Do-it-yourself four-pitched roof: instructions and step-by-step technology. Installation of the roof truss system of a hipped roof - what is the difficulty? hipped roof construction project

17.11.2019

If it is necessary to create a durable and reliable roofing system for a private house, a hipped roof can be made by hand. It is important to carefully consider the development of the project truss system and strictly observe the technology of installation of structures.

Designing a hipped roof

A hipped or hipped four-pitched roof differs from a gable roof by the absence of gables - instead of them, additional triangular slopes are mounted on the ends. This design is more laborious during construction, but is characterized by increased strength and reliability. At the design stage, it is required to correctly calculate the parameters and location of the elements; during the installation process, they must be precisely adjusted to the installation sites.

It should be noted that building a roof with your own hands may require the use of non-standard solutions if the builders do not have suitable building materials at their disposal.

Project four pitched roof It is designed taking into account all types of loads that it will experience. At the first stage, the angle of inclination of the roof slopes should be determined. This parameter primarily depends on factors such as:

the purpose of the attic;
choice of roofing material;
nature of atmospheric loads in the construction area.

Typically, the angle of inclination of the roof slopes is 5 - 60 degrees. If the region is characterized a small amount rainfall and strong winds, you can build a roof with a small angle of inclination. In areas with heavy snowfalls and frequent rains, it is recommended to build roofs with a slope angle of 45 to 60 degrees.

When choosing a roofing material, you should consider the features of its installation.:

on slopes with an angle of inclination of less than 18 degrees, flat or wavy slate can be mounted, roll materials;
if the angle of inclination is less than 30 degrees - you can use different kinds tiles;
if the slopes are located at an angle of 14 to 60 degrees, in the number suitable materials roofing metal included.

The scheme of the roof structure should contain detailed information about the location and size of the elements of the system. After determining the optimal angle of inclination of the slopes, it is required to calculate the height of the roof ridge (based on the formula of a right triangle).

truss system

The design of a hipped roof includes the determination of the required section of the elements of the truss system. It is performed on the basis of an analysis of the loads that the truss system will experience during operation. It is necessary to take into account the wind load, the maximum mass of snow in winter period, slope angle.

It is recommended to choose a safety margin of rafters of at least 1.4, as well as to evaluate their bearing capacity and take it into account when calculating the pitch of the rafters. The type of truss system is selected based on the parameters of the building: if there is an internal load-bearing wall or columnar supports, it is more convenient to use a system with layered rafters, if it is not possible to create a supporting structure, installation of hanging rafters is provided. In some cases, both types of rafters can be used.

During the design process, it is important not only to determine the type of truss system, but also to find out the need for additional fasteners, such as braces and puffs. They provide rigidity to the entire structure, prevent it from loosening over time, and reduce the load on the rafters.

Load calculation

Considering in detail how to make a hipped roof, it is worth paying special attention to the principles of calculating loads. There are two types of loads:

constant (weight of the crate, insulation, insulating materials, roofing);
temporary (weight of snow accumulated on the roof, wind exposure, etc.);
additional (any structures attached to the rafters).

According to SNiP, when designing a roof, one should proceed from the average snow load, which is 180 kg / m 2, but in the event of a snow bag, in this area the load increases to 400 kg / m 2. In this case, the snow load is not taken into account if the angle of inclination of the roof slopes exceeds 60 degrees. It is also required to take into account wind loads, but their value is noticeably less - up to 35 kg / m 2. If the slope angle is less than 30 degrees, the wind correction can be neglected.

The above average load parameters are recommended to be corrected using correction factors corresponding to the climate in the construction area.

An additional load is any suspended objects attached to the roof rafters. These can be ventilation chambers, a water tank, or other devices installed in the attic. The possibility of their installation should be taken into account at the design stage of a hipped roof.

When designing a rafter system, two calculations must be performed. The first calculation is aimed at assessing the structural strength parameters - it is necessary to make sure that the system does not break under loads. The second calculation makes it possible to estimate the degree of deformation of structural elements. For example, the deflection of a mansard roof rafter should not exceed 1/250 of its length.

Special computer calculator programs make it possible to significantly simplify the calculations of the design of a hipped roof and avoid possible errors.

After performing the necessary calculations, a drawing is drawn up roof structure hipped roof. A detailed diagram contains information about the dimensions of each element and how they are attached.

Materials for the manufacture of the truss system

A do-it-yourself four-pitched roof is usually made using lumber from wood. conifers- larch or pine. You should carefully consider the type of wood - lumber should not have defects that affect its strength and durability.

The moisture content of wood should be no more than 18-22%. Otherwise, the boards and timber should be dried before use in order to avoid deformation of the roof structure during operation.

To create a rafter system, it is optimal to use a rectangular beam, the cross section of which is determined by design calculations. As alternative solution a board with a section of 50 × 100 or 50 × 200 mm can be used. If necessary, double boards are mounted.

Steel elements that hold the rafters and keep their relative position unchanged allow to increase the strength of the multi-pitched roof structure. Supports for the most loaded ridge runs can also be made of metal. Combined structures are characterized by increased strength.

Features of the construction of a hip roof

The roof with four slopes is supported by a Mauerlat, the installation of which is described in detail in the construction instructions. gable roof. A feature of the hip roof is that the mauerlat must be laid on all four external walls of the building. When figuring out how to make a hipped roof, it should be noted that key feature construction is the presence of diagonal rafters connecting the ridge and the corners of the building. It is these rafters that take on the maximum load.

It is extremely important to fulfill correct markup diagonal rafters, ridge run and supports for it. This makes it possible to ensure the absolute symmetry of the structure, which is the key to an even distribution of loads on the roof of the structure and prevents its deformation.

