Automation of heating ventilation air conditioning systems. How ventilation systems are automated. Equipment for automatic ventilation control system

18.10.2019

Today, ventilation and air conditioning systems are present in all newly built buildings. They are laid at the stage of project development, because they provide: ventilation - the outflow of polluted air and the supply of fresh air, air conditioning - provides comfortable conditions for people to stay in the premises, namely, it brings humidity and temperature to normal levels. Since both systems are quite complex, automation is being developed for them, which monitors the parameters of their work. In this article, we will understand what the automation of air conditioning and ventilation systems is.

Why do you need

First, it should be noted that the following are considered normal indoor conditions:

temperature + 20-24C;
humidity - 40-65%;
the speed of air movement is 1 m/s.

To control these parameters, it is necessary to carefully calculate and assemble the automation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. At the same time, the project immediately determines the places of their installation and functional purpose. Very often in buildings with large dimensions and many rooms, an air conditioning system is used, which includes several subsystems. And, as practice shows, all subsystems work individually. In order to follow all of them, an automatic air conditioning system is being installed.

It must be understood that the air conditioning and ventilation system is quite expensive in terms of electricity consumption. Therefore, it is very important to correctly configure the automation that provides control over air conditioners and fans. And if there are no problems with the latter, because they are set to a certain rotation speed, which will be constant almost all the time, then the setting for air conditioners is more complicated.

After all, their work mainly depends on the humidity and temperature of the air inside the premises. These two values are not constant. This means that the automation will have to be configured so that it first of all controls these two parameters, and then transmits a signal to the air conditioners. And they will work in terms of power with an increase, then with a decrease. And here the setting can be made so that the conditions inside the premises are normal, and the power consumption of the air conditioners is not maximum.

The dispatching of ventilation and air conditioning systems is responsible for this. Namely, several devices that process data and transmit them to the equipment. At the same time, a strict sequence of algorithms is maintained, which are programmed individually for each type of equipment.

Automation of ventilation and air conditioning

There are three types of ventilation and air conditioning automation systems: partial, complex and complete. Most often, the first two are used. Automation itself consists of several blocks that control different processes:

sensors or, as specialists call them, primary converters;
secondary;
regulators are automatic;
actuators, in some schemes control devices are used;
electrical equipment, with the help of which the electric drives of fans and air conditioners are regulated.

Basically, all these mechanisms and devices that are part of industrial automation are standard. That is, they are mass-produced according to GOSTs. But there are some of them that are produced in small batches and are intended specifically for air conditioning systems, for heating and ventilation systems. For example, sensors for monitoring air humidity or temperature controllers brand T-8 or T-48.

Usually, all devices that show the parameters of the indoor conditions are installed in a special separate shield. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the more subsystems in the building, the more shields have to be installed. This complicates the monitoring of parameters that must be periodically removed. To simplify this process, today in the branched air conditioning and ventilation systems, a control panel is organized, behind which the operator sits. One person is in complete control of the entire process. At the same time, with the help of the Internet, the problem of signaling and the ability to control all parameters at a distance is solved. That is, an SMS with data on all ongoing processes can come to the phone.

As for the sensors, it is very important to correctly place them in the rooms with a certain frequency of placement. It is these small devices that begin to respond to changes in air parameters. It is they who give impetus to the beginning of the change in the operation of the equipment. But HVAC automation systems do more than just monitor the conditions inside a building. Sensors are installed in each duct, which monitor whether something has got inside. After all, even a small foreign object can get into the equipment and disable it. This is also very important for dampers that shut off the air supply and exhaust.

Any automation includes a warning and alarm system. Here it is standard: sound and light.

Dispatching ventilation and air conditioning

Dispatching is the collection of signals from sensors and, based on them, the management of all processes. The main functions of scheduling ventilation and air conditioning are:

Indexing of incoming signals from sensors, their processing and configuration.
Sending a signal to the dispatcher if deviations from the specified parameters occurred in the system or an unusual or emergency situation occurred.
If necessary, the operation of the entire circuit is transferred to emergency mode.
If a fire breaks out in a building, the smoke extraction system is activated.
Air parameters are strictly monitored and maintained throughout the operation of the equipment.
If necessary, adjust the set parameters.
During low load hours, ventilation and air conditioning systems are switched to the mode of saving electricity and other types of energy carriers (steam, hot water).
Data is processed at the time of activation or deactivation.

Depending on the customer's requirements for air conditioning, automation can be carried out using freely controlled devices (controllers) or with the addition of so-called software and hardware systems. The second option is more expensive, but it makes it possible to combine all control levers in one control point.

However, it should be understood that situations in large buildings with several subsystems can be different. Therefore, air conditioning and ventilation is divided into modules in terms of providing dispatching. And each module can work autonomously in the event of an emergency.

Dispatch capabilities:

it is possible to organize the management of a large number of modules, which, as necessary, are connected in parallel;
setting up the collection of data that the user needs;
the ability to transfer data to other computers;
telephone and computer networks are controlled;
automation of data transfer processes from the lower levels to the control panel;
data transfer to the phone.

Controllers for automation and dispatching

In principle, it should be noted that the technological scheme of air conditioning and ventilation of the building, which includes the controller, is standard, or rather basic. It can be changed under necessary requirements with addition. For example, you can change the indoor temperature control not through a duct sensor installed in the ducts of the exhaust ventilation system, but through a cascade sensor, which is installed directly in the room itself. Or you can configure the heating of the blinds in the air conditioning, which open or close the openings.

