The largest mining and processing enterprises in the region are Phosphorite JSC, Leningradslanets JSC, Kuznechnoye JSC. One of the most important industries in the region is the production of building materials, almost entirely based on local non-metallic raw materials.

Mineral resources

The region has rather impressive resources of mineral raw materials. In addition to peat, sapropels, therapeutic mud, fresh underground and mineral waters, more than 20 types of minerals have been identified and accounted for: phosphorites, bauxites, quartz and quartzites, metallurgical and refractory clays, mineral paints, and many others. More than 80 mineral deposits are exploited in the region.

The degree of their development is different: deposits of slates, phosphates and bauxites have been fully developed; partially - certain types of building materials. There are also deposits of certain types of raw materials not involved in the operation. These include dolomites, metallurgical and cement clays, quartz and quartzites, and mineral paints. In the region, it is promising to identify new types of raw materials: magnetite ores, tin-silver and uranium mineralization, colored and ornamental stones, natural gas and bitumen, oil and gas.

The development of deposits is very low: out of more than 500 deposits, promising areas and manifestations (except for peat, sapropel and groundwater), 139 deposits are on the balance sheet, of which 90 and 141 deposits are exploited according to different reasons removed from balance.

A large number of swamps (13.5% of the total area), as well as constant processes of swamping and peat formation, determine the presence of industrial peat deposits. They occupy over 65% of the swamp area, where 73 peat deposits are being developed, 114 peat deposits and 8 sapropel deposits have been explored and prepared for exploitation.

All minerals, except for oil shale and groundwater, are mined in an open way. The largest mining and processing enterprises in the region are Phosphorite JSC, Leningradslanets JSC, Kuznechnoye JSC.

One of the most important industries in the region is the production of building materials, almost entirely based on local non-metallic raw materials. There are about 150 quarries and over 100 enterprises for the production of building materials and carbonate agricultural ores in the region. Most of the necessary building materials are produced on the basis of local raw materials: clay and silicate bricks, concrete, ceramic products, facing tiles, expanded clay gravel, crushed stone and gravel of metamorphic, igneous and carbonate rocks, building sands, as well as carbonate agricultural ores. The balance of reserves in the region includes about 100 deposits of clayey, sandy, boulder-gravel-sandy, carbonate, igneous and metamorphic rocks, three deposits of glass sands, four deposits of molding sands and one deposit of refractory clays. A number of building materials: quartz glass sands, chalk, gypsum, refractory clay and, in part, carbonate rocks used for decorative purposes are imported into St. Petersburg and the region. Crushed stone, cement, brick, limestone flour are imported to other regions of the country.

Despite significant volumes of extraction and production of oil shale, mineral fertilizers, building materials, the region is constantly experiencing a shortage of gravel, sand-gravel mixture and sand - aggregates of concrete.

A tense situation is developing with the reserves of phosphorites at the Phosphorit Production Association, which operates on the basis of the Kingisepp deposit, the reserves of which will be enough for the operation of the enterprise for only 10 years. Other well-known in the region, deposits and promising areas have small reserves, are removed from the main enterprise or are located in the area of ​​agricultural land. The Moloskovitskoye deposit can be considered as the only promising site as a reserve object, where the depth of the phosphorite horizon is 95-120 m, but the problem of extracting raw materials from such a depth has not yet been resolved.

The region's industry is experiencing an extreme shortage of bauxite, a raw material for aluminum production. The only bauxite deposit being developed in the region, the Radynskoye, provides approximately 25% of the needs of the Boksitogorsk alumina refinery.

At the same time, in addition to Radynskoye, there are 18 more deposits in the region with calculated reserves, but taken off the balance sheet due to mining and technical conditions, which make the deposits unprofitable under the existing ore extraction system (remoteness from the main production, large depth of ore occurrence and, accordingly, a large stripping ratio ).