After mounting the mauerlat, supports are installed under the ridge run, which must be fixed strictly horizontally at the height provided for by the project. Diagonal rafters made of timber or double boards are attached to the ridge run.

To ensure the required length of the diagonal rafters, in some cases it is necessary to mount them in two parts. To unload the joint, it is recommended to install a support under it. The greatest rigidity of the structure can be achieved if the joint with the support is located at a distance equal to a quarter of the length of the rafter from its upper part, fixed to the ridge. In general, for the installation of diagonal rafters, it is most convenient to use prefabricated (glued) rafter legs, which are highly durable and ideal for erecting complex structures.

After installing the main structure, consisting of a ridge run and diagonal rafters, rafters are mounted for mounting the crate. The features of the hip roof include the use of not only full-sized rafter legs, which top are attached to the ridge (central rafters), but also to the joists - corner rafters, resting with the upper end against the diagonal rafters. The length of the sprigs decreases as it approaches the corner of a triangular or trapezoidal slope. The spacing of the rafter legs is determined at the design stage, and at least three central rafters must be mounted on each slope, regardless of its length.

To ensure the rigidity of the entire structure, supports, puffs and braces are installed in the right places. The installation of the crate completes the creation of the truss system. Mounted waterproofing, roofing material. From the inside, insulation and vapor barrier are fixed. If it is planned to use the space under the roof as a living space, special attention should be paid to thermal insulation and ventilation of the roof. In addition, it is necessary to design and then correctly mount roof windows.

Details on how to build a hipped roof on your own can be found in the thematic video.

A hipped roof, otherwise called a hip roof, has long been widely used in European countries. Currently, an increasing number of owners country houses in Russia, this durable and reliable roofing system is preferred.

The most important difference between the hip roof is that its design does not involve gables. Instead, there are 2 additional ramps.

classic hipped roof (all overhangs are at the same height, all four slopes with straight rafters, and corner ribs originate from the central ridge);
hipped roof (the corner ribs of the slopes diverge from one point in the center of the roof, there is no ridge run in its design);
Danish roof (involves short slopes with gables in the upper part of the roof, which are used for lighting and ventilation);
half-hipped roof (with a stretch it can be attributed to four-slope roofs, because its design is more like a gable roof - the rafter legs run parallel to each other and are installed on the long side, based on the Mauerlat);
a sloping roof (attic) corresponds to its name, and has a lot of broken lines in the design, which allows you to build a higher ceiling on an additional floor and make the most of the living space;
multi-pitched hip roof (despite the fact that the number of slopes is more than 4, the principle of assembling the truss systems of this one of the most complex varieties is no different from the construction of a simple four-pitched roof).

Advantages and disadvantages of a hipped roof

Any roof has strong and weak sides in its design. And the hipped roof configuration is no exception, and its advantages and disadvantages are usually considered in comparison with the gable roof - the most common and simple option roofs.

The benefits include:

a properly designed roof resists even hurricane-force winds well;
little susceptible to destruction of the roof in those places where there are cornice overhangs;
due to the rigid structure (due to the angular ribs that converge to the support beam of the ridge), it does not undergo serious deformation;
large overhangs on all sides protect the facade of the building from precipitation;
the possibility of arranging an additional attic or attic space;
the attic space, thanks to this roof structure, warms up evenly and retains heat well;
attic windows can be mounted directly in the roof slopes - there is no need for gables;
external attractiveness, which can be further emphasized by a well-chosen roofing material.

The disadvantages are:

complexity engineering calculations and erection;
impressive weight of the structure;
greater financial costs are expected than in the construction gable roof, however, it should be noted that you do not need to spend money on the brickwork of the gables;
water penetrates through ajar roof windows during rain, while with windows located in the gables of a gable roof, this problem does not arise.

Calculation of the slope of a hipped roof

When it comes to the slope of a hipped roof, we mean the slope of the longitudinal (trapezoidal) slopes. To correctly determine this parameter, it is necessary to take into account certain factors individually and in combination:

the slope depends on the design of the roof and facade of the building;
the greater the slope angle, the greater the consumption of building materials and the complexity of the work performed;
the slope of a hipped roof can be in a wide range from 5 ° to 60 °;
in regions with frequent and heavy rainfall (winter snowfalls are especially worth considering), preference is given to a large roof slope - from 45 ° to 60 °;

in areas dominated by strong winds it is better to choose a small slope angle (from 9 ° to 20 °), which will significantly reduce windage roofing materials;
if roofing materials are collected from piece units, then the slope of the roof slope must be at least 25 °, otherwise moisture will seep through the seams;
most often, a universal angle of inclination of 20-45 ° is chosen.

Materials for the construction of a hipped roof

Before approaching the issue of choosing a material, it should be noted that due to the specific design of a hipped roof, during its construction, a considerable part of the building materials will turn into waste. Therefore, the choice should be based on the financial capabilities of the customer. The most economical will be the material that consists of individual elements of a small size.

coniferous wood (pine, larch) is usually used for rafters;
you need to pay attention to the quality of lumber (there should be no defects that can affect the strength and durability of the roof);
in order to avoid deformation of the roof, the moisture content of the wood should not exceed 18-22% (for measurement, you can use the device - an electric moisture meter);
if the moisture content of lumber exceeds the permissible values, they must be dried (drying is done in the shade, under a canopy and in a draft);
for rafters, a rectangular beam will be optimal (its cross section is determined during design);
an alternative to a rectangular beam can be a board with a section of 50 x 100 or 50 x 200 mm (if necessary, use double boards);
to increase the strength of a multi-pitched roof, steel fasteners are used (they allow you to keep the relative position of the rafters unchanged);
supports for the most loaded skates can be made of metal elements;
Combined structures are distinguished by the highest strength.

