of low moral character.
The grocer's clerk was a wretched little man.
The most human person
Big, honest, conscientious person; sometimes used ironically.
human
About a person with abilities and qualities that are inaccessible to ordinary people. Such a person, as a rule, is of great importance for society. Such a person stands several steps above others.
We are all human, we are all human
This expression is used when it is necessary to justify someone's wrong actions, to make it clear that no one is devoid of human weaknesses.
- Yes, I stumbled, I didn’t think, I got into it. But what can you do? We are all human, we are all human.
I am a small person
So they say when they want to emphasize the modesty of their position in the team. Often the expression is used to reduce the measure of personal responsibility.
- I'm a small person, I did what the boss said.
big man
So they say about an important, influential person, as a rule, occupying a high leadership position.
Ivan Ivanovich was entrusted with the plant, he is now a big man!
"I'm looking for a man"
So they say when they want to emphasize the high demands on the moral character of people. The expression came from the ancient thinker Diogenes, who walked the streets during the day with a lit lantern and looked into all secluded corners. By this he wanted to show how difficult it is to find a person of high moral character.
inhuman
Inappropriate, inhumane. This characterizes the cruel, heartless behavior of the individual, which runs counter to the principles of humanity accepted in society.
Human factor
So they say when the cause of some negative event was a wrong decision made by a person. People tend to make mistakes in making decisions and commit illogical actions.
Man does not live by bread alone
The expression emphasizes the need to take care not only of the material, but also of the spiritual side of one's life.
Man overboard
We are talking about a person who found himself aloof from the life of society, like a person who fell overboard a ship. The signal to rescue a person who has fallen overboard at sea is the exclamation "Man overboard!"
Introduction
Chapter I. Phraseological meaning as a means of creating a linguistic picture of the world 18,
Section 1. Phraseology and picture of the world 18
1. General characteristics of the language picture of the world 19
2. Phraseological picture of the world. Its hallmarks 27
Section 2. Phraseological meaning as a semantic phenomenon 32
1. The problem of "phraseological meaning" 33
2. Structure of phraseological meaning 44
Conclusions on Chapter I 64
Chapter II. Phraseologisms of the semantic group "Moral characteristics of a person" 67
Section 1. Semantic groups of phraseological units of the moral characteristics of a person 76
1. Phraseologisms with the meaning of a generalized moral characteristic of a person 79
2. Phraseologisms that characterize specific positive moral qualities of a person 106
3. Phraseological units characterizing moral qualities, the positive moral meaning of which is revealed in the context of life attitudes in combination with noble goals 160
Section 2. Nominative value and expressive-figurative expressiveness of phraseological means of the group "Moral characteristics of a person" 185
1. Nominative value of phraseological units of a person's moral characteristics 187
2. Expressive value of phraseological units of a person's moral characteristics and the means of its creation 200
3. The expressive potential of Russian phraseological units of the moral characteristics of a person 215
Conclusions on Chapter II 231
Conclusion 236
List of references 241
Dictionaries and reference books 260
List of sources 263
Introduction to work
One of the main trends in the development of modern linguistics is the development of problems of the human factor in language (Yu. D. Apresyan, N. D. Arutyunova, Yu. N. Karaulov, G. V. Kolshansky, E. S. Kubryakova, V. I. Postovalova, B. A. Serebryannikov, Yu. S. Stepanov, etc.). Such important concepts as "linguistic personality" and "linguistic picture of the world" have entered into scientific circulation.
This work is devoted to the analysis of the phraseological names of the moral qualities of a person, which represent a certain, fairly stable fragment of the language picture of the world and require deep consideration and study.
The phraseological corpus of a language is one of the brightest and most effective means of a person’s moral characterization, since it “conceptualizes not only knowledge about the actually human, naive picture of the world and all types of relations of the subject to its fragments, but also, as it were, the participation of these linguistic entities along with their use in the intergenerational transmission of standards and stereotypes of national culture” [Telia 1996.9].
Relevance work is determined by the following points.
1. Phraseology is one of the most actively developing areas of modern linguistics. In modern research, there is an increased interest in studying the relationship between phraseological units and the linguistic picture of the world, which, in turn, made it possible to consider their ability to represent the linguistic picture of the world of a particular people as one of the main properties of phraseological units [Didkovskaya 1997; Dobrovolsky 1998; Shansky 1996 and others].
At the same time, the problem of phraseological semantics is one of the most controversial issues in this area. Linguists say
5 various interpretations of phraseological meaning, however, many of these issues have not been sufficiently studied, including the issue of the interaction of a phraseological unit and a word synonymous with it.
2. Appeal to the question of reflection of morality in the language
due to the problem of a person's worldview orientation, awareness
them the purpose and meaning of life, the choice of forms and directions of their activities in
conditions of profound changes in all structures of politics, economics,
culture of modern society. This phenomenon is devoted to separate
research in philosophy, sociology, psychology, cultural studies
etc., however, within the framework of phraseological science, this issue is considered
not enough. According to our data, a systematic description of phraseological units
moral characteristics of a person (with a “+” sign) on the material
Russian language was not conducted.
Interest in the topic of the undertaken research seems to us justified, since the analysis of phraseological dictionaries indicates that the group of phraseological units of the moral characteristics of a person is reflected in them incompletely, in some cases contradictoryly, and also individual semantic components in the structure of the units indicated by dictionaries often remain unmarked. These facts are due, in our opinion, to the dynamics of the phraseological nomination of the indicated subject, which requires careful analysis and description.
Turning points during periods of crisis of culture and ideology of society leave deep traces in the language. In the conditions of the modern linguistic situation, researchers note "a high level of aggressiveness in speech behavior" [Krysin 1996], which is manifested in the active use of rude colloquial, slang and even slang words. According to V. G. Rudelev, the crisis in society begins with the crisis of the language. “A person today lacks expressive means in order to throw out his feelings, to describe the state of the soul, inner
peace. But at the same time, he wants to do it more expressively. So he turns to forbidden options ... ”[Rudelev 2006]. A. A. Marzelli notes that the reduced style of speech, which blurs the norms of the language, is becoming common not only in everyday communication, but also in the media, song lyrics, and even the works of modern writers [Marzelli 2003, 6]. The participants of the International Symposium, held in Olomouc in August-September 1995, state that these phenomena are observed in all Slavic languages [Functioning of phraseology in the text during periods of crisis of ideology and culture 1995.3].
Against the background of modern tendencies towards coarsening of speech, phraseological units with ameliorative assessment, representing in the Russian language picture of the world a person endowed with certain virtues, are “a kind of communicative gap” (a term by A. A. Marcelli), requiring a deep and systematic description.
The state and degree of development of the problem.
In modern Russian linguistics, a promising approach to the description of phraseology is associated with the reconstruction and explication of the linguistic picture of the world, its individual sections.
Phraseological units (PU) are a reflection of the intellectual and emotional way of mastering the world. And despite the huge semantic variety of phraseological units in any language, they "fit" into a clear classification semantic map corresponding to a certain worldview of a person. As E. A. Dobrydneva notes, “Phraseological units as signs of secondary nomination “cover” the most diverse areas of the language picture of the world” [Dobrydneva 2000, 54] and “the nomenclature of spiritually known and “appreciated” fragments of reality nominated by phrasemes is very
7 is extensive, which makes it possible to emphasize the importance of studying this corpus of nominative means in anthropological research, in the knowledge of humanity itself through the spiritual and value in the language (according to Humboldt)” [Ibid., 51].
According to researchers, the semantics of about 80% of phraseological units is associated with a person, his activities and relations with the outside world [Ratushnaya 2001, 5]. Thus, all phraseological material is characterized by "anthropomorphism", as it is concentrated primarily around the various characteristics of a person, his appearance, mental and emotional states, physical actions, relationships with other people, etc.