Geological monuments of nature:

o Lake Yastrebinoye (geomorphological type of local importance) - in the Priozersky district. In the northern part of the lake, Archean-Proterozoic granites and gneisses come to the surface, which form rocks of exceptional beauty.

o Michurinskaya ridge (geomorphological type of federal rank) - in the Priozersky district, along the southern coast of Lake. Vuoksa, its site near the villages of Yagodnoe and Petrovsky. Is a classic visual aid for learning various types glacial, glacial-water and water-glacial deposits.

o Crystalline rocks near the village of Shcheleiki (petrographic and geomorphological types) - in the Podporozhsky district on the shore of Lake Onega. Among loose glacial and water-glacial deposits, metamorphic rocks and intersecting bedded intrusions of gabbro-norites of the Upper Proterozoic age come to the surface.

o Kamy near the village of Toksovo (geomorphological type of federal significance) - on the territory of the Vsevolzhsky district. Kamas are composed of sandy material with an admixture of pebbles and gravel. Their appearance is associated with the last stage of the death of the glacier - when it melted, sandy material accumulated in the lakes formed along the edges.

o Lava River Canyon (complex type of the federal level) - in the territory of the Kirovsky district. In the steep banks of the canyon, a section of deposits of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician age is traced. This is one of the first geological objects in Russia.

o Karst springs in the valley of the Urya River (hydrogeological type of federal significance) - on the territory of the Tikhvinsky district, near the village. Luchino has karst springs with a flow rate of up to 500-700 liters per second.

o Lopukhinskoye radon lake (hydrogeological type of local importance) - in the Lomonosovsky district, on the outskirts of the village. Lopukhins. The waters of the lake are enriched with radon due to radioactive dictyonema shales, which have a high content of uranium.

o Dudergof Heights (geomorphological and tectonic types of the federal level) - in the Krasnoye Selo area, the geological structure of the heights is unusual for the region (Cambrian clays are glacial pillowcases planted on dislocated Ordovician rocks).

o Fox Mountains (geomorphological type of federal significance) - in the Kingisepp region, they are a series of parabolic (mainland) dunes.

o Belogorka (paleontological type of federal rank with a custom protection regime) - a section of deposits of the Stary Oskol horizon of the Middle Devonian in the coastal cliffs of the river. Oredezh near vil. Belogorka, containing the remains of crossbill fishes.

o Outcrops along the Sablinka and Tosno rivers (of geomorphological, stratigraphic and historical-geological types of federal rank) - stratotype sections of the Cambrian and Lower Ordovician of the north of the East European Platform are exposed in the Tosnensky district.

o Karst river Ragusha (of geomorphological, stratigraphic types of the federal level) - on the territory of the Boksitogorsky district, the banks of the river are composed of sediments of the upper variegated Devonian strata (Voronezh horizon) and Lower Carboniferous limestones (Protvinsky horizon).

o Donets tract (hydrogeological type of federal significance) - on the territory of the Volosovsky district near the village. The fifth mountain at the base of the limestone stratum of Ordovician age, there are several springs of clean fresh water with a flow rate of up to 1.5 m3/sec. The Popovka River (a stratigraphic type of federal rank with a custom-made protection regime) - south of the city of Pavlovsk, in the coastal cliffs of the river, a section of the Lower Paleozoic deposits, which is a reference for the North-Western region, is exposed.

Water resources

surface waters.

The region has a significant water resource potential. Large rivers: Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Luga, Vuoksa, Syas. Numerous lakes, especially on the Karelian Isthmus. The Gulf of Finland stretches from west to east for 420 km, its area is 29.5 thousand km2. Salinity is low - 3-6% (large inflow of water from the Neva River). There are more than 1800 lakes in the region, Ladoga and Onega are the largest reservoirs of fresh water.

Lake Ladoga is the largest in Europe. The mirror area is 17.8 thousand km2, the size is 206130 km, the depth in the north is 230 m, in the south is 30-35 m, the inflow is 2500 m3/s (78 km3/year). Lake Onega, - size 24591 km, mirror area - 9.7 thousand km2. The area of ​​other lakes: Vuoksa, Otradnoe - 50 km2; Sukhodolskoye, Glubokoe, Komsomolskoye, Samro, Vyalya - 20-50 km2.

The total length of the region's rivers is 50,000 km (0.6 km per 1 km2 of territory). In the annual flow of rivers: 50% - melt water, 20-30% - rain, 15-20% - underground.

The Neva River, 74 km long, is the source of water supply for St. Petersburg and suburban areas of the region. The annual water flow is about 80 km3 (over 2500 m3/s).

Navigation along the Volga-Baltic waterway, the White Sea-Baltic and Saimaa canals, along the Ladoga and Onega lakes, the Neva, Svir and other rivers. Ports: sea - St. Petersburg, Vyborg; river - St. Petersburg, Shlisselburg, Sviritsa, Ascension, Podporozhye, Lodeynoye Pole.

