Using the project method in history lessons. Development of a history lesson using a project methodology VI. Homework

During the classes

1. Introductory word of the teacher.
In the beginning was the word. But the Word acquired its true power only with the advent of the book.
The book has played and continues to play a fundamental role in the development of our civilization. Epochs have changed, the material and method of making a book have changed, but its main purpose has remained unchanged - to serve the preservation and transmission of human experience, knowledge, and spiritual values.
. A gigantic library accumulated over the centuries is a reliable memory of mankind, where its accomplishments and dreams, insights and delusions are imprinted. This library was created on stone and earth, clay tablets and wooden tablets, papyrus scrolls and parchment, palm leaves, birch bark, silk, paper, magnetic tapes and disks, and now continues to be created on laser disks and on the Internet.

2. Acquaintance with the topic, goals, objectives of the lesson.
How did writing originate, how did it all begin? Slide #1
Having studied the material of the textbook and became interested in the history of the Novgorod boy, the teachers of literature, ancient books, we decided to work with other sources of information. Everyone chose a topic at will, so the class was divided into seven groups.
Our today's lesson will be similar to a real conference, where the reports of the speakers are heard. Correspondents are often present at such events, they observe what is happening, take notes, and after the conference they write a note to the newspaper.
- Do you know what a conference is? (children's answers)
- A reporter? (children's answers)
(dictionary: a conference is a meeting, a meeting of representatives of some states, organizations, groups. A correspondent is the author of correspondence in a journal.)
I suggest that you work as correspondents and write an article for our school newspaper after the lesson.
- Do you agree? (Yes)
- Do you think it is possible to write an article without listening to the speakers? (No)
- Also, there will be a quiz at the end of the lesson, if you pay attention, you can easily cope with it.
3. Work on the topic of the lesson

Children's reports:

Egyptian writing

There are 33 letters in our alphabet right now. But it was not always so. The first letters were written in ancient times by the Egyptians. Slide #2
Instead of letters, they drew all sorts of signs, and their writing resembled a modern rebus. There were images of lions, owls, hawks, geese. People were drawn in different poses. Among the images there were squares, triangles, circles. Such letters were called hieroglyphs. Slide #3
You ask, what is the difference between hieroglyphs and letters? Yes, the fact that some icons denoted whole words, others - individual syllables. It was very difficult to write such a letter, it was difficult to understand it. When reading, discrepancies arose - this is when one person understands one way, and another differently.
Another people, the Hyks, who conquered the Egyptians, chose two dozen of the many hieroglyphs-pictures, according to the number of sounds in the language. Each such icon began to denote a separate sound in a word. These were already the first letters. After all, the letter stands for sound.
Slide #4
The Phoenicians simplified the Hyksic alphabet. They began to use icons similar to the previous drawings.
The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and further simplified the icons. The learned Greek monk Cyril came up with a special alphabet for the Slavs - he added new ones to the Greek letters - those that are found in the Slavic languages: Zh, Shch, Yu, b, sh and others. This alphabet has since been called - Cyrillic - in honor of Cyril, who created it. Slightly modified, this alphabet has survived to this day. Cyril's alphabet is taught by all first graders in all schools in Russia.

clay tablet
Slide #5

The material for writing is different: you can scratch letters on a stone, on the bark of a tree, or you can make a clay tablet, dry it in the sun and write on it with a sharp stick. This way of writing was widely spread in antiquity.
They wrote in ancient Babylon on clay tablets with special sticks. The result was dashes in the form of wedges - such plates have survived to this day! But it was difficult to use the signs. To write a book, you need hundreds of tablets - you can’t put such a book in a briefcase!