That is, the dispatching of ventilation and air conditioning systems, taking into account the installed controllers, can be developed according to different schemes. And at the same time, you can choose such a technological chain that will be beneficial specifically for a certain type of building where different requirements to individual rooms.

Home Automation

Today, the term “smart home” is increasingly heard. In fact, this is the automation of control over all networks that ensure the normal life of a person in own house. Of course, this is an extensive network, the tasks of which include:

external and internal security (the latter is the tracking of employees doing household work in the house);
control and monitoring of emergencies: gas leakage, cold or hot water;
creating a favorable indoor climate, and this applies to air conditioning, heating and ventilation.

At the same time, dispatching strictly controls all work. engineering networks. And if there is a need to change any parameter, there is no need to run around the floors to the automation panels to make the adjustment. " Smart House» is supplied with a separately installed mini-remote control or a mini-unit, through which the regulation and setting of the required modes is carried out.

Most importantly, all automation is tied to dispatching from controllers installed in it. That is, the technological scheme here is exactly the same as at any facility where there are modular air conditioning and ventilation schemes.

The Climate World magazine continues to publish fragments of a new curriculum FPE Educational and Consulting Center "CLIMATE UNIVERSITY" under the name "Automation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems."

Earlier, we described in detail how to work with applications of the modern CAREL c.Suite development environment. Now let's talk about the development of dispatching user interfaces in the c.Web environment.

Custom development dispatching interfaces in c.Web environment

Dispatch tools

The CAREL product range includes various dispatching tools, both local and global.

Freely programmable c.pCO family controllers

The c.pCO family controllers, equipped with a built-in Ethernet port, provide direct supervisory capability over the Internet through the built-in web server.

The user interface of the server can be either standard, provided by CAREL free of charge, or custom-designed.

The standard user interface is enough to monitor the operation of the installation, manage it and analyze the behavior of the equipment over time due to the built-in logging function (log) of the values of the selected parameters, followed by viewing them in the form of graphs.

This solution is optimal for objects with a small amount equipment where the budget does not allow installing a dedicated dispatch system server.

BOSS Object Level Dispatch Server

All controllers of the c.pCO family, regardless of modification, have at least one built-in RS485 port, which can be used to integrate the controller into a supervisory bus using the ModBus or BACnet protocols.

Collection, storage, display of information from field controllers and notification of facility personnel about situations requiring attention should be carried out by the BOSS dispatch system server.

The features and advantages of the BOSS dispatch system server are:

access via any web browser with PC, tablet or smartphone;
built-in Wi-Fi hotspot allows you to work remotely with BOSS how to mobile device so personal computer;
if necessary, it is possible to connect a monitor via Display Port or VGA connectors, and also keyboards and mice via USB ports;
automatic scaling of server pages to the screen resolution of the device, with which is being accessed;
integrated support for Modbus (Master and Slave) and BACnet (Client and Server) protocols via MS/TP (RS485) and TCP/IP buses;
the most simplified procedure for deploying a dispatching system based on BOSS for data visualization account with using template pages.

The solution using BOSS is focused on objects where integration into a single dispatching interface of tens - hundreds of controllers, both manufactured by CAREL and third-party, supporting the currently most common communication protocols ModBus and BACnet, is required.

tERA Cloud Dispatch Service

tERA's cloud-based dispatch service, which uses the power of the Internet to interact with field controllers located in various locations, is a universal solution for sites of any size, as well as for site networks.

Advantages of tERA:

no need to place any server equipment in the field;
Access to Internet portal tERA is possible with any device connected to global network;
not requires special configuration of network equipment on the facility where the automation systems that are supposed to be controlled are installed;
detailed information on equipment and control options depend on user type set by the local administrator;
automatic generation of reports schedule, and when certain events occur that require the intervention of maintenance personnel;
update support software field controllers;
built-in toolkit for analyzing the behavior of equipment by comparing parameters over time and between different objects;
the user interface can be either minimalistic, consisting only of tables and graphs, or designed with taking into account the wishes of a particular customer.

The use of the tERA service is especially relevant for networks of small and medium-sized facilities, where it is impractical to use physical dispatch servers due to the small amount of equipment at each of the facilities, and the number of facilities themselves is large, which makes it difficult to connect directly to each of them.

Also, the tERA service is the optimal platform for service organizations that offer their customers services of periodic after-sales service and equipment repair.

User Interface Development Tools

All dispatching tools assume the possibility of creating a user interface designed in accordance with the requirements of the customer.

An important component of the operator's user interface is graphic design, on the convenience, visibility and ergonomics of which the dispatcher's work efficiency depends.

In addition, modern information visualization tools in BMS systems are subject to requirements to ensure cross-platform and support for mobile devices.