Common types of hip roof coverings:

Flexible tiles. It has several more names: shingle, roofing tiles, shinglas. This is not only the most economical coating option, but also the lightest (1 m 2 weighs about 8 kg). For the production of the basis of such tiles, fiberglass impregnated with bitumen is most often used. It is the base that gives the coating flexibility and elasticity. Outside flexible tile sprinkled with slate, basalt granulator or mineral chips, which provides not only protection from impact environment, but also gives the roof a variety of shades.

Metal tile. One of the most popular materials used for roofing. It consists of sheets of galvanized or aluzinc steel. Special layers in the composition of the metal tile prevent corrosion. Its weight is only 4-7 kg per 1 m 2, and the color palette includes up to 45 shades. In addition, metal roofing is eco-friendly material. Among the disadvantages of such a coating, it can be noted that it publishes loud noise when hit by raindrops or hail, and when cutting, a lot of scraps are formed.

Ordinary tile. This is a natural material, which is a tile (flat or curly) made of baked clay. This is a durable, but rather heavy material (30-75 kg per 1 m 2). Usually clay tiles are laid on a powerful crate. To create the desired shade, you can cover with colored glaze.
Slate sheet. This type of material is used to cover the roof with a slope of more than 12 °. If the slope angle is less, moisture may enter through the joints of the slate sheets. The use of slate allows you to significantly speed up the construction time due to the ease of installation. In addition, it is a very economical material. Of the minuses, one can note insufficient strength under mechanical stress, as well as the ability to accumulate moisture, which, with sudden changes in temperature, can lead to cracking.
Ondulin. For the production of this roofing building material, bitumen, cellulose fibers, mineral additives (as a filler), fiberglass and resins (for strength) are used. Thanks to mineral pigments, ondulin retains its color for a long time. The cost of this material is low, it can withstand significant temperature changes, has impact resistance and moisture resistance.

How to create a pitched roof project

choose the type of construction;
analyze the likely loads on the rafters (taking into account the winds in a particular region, the maximum mass of snow, the degree of slope angle of the slopes);
experienced builders recommend choosing rafters with a margin of safety of 1.4;
calculate the pitch of the rafters;

evaluate the bearing capacity of the truss system;
find out if you need additional elements when erecting rafters (for example, braces or puffs), because it is they who give the structure the necessary rigidity and strength;
determine the coating material;
taking into account the slope angle, calculate the height of the roof ridge.

How to calculate the load on the truss system

There are two types of loads:

constant (which consists of the mass of the roof, lathing, rafters, insulation and girders);
temporary (wind strength, abundance of snowfalls, payloads).

According to building codes and regulations (SNiP), in the middle lane of our country, the snow load is 180 kg / m 2. In case of accumulation of snow mass, this value can increase up to 400-450 kg/m 2 . With a roof slope angle of 60 ° or more, the snow load is not taken into account.

The wind load in the same region according to SNiP is 35 kg / m 2, and if the slope angle is less than 30 °, then this value is not taken into account in the calculations of the roof.

There are additional correction factors for different regions of the country.

The payload is taken into account in the case when ceilings are suspended from the trusses or it is planned to install water heating tanks, ventilation devices and other hanging objects.

When designing the truss system of the future roof, special attention should be paid to two main points:

calculation of the strength of the rafters themselves (you need to make sure that they do not break under the influence of loads);
calculation of the degree of possible deformation of the rafter system with the selected parameters (for example, the deflection of the rafters used for mansard roofs should not exceed 1/250 of their length).

Do-it-yourself installation of a hipped roof

Before proceeding directly to the installation of the hip roof, it is necessary to process all the wooden parts of the future structure with special fire fighting equipment. And at the places of contact of wood with concrete or brickwork lay the rolled insulating material.

Installation is carried out in the following order:

laying a Mauerlat along the perimeter of the building, which is a support for the entire future system (consists of a bar with a section of 100 x 150 mm or 150 x 150 mm);
the mauerlat is fastened with studs (threaded from M12 or more) or loops made of durable wire built into the wall;

installation of a bed (the central beam of the truss system) as a support for struts and racks;
the central beam is laid on inner wall buildings or on special brick columns that are located on the floor (in some cases on floor slabs);
strictly vertical installation of special racks to support the ridge (the strength of the entire future roof depends on this);
fixing the ridge beam with the help of a mowing system (be sure to use a plumb line and a rail);
installation of diagonal rafters (the height and angle of inclination of the roof depend on them and on the ridge run). In some cases, they have to be assembled from 2 parts, and then - to unload the joint - an additional support is installed under it;

installation of ordinary rafters is carried out based on a Mauerlat and a ridge beam (like diagonal ones, they can be reinforced with racks or struts) in increments of 600 mm;
strictly parallel to the ordinary rafters, angular (spreaders) are installed so as to exclude their convergence in one place. The length of the sprigs will decrease as you approach the corners of the slopes;
the installation of the crate takes place in direct proportion to the selected roof covering (it can be solid or with gaps). Under the crate, bars with a section of 50 x 50 mm or boards with a thickness of 200-250 mm are used;

laying heat and sound insulation;
installation of roofing material to the crate using self-tapping screws;
installation of ridge parts (a long narrow sheet of material that is bent longitudinally at an angle); The main roofing ridge is laid along the upper edge of the roof, secondary between triangular slopes and trapezoidal;
filing cornices and installing gutters (it is more practical to use an industrial drain system).

Based on the foregoing, it is safe to say that it is quite difficult to make a hipped roof with your own hands, but this reliable design is worth the effort and financial investment spent on it.