R. Kh. Khairullina makes an attempt to present a fairly complete list of phraseosemantic groups of the thematic field "Man": external (physiological) characteristics of a person (age, gender, appearance, physical condition, sensations and ways of perceiving reality), personal qualities and character traits of a person, spiritual human world (emotions, mind, abilities, will, memory), human activity (physical, intellectual-verbal), social origin, marital status, social status, people's relations in society and behavioral activity [Khairullina 2001, 74].
In the works of researchers systematized PU, reflecting such important conceptual areas of the sphere "Man", as "Mental processes and personality traits" [Bagautdinova 1986], "Mental activity" [Yakimov 2004], " Emotional condition face" [Kashina 1981], "The mental state of a person" [Glotova 2004], "Speech process" [Kudryavtseva 1982], "Intellect" [Malykhina 2005], "Human labor activity" [Zueva 1989].
Zh. A. Zubova singles out and considers the thematic field "Relations between people", which includes phraseosemantic groups:
8 relationship of partnership, relationship of dependence, attitude of rejection [Zubova 1996].
The phraseological units that characterize a person became the object of study by Yu. P. Solodub, M. S. Gore, M. Ovezova, S. A. Boytsova, N. V. Bogdanovskaya, T. V. Bakhvalova (on the material of Oryol dialects), 3. V. Smetanina (on the material of Yaroslavl and Kostroma dialects), E. R. Ratushnaya, E. V. Radchenko.
In a comparative aspect with other languages, phraseological units of this subject were studied by: Nirmala Shakuntala (in comparison with the Malayalam language), N. L. Gogolitsyna and E. F. Arsenteva (in comparison with English), A. E. Chumakaev (in comparison with Altai) , A. A. Marzelli (in comparison with French), L. A. Mirsaetova (in comparison with Tatar), Zh. X. Gergokova (on the material of Karachay-Balkarian, English and Russian languages).
The study of the entire phraseological system is characterized by complexity and inconsistency and can be successful only with a thorough analysis of its individual microsystems. With all the variety of reality and the means of its linguistic expression, phraseological units that characterize a person are of particular interest to researchers of phraseology.
Taking into account all of the above, we have chosen for analysis a group of phraseological units expressing the moral essence of a person.
PhUs with the meaning "moral qualities" were included in one way or another in many studies on phraseology. We note two main directions for describing phraseological units of the subject of interest to us:
1) PU of the moral characteristics of a person are considered within the framework of various associations and are not allocated to the category of an independent semantic group. For example, A. E. Chumakaev considers these phraseological units in a group of phraseological units expressing an assessment internal properties
9 personality. In this semantic category, a category of positive evaluation is singled out, which includes phraseological units of different thematic groups, for example, subcategories: benevolence, responsiveness, kindness (kind soul, big heart, big heart, golden heart, with a golden heart), sincerity, candor, frankness (open soul, simple soul, soul wide open), excellence in anything (holy soul, knight without fear and reproach, pure in soul, pure in hand), and also - the ability to strong feelings, ardor, passion (warm heart)[Chumakaev 2002,58-59].
2) PU of moral characteristics are distinguished as
an independent semantic group, but the concept of morality,
in our opinion, is interpreted very narrowly. For example, M. S. Grief, exploring phraseological units,
characterizing a person (the author uses the term
“anthropo-qualifying phraseological units”), distinguishes eight thematic categories: “Appearance”, “Condition”, “Intelligence”, “Character, behavior” - as an individual characteristic of a person, “Life experience”, “Property status”, “Marital status”, “ Socio-moral state” as a social and social characteristic [Gore 1988, 10]. As a result of this classification, the phraseological units of the moral characteristics of a person belong to two different groups, for example: big soul included in the category "Character, behavior", and good genius- in the category "Social and moral state". In our opinion, the moral characteristic includes both individual and socio-social personality traits.
Phraseological units of interest to us are presented similarly in the doctoral dissertation of E. R. Ratushnaya. The author includes in the group of phraseological units that call a person as a bearer of moral properties such units as a man with a capital letter, a knight without fear and reproach, a holy soul, a pure soul, a simple soul, an open soul, while a number of FE with
10 meaning "kind", "responsive": golden heart, good heart, good duish, golden soul refers to the group of phraseological units denoting a person according to psycho-emotional properties, qualities [Ratushnaya 2001, 80].
Such a distribution of phraseological units by semantic categories reflects the specifics of existing thematic classifications. For example, in the thematic dictionary - minimum [System of lexical minimums of the modern Russian language 2003,601-602], morality is considered within the framework of a person's character. This semantic category includes sub-categories: a) common features character; b) character traits that reflect the attitude towards other people; c) character traits that reflect a person's attitude towards himself; d) character traits that reflect a person's attitude to work, business; e) character traits that reflect a person's attitude to things; f) character traits that reflect the moral essence of a person; g) character traits that reflect the volitional qualities of a person.
Thus, a moral person is a decent, noble, disinterested, humane, humane, fair, honest, truthful, sincere, frank person [Ibid., 633]. But such, in our opinion, are undoubtedly important characteristics of a moral person, such as kindness, cordiality, sensitivity (character traits that reflect attitudes towards other people), modesty, selflessness (character traits that reflect a person’s attitude towards himself), diligence (character traits that reflect attitude of a person to work, business), generosity (character traits that reflect a person’s attitude to things), do not reflect, according to the authors of the thematic dictionary, the moral essence of a person.
Referring to this problem in the article “On the issue of the classification scheme of the phraseological ideographic dictionary”, T. G. Nikitina writes “in many cases, the distribution of phraseological units according to classification headings will be difficult as the complexity of phraseological
semantics, and the inconsistency of the relationship between the “form and content” of any ideographic construction: the more detailed it is, what the compiler should strive for in principle, the more it is artificial, removed from reality in all its interconnections and interpenetrations” [Nikitina 1995, 78] .
The author of the article suggests: “until ideographers have built a holographic computer classification of phraseology, where the same idiom can fall into different taxa, and the taxa will be presented in the form of a multidimensional tree, which allows the presence of more than one parameter at one point [see. Baranov, Dobrovolsky 1990, 12], this contradiction can be smoothed out to some extent ... by references when filling out the scheme, by double indexing of headings that can simultaneously be included in two or more sections" [Nikitina 1995, 78]. And further, T. G. Nikitina points out that individual fragments of the classification, in particular, the evaluation headings of a particular section (to which the heading “Moral qualities of a person” is also assigned) can be arranged in the form of tables that combine at one point at least at least two parameters and making it possible to present the overall assessment as a set of particular qualifications [Ibid., 80].
For the first time, the group of phraseological units “Moral qualities of a person” becomes the object of a special study in the dissertation of E. G. Kovalenko [Kovalenko 2002], the purpose of which is “an ideographic and structural-semantic study of Russian phraseological units characterizing the moral qualities of a person, identifying their pragmatic essence, cognitive and linguocultural features” [Ibid., 10].
In our opinion, the dissertation treats the very concept of moral qualities. On the one hand, according to the author, moral qualities “are the “essential forces” or activity abilities of the individual; they constitute the stable core of the "moral
12 appearance" of a person and cannot be reduced to the sum of his actions" [Kovalenko 2002,67; cit. according to: Shcherbak 1986, 131], on the other hand, these are “temporary, unstable features of him, which do not have solid foundations in his character, but nevertheless somehow inherent in him and manifested in a certain situation” [Kovalenko 2002, 63; cit. according to: Blyumkin 1974, 139]. Such a fuzzy definition of the object allows, along with such qualities as devotion, self-sacrifice, selflessness, sincerity, kindness, purity of soul, conscientiousness, etc., to include in the study qualities that, in our opinion, are not moral: authority (rising star, star of the first magnitude), feeling of happiness (squinting like a cat) originality (one of a kind), feeling of love (between a man and a woman - N.T.) (coo like doves, my sweet) experience (shot sparrow) and under.