All of the above requirements are met by the CAREL c.Web user interface development environment, which has the following main characteristics:

support for modern cross-platform visualization technologies - standard HTML code and SVG graphics are used, supported by all modern platforms - unlike FLASH and a number of other technologies;

the development process is maximally optimized to use library elements with the minimum amount of programming required. At the same time, the experienced developer is provided with extensive customization options;

support for mobile devices is provided in terms of convenience for the operator when working with small screens;

protection of intellectual property - the interests of developers are taken into account - the compiled HTML code is loaded into the target device, while the original project remains with the author;

c.Web is a single unified tool for developing user interfaces for dispatching tools of various levels of CAREL production, up to the possibility of transferring projects from one system to another while maintaining functionality and minimal modifications.

c.Web

Launching c.Web and creating a project

To launch c.Web, select the appropriate shortcut in the taskbar and run it as an administrator:

The menu will then look like this:

You should select the Project Console, which will lead to the appearance of the corresponding window:

If you intend to work with an already selected project, then you should click the Builder button. If you want to change the current project, you should press the red button to stop the server.

In the window that opens, specify the name of the new project and the folder in which it will be located:

It should be noted that if files of a previously created project are found in the specified folder, they will be opened as a new project when the editor is launched. In this way, new projects can be developed based on previously created ones.

and then the Builder button to launch the actual c.Web editor.

If the server has not been previously configured, a parameter window will appear in which you need to assign a server name, address, and type.

In our case, the type should be Carel, and we specify the name and IP address of the target controller based on our own preferences.

On the Advanced tab, you must specify the paths to folders containing tables of controller parameters available for dispatching, and to folders where the editor will place the finished project.

If there is a connection with the controller via local network it is convenient to upload the finished project directly to the controller using the built-in FTP server, so we specify the corresponding folders in the controller as target folders.

To populate the Config Source field, you must create a controller variable configuration file, which can only be done if you have a source project.

To do this, return to the controller application project and open it in the c.Suite development environment, in the c.design program.

Set the Enable c.Web checkbox - this is necessary for the correct operation of the user interface project after loading into the controller:

Export the project variables in the format corresponding to the c.Web editor:

A window will open in which you should specify the folder where we intend to save the configuration file.

After completing these steps, a message like this will appear:

Since we have made changes to the controller application project, it needs to be reloaded:

Now we can return to setting up the c.Web editor by specifying the path to the folder where the variable configuration file from c.design was saved in the Config Source field:

As a result, the specified window will take the form:

Checking the Cleanup dataroot checkbox will clean the folder where the project files will be loaded into the controller, so if any additional files that are not included in the c.Web project are placed there during operation, they will be deleted. In some cases, this is undesirable, so it is better not to check this box.

On the Layout tab, we will select the appropriate page format, taking into account the screen resolution, on which, most likely, the created user interface will be displayed:

After clicking OK, the main editor window will open:

Getting Data Points and Binding to Objects

The first thing to do is to upload information about the data points that we plan to use in our project. To do this, right-click on the project name and select Acquire Datapoints:

Upon successful completion of the procedure, the following window will appear:

The read variables can be seen in the OBJECTS section of the project tree:

Let's start creating the actual user interface on the Main page. Let's move the Circular Meter object from the library to the project page:

The properties of the selected object are displayed in the corresponding editor window. To bind a variable to an object, you must use the Base property to display the value of the variable.

Let's bind a variable containing the value of the current temperature to the existing object:

And change a number of other parameters that determine appearance and object behavior:

Download to controller

To make sure that the variable import mechanism worked correctly, let's load the resulting project with one object into the target controller.

To do this, right-click on the project name and select Distribute:

Upon completion, by opening a browser and specifying the IP address of the controller, we can verify that the download was successful and the data is displayed correctly in the controller web interface:

To change the titles of the web interface pages, modify the corresponding line in the code of the index.htm object located in the Library - ATVISE - Resources section:

Let's add an object to our page that allows not only viewing, but also changing the values of variables in the controller.

Such an object can be, for example, Read/Write Variable - it is especially convenient for use on touch screens, as it contains large buttons to decrease and increase the value, as well as a slider.

Let's place the specified object on the page, bind the temperature settings to the variable and modify the object's appearance in accordance with our preferences:

After uploading the updated project to the controller, it will be possible to change the setpoint via the web interface:

Let's add a switch to change the state of a discrete variable and bind it to turn the unit on and off:

Dynamic alarm indication

Let's add an alarm indication. To do this, draw a circle using the Add circle tool.

For a number of graphical objects in c.Web there is a set ready-made templates, in particular for circles: by selecting a circle and choosing Templates from the menu, you can apply the template format to the selected object.

Let's make the circle red with a gradient fill.

To change the state of the alarm indicator depending on the situation, we will use the Add Simple Dynamic mechanism built into c.Web.

In the EVENT item, we specify the value of the alarm state variable, and in the ACTION item, let's compare the alarm presence state - the blinking of the selected object and the state of its invisibility in the absence of an alarm.

In fact, the Simple Dynamics mechanism is a wizard that, using simple visual means, allows you to create certain sequences of actions that require programming. Simple Dynamics allows you to simplify this process, but the output is a script that can be used as a basis and further manually modified by the developer.

To display and edit the script, click the Script button on the c.Web panel:

The resulting script can be analyzed and supplemented.

For a more detailed notification of the operator about the presence of an alarm, it is advisable to add an acoustic signal to the visual notification - a flashing red indicator.

To do this, add a file containing an alarm to the Resources folder:

In addition, let's add one more indicator - green, which should glow when there is no alarm:

Let's set the dimensions of the green indicator to be the same as the red one, and for the exact location of both indicators one above the other, we will use the alignment tools:

Let's modify the script as follows:

More information about available commands and script syntax is available in the built-in help.