Four-pitched roof: video

Four-pitched roof: photo

In a wide variety of types of roofs, hipped structures occupy a special place. They stand out from other solutions with a special style, have excellent wind protection and withstand snow loads well. As a rule, the under-roofing space of a hipped roof is habitable, so you need to pay attention to the calculation of the truss system, slopes and volumes of living space. It is important to choose the type of roofing and the type of insulation layer, as well as the method of inserting pitched windows. Safe methods of mounting a complex four-slope structure will make it possible to make high-quality and reliable roof that will last for many years.

Types of hipped roofs

Hip roofs include tent, half-hip and hip types of roofs. They differ from the gable ones in the absence of gables and tongs, as well as in the configuration of the slopes.

In hipped or pyramidal roofs, the slopes are in the form of isosceles triangles, converging vertices at one point.
Hip roofs have two triangular (hips) and two trapezoidal slopes.
Semi-hinged structures have cut gables, due to the presence of a residential under-roof space.

Photo gallery: hipped roofs

The four slopes of the hipped roof are in the form of isosceles triangles.
The hip roof type is distinguished by the presence of two triangular and two trapezoidal slopes.
The semi-hipped roof has truncated triangular hips and trapezoidal pediments

Four-pitched roofs are highly resistant to multidirectional wind loads and do not accumulate snow. As a rule, the attic is made habitable, so windows of various designs are hermetically cut into the slopes. Hipped and hip roofs have a smaller attic volume than gable broken ones, but they have a more advantageous appearance. Since the four-slope structure is complex in arrangement, it is necessary to make accurate calculations of the geometric parameters and the amount of necessary building materials.

Calculation of a hipped roof

The calculation of the roof is a very important process, on which the strength of the future four-pitched structure depends, saving building material and the ability to organize largest volume residential roof space. A four-pitched roof implies the presence of Mauerlat beams firmly fixed on the walls of the house, horizontal puffs and a central run, on which the supporting rafter group rests. The exact dimensions of the structural elements will allow you to calculate and lay in the project the optimal angle of inclination of the slopes. This setting depends on the following factors:

wind and snow load on the plane of the slopes;
selected roofing;
building dimensions;
useful volume of the attic space.

The steepness of the slope is selected depending on the maximum possible volume of the attic room

Based on these factors, you need to choose the optimal angle of inclination of the slopes, which for the middle lane is usually in the range from 40 to 60 degrees. Then you can proceed to the calculation of the main elements necessary for the installation of the truss system and roofing.

Skate height calculation

To calculate the height of the truss system, the selected angle of inclination of the slopes and the width of the building are used. In the case when the height of the ridge is not reflected in the project, this parameter can be calculated experimentally using a measuring cord, a beacon vertical beam and a building goniometer.

The calculation of the height of the ridge at the selected angle of inclination of the slope is carried out using the known formulas for calculating triangles

The height of the ridge is calculated using the formula H = d ∙ tg α, where H is the height of the ridge, d is half the width of the building, α is the angle of inclination of the slope. The rafter legs rest on the ridge run and have an overhang, this must be taken into account to obtain the true height of the ridge in order to avoid errors in the calculations.

The length of the slope must be known to determine the parameters of the roof structure and calculate the amount of roofing material and insulation. It is also important when choosing the size and number of skylights. When the width of the building and the height of the ridge are known, the length of the slope can be calculated by the formula L = √h 2 + d 2, where L is the length of the slope, h is the height of the ridge, d is half the width of the building.

The length of the slopes and hips of a four-pitched roof may differ and is calculated using simple geometric formulas

In the case when the height of the ridge and the angle of inclination are known, the length of the slope is calculated by the formula L c \u003d H k / sin β, where L c is the length of the slope, H k is the height of the ridge, β is the angle of inclination of the slope, and the length of the hip is calculated by the formula L c \u003d H k / sin α, where L c is the length of the hip, H k is the height of the ridge, α is the angle of the hip.

The size of the cornice overhang is added to the estimated length of the slope in order to correctly determine the length of the rafter legs and the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof.

Roof area calculation

The roof area needs to be known to calculate the amount of roofing material, which is purchased taking into account cutting and overlapping. It is also important in determining the required amount of diffusion membrane, insulation and vapor barrier film. The area of \u200b\u200bthe slopes and hips is calculated using the standard formulas for a trapezoid and a triangle:

S c \u003d (a + b) ∙ h / 2, where S c is the area of \u200b\u200bthe slope, a and b are its bases, h is the height;
S in \u003d a ∙ h / 2, where S in is the area of the hip, a is its base, h is the height.

The total area of the hip roof is calculated as the sum of the areas of two trapezoids and two triangles

Summing up all the obtained values, we get the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof. For tent structures, the area of the triangle is calculated and multiplied by four.

Calculation of the volume of under-roof space

The calculation of the total volume of the under-roof space has no applied value during construction. But it may be required in the future, when calculating heating and ventilation. The living volume of the insulated attic is calculated, including the flight of stairs. The room under four-slope roofs is limited by a ceiling, a roof with pitched windows and vertical posts, along which insulation occurs. After cladding attic floor you can calculate the living volume of the under-roof space, which is conditionally divided into separate parts with a simple section in the form of a rectangle, triangle or trapezoid. Then the area of the calculated part is multiplied by its height according to the formula: V = S ∙ H, where V is the volume of the part of the room, S is its area, H is the height.

To calculate the volume of the attic space, the living space is divided into parts with a horizontal section in the form of simple geometric shapes.

The volume of a cuboid is calculated by the formula V = a ∙ b ∙ c, where V is the volume of the cuboid, a, b, c are its sides. For a hipped roof, the formula V \u003d a 2 ∙ h / 3 is used, where V is the volume of the pyramid, a is its side, h is the height. Further, all the obtained values \u200b\u200bare added up and the total volume of the attic room is obtained.