Within the framework of our study, moral and moral qualities act as synonyms [Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary 1989, 378] and are not temporary, manifested in a certain situation, but fundamental, defining the essence of human society [Social Science 2002,472].
The group of phraseological units of moral characteristics, firstly, is singled out by us from the category “Assessment of the internal properties of a person” into an independent one, because morality is one of the fundamental properties of a person, and secondly, it includes a person’s characteristic in relation to the world, to each other, to itself and appears in the work in many layers, in all its interconnections and interpenetrations. The phraseological units studied by us characterize a moral person in the Russian phraseological picture of the world, while reflecting various aspects of this extremely complex and multifaceted concept.
Our work has a narrower focus than the dissertation of E. G. Kovalenko. Firstly, we do not interpret phraseologism so widely, therefore, moral characteristics are not included in phraseological units
13 we include stable phrases - proverbs and sayings. Secondly, in the classification E. G. Kovalenko includes both positive and negative moral qualities, our task is to deeply explore only the positively marked part of the universal opposition (good - evil, good - bad, right - wrong, moral - immoral) in the Russian phraseological picture of the world.
As R.P. Kozlova notes, “each individual, having many features inherent in the whole nation, is distinguished by such features that make him a unique personality. Therefore, when they talk about the optional, irresponsible, lazy Russian people, on the one hand, and also about the kindness, patience, talent of the Russian people, on the other hand, then both of them are probably right, since some then individual manifestations of the character of any individual ... ". The author believes that “a deeper and more objective analysis of the mentality of the Russian nation allows us to speak not only about the incredible patience, kindness, responsiveness of the Russian people, but also about his great diligence, his wisdom, talent, otherwise where did all those material and spiritual values come from? that the Russian people have at their disposal...” [Kozlova 2004,307].
“Every nation should be judged by the moral heights and ideals by which it lives,” writes Academician D.S. Likhachev. “Can we characterize a people by its shortcomings? After all, when the history of art is written, only the highest achievements, the best works, are included in it. It is impossible to build a history of painting or literature on the basis of mediocre or bad works... The people as a creation of art: this is my position...” [Likhachev 1989, 118].
The group of phraseological units “Moral qualities of a personality”, as shown above, was singled out by linguists from the phraseological fund, but
There are no 14 special studies devoted only to phraseological units with the meaning of a positive moral characteristic based on the material of the Russian language.
object of this dissertation research are PU of the moral characteristics of a person.
As subject analysis in our work is the content of the value picture of the world and the ways of its linguistic representation by phraseological means.
Objective- a systematic semantic description of such a fragment of the phraseological picture of the world as "The moral characteristic of a person".
Realization of the purpose of this work is achieved by solving the following tasks:
1) identify the specifics of phraseological semantics aimed at
reflection of the qualitative characteristics of a person;
2) determine the criteria for identifying a phraseological-semantic group,
expressing the moral characteristics of a person;
form a semantic group of phraseological units with the specified value according to the selected criteria;
describe the semantic structure of phraseological units included in the group under consideration, highlight the semantic elements that make up the general and differential meanings of phraseological units expressing moral characteristics of a person;
5) determine the dynamics of the phraseological nomination of the studied
themes in the period from the XIX - XX to the beginning. XXI centuries;
6) match PU moral characteristics of a person co
puff units of the appropriate content;
7) determine the means of transformational actualizations
phraseological units in order to enhance the expressive effect.
To solve specific problems, the following linguistic methods:method of linguistic description, including methods of observation, interpretation, comparison, generalization and classification of phraseological units; component analysis method used to describe the semantic structure of phraseological units of the group; semantic identification method phraseological units and words with the meaning of the moral characteristics of a person; contextual research method phraseological units, which makes it possible to reveal how the expressive potential of the studied phraseological units is realized.
Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the work for the first time revealed and systematically presented a fragment of the phraseological picture of the world, nominating human virtues and virtues, and determined the nominative and expressive value of these phraseological units in the paradigm of expressing the moral characteristics of a person.
Theoretical significance The work is determined by the further development of the linguistic theory of phraseological meaning, as well as by the fact that the conducted systematic research expands the understanding of the ways of interaction between lexical and phraseological nominations of a person in the language.
Practical value dissertation is that the experience of the semantic description of phraseological units of the moral characteristics of a person and their occasional actualizations in texts can serve as a means of replenishing phraseological dictionaries. In addition, the research materials can be used in the work on the practical development of the phraseological corpus of the Russian language in the school and university courses of the modern Russian language, as well as in the development of special courses on topical problems of phraseology and the theory of nomination.
The following main provisions are put forward for defense:
1. Phraseological units with positive semantics
marked moral characteristics of a person are one of the
key fragments of the phraseological picture of the world. Nomination
a moral person in the phraseological picture of the world is
fragmentary character and forms a complex semantic
multilevel system.
The studied phraseological group is characterized by a certain dynamism, reflecting profound changes in life. Russian society(XIX - XX - early XXI centuries). Moving during this period from active use to the sphere of passive use, many characteristics of a moral person, however, remain in the phraseological picture of the world.
Phraseological meaning is actively used to characterize the moral world of a person, which is due to the possibility of phraseological units as units with a broad semantic basis to update a number of semantic features in aggregate.
4. PU of the moral characteristics of a person have different
the degree of expressiveness based on ameliorative evaluation,
bright emotionality and figurativeness (metaphorical, metonymic and
synecdocheal rethinking). The sources of the greatest
expressiveness are oxymoronic and illogical verbal
complexes-prototypes of phraseological units, hyperbolas, simultaneous functioning in
the language of phraseological units and homonymous free phrases, sound means.
5. Being subjected to various semantic and structural-semantic
transformations, phraseological units of the studied group are able to expand
nominative potential and increase the expressiveness created
means of language.
17 6. Phraseologisms of this group occupy a certain place in the paradigm of expressing the moral characteristics of a person in the Russian language, complicating its content and increasing its expressive potential.
Research material was obtained as a result of a continuous survey of 14 phraseological dictionaries. According to our calculations, the study group covers 109 FU (with an open list). Some units are presented in all the specified dictionaries, others - in any one. Several phraseological units are not included in the analyzed dictionaries and are highlighted by us. The introduction of such units into the study is due to the presence of convincing examples of their use in the sources on the basis of which the work was created. The author's card index (2000 FU) was compiled on the basis of artistic texts of the XIX - XX - early. XXI centuries, periodicals and materials from the Internet.
Approbation of the study was carried out at scientific conferences at the Lipetsk State Pedagogical University (2003, 2004), at the Voronezh State University (2005), at the Tambov State University. G. R. Derzhavin (2004, 2005, 2006). The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation work are reflected in 9 publications. The dissertation was discussed at the Department of the Russian Language of the Tambov State University. G. R. Derzhavin.
Dissertation structure: the work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, a list of dictionaries and reference books, a list of textual sources.
General characteristics of the language picture of the world
Modern linguistics as a whole develops as anthropological. As E. A. Popova notes, “a person is the center through which the coordinates pass that determine the subject, tasks, methods, value orientations of modern linguistics. Today it is difficult to imagine that period of linguistics when the study of language took place without taking into account the human factor, and linguistics was “inhuman”” [Popova 2002, 69].