Let's add one more controller, which we will bind to a variable that determines the threshold for triggering an alarm.

And add labels to the display and control elements:

To improve the aesthetics of the created web interface, let's add a gradient background using the Add Rectangle tool in the c.Web control panel.

Let's set the parameters of the rectangle and place it under the existing objects:

After loading into the controller, the web interface will look like this:

Embedding Ready Pages

Further expansion of the functionality of the web interface is possible using ready-made templates available for download from the c.Web section of the ksa.carel.com portal:

In particular, ready-made pages are available showing the built-in display of the WebpGD controller, log and alarm graphs.

To apply these templates, the corresponding files must be uploaded to the controller's file system via FTP. To do this, you can use the FileZilla program:

The previously downloaded folders should be prepared for copying to the controller's HTTP folder.

If the web interface has already been loaded into the controller up to this point, this folder will not be empty, and the template folders should be added to the existing files:

Upon completion of the data transfer process, the HTTP controller folder will look like this:

To use the templates, it is proposed to add a menu with three items to the main page of the user interface: WebpGD, Trends and Alarms.

Let's also add a new page, naming it WebpGD.

In the File menu, select the Settings item to configure the parameters of the new page:

Set the page dimensions to 900 by 500 pixels, then use the Add Foreign Object tool:

Let's draw a 460 x 800 px rectangle - this is the area where the controller screen and control buttons will be displayed.

By clicking on this zone, we get the window for editing the script of the object, where we add the command for accessing the previously loaded template page:

</div> <img src='https://i1.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image091.png' height="593" width="458" loading=lazy loading=lazy> To display the created window, we will use the QuickDynamics mechanism, which offers a number of ready-made navigation and control functions. Let's select the Open PopUp Display action: <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image092.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image093.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> And link it to the WebpGD page: <img src='https://i0.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image094.png' height="501" width="458" loading=lazy loading=lazy> As a result, we get: <img src='https://i1.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image095.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> To display trends and alarms, let's create the corresponding pages: <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image096.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <div xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” style=“width:100%; height:100%”> <iframe style=“width:100%; height:100%; border:0px” src=“logger_cweb.htm”/> </div> <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image097.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <div xmlns=“http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” style=“width:100%; height:100%”> <iframe style=“width:100%; height:100%; border:0px” src=“web_alarms/alarmlist.htm”/> </div> Let's link them to the menu on the glorious page using hyperlinks: <img src='https://i0.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image098.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <img src='https://i0.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image099.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> respectively. To return to the main page, place a BACK button on new pages with the corresponding hyperlink: <img src='https://i1.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image101.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <img src='https://i1.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image102.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> The resulting web interface will look like this: <img src='https://i1.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image103.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> The floating window displaying information from the controller screen can be moved to a convenient location and closed. Pages with trends and alarms: <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image104.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <img src='https://i1.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image105.png' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy><h3>Optimization of work at low communication speed</h3> It should be noted that at a low communication speed (for example, when connecting <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/t8-bluetooth-headset-remax-instrukciya-po-primeneniyu-besprovodnaya-bluetooth-garnitura-remax-rb-t8.html">mobile devices</a> in areas with poor cellular network coverage), a message may periodically appear about the loss of communication with the controller: <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image106.png' height="516" width="458" loading=lazy loading=lazy> To increase the allowable response time from a remote controller, you can use the command webMI.setConfig("data.requesttimeout", 3000); in the Default page script: <img src='https://i2.wp.com/mir-klimata.info/upload/files/i/image107.png' height="562" width="458" loading=lazy loading=lazy> This command increases the allowed delay to 3 seconds. In the next issue, we will continue to publish fragments of a new training course on automation, which is part of the training program at the Training and Consulting Center "CLIMATE UNIVERSITY". To ensure the required conditions for the proper movement of air in the premises, to create reliable ventilation and air conditioning systems, in order to reduce the need for maintenance personnel, as well as to save electricity and maintain cold and heat, they resort to the use of automated air conditioning and ventilation systems, which, among other things allow to produce <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/zashchitnoe-otklyuchenie-elektroustanovok-oblast-primeneniya-osnovnye.html">automatic shutdown</a> and the inclusion of equipment in emergency situations. In order for the automated system to work correctly and most economically, control devices are placed on the panels to monitor the main parameters. At individual nodes, in order to be able to track the operation of individual elements, local control devices are installed to monitor intermediate indicators.Automation of recording devices allows you to keep records and analyze the current operation of ventilation equipment, and for the timely fixation of dangerous deviations, signaling devices are used to prevent violations. <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/pletenie-iskusstvennogo-rotanga-na-metallokarkase-pletenaya-mebel-iz-lozy.html">technological process</a> and, as a result, product defects.Indicators of the operation of the ventilation and air conditioning system are installed as in the system <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/sovremennye-tehnologii-ventilyaciya-tehnologiya-montazha-estestvennoi-i-pritochnoi.html">supply ventilation</a>, and in combined systems with <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/sposoby-otopleniya-proizvodstvennyh-i-skladskih-pomeshchenii.html">air heating</a> and in air conditioning systems. Here, air temperature control is important along with control of coolant parameters. As for air conditioning specifically, it is important to monitor both air humidity and temperature of hot and cold air. <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/minskenergo-grafik-otklyucheniya-goryachei-vody-zachem-nochyu.html">cold water</a>, as well as pressure, in order to properly regulate the operation of the pumps that supply water to the irrigation chamber.Depending on how accurate the adjustment of the supported parameters should be, on the purpose of the system, on economic and technical feasibility, a positional, proportional or proportionally integrated method of controlling the automated system is chosen. And depending on the type of energy that is used to ensure the operation of the system, the control system can be electric or pneumatic.If the enterprise does not have a network <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/dyhatelnye-apparaty-na-szhatom-vozduhe-dyhatelnyi-apparat-so-szhatym.html">compressed air</a> or its installation is economically unacceptable, then use <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/gazovyi-obogrevatel-dlya-otopleniya-zhilogo-pricepa-otoplenie-mobilnogo.html">electrical system</a> regulation. If there is a compressed air network (with a pressure of 0.3 to 0.6 MPa) at the enterprise, or for fire safety purposes, a pneumatic control system is used.The principle of automatic air temperature control is to mix the recirculating air and outside air, as well as to vary the operating modes of the heaters. These methods can be used together or separately. At the same time, thanks to the adjustment in the air conditioning system, the required temperature, pressure and relative humidity are achieved. <img src='https://i1.wp.com/electricalschool.info/uploads/posts/2016-10/1477064367_1.gif' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy>An automated supply ventilation system is characterized by measuring the air temperature in the room (after the fan), and the temperature of hot water before and after the heater. At the same time, thanks to the temperature controller, which automatically acts on the hot water control valve, it changes in <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/prioritetnye-linii-raboty-nad-zvukovoi-storonoi-rechi-rabota.html">the right side</a> room temperature.The system has two temperature sensors, the function of which is to prevent the heater from freezing. The first sensor monitors the temperature of the heat carrier after the heater (in the return pipeline), the second monitors the temperature of the air between the heater and the filter.If, during the operation of the ventilation unit, the first sensor detects a decrease in the temperature of the coolant to +20 - +25°C, the fan will be automatically turned off, and the control valve will be fully open to supply the coolant to the heater for heating.If the temperature of the incoming air is more than 0°C, then freezing of the air heater is, of course, impossible, and there is no need to turn off the fan, there is no need to open the hot water valve, the second sensor will turn off the anti-freeze protection of the air heater. <img src='https://i2.wp.com/electricalschool.info/uploads/posts/2016-10/1477064432_13.