Slide #6
In ancient times, papyrus was very common in Egypt; it usually represents the plant of the swamps and served as the emblem of the Delta. Subsequently, his culture became a monopoly; it was bred in a few places, wishing to raise even more the already high price. Papyrus could only grow near stagnant waters; little by little he disappeared from Egypt, served for a variety of purposes. The soft parts delivered sweet juice, the lower part was fried and eaten; young specimens were eaten whole; the root served as a combustible material, convenient for melting copper and iron; sandals were made from the bark, fibers were used for fabrics of all kinds, valued higher than linen: double shuttles for fishing and bird catching, and sometimes even large ships, were prepared from tied trunks. Especially important was the use of papyrus as a written material. The core, as thick as a hand, was cut into longitudinal strips, which were tightly laid on a smooth board; across, at a right angle, another layer of the core was placed; then all this was put under a press and dried in the sun. The result was a strong long page, light yellow if the papyrus was young, or deep yellow if old; the latter variety was preferred by the Egyptians, the former was in use in Roman times. Pages were glued lengthwise and rolled into scrolls rather than bound together like books. Thus, sometimes extremely marvelous bands were obtained, reaching up to tens of meters. The lines went along the narrow part, but in official documents written in demotic script, we also find longitudinal lines along the entire length of the scroll, reaching up to several meters. School notebooks of scribes, judicial acts, fairy tales, letters of officials and official papers, prayers to the gods are very interesting. A mass of Greek, Coptic, Aramaic and Arabic papyri remained from the later eras of Egypt, scattered throughout all museums and collections. Egyptian papyri are mostly found with mummies, often in special cases.
Healthy moment.
Children are invited to repeat the poses of the little men in the pictograms.
Parchment
Slide number 7
Parchment - leather in the East - a very ancient material for writing. According to the Greek historians of the 5th century to R. Chr. , it was already at that time used in this capacity among the Persians; from here she, under the name difter, moved early to Greece, where processed sheep and goat skins were used for writing. Processed leather is still used by Jews for liturgical synagogue scrolls, sometimes reaching up to 100 or more feet in length. A good collection of such scrolls is owned by the handwritten department of the Imperial Public Library in St. Petersburg. According to Pliny in the II century. to R. Chr. the Egyptian kings, wishing to support the book wealth of the Alexandrian library, which found a rival in the person of Pergamon, in Asia Minor, forbade the export of papyrus outside Egypt; then in Pergamum they paid attention to leather dressing, improved the ancient diphtheria and put it into circulation under the name V and later, at the place of the main production - pergamhnh. The new material had to endure a long struggle with the time-honored papyrus. P. triumphed relatively late, although his conveniences (the ability to write on both sides of the sheet, the ability to wash off the text written with water-soluble ink [palimpsests] and apply a new one, etc.) were recognized in antiquity. Parchment manuscripts were combined into codices, i.e., into books consisting of separate notebooks of 4 sheets, folded in half, therefore, 16 pages; codices with metal ornaments, and supplied with clasps, like our thick old printed books. The dressing of parchment reached a great level, usually intertwined in wood, sheathed in leather or parchment, sometimes with rich perfection. In the south of Europe in the Middle Ages they used, according to legend, goat and sheep skins, in Germany and France they used mainly veal. P. was not dressed from donkey skin. The public library has a manuscript of Bl. Augustine, written on an excellent, soft and thin, almost white
parchment, the workmanship of which represents a kind of perfection. In addition to white, color paper was sometimes used for especially luxurious manuscripts, most often purple paper, on which they wrote in silver and gold. This is the manuscript of the translation of the Bible into the Gothic language, made by Wulfila; it is written in color P., in silver, and is kept in Sweden, in Uppsala. In St. Petersburg The public library has a Greek four-gospel, written in gold on purple P. - according to legend, by the hand of the Byzantine imp. Theodora. slide number 8