The problem of studying the linguistic picture of the world attracts the attention of many linguists. As E. S. Yakovleva notes: “Currently, we can talk about entire areas within the framework of this common theme. To name just a few of them: a) typological studies: the Slavic linguistic picture of the world; Balto-Slavic studies (Vyach. Vs. Ivanov,
B. N. Toporov); linguistic foundations of the Balkan model of the world (T. V. Tsivyan, G. Gachev); the study of the Slavic linguistic picture of the world in the aspect of the reconstruction of the spiritual culture of the Slavs (N. I. Tolstoy, S. M. Tolstaya, S. E. Nikitina); b) the study of certain aspects of the language: the reflection of the linguistic picture of the world in Russian word formation (E. A. Zemskaya), in lexical semantics and pragmatics, (Yu. D. Apresyan, T. V. Bulygina, V. G. Gak, A. B . Penkovsky, A. D. Shmelev); the originality of language in the mirror of metaphor and other tropes (N. D. Arutyunova, V. N. Teliya); “Axiology in the mechanisms of life and language” is the title of one of the articles by N. D. Arutyunova and a whole area of research on the functional semantics of evaluation and means of its expression (E. M. Wolf, G. E. Kreidlin, etc.) [cit. according to: Yakovleva 1994.9].
The development of the concept of a linguistic picture of the world (LCM), taking into account the human factor, "becomes a priority direction of anthropological linguistics, which combines the data of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics and is designed to become a unified theory of language and man" [Serebryannikov 1988, 8 -12]. The phenomenon called "picture of the world" is as ancient as the man himself [Serebryannikov 1988,12]. “Since the most ancient times, people have been thinking about the world around them, trying to comprehend its structure and patterns. In the process of cognition of the world in the minds of people, a certain kind of its model arose. Thus, a picture of the world was formed, characteristic of the worldview of people of a particular era” [Mirsaetova 2004, 7].
However, the concept of "picture of the world" as a subject of scientific research was put forward for the first time within the framework of physical knowledge relatively recently (at the end of the 19th century) [Mikhailovsky 1989, 3]. A. Einstein, for example, spoke about the need for a person to recreate a picture of the surrounding world: “A person strives in some adequate way to create a simple and clear picture of the world in order to, to a certain extent, try to replace this world with a picture created in this way. This is done by the artist, the poet, the theorizing philosopher, and the naturalist, each in his own way. A person transfers the center of gravity of his spiritual life to this picture and its design in order to find peace and confidence in it, which he cannot find in the too dizzying cycle of his own life. according to: Serebryannikov 1988.13].
From the very beginning of the functioning of this term, physicists say that the scientific picture of the world, obtained from experience, is a “phenomenological world”, which is always only an approximation, a more or less successful model of the real. “The complex expression “picture of the world,” according to Planck, began to be used only out of caution, in order to exclude the possibility of illusion from the very beginning” [Planck 1966, 50].
Introduced the term "picture of the world" in the scientific appeal of G. Hertz, who interprets the physical picture of the world as "a set of internal images of external objects, from which one can logically obtain information about the behavior of these objects" [cit. according to: Mikhailovsky 1989.3].
However, today in scientific thought this philosophical concept appears in a slightly different light. As the authors of the monograph “Dialectics of Formation of the Modern Scientific Picture of the World” note, “modern science, moving from objectivity and one-dimensionality to processes and multidimensionality, forces us to fix a multidimensional fact in cognition” [Mikhailovsky 1989, 20]. Therefore, according to N. D. Arutyunova, “The world appeared not as a clothing warehouse, on the shelves of which objects and signs sorted into classes lie, but as a set of facts” [Arutyunova 1988, 101].
Exploring the picture of the world in human life, the researchers note: “The historian of culture cannot but pay attention to the fact of the diversity of human ideas about the world, images of the world or pictures of the world, replacing each other in the course of the historical development of mankind, and sometimes coexisting in one historical era. What explains such a situation? Why, despite the fact that the world is one, people have many pictures of the world and they are so different? As we noted above, the specificity of human existence lies in the fact that the world in its deepest properties is hidden from his eyes. In order to penetrate into the meaning of the world and cognize its essence, a person is forced to develop his own image of the world in the course of a special activity to display the world. The picture of the world is not a mirror reflection of the world, but there is always some interpretation. Acts of understanding the world are carried out by separate subjects (collective and individual), and these subjects are strikingly different from each other” [Serebryannikov 1988, 29].
In this regard, there is a whole hierarchy of concepts of KM, their classification.
In CM, we can talk about the world as a whole (an integral picture of the world) or about a fragment of the world (a local picture of the world), about a certain section or aspect of it. Holistic KM: mythological, religious, philosophical. Local or particular scientific: physical, chemical, biological, geological and geonomical, technical (scientific picture of the technosphere), sociological, systemic, cybernetic, informational, ecological, mathematical, etc. [Ibid., 33]. Languages define the boundaries of my world "- emphasizes the idea that reality is mediated by language, which “recreates” it within itself and thereby creates the image of the world” [Mikaelyan 2004,228 - 230].
Particularly fertile material for the study of individual fragments of the linguistic picture of the world is presented in the phraseological corpus of the language. According to V. N. Telia, “The phraseological composition of the language is a mirror in which the linguo-cultural community identifies its national self-consciousness” [Telia 1996, 9], since “the system of images fixed in the phraseological composition of the language serves as a kind of “niche” for the cumulation of worldview and is somehow connected with the material, social or spiritual culture of a given linguistic community...” [Ibid., 215].
When considering the problem of the role of language in the formation of a picture of the world in the mind of a person, first of all, it is necessary to determine the very original concept of "world picture".
Phraseologisms that characterize specific positive moral qualities of a person
On the basis of dictionaries (see 74-76), we have identified a number of moral qualities that positively characterize a person, which are reflected in the Russian phraseological picture of the world (FKM). This is the second subgroup, which includes ten minigroups with the meaning:
1) “kindness, responsiveness”: angel of kindness, angelic heart, big heart, big heart, kind soul, kind (kindest) soul, kind heart, human soul, living soul, golden soul, golden heart, with a golden heart;
2) “readiness for concrete practical help to another person”: guardian angel, kind genius, will not give offense, ready to give, lend a hand (help), sister of mercy;
3) “generosity, helping the poor”: a generous hand, will give the last shirt, give the last, the hand does not become impoverished;
4) “selflessness, readiness for self-sacrifice”: ready for fire and water, ready even for water (for whom), forgets himself, laid down, ready to lay down his soul (for whom), will give his life (for someone), will not spare himself ;
5) “peacefulness, gentleness”: he won’t hurt a mosquito (fly), he won’t hurt a fly, he won’t hurt a mosquito, he won’t hurt a chicken, he won’t touch (anyone) with his finger;
6) “meekness, modesty”: an angel in the flesh, an angel of meekness, will not stir up water (water), a meek soul, a red maiden (girl), carries her cross, quieter than water, lower than grass; quieter than water
7) “chastity”: kept herself, kept herself, the touchy princess;
8) “honesty”: the master [owner] of his word (his word), the deed converges with the word, keeps his word, does not distort the soul, goes the straight path (expensive), does not rush (litter) with words, said - done (who ), does not throw words into the wind, the word is firm (whose), with a clear conscience, pure in hand, will not take someone else's;
9) "civil liability": a sick conscience;
10) “obligation, sense of duty”: stands at his post.
2.1. The first mini-group conveys the meaning “kind, sympathetic” and includes phraseological units: angel of kindness, angelic heart, big heart, big heart, kind soul, kind (kindest) soul, kind heart, human soul, living soul, golden soul, golden heart, with a heart of gold.
The semantic components "kind, sympathetic" are dominant in the meaning of the listed phraseological units and are interpreted in dictionaries as follows.