Lumber calculation

The amount of material for the construction of a hipped roof depends on the size of the building, the design of the truss system and the length of the slopes, so only the basic principles for calculating lumber can be considered. In order to make the most accurate calculation, it is necessary to know the design of the hipped roof, as well as the name and purpose of its elements.

To count lumber, you need to know the name and purpose of all structural elements of the roof

The roof with four slopes consists of the following parts:

Mauerlat. It is attached to the walls of the house along the entire perimeter and is a support for the rafter group. For him, choose a bar with a cross section of at least 150X150 mm.
Puffs. They are attached to the Mauerlat at a right angle and serve as a support for the vertical posts of the lower part of the rafters, providing an eaves extension. Puffs are made from a board with a section of 50X250 mm or a beam of 100X200 mm.
Skate ride. It rests on vertical racks (they are made from a 50X150 mm board), is made of a 50X200 mm beam and serves as an upper support for the rafter legs.
Central, intermediate, side rafters and short rafters. They are elements of the truss group, which provides the desired angle of inclination of the slopes and the strength of the roof. For rafters, lumber with a section of 50X200 mm is used, and their installation step is 80–120 cm.
Auxiliary struts, vertical racks and sprengels. They are made of a material with a section of 50X150 mm and serve to additionally strengthen the most loaded structural elements.
Lathing. It is made from a board with a section of 25X200 mm, laid in increments of 40 to 60 cm. For soft roofing materials, a continuous crate of multilayer plywood is used.

The calculation of the wood required for construction is individual for each house, therefore, in order to develop a correct calculation algorithm, we will give only a few recommendations:

Sometimes it becomes necessary to convert the linear dimensions of the material into cubic meters, so we present a table that will help with this.

Table: the amount of lumber of different sections in 1 m 3

Standard material has a length of no more than 6 m, and its further lengthening must be carried out by reliably strengthening the joints with racks and slopes. If you decide to make the choice and calculation of lumber yourself, then in all doubtful situations, try to consult with specialists.

Wood must have a moisture content of no more than 22%, otherwise, when dried in the assembled state under load, warping and cracking of the material may occur. It is very important to impregnate everything with an antiseptic and fire-fighting compound before assembling the roof. wooden details and let them dry naturally.

Video: hip roof frame

Calculation of roofing materials

To calculate the required amount of roofing material, the value of the area of \u200b\u200bthe slopes is used. Trapezoidal and triangular slopes have different configurations and are calculated depending on the size of the coating sheets. In addition, when calculating the roofing material, it is necessary to take into account the longitudinal and transverse overlap. For example, a standard metal tile sheet has a width of 1180 mm, a technological groove that does not allow water to penetrate, provides an overlap of 80 mm, therefore, the useful width of the sheet is 1100 mm. The longitudinal overlap of the sheets is 130 mm, and manufacturers produce products taking this parameter into account. The length and area of standard sheets of metal tiles are equal to:

480 mm and 0.385 m 2;
1180 mm and 1.155 m 2;
2230 mm and 2.31 m 2;
3630 mm and 3.85 m 2.

According to these values, the consumption of metal tiles is calculated.

The dimensions of different roofing materials may differ from each other, in addition, the triangular and trapezoidal shape of the slopes require optimal cutting, so a more accurate calculation method can be used. It is based on knowledge useful dimensions cover and on a scaled drawing with the dimensions and configuration of the slopes.

To determine the exact amount of roofing material, you can display the location of the sheets on a real-scale drawing of the roof

The calculation of the roofing material is carried out by applying conditional coating sheets to the drawing with optimal length and usable width. The advantages of this method are that it is possible to calculate the number of sheets of different lengths for the entire surface of the slope and to minimize losses for cutting material in advance. Thus, it is possible to calculate the amount of roofing on a hipped and half-hip roof.

Calculation of the required amount of slate

The calculation of the number of slate sheets depends on the choice of the type of material, since it can be six-, seven- and eight-wave. For calculation, it is also necessary to know the angle of inclination of the slopes, because the magnitude of the longitudinal and transverse overlap depends on it. It is regulated by the set of rules SP 17.13330.2011 and for slopes with a slope of more than 25 ° it is equal to 300 mm in the longitudinal and one wave in the transverse direction. The dimensions of an eight-wave sheet are 1130X1750 mm with a wave step of 150 mm, and the useful area is 1.57 m 2. Based on these dimensions, it is possible to calculate the number of sheets either from the known area of \u200b\u200bthe slopes, or from a drawing made in real scale. To do this, it is necessary to divide the total area of \u200b\u200bthe slopes by the usable area of \u200b\u200bone sheet. For example, a slope of 36 m 2 will require 36 / 1.57 \u003d 22.9 ≈ 23 sheets.

The calculation of slate can be performed by drawing a diagram of its location on the drawing of the roof, taking into account the sequence of laying sheets

The calculation of slate must be linked to the scheme of laying sheets because this will reduce the amount of waste, reaching up to 30% and inevitable with a complex shape of slopes. In the case of using a lighter euroslate (ondulin), it should be taken into account that its dimensions differ from slate and are equal to 950X2000 mm with a wave pitch of 95 mm and a usable area of 1.6 m 2. The longitudinal overlap for ondulin should be equal to 200 mm, and the transverse one - one wave. On small slopes, the difference in the useful areas of slate and ondulin will not be so noticeable, for example, for the slope of 36 m 2 considered above, the same 36 / 1.6 \u003d 22.5 ≈ 23 sheets of ondulin will be needed. But for large roofs, the calculations will give different values.

Slate has been used as a roof covering for more than a hundred years and continues to be popular, and with the introduction of staining technology, this non-combustible and durable material has sparkled with new colors.