slide number 9
Man invented writing material long before there was paper. The ancient Egyptians, about 4,000 years ago, took papyrus stems, peeled off the skin, and straightened it out. Then the strips of papyrus were laid crosswise and pressed so that they stuck together. A dried papyrus leaf was good material for writing.
But it wasn't paper yet. It was invented in China around 105 by Cai Lun. He found a way to make paper from the fibrous inner bark of the mulberry tree. The Chinese learned to crush the bark in water to separate the fibers, then they poured the mixture onto trays that had long, narrow strips of bamboo at the bottom. When the water drained, the soft sheets were laid out to dry on a flat surface. Bamboo and old rags were used for this purpose. Merchants from China traveled far to the north and west, and came to the city of Samarkand. There the Arabs took over their secret and brought it to Spain. From there, the art of making paper spread throughout the world.
Now the best paper is made from rags. Wood is used for writing, newsprint, wrapping paper. Machines now make paper.
When the Chinese invented paper, the Japanese aesthetes cut it into squares and began to fold boats, birds and animals, calling this entertainment and art "origami". Gradually, this seemingly unpractical occupation took the form of an epidemic and spread not only to the Eastern, but also to the Western hemisphere. The fruits of this cultural expansion in Russia could be admired at the "Atlas of the Origami World" exhibition, which was held from April 28 to May 28 at the State Darwin Museum.
Russian papyrus or birch bark letters
Opening in Novgorod birch bark letters forced us to reconsider our ideas about the education of the population in ancient Russia to be convinced of the spread of literacy among the working population (including women) in ancient Novgorod. The spread of literacy and secular household writing in ancient Novgorod was facilitated by the abundance of cheap writing material - birch bark.
Most of all, scientists remember a small birch bark, on which a little Novgorodian learned to read and write. Diligently, unhurriedly, he drew out the letters of the alphabet with a stick, and then separate "warehouses": "ba, va, ha, yes." And suddenly he got bored with this tedious task. He presented himself as a glorious hero, defender of the Russian land. Next to the letters on the birch bark, he drew a horse and a rider on it, who strikes the enemy with a spear, and signed the figure: “Onfime”.
Slide number 10 - 11
A number of ancient Russian manuscripts of the 13th-16th centuries, mainly of Novgorod origin, have preserved an extremely interesting record of the conversation of a Novgorod priest in the middle of the 12th century. Kirik with his immediate superior, the head of the Novgorod church, Bishop Nikont.
Novgorod Synodal helmsman of the 1280s preserved the text of such a question by Kirik: "Is it a sin, even according to letters, walk with your feet, even if someone has torn mark, but the words will be known?" Obviously, he saw how the Novgorodians, having cut up, "thrown" "letters" on the ground, and then walked on them.
A curious confirmation of the words of Kirik that these letters are "cut" by throwing and walking on them with their feet are the finds of birch bark letters themselves. In most cases, they were preserved in damaged, torn form, sometimes in fragments. . Pieces of some of them were thrown into one place and it turned out to be possible to connect them. The addressees, before throwing away the letters, prudently destroyed them. And if there was no knife at hand, then they tried to tear the letter or, at least, tear out the name of the addressee.
Of the 194 letters currently published in full and indicating the exact location of the find, 51 letters, that is, more than a quarter, were found on the bridges of Velikaya, Kholopya or Kuzmodemyanskaya streets or near the bridges. It should be borne in mind that the pavements in Novgorod were swept and kept clean, and many of the remnants of letters were destroyed shortly after they hit the pavement.
But most of all, scientists remember the small birch bark, on which the little Novgorodian learned to read and write. Diligently, unhurriedly, he drew out the letters of the alphabet with a stick, and then separate "warehouses": "ba, va, ha, yes." And suddenly he got bored with this tedious task. He presented himself as a glorious hero, defender of the Russian land.
slide number 12
Language teachers
CYRIL and METHODIUS Slavic educators, Orthodox preachers, creators of the Slavic alphabet.
The monument to Cyril and Methodius was erected in the city of Murmansk.

Viewing a slide film.

Slides #13 – 24
Health saving minute
Try to draw letters from the Old Slavonic alphabet: beeches, lead, verb, people, xi, rtsy.
4. Summing up.
Close your eyes. Remember, please, the whole course of the lesson. Continue the phrase: “Now I know…”
I invite you to answer the quiz questions.
slide number 25