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy>Let the fan be turned off at night, and the heater must be protected from freezing, then the second sensor (in front of the heater), fixing the temperature below + 3 ° C, will open the valve for supplying hot water. When the heater is warmed up, the valve will close. This is how the automatic two-position adjustment of the air temperature in front of the heater is realized when the fan is turned off. When the system is started, the heater is preheated before the fan is turned on. When the fan is turned on, the damper opens.To heat the air, one of two schemes can be used. In the first scheme, installed in the heated air flow, the thermostat, when the air temperature deviates from the setpoint level, turns on a motor valve that regulates the supply of coolant to the heater (it is advisable to use if the coolant is water). Water enters the heater in proportion to the height of the valve above the seat.When steam is used as the coolant, its supply will not be proportional, and then the second method of regulation will do. In a scheme suitable for steam, the thermostat controls a servomotor connected to throttle valves that regulate the ratio of air bypassing and air going directly through the heater.Air humidification in the nozzle chamber is controlled by one of two methods based on adiabatic saturation. The coefficient?p is directly related to the irrigation coefficient p, and by changing p, we change?p. The humidity regulator controls a motorized valve on the discharge side of the pump, which supplies water to the nozzles from the chamber pan. But there is also a second way.The second way is that by changing the temperature of the air passing through the heater, you can change the humidity, leaving untouched? and r. Simply the humidity regulator in this case regulates the supply of coolant to the heater. <img src='https://i0.wp.com/electricalschool.info/uploads/posts/2016-10/1477064381_2.gif' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy>The following process is used to cool the air. The air moving through the channel enters the nozzle chamber, where it must be cooled by spraying cold water. The position of the throttle valves is changed so that part of the air flow goes around, and part goes into the nozzle chamber. In the bypass channel, the temperature does not change.After passing a part of the flow through the nozzle chamber, the separated flows are again combined, mixed, and as a result, the air temperature becomes as needed in accordance with the conditions in the room. The proportion of air passing through the nozzle chamber or bypassing is adjustable and can reach 100% - the entire flow through the chamber or the entire flow through the bypass channel.Which system to choose - proportional or two-position? Depending on the ratio of the production of the regulating agent to the volume of its consumption. If the agent's production is much greater than the consumption capacity, then a proportional system is better, otherwise, a two-position one.When deciding on the construction of a humidity control system in a room, the amount of water vapor that the room air will be able to take is determined.The temperature in the room is affected by the internal surfaces in it, and for simplicity we will assume that the things located in the room do not affect the air temperature. It is well known that surfaces differ in temperature from air, and since they are large, the thermal action always turns out to be such that the air temperature becomes corresponding to the surface temperature, and a change in air temperature indicates a change in surface temperature. Ventilation (V) and air conditioning (AQ) contains two contradictory conditions: the first is the simplicity and reliability of operation, the second is the high quality of operation. The main principle in the technical organization of automatic control of VS and SCW is the functional design of the hierarchical structure of the protection, regulation and control tasks to be performed. Any industrial SCR must be equipped with elements and devices for automatic start and stop, as well as emergency protection devices. This is the first level of VCS automation. The second level of SCR automation is the level of stabilization of equipment operation modes. The solution of problems of the third level of control is associated with the processing of information and the formation of control actions by solving discrete logic functions or performing a number of specific calculations. The three-level structure of the technical implementation of the control and regulation of the operation of the SCR allows the organization of the operation of systems depending on the specifics of the enterprise and its operation services. Regulation of air conditioning systems is based on the analysis of stationary and non-stationary thermal processes. The next task is to automate the adopted technological scheme for controlling the SCR, which will automatically provide the specified mode of operation and regulation of individual elements and the system as a whole in the optimal mode. The actual or cumulative maintenance of the specified operating modes of the SCR is carried out by automation devices and devices that form both simple local control loops and complex multi-loop automatic control systems (ACS). The quality of ACS operation is determined mainly by the correspondence of the microclimate parameters created in the premises of a building or structure to their required values and depends on the correct choice of both the technological scheme and its equipment, and the elements of the automatic control system of this scheme. Automation of the supply ventilation system When regulating the heat output <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/sistema-rekuperacii-s-ohlazhdeniem-pritochno-vytyazhnaya-ventilyaciya-s.html">supply systems</a> the most common is the method of changing the flow rate of the coolant. A method of automatic control of the air temperature at the outlet of the supply chamber is also used by changing the air flow. However, when these methods are used separately, the maximum allowable use of the heat carrier energy is not ensured. In order to increase the efficiency and speed of the control process, it is possible to apply a cumulative method for changing the heat output of the unit's air heaters. In this case, the supply chamber automatic control system provides for: selection of the supply chamber control method (local, local buttons, automatic from the automation panel), as well as winter and summer operation modes; regulation of the supply air temperature by acting on the actuator of the valve on the heat carrier; automatic change in the ratio of air flow through the air heaters and the bypass channel; protection of air heaters from freezing in the supply chamber operation mode and in the backup parking mode; automatic shutdown of fans when frost protection is activated during operation; automatic connection of the control circuit and opening of the outside air inlet valve when the fan is turned on; air heater freezing danger alarm; signaling the normal operation of the supply chamber in automatic mode and preparation for launch. The automatic control system of the supply chamber (Fig. 1) works as follows. The choice of control method is made by turning the switch SA 1 to the "manual" or "automatic" position, and the choice of the operating mode - by the switch SA 2 by turning it to the "winter" or "summer" position, Manual local control of the supply fan motor M1 produced by buttons SB 1 "Stop" andSB 2 "Start" through a magnetic starter KM ; executive mechanism M2 outside air intake damper with buttons SB 5 "Opening" and SB 6 "Closing" through intermediate relays and own limit switches; executive mechanism MOH valves on the heating medium with buttons SB 7 "Opening" and SB 8 "Closing" via intermediate relay K5 and own limit switches and actuator M4 front bypass valve with buttons SB9 , SB 10. Switching on - switching off the electric motor M 1 fan is signaled by a lamp H L 1 "Fan on" installed on the automation board. <img src='https://i0.wp.com/pandia.ru/text/77/183/images/image001_111.gif' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <img src='https://i1.wp.com/pandia.ru/text/77/183/images/image002_54.