Calculation of the cornice overhang and drainage system

During the construction of four-pitched roofs, the drainage system is important. The walls of the house and the foundation blind area are protected by a cornice, the calculation of which is based on the intensity of precipitation and the width of the blind area. According to the recommendations of SP 17.13330.2011, if the cornice is not equipped with a gutter system, its extension must be at least 600 mm. According to SNiP 2.02.01 83, the width of the blind area should be in the range from 0.7 to 1.2 m for different soils, so the cornice overhang should be at least 700 mm. The cornice provides not only protection for the walls, but also ventilation of the under-roof space, condensate drainage and a base for fastening drainage system. You can calculate the cornice and materials for its filing based on its design.

The size of the cornice depends on the intensity of precipitation in the construction region, the width of the foundation blind area and on the design of the overhang.

The cornice overhang is arranged along the entire perimeter of the building, therefore, the calculation of materials is based on the total length of the overhangs of all roof slopes. The design of the cornice includes the following elements:

frontal board 30X250 mm, which is mounted on vertically cut rafters;
bars of the first lathing with a section of 40X100 mm and bars for sheathing with a size of 40X50 mm;
metal drips for condensate drainage and cornice strips;
perforated soffits 650 mm wide, J-profiles and F-bevels;
drainage brackets.

The calculation of the gutter system of a four-pitched roof is made along the length of the frontal board on the eaves of each slope. At the corners of the building, the drain can be combined, but the diameter of the funnel and the vertical pipe must be increased.

The drainage system of the building consists of gutters, catchment funnels and pipes, as well as transitional and fastening elements

The calculation of the number of elements of the drainage system should be carried out according to the following principle:

brackets for attaching gutters must be fixed with a slope of 2 to 5 ° and at least every 60 cm. To determine their number, the length of the frontal board must be divided by the selected step and the result rounded up. So, with a slope (and frontal board) length of 8 m and a step of 0.6 m, 8 / 0.6 \u003d 13.3 ≈ 14 pieces will be required;
the length of the gutters must be calculated along the perimeter, taking into account the couplings, plugs and corner elements. Since the standard length of the gutter is usually 2 m, their number is determined by the formula N = P / 2, where N is the number of gutters, P is the perimeter of the building;
funnels must be installed every 10 m;
the length of the drainpipes should be calculated according to the height of the building and taking into account the rotary elements so that the lower edge extends beyond the boundaries of the blind area. The number of downpipes is calculated as the quotient of the height of the building divided by the length of a standard pipe section, which for most manufacturers is 1 or 1.5 m.

The dimensions of the gutters and pipes depend on the catchment area they serve:

with an area from 70 to 120 m 2, gutters 125 mm wide and pipes with a diameter of 90 mm are required;
for roof sections with an area of 120–160 m 2, pipes with a diameter of 100 mm and gutters of 150 mm are needed;
for large catchment areas, pipes with a diameter of 125 mm and gutters with a size of 200 mm are installed.

The dimensions of the components may differ depending on the material (metal or plastic), so the parameters should be checked with the supplier before purchase.

Video: Hip Roof Calculator

Materials used in the construction of a hipped roof

For four-pitched roofs, the same materials are mainly used as for conventional gable or broken structures. But in some cases, the features of the device of the hip elements impose certain restrictions on the use of a particular coating.

Roofing pie hipped roof

Each layer of the roofing cake performs a strictly defined function and ensures the safety of the rafter group. Roofing material protects the roof from atmospheric influences and is mounted on the crate, but on metal roofing condensation is formed. To remove it, a diffusion membrane or a waterproofing film is used. The ventilation gap between the roofing material and the film is created by a counter-lattice.

Each element of the roofing pie performs strictly defined functions to protect the house from moisture and temperature changes.

A layer of insulation is laid between the rafters, providing comfortable temperature in the residential area. In order for the insulation not to get wet and not caked, it is isolated from the lower rooms with a vapor barrier film. It protects the rafters and the heat insulator from moisture particles in the air. Then, an internal crate is mounted on the rafters, and a finishing material attic space.

Video: attic insulation, roofing cake

Roofing options for a pitched roof

The choice of roofing option for a pitched roof depends on the preferences of the owner, but not all materials are suitable for roofs with a large angle of inclination. The fact is that rolled materials become plastic under the influence of sunlight, and this leads to a violation of the integrity of the roofing. Four-pitched roofs are mostly steep-sloped structures, so they can use those materials that the manufacturer recommends to mount with a slope steepness of more than 30 °.

For four-pitched roofs, you can choose only those roofing materials that are recommended for use with a slope of 30 degrees or more

These include any type of tile, metal sheeting, slate and ondulin. The high strength and durability of these materials allows them to withstand temperature extremes, heavy snow and wind loads without critical deformations.

Additional elements for a hipped roof

Roof elements that allow you to close the joints and junctions of roofing materials, as well as those intended for roof maintenance, are called extensions. For different types roofing, there is a certain set of additional elements, although there are also universal parts, which include aprons for inserting aerators, stairs and ladders, as well as kits for installing pitched windows.

At the final stage of the installation of the roof, additional elements are used to protect the joints, ends and junctions

The main additional elements must be classified according to their location on the roof, therefore, they distinguish:

Ridge extensions at the junction of the slopes and the junction of the slope and the hip, which include ridge strips of various configurations and plugs.
End doborny knots, consisting of wind and cornice strips, as well as drips.
Junction nodes, among which the inner and outer corner slats are most often used.
Chimneys used to protect chimneys and ventilation pipes.

Sometimes, for difficult cases, a painted flat sheet is used as extensions. The side dimensions of the planks may vary for different types of coverage, but their standard length is 2 m.