Kind - “disposed to people, sympathetic, full of kindness, sympathy for them, willingness to help” [Dictionary of the Russian language / Under. ed. A. P. Evgenyeva, I, 410]. Responsive - "quickly, easily responsive to other people's needs, requests, etc., always ready to help another" [Ibid., II, 679]. D.S. Likhachev notes: “A person must live in the sphere of goodness. This sphere of goodness is largely self-created. It is created from his good deeds, good feelings, good influences on environment, good memory" [Likhachev 1991.6].
PU angel of kindness (meekness) is noted in the dictionary, ed. V. M. Mokienko with the meaning - “about a very kind, sympathetic and meek person” (book). Based on different semantic components (kindness, responsiveness and meekness), we distribute these phraseological units into different thematic associations. angel of kindness - "about a very kind, sympathetic person":
This unfortunate man is now on his deathbed; they say he is in consumption, and you are an angel of kindness! “You don’t want to marry during his lifetime, so as not to tear his heart apart, because he is still tormented by jealousy, although I am sure that he never loved you in a real, sublime way! (F. Dostoevsky. Uncle's dream). Finally, if you, an angel of kindness, still pity this boy, pity to such an extent that you don’t even want to get married during his lifetime (as I guess), then think that by marrying a prince, you will make him rise in spirit, rejoice! (F. Dostoevsky. Uncle's dream) is figuratively motivated on the basis of likening the characterized person to a being of a higher order - an angel, whose qualities are widely known to the linguistic community and "cause in native speakers quite vivid and visual representations, certain emotions" [Solodub 1973a, 36]. Thanks to the phrase-building component "angel", the PU nominates not just a "kind, sympathetic" person, but a person with the highest degree of manifestation of these qualities. In the dictionary definition of this PU, the “highest degree of manifestation” of qualities is conveyed by the word “very”. Considering such facts within the framework of adjectival phraseology, V.P. Cheban writes: “It should be noted, however, that the word “very” does not fully reflect the degree of manifestation of the attribute. More preferable are such words and phrases as "extremely", "extremely", "to the highest degree", etc., which more accurately convey the degree of manifestation of the trait" [Cheban 1987, 131].
On the basis of figurative motivation, we specify the meaning of the phraseological unit angel of kindness. In addition to the dominant seme “kind, sympathetic”, we single out the “highest degree” of the manifestation of quality and the connotative semes “positive evaluation”, “approval”, “respect”, “admiration”. The angelic heart is not marked by dictionaries and is highlighted by us due to its functioning in the texts , and define its meaning as follows: “a very kind, sympathetic person”, for example:
[Kuzovkin:] Olga Petrovna, you have an angelic heart... Have mercy on the poor old man (I. Turgenev. Freeloader). [Mamaeva:] ... if you see a handsome young man, poorly dressed, it hurts, this should not be and will not be, never will be! [Glumova:] What an angelic heart you have! (A. Ostrovsky. There is enough simplicity for every sage).
The metaphor, based on likening the moral qualities of a person to the qualities of an angel, supports emotional-evaluative semes in the meaning of phraseological units: “positive evaluation”, “admiration”, “affection”.
The basis for the phraseological semantics of the following two units (big heart and big heart) was a metaphorical idea of a non-standard "large" size of the most important human vital organ - the heart, which is a symbol of the spiritual principle in a person. The attitude towards a person, characterized by these phraseological units, is reflected in the connotative semes “positive appraisal”, “respect”.
In the meaning of phraseological units big heart, the authors of phraseological dictionaries distinguish two aspects. The dictionaries of A. V. and V. P. Zhukov define its meaning only as “about someone who is capable of a strong and sincere feeling”; all the rest: the dictionaries of A. I. Molotkov, A. N. Tikhonov, A. I. Fedorov, except for the indicated one, almost equally note the meaning of “someone is sympathetic, kind.” We include in our study of phraseological units a big heart with the meaning - “someone is sympathetic, kind; capable of a strong and sincere feeling", for example:
I had the great happiness to work with a truly wonderful person - a person of great warmth and concern for people... This boundless kindness, attention to people, understanding of their difficulties, constant concern for their employees could be a person with a big heart. He could not pass by someone else's grief (3. Sanko. A man with a big heart). [Nastasya Dmitrievna:] He must be a very good person, this professor of yours... [Klava:] Wonderful!.. True, the students who did internships in his clinic complained that he was needlessly angry. Well, let him grumble, this is not the main thing - everyone has their shortcomings. The main thing: he has a good heart: big-big (I. Levchenko. On the fast train) - the seme “kind, sympathetic” has been updated;
But one creature did not join the destructive agreement, a very tiny creature, almost a dwarf, with childish hands and feet, with a big and strong heart of a loving Russian woman - Avdotya Ivanovna Golitsyna (Yu. Nagibin. Kvasnik and Buzheninova) - the seme “capable of strong and sincere feeling";
An analysis of the material shows that the seme “capable of a strong and sincere feeling” has a component that specifies the object of this feeling “to all or many”: I know that you love me - you can love everyone, your heart is big! - swaying in a chair, said the Little Russian (M. Gorky. Mother). She tosses and turns, sighs, mutters, grandmother prays, and it occurs to me that she was not only worried about Kolch Jr. Those my uncles and aunts who have made up their minds and live on their own, once walked in the same way at night, and my grandmother tossed and turned in the same way, thought about them and prayed. What a healthy life should be, what a big heart, if it hurts, hurts about everyone, and about me too ... (V. Astafiev. Last bow).
The phraseological units of a big heart are interpreted in dictionaries very broadly: “sincere, sincere, ready to help” (A. V. and V. P. Zhukov), “about kind, generous, sincere generous person"(Tikhonov), "sympathetic, kind, sincerely generous" (Molotkov), "kind, sympathetic person" (Fedorov). After analyzing the material of our card file, we include phraseological units in this study with the meaning - “kind, responsive, ready to help”:
His best protection was his generosity. It humbled even the most cruel hearts... Such was Vladimir Aleksandrovich Gilyarovsky - a poet, writer, expert on Moscow and Russia, a man of great heart... (K. Paustovsky. Uncle Gilyay). Our teacher was very kind and merciful... I think that for the work he did in Yakutia, he would have been given a golden bust in his homeland. In our country, he was treated, to put it mildly, ugly ... Forgive us for this, Teacher. Forgive us, dear Sevil, our beloved Nonnochka - like her father, a man of great heart and mind ... (G. Mokhnachevskaya. "Fymyshata" and teacher) - the seme "kind, sympathetic" is updated;
Francine Aubrey is a person of great heart and soul, she tries to help everyone who needs help. Ethnicity, religion do not matter, it can be the nomads of Mauritania, the small peoples of India, the gypsies of Romania. We witnessed how an elderly French woman sobbed when she learned that one of her acquaintances in Romania, a poor gypsy, died during her trip to Yakutia. She lamented that if she were near, she would help with medicines... (A Frenchwoman from Normandy and her snowy tales, http://www.ysu.ru). Ram drove for the camera (sometimes he took it on local TV), it had 60 meters of film (this is about two minutes of the film), and began to shoot. Short shot, four seconds. The faces of volunteers, doctors, the hands of a surgeon, tweezers that lowers another flap into a jar. Then - a “blanket” sewn from these pieces of skin, with which they covered Volodka. The boy was saved. Maybe at first Yustinov thought to make a film-a manual for doctors, but it turned out not highly specialized, but universally human. The film "To people with a big heart" was rolled throughout the Union ... (V. Chutkova. Sailor of the submarine "Hiroshima") - the seme "ready to help" is updated;
The meaning of the FB “kind soul”, kind (kindest) soul is based on the symbolically motivated image of the soul as an “indicator of spiritual and moral properties” [Kovalenko 2002, 114]. The connotative component of the meaning of these phraseological units is represented by the semes “positive appraisal”, “approval”.