The region has a significant impact on the quality of surface and groundwater in St. Petersburg and, in general, on the ecological situation in the basin of the Gulf of Finland. Despite the reduction in the volume of pollutant discharges into water bodies, the quality of the region's surface waters is not improving.

The presence of pollutants (organic substances, oil products, suspended solids, sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, etc.) in the water bodies of the region is determined by the discharges of pulp and paper industry, energy, metallurgy, defense and chemical industries, housing and communal services and others

The groundwater.

On the territory of the region there is a significant reserve of resources of underground fresh water. 35 underground water deposits or sections have been explored, and 21 deposits and one mineral water deposit, Polyustrovskoye, have been put into operation.

Due to the high technogenic load in a number of districts of the region, local centers of groundwater pollution are noted, the largest site in terms of area was registered in the city of Kingisepp, in the zone of influence of Phosphorite JSC.

Russian Civilization

Among the water bodies of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region it is worth, of course, first of all to single out the Gulf of Finland, Ladoga and Onega lakes. There are also many artificial reservoirs, rivers, canals and other water sources. The largest water surface area is located in the Priozersky, Vyborgsky and Slantsevsky districts (14%, 7% and 6%, respectively).

The beautiful Gulf of Finland, in turn, makes up 7% of the total area Baltic Sea. The drainage basin of the Gulf of Finland has an area of ​​421 thousand km2, the area of ​​the bay is 29.5 thousand km2, and its average depth is 38 m. The Gulf of Finland is quite deep, and its maximum depth is 115 m. the main river of St. Petersburg - the Neva, being in the basin of the Gulf of Finland,another river, the Luga, has its source in the Novgorod region, and the Plyussa river flows into the Leningrad region from the Pskov region, flowing into the Narva reservoir, tasty water in Pskov is not uncommon. 32 rivers flow into Lake Ladoga, from which the Neva originates. Some of the largest are the Svir River, which flows from Lake Onega and the Vuoksa River, which carries its water flows from Finland. Other major rivers are the Volkhov, which originates in Lake Ilmen, and the Syas River. Each of the many rivers is picturesque in its own way and has its own long history. In order to enjoy the taste of pure water, however, now there is a delivery in Pskov (in the region of which Plyussa begins), water delivery in St. Petersburg - good way get water to the office or enterprise.

In St. Petersburg, in the lineThe city itself has at least 93 rivers, a large number of long natural and artificial canals. Walking along the rivers and canals of the city is one of the most beautiful types of recreation, as well as ways to get to know St. Petersburg.

Among the lakes of St. Petersburg, it should be noted Suzdal, located in the Vyborg district, not far from the pine forest, it is interesting that in Soviet times athletes involved in water slalom trained here. The Olginsky Pond is also curious - one of the city's reservoirs, small in size, but gathering a lot of vacationers in the summer due to the fact that it is located close to residential areas. However, the pond is somewhat overgrown with plants, and the path to it is blocked by a rather steep slope. It is impossible not to mention in connection with the water resources of St. Petersburg the Fontanka River, which runs through the very center of the city. Many picturesque bridges are thrown across the Fontanka, such as the Lomonosov and Izmailovsky bridges. In the center of the city is the Griboyedov Canal, which crosses many highways.

The water bodies of St. Petersburg are represented by the eastern part of the Baltic Sea - the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River and its tributaries, natural and artificial reservoirs, rivers, canals and swamps.

The main water artery of the city is the river. Neva, which originates from Lake Ladoga. Its length is 78 km, the total catchment area is 281 thousand km 2, the average annual water flow in the river. Neve - 2520 m 3 / sec. In the upper reaches, the river flows through the territory of the Leningrad Region, crosses the city limits for 44 km from the mouth, and then flows through the territory of St. Petersburg throughout its entire length.

In total, 64 rivers, 48 ​​canals, 34 streams flow within the city and in the territories administratively subordinate to it, with a total length of 555.5 km, including 40 rivers, branches, channels and canals with a total length of 217.5 km directly within the city. km.

The predicted groundwater resources in the territory of St. Petersburg are 389.2 thousand m 3 /day, of which 80% are with mineralization up to 1 g/l. The forecast resources module is 3.1 l/s km2. 109.1 thousand m 3 / day prepared for industrial development.

Reset volume Wastewater in the water bodies of the city in 2001 amounted to 1.3 km3, of which 95% is polluted wastewater. In terms of the volume of polluted wastewater, St. Petersburg ranks second among the constituent entities of the Federation - it accounts for 6% of the total Russian volume of wastewater discharges of this category.