Rafter system, device and step-by-step installation of a hip roof

The hip roof consists of four slopes, the basis of which is the truss system. The rafters in the upper part rest on the run and form a ridge in pairs. In the lower part, the rafter legs rest on the puff and form a cornice overhang. Diagonal rafters are supported on the ridge run, connecting the corner of the building with the ridge and forming the plane of the hip slope. Diagonal rafters, reinforced with trusses and struts, serve as a support for shortened rafters or joists. The roof rests on a mauerlat fixed to the walls along the perimeter of the building. The device of the truss system ensures the strength of the entire structure due to the rigid triangular bonds between the constituent elements.

The hip roof truss system provides the necessary strength of the entire structure and even distribution of the load on the walls of the building

Safety precautions when installing a hipped roof

Construction work on the installation of the rafter system and roofing takes place at a high altitude, so the site must be equipped with reliable scaffolding and safety ropes with a diameter of at least 16 mm, and workers must be provided with safety belts. On the ground, the place of work should be fenced off to prevent heavy objects from falling on people, and on slopes, a portable fence should be installed at least one meter high. Work should be stopped in the event of rain, snowfall, fog and roof icing. In the dark, it is necessary to organize lighting. Safety requirements are set out in standard instructions for labor protection during roofing works ah, and are also regulated by SNiP 12–03 2001 “Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements.

When working at height, it is necessary to use helmets, safety belts, non-slip shoes and ladders

For roofing work, the following rules must be followed:

construction workers who have passed a medical examination and instructions are allowed to work, aged from 18 to 60 years;
workers should be provided with overalls, helmets, gloves and safety belts;
it is possible to mount structural parts only with serviceable power tools and extension cords;
with a slope steepness of more than 25 °, the use of ladders and ladders is mandatory;
cutting of materials should be carried out on the ground in an equipped place;
lifting heavy parts must be done with a winch;
metal roofing materials must be mounted with gloves;
roofing sheets with a large windage must be lifted and mounted in calm weather;
equipment and elements of the truss structure must be fixed if there is a possibility of their falling.

Compliance with safety regulations will help avoid injury and death of builders and people in the immediate vicinity of the facility.

Mauerlat is laid on the upper ends of the walls and attached to them with threaded studs, anchors or brackets

Puffs are attached to the Mauerlat in increments of 80 to 120 cm.

Racks are vertically placed on puffs at an equal distance from the walls of the building.

A ridge run is mounted on the racks.

The ridge run is installed on vertical racks, which are supported by puffs

Between the Mauerlat angle and the ridge run, side rafters are installed, forming hips. In the corners they are reinforced with trusses, and in the middle - with struts.

Pitched rafters are mounted, which are supported at the top by a ridge run, and at the bottom are fastened with puffs.

The central beam of the hip slope is installed and the sprigs are mounted in increments of 80 cm on both sides of the side rafters.

Sprockets are installed on both sides of the side diagonal rafters

A waterproofing film is laid, a counter-lattice and a crate are installed in increments of 40 to 60 cm.

A wind board is mounted along the edge of the rafters, cornice strips, droppers and brackets for the drainage system are installed.

Installation of roofing and additional elements is carried out.

The longitudinal lathing is stuffed in increments depending on the angle of inclination of the slope and on the type of roofing

For the construction of such a complex structure, a project is required, as well as a team of at least three people with sufficiently high qualifications.

Video: hip roof truss system

Step-by-step installation of a hipped gazebo roof

The installation of a hipped roof for a gazebo is carried out according to a simplified scheme using four side rafters and consists of the following steps:

If necessary, you can sheathe the roof from the inside to give it a finished look.

Video: roof on the gazebo

We talked about the construction of a four-pitched roof and the construction of a truss system using the example of a hip structure. We considered methods for calculating the parameters of a pitched roof, materials and additional elements. Safe installation of a hipped roof is impossible without observing safety regulations. By following the tips above, you will be able to build this intricate but beautiful roof.

The roof on a private house can be any, this is the business of the property owner. The type of roof structure is selected based on the overall style and size of the house, weather conditions and the financial capabilities of the builder.

All hipped roofs are divided according to the form of execution into several types:

Tent. Such structures are erected on rectangular or square buildings. The slopes of such a roof are isosceles triangles converging at one point;
Hip. 2 slopes of this design are represented by trapezoids, 2 by triangles. It is the slopes of a triangular shape on the gables that are called hips. It is worth noting that hip types of roofs are the most common among all hipped types;
Multi-forceps, or valley. Very difficult to build types of roofs that are not as common as those mentioned above.

Tent and hip structures are devoid of gables, so their device is considered economical. The most important stage in the construction of such a roof is the precise installation of the rafter system and the competent calculations of the necessary material.

An example of the implementation of a roofing system

For fastening the rafters, one of 2 methods is used: layered or hanging. The layered method of installing rafters is very complicated from a technical point of view and is used where there are no bearing walls inside the roof. The layered method is simpler and cheaper. It is used on all roof structures with 4 slopes and a slope angle not exceeding 40°.

The technology of this roofing system

The truss system of a hipped roof must necessarily have slanting (diagonal) rafters directed towards the corners of the building. For the manufacture of these elements, a double board or timber is used. The load on the rafters is very high, they are often made of 2 parts.

Important: in order to fix both parts of the rafters more securely, they are supported with a special support stand.

The next element of the truss structure of the hip roofs are the sprues. These short rafters are located at the corners and rest with their tops on the slanting elements. The connection of these two types of rafters in several places provides strength to the erected frame.

Scheme of the truss system for the hip roof

If the length of the diagonal rafters exceeds 7 m, a support stand is additionally mounted. One end of the rack rests under the rafters, the other - on the sprengel (a beam laid in the corner of the roof on two adjacent walls).

Installation of the stand-support is carried out on a waterproofing layer laid on the ceiling. If the truss is reinforced with struts, it is customary to talk about the construction of a truss truss.