Phraseologisms characterizing moral qualities, the positive moral meaning of which is revealed in the context of life attitudes in combination with noble goals
The third subgroup consists of three minigroups: “industriousness”: an artist (artist) of his work, puts his soul (in smth.), golden hands, and a shvets, and a reaper, and on the pipe (and on the pipe) a player, from the hands not falls (case), burns (boils) in hands, jack of all trades, jack of all trades, jack of all trades, eats bread not for nothing, does not sit idle, out of boredom of all trades, with hands, work is arguing, fast on hand; “sincerity”: all wide open, all out, all here he is, all (as if) in the palm of your hand, all in sight, all here, all out (who has it), soul wide open, open soul, simple soul, open-soul, shirt- guy, with his soul wide open, with his soul wide open; "courage": not from a cowardly [timid] ten, from a brave ten, does not bow to bullets, does not flinch, looks straight (boldly) into the face of danger.
3.1. The first mini-group includes phraseological units denoting "industriousness" and includes phraseological units: an artist (artist) of his work, puts his soul (in something), golden hands, and a swede, and a reaper, and on the pipe (and on the pipe) a player, from hands do not fall (business), burns (boils) in hands, jack of all trades, craftswoman of all trades, of all trades, eats bread not for nothing, does not sit idle, out of boredom of all trades, with hands, work is arguing, quick on hand.
Diligence is a character trait that causes in a person an inexhaustible need to act in order to produce material and spiritual benefits [Glossary of terms 2002, 18]. Its manifestations are labor activity, conscientiousness, diligence, diligence of an employee [Dictionary of Ethics 1989,357].
“You need to see a person at work - this is a measure of the soul and character” (V. Krupin. Sorry, goodbye ...). “The Russian mentality prescribes to work “by the sweat of your brow”, and idleness is condemned, which is not observed among all peoples and not in all eras. The history of Russian culture shows that work has always been considered a sacred duty of man, and diligence was one of the virtues of man. Good work, hard work - this is the norm of the life of the Russian people, which has also been consolidated in phraseology" [Khairullina 2001, 81]. On this basis, we include phraseological units with the meaning "industriousness" in the group "Moral characteristics of a person".
The mini-group with the meaning "industriousness" due to its wide semantic scope is built on the basis of six integral semes: "loving his work", "master, craftsman in his work", "skillful in every business, "agile in work", "hard-working" , "does not live in vain, benefits." It is not for nothing that eating bread does not so much characterize a person in relation to his work, but in relation to life in general. not for nothing eats bread from eating bread not for nothing - “a lot, hard work” (Fyodorov’s dictionary):
[Trembinsky:] You won't believe, Yegor Alekseevich, what troubles I've been in since morning... Yes, I dare say, I don't eat my bread for nothing (I. Turgenev. Freeloader).
In addition to this meaning, noted in the dictionary of A. I. Fedorov, we single out this “lives not in vain, benefits”: [Barbara:] Don’t be afraid! What are you worse than these kids? The whole difference is that you are from the village, poor, and they are urban and rich. But even though you are a baby, you worked hard, you didn’t eat bread for nothing (F. Gladkov. Volnitsa). And mowed. He walked in one direction, in the other, he got drunk from the herbal smells, and how the old man's soul rejoiced! Here, I thought, it’s not in vain that I eat bread. There is, there is still some benefit from it (F. Abramov. Brothers and sisters). Working people, do not say anything. No wonder they eat bread ... (V. Tendryakov. Three, seven, ace).
The image of a person who has worked hard, who does not live in vain, is created on a metonymic rethinking and is associated primarily with the symbol of bread. L. V. Kovaleva writes: “Agriculture was the main occupation of the ancient Russian people ... Among the various types of agricultural labor, arable farming was the most ancient type of activity of the Russian peasantry. They sowed mainly rye, from which, after threshing and grinding in a mill, they obtained rye flour and baked delicious, fragrant bread, which was practically the main food product” [Kovaleva 2004, 16]. Since the cultivation of bread is a very laborious work, no one should eat bread for free without working, without benefiting others.
The meaning of phraseological units contains connotative semes "positive appraisal", "respect", "approval".
FB does not sit (will sit) idle in the Russian phraseological picture of the world characterizes a “hardworking” person.
PU does not sit (sit) idle from not sitting, not staying idle "to be busy, work" (Tikhonov's dictionary). In our study, the phraseological unit is included with the meaning "always busy with work, hardworking":
Fedotych drove a needle, patched up a linen, - itching in his hands, he won’t sit idle for a minute ... (A. Vesely. Rivers of fire). A man is obsessed with work, he won’t sit idle for a minute: either he makes things at home, then he gets along with something, then he puts things in order in the yard. Inaction is not for him - anyone in the village will say who has known him for more than one year (A. Leshchinskaya. A veteran does not grow old in soul).
The image of a worker is built on the description of the subject's posture, which is equivalent to a state of rest, which the person being characterized allegedly never takes. The metonymic meaning of phraseological units is formed as a result of a chain of reasoning: a person never sits down to do nothing, therefore this person is hardworking. The attitude towards a person with such a characteristic is conveyed by the connotative semes “positive appraisal”, “approval”, “respect”.
PU artist (artist) of his work, puts his soul (in smth.) are united by the integral seme "who loves his work."
FE artist (artist) of his work - "a person who does his job with great art and love" (dictionaries of Tikhonov, Fedorov).
In the meaning of phraseological units, the semes “professional” and “loving his job” are contaminated:
Now he himself is rarely taken to work, his two sons work for him, but if you ask him and if he likes the stone, then he will make it himself. And if he does it himself, then it will be excellent, because, I repeat, Wenzel himself is a great and, moreover, an inspired artist in his field (N. Leskov. Alexandrite). This was said by a young, constantly growing engineer in a kosovorotka, in a Tatar skullcap. - I have been working with Kryazhich for a year and I know him well: he is an artist in his field (F. Gladkov. Energy).
The figurative basis of phraseological units an artist (artist) of his work was created by likening a person to a representative of a creative profession, with the actualization of such qualities that are significant for characterization, such as "love for one's work", "skill". The meaning of PU contains connotative semes "positive appraisal", "approval", "admiration".
Phraseologisms are winged expressions that do not have an author. Authorship doesn't matter. These "highlights" have firmly entered our language, and are perceived as a natural element of speech coming from the people, from time immemorial.
Phraseological units are an ornament of speech. Imagery, which is easily perceived in native speech, becomes a stumbling block in a foreign, foreign language. We absorb our language model with mother's milk.
For example, when you say, “a storehouse of knowledge,” you don’t think about the fact that a storehouse is a well! Because when you say this, you don’t mean a well at all, but a smart person, from whom, like from a well, you can draw useful information.
Phraseologisms and their meanings Examples
The meaning of phraseological units is to give emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.
Since water plays a big role in human life, it is not surprising that there are so many phraseological units associated with it:
- Water doesn't bother the mind.
- Water does not cry for water.
- The water breaks the dam.
- Water will find a way.
Below, as examples, phraseological units, one way or another related to water:
beat the key- about a stormy, eventful, fertile life: by analogy with a gushing spring in comparison with calmly flowing sources of water.
Beat like a fish on ice- persistent, but vain efforts, fruitless activities
Storm in a teacup- great excitement for an insignificant reason.