The main "supplier" of polluted wastewater is the housing and communal services, from whose treatment facilities 1115.15 million m 3 or 90% of the city's discharge volume is discharged.

Represented by the eastern part of the Baltic Sea - the Gulf of Finland, Ladoga and Onega lakes, natural and artificial reservoirs, rivers, canals and swamps. More than 13% of the region's territory, excluding the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, is occupied by water bodies and 14% of the region's territory is occupied by swamps.
The largest value of the area occupied by the water surface is typical for Priozersky (14%), Vyborgsky (7%) and Slantsevsky (6%) districts, and the smallest (0.6%) in Volosovsky and Tosnensky districts.
The largest water body in the region is. The Gulf of Finland occupies 7% of the area of ​​the Baltic Sea. Main characteristics of the bay: drainage basin - 421 thousand km2, water inflow - 109 km3 per year, bay area 29.5 thousand km2, average depth - 38 m, maximum depth 115 m, water volume - 1.125 thousand km3, salinity - 3.5%, the predominant direction of currents in the surface layer is counterclockwise, the share of the Neva River from the total flow along the rivers is 70%. The eastern part of the Gulf of Finland is called the Neva Bay. To the north is the Vyborg Bay, Koporskaya, Luga Bay and Narva Bay run into the southern coast.
The main rivers of the basin of the Gulf of Finland, the Neva River, flowing from Lake Ladoga, the Luga River, flows into the territory of the Leningrad Region from Novgorod region, and the Plyussa river flows from the Pskov region, the mouth section passes through the Slantsevsky district of the Leningrad region and flows into the Narva reservoir.
The pool is complex system, including the watersheds of lakes: Onega, Ilmen and Saimaa (Finland). It fully or partially includes the territories of the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions.
The catchment area is 280 thousand square meters. km. The area of ​​Lake Ladoga is 17,700 sq. km (with islands 18135 sq. km). The average length of the lake is 219 km, the average width is 83 km, the average depth is 51 m (the maximum is 230 m west of Valaam Island). The length of the coastline of the lake is 1870 km. 32 rivers, more than 10 km long, flow directly into Lake Ladoga, and only one river flows out - the Neva. The largest rivers flowing into Lake Ladoga include the Svir River flowing from Lake Onega, the Vuoksa River originating in Finland, the Volkhov River flowing from Lake Ilmen, the Syas River and others.
Lake Ladoga washes the territory of five districts - Volkhovsky (the length of the coastline is 159 km), Priozersky (132 km), Kirovsky (102 km), Vsevolozhsky (87 km), Lodeynopolsky (24 km).
The catchment area of ​​Lake Onega is 63 thousand square meters. km. The area of ​​the lake without islands is 9720 sq. km, length - 247 km, average width - 40 km, average depth - 31 m. Lake Onega washes. The length of the coastline within the boundaries of the region is 38 km.
More than 25 thousand rivers and streams with a total length of more than 50 thousand km flow through the region. Of these, about 90% are small streams with a length of less than 10 km. The largest rivers in the region are the Neva, Vuoksa, Svir with tributaries Oyat and Pasha, Volkhov, Luga and Narva with Plyussa. The river network is relatively evenly distributed over the territory, with the exception of the Izhora plateau. The density of the river network is on average 0.6 km per sq. km. km.
There are more than 41,600 lakes on the territory of the region, which are extremely unevenly distributed throughout the territory. Most of the lakes are concentrated in the north of the Karelian Isthmus (Vyborgsky and Priozersky districts) and in the northeast (Podporozhsky district), the smallest number of lakes is in the Volosovsky district. Small lakes with a surface area of ​​less than 1 sq. km and a depth of 2 m predominate among the lakes. ) and in the Luzhsky district (Vyalye-Ostrechno, Samro, Vrevo, Cheremenetskoye,
Syabero).
On the territory there are six large reservoirs Narva, Nizhnesvirskoe, Verkhnesvirskoe, Volkhovskoe, Luga, Nizhne-Oredezhskoe, with a useful volume of about 0.45 km3. The largest is the Verkhnesvirskoe reservoir with a surface area of ​​230 km2, followed by the Narva reservoir - 191 km2. In addition to those listed, there are a number of small reservoirs on the rivers Sista, Suma, Okhta, Oredezh, Izhora, Tikhvinka, and others.
There are five navigable canals on the territory of the region: Saimaa, Staroladozhsky, Novoladozhsky, Onega, Tikhvinsky, with a total length of more than 400 km. At present, there are three channels - Saimaa, Novoladozhsky and Onega. The Saimaa Canal connects the Saimaa lake system in the area of ​​the Finnish city of Lappeenranta with the Baltic Sea near the city of Vyborg. The Novoladozhsky and Onega canals are part of the Volga-Baltic waterway. The Staraya Ladoga and Tikhvin Canals are currently not in use.
In St. Petersburg and in the territories administratively subordinated to the city administration, there are 106 reservoirs with an area of ​​more than 1 ha. The total surface area of ​​these reservoirs is about 2087 ha. Most of the reservoirs are of artificial origin. The northern part of the city and the northern coast of the Neva Bay (including Sestroretsk) are characterized by the largest number of lakes. There are more than 20 reservoirs, with total area- 1300 ha.
Water resources, along with forest reserves, are the main wealth of the region. The river network in the region is dense, almost all rivers belong to the Baltic Sea basin. The largest rivers - the Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Vuoksa, Narva, Syas, Luga - have significant water resources and are used for navigation and timber rafting. There are 25109 rivers and streams flowing on the territory, including 19 rivers over 100 km long. All these water bodies are of fishery importance. On their catchment areas there are (without) 41579 lakes with a mirror area of ​​21833.25 sq. km, including those of fishery importance - 825 lakes, with a surface area of ​​1391.52 sq. km. River transport is of great importance for the region. The total length of navigable river and lake routes is about 2000 km. The main role is played by the Volga-Baltic waterway; communication with the White Sea is carried out through the White Sea-Baltic Canal; The Saimaa Canal has been operating since 1968. River ports in the region are located in Petrokrepost, Sviritsa, Voznesenye, Podporozhye, Lodeynoye Pole. The commercial sea port is located in the city of Vyborg.