Hipped 4-pitched roofs are no less popular than hip roofs. They are characterized by simplicity and a high margin of safety. This design has its own characteristics that distinguish its installation from the hip system:

There is no ridge run on hipped roof structures, the diagonal rafters are connected at the top point. To strengthen the tent truss system, many builders install a central rack. Otherwise, the entire structure is assembled from suspended elements, secured with puffs and other fasteners.
The rafters in the center are mounted in the direction from above to the walls, the angle of inclination is 90 °. In a parallel plane, the sprigs and the cranial beam are installed, reinforcing the slanting elements;
In the absence of a beam as part of the structure, it is possible to cut the sprockets into the rafters or nail them;
Strengthening long diagonal rafters is carried out according to a similar principle with hip structures(sprengels).

The described technology describes general rules, along which the installation of the truss system of the hipped roof of a private house is carried out. In industrial or large-scale residential construction, other methods of erecting roof structures are used that can withstand heavy coverage.

To prevent the wood from starting to rot, under reinforced concrete floors a bed is laid, located on 2 layers of waterproofing.

Set of rules for installation

To correctly install the rafters on the roof with four slopes, you must follow a few rules:

The project of the truss system, expressed in the choice of the type of roof structure and the most complete drawing of the future roof;
The slope of the slopes is determined;
The choice of the type of truss structure (layered or hanging);
Calculation of the need for material, determination of the required thickness of the timber, boards on the rafters. Important: saving on material for the manufacture of rafters is stupid, the strength of the entire roof frame depends on this moment.
Purchase Supplies: screws, nails, etc.;
Assembling the base of the truss structure below, on the ground. After that, it will only be necessary to lift it up and begin to strengthen it;
All elements of the rafter system must be firmly fixed in their places, constantly monitoring the strength and reliability of the fasteners;
Construction work at height should always be accompanied by additional safety measures (strong belt, cable, etc.).

By following these simple rules, it will be much easier to cope with the installation of rafters on a hipped roof.

Necessary calculations

The truss system of a hipped roof is a very important operation, on which the reliability of the structure and its service life directly depend. Errors in drawings and calculations on this stage should be completely excluded.

To perform a competent calculation of the roof on a 4-pitched structure, you need to know the following parameters:

The angle of inclination of the slopes of the future roof;
End length;
Width of cornice overhangs;
The presence or absence of a support column under the ridge. If there is a support post under the ridge, a layered truss system is designed, in the absence of such, a hanging one.
The need for additional support posts.

Online calculators consider only the length of the rafters, not taking into account the diameter of the timber or boards. Knowledge cross section these elements allows you to perform more accurate calculations of the material. The choice of material is made based on the cumulative loads on the truss system during operation (the mass of the batten, roofing materials, etc.).

To calculate the consumption of roofing materials, the following calculations are performed: The area of a 4-pitched roof, consisting of the sum of the areas of its triangle slopes; The area of each triangle is determined based on the length of the wall and the height of the slope.

Important: the area of \u200b\u200beach slope can be determined based on the known angle of inclination and the height of the ridge node.

When calculating the truss system, it is worth taking into account additional points that complicate the calculation of consumables. This is a roof over small dormer windows, visors over bay windows, etc. details of the external design of the roof. Any of these elements is calculated separately, after which all the resulting areas are summed up with with total area roofs.

When self-calculating roofing materials, it is necessary to lay down a certain percentage of the error, usually from 10 to 15%.

Self-assembly of the structure

Before proceeding to the description of the installation sequence of the rafters, it is necessary to briefly describe the main elements of this design:

Mauerlat - the lower base-support for the rafters;
Slanted or diagonal rafters at one end rest against a pair of legs of the following rafters, at the other end against a Mauerlat or a beam built into it;
Narozhniks are called shortened rafter-legs;
Run - a beam that plays the role of an additional base. It is located parallel to the Mauerlat and serves as a support for the rafters;
Struts, racks - are installed to obtain spans;
Lying - support for racks. Attaches to the inside of the wall or floor posts;
Sprengel - an element that additionally strengthens the frame of the structure;
Crossbars - additional components of the truss structure that prevent the appearance of spacers.

Stretching of the truss system can occur due to improper arrangement or leaning of the legs one on top of the other.

Depending on the source material for building a house, the following structural details can act as a supporting element:

brick or stone houses- Mauerlat;
Log cabins from logs or timber - upper crowns;
Frame structures - top trim.

Before installing the truss system, the geometry of all walls is checked. The skew of the angle of the slope will entail a skew of the future roof. Bringing all the rafters into a ridge knot is a skill that comes to the master over the years. Accurate calculation and constant level control are required.

First, diagonal rafters are mounted at opposite corners. The rafters are supported on the Mauerlat with the help of short trusses. Notches are made at the ends of the sprengels to a depth of 0.5 of the height of the material section. After that, the guards are attached.

Installation of the truss system is a responsible event, which is quite difficult to perform on your own in the absence of experience.

Friends, we hope that this information will be really interesting and useful for you! People who started the construction of any building should have an idea of what is needed for what, what parts the structure consists of, what materials they will need and how much this or that material costs. Before starting construction, you need to develop a building plan and specify all the parameters. Consider one of the important details of the structure and it will be a hipped roof and its truss system.

Hip roof construction

The roof insulation depends on the layout of the house and other factors, it must be done in accordance with the rules

A gable roof is not an easy task, but if you have carpentry skills, the necessary skills, tools and a couple of friends who are ready to help you, this task will be up to you.

You can choose a different type of roof for your building, and a four-pitched roof is ideal for a large house.

But before you start any construction, you will need to get ahead of what exactly you want to build and what the structure should be, allocate funds and determine the approximate time for construction.

The main thing is to have strength, desire and means. We wish you good luck and inspiration!