It is written with a pitchfork on the water- it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”
Do not spill water- strong friendship
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time, doing useless business Analogously: crushing water in a mortar
Got water in my mouth- silent and does not want to answer
carry water(on someone) - to burden with hard work, taking advantage of his complaisant nature
Still waters run deep- about someone who is quiet, humble only in appearance
Come out dry from water- without bad consequences, go unpunished
Bring to light- to expose, to expose in a lie
ride the wave- carry gossip, provoke scandals
Ninth Wave- crucible (high wave)
Money is like water — refers to the ease with which they are spent
To stay afloat — to be able to cope with circumstances, to conduct business successfully
Blow on the water, getting burned in milk- being overly cautious, remembering past mistakes
Wait by the sea for the weather- wait for favorable conditions that are unlikely to develop
From empty to empty (pour)- engage in empty, meaningless reasoning
The same- similar, indistinguishable
How to look into the water- foresaw, accurately predicted events, as if he knew in advance
How to sink into the water- disappeared without a trace
Down in the mouth- sad, sad
Rain like a bucket- heavy rain
Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution
How do you not know the ford , then don't go into the water- warning not to take hasty action
How to drink to give- accurately, undoubtedly, easily, quickly; as easy as giving a traveler a drink
Like a fish in water- very good at navigating, well versed in something, feel confident
Like water off a duck's back- no one cares
Like snow on your head- suddenly, all of a sudden
A drop sharpens a stone — 0b perseverance and perseverance
Sink into oblivion— To be consigned to oblivion, to disappear without a trace and forever
crocodile tears- insincere compassion
Bathe in gold- to be very rich
The ice has broken- business started
Fish in troubled waters- benefit for yourself without advertising it
A lot of water has flowed(since then) - a lot of time has passed
Reckless- about a decisive, brave, courageous person
Sea of tears- cry a lot
Darker than clouds- very angry
muddy the waters- deliberately confuse any matter, confuse or confuse
On the wave of success- seize the opportunity
On the crest of a wave- is in favorable conditions
At the bottom- low (including in a figurative sense)
blow up the atmosphere- exaggerate the gravity of the situation
You cannot enter the same river (water) twice- you can enter the stream of water again, but it will no longer be the same, so in life you can’t repeat some moments, relive them twice
Not by washing, so by skating- not in one way, but in another way, by any means (to achieve something, to annoy someone). The expression comes from the speech of village laundresses.
Not salty slurping- return without profit
Survive from bread to water- to be poor, starve
To pour (water) from empty to empty- engage in repetitive, meaningless activities
Wash the bones- to slander, gossip, gossip about someone
Fill up the cup- make nervous
To go with the flow- obey the influence of circumstances, the course of events
After the rain on Thursday- never. Phraseologism is associated with the veneration by the ancient Slavs of the god Perun (the god of thunder and lightning). Thursday was dedicated to him. In Christian times, the expression began to express complete distrust
Last straw- after which the turn of events occurs
Pass fire, water and copper pipes - survive life's trials, difficult situations
a dime a dozen- a large number of
Flog a dead horse- useless business Similarly:
Pound water in a mortar- to engage in useless, empty business
Seventh water on jelly- distant family
Seven feet under the keel- a successful unobstructed road
Don't drink water from your face- they persuade a person to fall in love not for external data, but for internal qualities or other less visible virtues.
Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime.
Quieter than water, lower than grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
Wash your hands- to step aside from something, to relieve oneself of responsibility for something. In some ancient peoples, judges and accusers, as a sign of their impartiality, performed a symbolic ceremony: they washed their hands. The expression became widespread thanks to the gospel legend, according to which Pilate, forced to agree to the execution of Jesus, washed his hands in front of the crowd and said: “I am innocent of the blood of this Just One.”
SMALL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOL
NAMED AFTER I. ESENBERLIN
RESEARCH
SUBJECT: Phraseologisms as a reflection of character and appearance human"
You on l nile: pupil 7 « Ә " Class and Zamantai Laura
Supervisor: Yeshenkul Maya teacher of Russian language and literature
Batyr-ata
Purpose: to show how character is reflectedand
appearanceperson in phraseological units. What
is the specificity of phraseological units
Russian language.
Hypothesis: phraseological units reflectingthcharacter is
story people, communication of various aspects
culture.
Interdisciplinary connections: Russian language, literature, history
Stages of work:
Consider the concept of phraseological units,
determine their meaning and characteristics
language expressiveness (expressiveness,
metaphor, emotion
Explore groups of phraseological units that characterize the actions of a person on the basis of his relationship with the outside world, relationships with the environment, the teamhis appearance, physique.
Content
1. Introduction (relevance of the topic)
2. Main part
a)Person's appearance
b)The inner face of a person
3. Conclusion
4. Literature
Introduction.
Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words - phraseological units. Words in the process of speech are combined with each other, forming
phrases. There are two types of phrases - free and not free. Free phrases. Free phrases are created by speakers in the process of speech from individual words. The words that make up phrases of this type are able to enter into a lexical relationship with a wide range of other words, for example: build a house, build a garage, a tall house, a house with a mezzanine, a father's house ... the meanings of such phrases are derived from the meanings of their constituent words.
Non-free phrases are phraseological units. So, phraseologism is a stable combination of words used to name individual objects, signs, actions. Phraseology is one of the brightest and most effective means of language.
It is no coincidence that it is figuratively called the pearl of Russian speech.
The end of the twentieth century is distinguished by the development of science, "human science", i.e. the study of man. The image of a person, his appearance and the spiritual world are the core of every national structure, its system of values. These aesthetic value ideas are the result of the accumulation of all human knowledge and experience over the entire period of development of a given culture. The goal of any research, ultimately, is to expand the consciousness of people in their ideas about the world, the Cosmos, and themselves.
In the study of phraseological units of the Russian language with the meaning "image of a person", several groups of phraseological units were identified that reflect the "image of a person". Phraseologisms characterize all aspects of a person's life - his attitude to work, for example, beat the buckets, golden hands; attitude towards other people, for example, a bosom friend, a disservice; personal virtues and qualities, shortcomings, for example, not to lose one's head, lead by the nose, etc.
The group of phraseological units with the meaning of a qualitative assessment of a person is one of the most numerous groups phraseology of the modern Russian language. Depending on what properties of a person are being evaluated, two semantic subgroups can be distinguished in the group:
1. assessment of individual personality traits;
2.assessment of the personality on the basis of its position in society, a certain team, environment. Within the first subgroup, on the basis of the opposition of the features “the external appearance of a person and the internal appearance of a person, two semantic categories can be distinguished, in which further semantic classification is also possible. “They meet by clothes - they see off by the mind,” says folk wisdom. From this it follows that the appearance of a person in the traditions of Russian culture is given extremely great importance. However, “clothes” is only part of the information that determines our attitude towards a stranger. Not less than
important are such features as physique, facial features, intelligence and character, manners, gait, voice, hands and other "talking" moments of the human body. The idea of a person's appearance in connection with his inner world is the core of every national culture. It is formed historically from many sources - traditions, legends, epics, folk songs, fairy tales, works of art, fiction and are fixed in the language, in its vocabulary and phraseology. These ideas are quite stable and widespread as a fact of the history of culture. Examples can be given for each group of phraseological units.
Appearance of a person - “no skin, no faces”, “dressed to the nines”
The internal appearance of a person is distinguished by a variety of characteristics:
Manner of behavior - "stand like a stump", "be able to keep your mouth shut", "sing from someone else's voice"
Evaluation of a person based on his position in society, a certain team, environment.
"White Crow" - to be different from everyone.
"Keep yourself in hand" - maintain self-control. "Important bird" - a high social position.
The culture of each people contains special systems that differ markedly from the systems of other peoples. These include systems of weight, length, monetary systems. Phraseologism "from the pot two inches" is playful. The top was 4.4 cm. The name is associated with the phalanx of the finger: therefore, a person’s height cannot be 8.8 cm. The measure of weight in Russia was a pood. Hence the idiom "Eat a pood of salt with someone" (learn well). The ruble became the main monetary unit under Peter I. The word "ruble" is actively included in a number of primordially Russian phraseological units: to beat with a ruble - to punish, how to give a ruble - to do something pleasant, to chase a long ruble - to look for easy money. In the meaning of "the image of a person" there are also borrowed phraseological units. But the bulk of currently used phraseological units are stable combinations of words of native Russian origin (look for the wind in the field, you won’t spill it with water) They originated in Russian or were inherited from an older language.