The condition of the water resources of the Leningrad Region worries many. And the inhabitants of this vast and populous region, and the townspeople who have country houses, concerned about the quality of water in wells and wells, rivers and lakes. How justified is this concern? Let's try to figure it out.

It is not only the condition of the water in centralized systems ah water supply, but also in wells and wells. Representatives of the regional SES confirm that the quality of water in reservoirs has deteriorated, and significant wear and tear of treatment facilities does not add optimism. If we talk about private traders who have wells and wells for water, they will also have to worry about organizing a water treatment system.

The most common type of pollution is wastewater discharged into open water bodies, drainage ditches and seepage wells. Rivers, lakes and groundwater are polluted. Moreover, these waters are discharged not only into water bodies, but also into reclamation ditches, into filtration fields and simply into open areas, which leads to pollution of both surface and ground waters. There are other factors, in particular, 16 landfills and 217 dumps of household, industrial and construction waste located in the region.

In addition, there are 15 sludge collectors, 6 ash dumps and 27 other storage facilities for various industrial wastes in the closed territories of the enterprises. There are two facilities for underground disposal of industrial waste in the region: the State Unitary Enterprise "Krasny Bor Polygon" and radioactive waste burial grounds of the pilot plant of the RRC "Applied Chemistry". And if we also take into account the warehouses of mineral fertilizers, manure and dung storage, which sometimes breaks through, as a couple of years ago near Gatchina, then the picture is completely gloomy.

If you believe the deputies of the Legislative Assembly of the Leningrad Region, then the alarm is quite natural. Representatives of the permanent commission under this authority argue that the quality of water used by the inhabitants of the region leaves much to be desired. A regional SES analysis conducted several years ago showed that about 12% of water samples do not meet microbiological standards, about 20% - sanitary and chemical standards. Among the reasons named are the general deterioration of water quality in the reservoirs of the Leningrad Region, as well as the severe wear and tear of water intake and treatment facilities in the region (up to 60%).

Of course, in this regard, our region is not very different from others: according to the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, over 65% of the population Russian Federation forced to consume poor-quality drinking water. But for some reason it doesn't calm me down. According to studies by ecologists and sanitary doctors, the most polluted natural water comes from surface sources: lakes, rivers, wells. But water from wells often does not meet the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.4.1175-02 " Drinking water and water supply to populated areas. Hygiene requirements to the quality of non-centralized water supply. Sanitary protection of sources” and SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control". There are many reasons for this, first of all, it is the intensive use of water bodies for water supply, wastewater intake, energy needs, shipping, fishing, mining, water recreation, etc. (To be continued ...)