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> Fig 1. Functional diagram of the supply chamber control Switching the supply chamber on and off in the automatic mode of operation is done using the buttons SB 3 "Stop" and SB 4 "Start", located on the automation board, through intermediate relays K1 and. K2 . In this case, before turning on the fan, intermediate relays K1 , KZ and K6 provide forced opening of the valve on the coolant, and after turning on the fan, an intermediate relay K2 connects the supply air temperature control circuit and frost protection, and opens the fresh air intake damper. Supply air temperature is maintained by a temperature controller R2 with thermistor sensor VK1 , installed in the supply air duct; control signal via relay-pulse interrupter P1 applied to the actuator MOH coolant valve. The change in the ratio of air flow through the heaters and the bypass channel is carried out according to the signals of the temperature controller R4 with sensor VK2 , installed in the heat carrier pipeline. Control signals via relay-pulse interrupter RZ fed to the actuator M4 front bypass valve. Protection of the air-heating installation against freezing is provided by a sensor - a coolant temperature switch R5 , the sensitive element of which is installed in the coolant pipeline immediately after the first heating section along the air flow, and the air temperature sensor-relay R6 the sensitive element of which is installed in the air duct between the outside air inlet damper and the air heater. In the event of a risk of freezing via an intermediate relay K6 motor is switched off M 1 supply fan, opening the damper on the heating medium and activating the alarm, as well as closing the outside air inlet damper. The occurrence of a risk of freezing is signaled by a lamp HL 3 "Freezing Hazard" and <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/akkumulyator-dlya-gsm-kamery-v900-b-1-1-mms-gsm-kamery-i-ih-naznachenie.html">sound signal</a> ON THE . Preparing to start the fan after pressing the button SB 4 signaled by a lamp HL 2 (only for winter mode). Automation of the operation of a group of supply systems In systems <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/montazh-ventilyacii-promyshlennyh-obektov-promyshlennaya-ventilyaciya.html">industrial ventilation</a> the use of a group of supply systems operating in the mode of maintaining the same supply air temperature is widespread. To do this, the automation scheme provides for automatic control of the heat output of air heaters by changing the temperature of the supplied coolant at a constant flow rate of air and coolant through them by mixing part of the coolant from the return line into the supply line. A simplified functional diagram of the control system for a group of supply ventilation chambers is shown in fig. 2. In this scheme, a group of air-heating units of supply chambers PC1-PC P , <img src='https://i0.wp.com/pandia.ru/text/77/183/images/image003_64.gif' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> Fig. 2 Functional diagram for controlling a group of supply chambers connected in parallel along the coolant, connected to the coolant preparation unit, consisting of pumps H 1 and H2 (one spare) <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/obratnyi-klapan-s-gruppoi-bezopasnosti-dlya-boilera-gruppy.html">check valve</a> K1 control valve K2 and pressure regulator RD . A coolant flow switch is installed on the return pipeline in front of the preparation unit RPT . Valve actuator K2 electrically connected to the regulator RT1 , to the inputs of which sensors are connected DT temperature of the heat carrier in the supply line at the outlet of the preparation unit and the sensor Days in. outside air temperature. The diagram also shows elements of signaling equipment: supply air temperature alarm RT2 with sensors D1 -DP and air flow switch RPV , installed in each supply chamber. signaling device RT2 structurally made in the form of a regulating multi-point bridge KSM , the output contacts of which, as well as the contacts RPV , close the circuits of light and sound alarms. The developed system provides control of a group of supply chambers in manual and automatic modes. In manual control mode, the system allows you to start and stop the fan motor of any supply chamber PC1-PKP; run in the appropriate direction and stop the control valve actuator K2 ; run in the appropriate direction and stop the actuators of any air valve. In the automatic control mode, the system allows you to programmatically start and turn off the supply chambers PC1-PKP , automatic maintenance of the set air temperature at the outlet of the supply chambers; control of the coolant temperature at the outlet of the air heater, temperature and air velocity at the outlet of the supply chambers with emergency mode alarm. The system is turned on and the "Manual-automatic" mode is selected from a remote panel. In manual control mode, when the pump selection switch is moved to the "O" position, the pump motors are controlled by locally installed "Start" and "Stop" buttons. There are also buttons for manual control of the fan motors, <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/ispolnitelnyi-mehanizm-skp-25-003-e2-privody-dlya-gazovyh-klapanov-siemens-skp25.html">executive mechanisms</a> valve K2 and air intake valves. In the automatic control mode, when the operation mode switches are set to the “automatic” position and the pump is selected to the position 1 and 2 button located on the remote board, the group of supply chambers is programmatically launched. At the same time, the signal lamp lights up, indicating that the automatic control is switched on. The selected one is turned on first. <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/nasosy-wilo-rukovodstvo-po-ekspluatacii-cirkulyacionnye-nasosy-wilo-dlya.html">circulation pump</a> and the control valve opens. K2 . After a 5-minute warm-up of the heaters, the electric motors of the fans are automatically switched on and the air intake valves open. After full opening <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/bayan-levaya-i-pravaya-storona-levaya-klaviatura-nazhal-na.html">air valves</a> limit microswitches are triggered, connecting the alarm and control circuits of supply chambers to the operation. In the absence or decrease in the flow rate of the coolant, the relay is activated RPT and de-energizes the intermediate relay, which, in turn, opens the contacts for powering the magnetic starters of the fan motors. The automatic control system is also switched off from a remote panel. At the same time, the magnetic starters of the pump and fan motors are de-energized, the air intake valves and the valve are closed K2 on the heat carrier. Among the directions of development of technological progress, automation stands out in particular. It saves a person from performing routine, and often dangerous processes, significantly reduces the complexity of operations in production or at home, and allows you to optimize all areas of life. You can automate almost any function of technology and area - including ventilation. This is relevant mainly for large complexes - industrial, industrial, warehouse, trade - but today it is increasingly used in the organization of life support systems in homes. Ventilation is a complex system that uses many types of sensitive <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/snir-razborka-konstrukcii-opredelenie-kolichestva-i-stoimosti.html">engineering equipment</a>, and its automation is a non-banal and responsible task. However, it has many advantages, and they should be used. Properly organized automation of ventilation systems is a complex of a high degree of rationality, relieving users from manual control of indicators in the environment and their change. In business spaces, crowded places, sports, industrial complexes, full automation is relevant, including ventilation systems: <ul><li>modular;</li> <li>firefighters.