Actually Russian phraseological units in the Russian language appeared in the era of the separate existence of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. They are a specific feature of our speech and are not found in any of the East Slavic languages. It is these phraseological units that characterize the originality and national character of the phraseological system of our language.
The specificity of Russian phraseological units is clearly visible when compared with phraseological units of other languages, correlated with them in meaning. For example, in Russian - to make an elephant out of a fly, in Polish - to make a pitchfork out of a needle, in Czech - to make a camel out of a mosquito, in English - to make a mountain out of a molehill. This comparison testifies to the originality of the phraseology of each language, including Russian. The language reflects and at the same time forms the values, ideals and attitudes of people, the way they think about the world and their life in this world, so the corresponding language units are "priceless keys" to understanding these aspects of culture. In Russian phraseology there are whole groups of words - symbols. The most common are the names of body parts. The formation of words - symbols occurs with the help of metaphor. Even in the days of paganism, people symbolized the things surrounding a person, objects, phenomena, which means that the word took on the symbolism - the name. In Russian phraseology, the folk symbolism of color was also reflected. Most people have a similar attitude towards white and black. And this is not difficult to understand, because white is the color of the day, black is the color of the night. Hence the connection of white with good, and black with evil. The following phraseological units can serve as examples: white day, black envy, black list, keep in a black body. To see everything in a pink light (to imagine the environment better than it really is) A large number of phraseological units include words - symbols that mean parts of the body. They make up a third of all expressions presented in the phraseological dictionary of the Russian language
A.I. Molotkova.
The names of primordially Russian dishes and foodstuffs reflected the national culture. The main dish of Russian national folk cuisine was porridge. The word “porridge” is part of phraseological units: porridge in the mouth (it’s not clear to speak), they ask for porridge (torn shoes), you can’t cook porridge (it’s hard to agree), etc. Understanding of national culture occurs through linguo-specific words. An important role is given to keywords that include a cultural component. Through words - symbols and keywords that are part of phraseological units, knowledge of national culture is possible.
Conclusion
The hypothesis was confirmed. Phraseological units are a reflection of the character of the Russian people.
The phraseological stock of the Russian language is continuously replenished due to live speech and oral folk art. Phraseology is an important means of speech impact on a person, gives the language a special expressiveness, imagery, and contributes to the understanding of its deeply humane ideas. All phraseological units have not only an informational, but also an aesthetic function. With the help of the study of phraseological units in the meaning of “the image of a person”, one can create an idea of the worldview of a Russian person of the reality surrounding him, the richness of expressive language means, the emotional and mental life of the people.
Literature
I. Efimov "History of the Russian literary language" Publishing house. Moscow. 1954
V.V. Odintsov. "Linguistic paradoxes" M., "Enlightenment", 1988
V. M. Mokienko "Mysteries of Russian Phraseology" M., Higher School, 1990
In ancient times there was no psychological service, the concept of a psychotype, psychologists who could describe the psychological portrait of a person. People, based on their own observations of the behavior and actions of a person, gave him a vivid and accurate personal description. Let's turn to folk wisdom.
Phraseologisms that characterize a person as a person
"The center of the world"
So we speak with irony of a presumptuous person who exaggerates his own importance and wants everyone to obey him.
Ancient people were sure that there was a center ("navel") of the Earth, and it was there that the mysterious forces of nature were located. Each nation had its own gods, which they worshiped, and their own heroes, who defeated terrible monsters in a deadly battle. For example, the Greeks believed that the "navel of the Earth" is located in Delphi, where Apollo struck the bloodthirsty and evil dragon Python.
"Pull the wool over someone's eyes"
If we want to emphasize the boasting of a person or what he does for show, we use this particular phrase.
In the old days, the carts of the poor dragged along the roads of Russia. The horses walked slowly, without raising dust or noise. But often they were noisily and famously overtaken in a troika by a rich man or a chaise of the tsar's ambassador, or a noble landowner, raising clouds of dust behind him. The poor people scolded them angrily, wiping their dusty eyes.
"Sherochka with a masher"
This is how we jokingly characterize a couple of women who usually dance together or are constantly somewhere together due to the absence of men.
In Russia, women were educated at home until the 18th century. In 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny Convent. Daughters of nobles studied there from 6 to 18 years old. The usual address of the girls to each other was the French ma chere, which in translation is “my dear” (the institutes studied not only the law of God, scientific subjects, but also subjects of “secular treatment”). From these French words, the Russian words "sherochka" and "masherochka" appeared.
I think that this expression can also be applied to men, given some unconventionality in male relationships. It is not difficult to guess who we are talking about (may they forgive me).
"Walk around the fert"
Phraseologism refers to proud dandies, dandies, self-satisfied, defiantly smartly dressed men.
In the old Russian alphabet, each letter was called words (for better memorization). For example, the letter "A" - the word "az", i.e. "I"; the letter "L" - "people"; The letter "F" - "fert" (the true meaning of this word is still unclear). However, the letter "F" is similar to the posture of a proud man with his hands on his belt. Initially, the word "fert" meant "hands on the hips."
"Grated roll"
This expression is addressed to a very experienced person who has seen a lot in life, who is difficult to deceive, outwit, and fool.
In Russia, kalach is a flour product, bread in the form of a castle with a bow. It was baked from kalachny dough, which was rubbed and crumpled for a long time. Hence the combination "grated kalach".
"Narcissist"
This is a narcissistic, admiring only himself person.
Phraseologism borrowed from Greek mythology. Narcissus is a very handsome Greek youth, the son of the river god Cephis. The nymph Echo was in love with Narcissus, but he rejected her. The goddess of love Aphrodite punished him for this.
Once Narcissus, returning from a hunt, saw his reflection in a water source. He admired for a long time, and then fell in love with himself and died of longing. The gods turned him into a flower.
"Seven spans in the forehead"
Very smart, outstanding, wise man.
Ancient people considered a large forehead in a person a sign of a great mind. In Russia, before the introduction of the metric system of measures, a span was a measure of length - an average of 18 centimeters (the distance between the stretched thumb and forefinger). 18 cm - the average width of the forehead of an ordinary person.
The Slavs considered the number 7 magical, and therefore everything that caused surprise or admiration was associated with the number 7.
"Seven Fridays a Week"
This expression is applied to people who are non-executive, not constant in their decisions, with frequent changes in mood and intentions.
In the old days in Russia, Friday was a market day, when all sorts of transactions were concluded and deadlines were set for the fulfillment of obligations. For those who could not pay the debt under the transaction on time, every day became Friday, i.e. date of performance of the obligation. This is how the phrase “seven Fridays in a week” appeared, which refers to a person who says one thing today and another tomorrow.
"Orphan of Kazan"
A rogue who pretends to be unhappy, poor, offended, trying to pity someone for selfish purposes.
The history of the origin of this phraseological unit is connected with the conquest of the Kazan Khanate under Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. Tatar princes (Murzas) had to pay tribute to Russia. The Murzas often took advantage of the kindness of the Russian tsars and asked for indulgence. They pretended to be poor, have-nots, unfortunate. The Russian people began to jokingly call them "Kazan orphans."
By the way, in honor of the victory over the Tatars on Red Square, the Intercession Cathedral was built and named St. Basil's Cathedral (after the holy fool who lived in it).
While I was working, I realized that I could not describe most of the phraseological units in one article, so I decided to divide it into two parts.