</li> </ul>Quality components and skillful organization <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/kak-rabotaet-sistema-pozharotusheniya-sistema-vodyanogo-sprinklernogo-pozharotusheniya-avtomaticheskie-sis.html">automatic systems</a> will keep people in the building safe, as well as: <ul><li>ensure work in accordance with established algorithms;</li> <li>to achieve compliance of indicators with the established values;</li> <li>stop systems in emergency situations;</li> <li>control the condition and performance of all elements;</li> <li>visualize parameters, implement <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/deshevyi-modul-gsm-s-podderzhkoi-gprs-dlya-samodelok-i-udalennogo-upravleniya.html">remote control</a> ventilation and so on.</li> </ul><img src='https://i0.wp.com/ecoenergovent.ru/webroot/files/uploads/images/avtomatizaciya-sistemy-ventilyacii-i-kondicionirovaniya-effektivnost-i-udobstvo-ispolzovaniya-3.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <h2>Advantages of organizing automated ventilation systems</h2> It is impossible to consider that automation is an extra and costly option. It allows you to significantly "unload" a person at work and at home, improve the quality of life and work, and ensure a much higher level of safety than with manual control. Among the main advantages that distinguish automatic ventilation equipment, it is worth mentioning: <ul><li>reduction of costs for electricity, energy carriers, maintenance of engineering, personnel - practice shows that with automation (turning on / off groups of equipment, for example), 10-20% savings in heat and cold consumption can be achieved;</li> <li>efficient organization of air exchange in the premises - with the help of automation, you can set the necessary cleaning parameters, temperatures, flow rates, while ensuring a simple and quick achievement of a favorable microclimate;</li> <li>reliable protection in emergency situations - an integrated system, including warning devices, fire extinguishing, smoke neutralization, will allow you to quickly respond to an emergency;</li> <li>full control (including remote) and controllability of the system - with the help of automated installations, you can regulate the operation of fans, monitor how dirty the filters are, whether there is overheating or overcooling of the elements, and so on.</li> </ul>Automation will allow you to determine if the set fan speeds have been violated. It maintains the set parameters, climate conditions and controls all devices. How safe, reliable and durable the system depends on the quality of its assembly and components. <img src='https://i1.wp.com/ecoenergovent.ru/webroot/files/uploads/images/avtomatizaciya-sistemy-ventilyacii-i-kondicionirovaniya-effektivnost-i-udobstvo-ispolzovaniya-4.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <h2>Design features of automated ventilation complexes</h2> Automation for ventilation systems is regulated by existing regulations - these are TU, SNiPs and others. It is a set of elements and algorithms that ensure functional compliance with the set parameters. <h3>What to pay attention to when designing</h3> <ul><li>Schematic diagrams of automation in engineering models are laid at the design stage. Then they choose the principle of operation and the level of "replacement" of a person by electronics.</li> <li>Automation control is organized using special cabinets into which regulators and control elements are inserted. They must be located in a convenient and accessible location so that maintenance can be carried out without interference.</li> <li>It is recommended to install control devices in any automated scheme - in supply and exhaust ventilation complexes, air conditioning system. The choice of model depends on the purpose of the object and economic and technical feasibility.</li> </ul><h3>What equipment is required</h3> The basic set of equipment that is included in automated ventilation systems usually includes: <ul><li>Sensors are elements that take readings from a controlled object and provide the user and the control system with information about its state. They support feedback, providing information on the level of pressure and humidity, temperatures, and are selected depending on the desired accuracy, requirements and range.</li> <li>Regulators / controllers are elements that coordinate the work of executing devices and control them based on the data provided by the sensors.</li> <li>Executing devices are equipment of mechanical, electronic, hydraulic types that perform direct functions. These are electric drives of fire-air valve parts and heat exchangers, relays that monitor pressure drops, pumps.</li> </ul><img src='https://i2.wp.com/ecoenergovent.ru/webroot/files/uploads/images/avtomatizaciya-sistemy-ventilyacii-i-kondicionirovaniya-effektivnost-i-udobstvo-ispolzovaniya-5.jpg' width="100%" loading=lazy loading=lazy> <h2>Characteristics of the components of an automated installation</h2> All parts and mechanisms that make up automation <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/ustanovka-verso-ventilyacionnye-ustroistva-verso-opisanie-processa-peredachi.html">ventilation units</a>, have their own characteristics and are divided into types. So, for example, sensors can be related to indoor or outdoor devices, they are mounted with an overlay on pipelines, in channels. Among them stand out: <ul><li>temperature - can functionally set limits, installed in rooms or outside;</li> <li>humidity - indoor and outdoor, connected to devices for measuring relative parameters, installed at points where the temperature and air velocity are unchanged, far from <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/otoplenie-chastnogo-doma-polipropilenovymi-trubami-oboiti.html">heating structures</a> and direct rays of the sun;</li> <li>pressure - relay and analog types, can measure absolute values or differences (two points);</li> <li>flow - to find out at what speed the gas / liquid moves in pipes or air ducts.</li> </ul>Control devices are placed on automation boards, where a set of control and execution elements is combined. They are produced using sophisticated equipment, certainly with certification, global and well-known brands: Phoenix Contact, Siemens, Schneider Electric, Legrand, General Electric and many others. When creating them, it is important that the devices ensure safety, as well as convenient and ergonomic operation. Full information about the automation of the ventilation system in each specific case can be obtained from EcoEnergoVent specialists. <script>document.write("<img style='display:none;' src='//counter.yadro.ru/hit;artfast?t44.1;r"+ escape(document.referrer)+((typeof(screen)=="undefined")?"": ";s"+screen.width+"*"+screen.height+"*"+(screen.colorDepth? screen.colorDepth:screen.pixelDepth))+";u"+escape(document.URL)+";h"+escape(document.title.substring(0,150))+ ";"+Math.random()+ "border='0' width='1' height='1' loading=lazy loading=lazy>");</script> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div id="secondary"> <aside id="text-19" class="widget widget_text clearfix"> <h3 class="widget-title">Advertising</h3> <div class="textwidget"> </div> </aside> <aside id="recent-posts-7" class="widget widget_recent_entries clearfix"> <h3 class="widget-title">News</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://wikibath.ru/en/zashchita-ot-sglaza-porchi-i-zavisti-bystrye-slova-ot-sglaza-molitva.html">Quick words from the 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