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1 APPROVED by Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs S.A. Boldyrev 0 year.

2 CONTENTS 1. Goals and objectives of studying the discipline The purpose of teaching the discipline Tasks of studying the discipline Interdisciplinary communication Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline Volume of the discipline and types of educational work Content of the discipline Sections of the discipline and types of classes in hours (thematic lesson plan) Content of sections and topics of the lecture course Practical exercises Laboratory studies Independent work Educational and methodological materials on the discipline Basic and additional literature, information resources List of visual and other aids, guidelines and materials for technical training aids Control and measuring materials... 11

3 1.1. The purpose of teaching the discipline 1. The goals and objectives of studying the discipline of forming knowledge on the main types of pumps, compressors, technological equipment; formation of skills in the design, construction and operation of pumping and blower stations, water supply and sanitation systems. 1.. The tasks of studying the discipline preparation of bachelors for design, production, technological, scientific activities and operation of pumping and blowing stations of water supply and sanitation systems Interdisciplinary communication The discipline "Pumps and pumping stations" refers to the variable part of the professional cycle. Profile "Water supply and sanitation", the main part. The discipline "Pumping and Blower Stations" is based on the knowledge gained during the development of disciplines: "Mathematics", "Physics", "Hydraulics", "Theoretical Mechanics", "Architecture", "Drawing", "Strength of Materials", "Building Materials" , "Engineering Geodesy", "Electrical Engineering". Requirements for the input knowledge, skills and competencies of students. The student must: Know: the main historical events, the foundations of the legal system, normative and technical documents in the field of professional activity; fundamental laws higher mathematics, chemistry, physics, hydraulics, electrical engineering, theoretical mechanics, resistance of materials; Be able to: independently acquire additional knowledge in educational and reference literature; apply the knowledge gained in the study of previous disciplines; use a personal computer; Own: the skills of solving mathematical problems; graphic-analytical research methods; methods of setting and solving engineering problems. Disciplines for which the discipline "Pumps and pumping stations" is the previous one: profile disciplines: "Water supply networks", "Drainage networks", "Water treatment and water intake facilities", "Water disposal and purification Wastewater”, “Sanitary equipment of buildings and structures”, “Heat and gas supply with the basics of heat engineering”, “Fundamentals of industrial water supply and sanitation”, “Fundamentals of industrial sanitation”, “Operation of structures of water supply and sanitation systems”, “Reconstruction of structures of water supply and sanitation systems” .

4 1.4. Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline The process of studying the discipline "Heating" is aimed at the formation of the following competencies: possession of a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it (OK-1); the ability to logically correctly, reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech (OK-); the ability to use regulatory legal documents in their activities (OK-5); use the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, apply the methods of mathematical analysis and modeling, theoretical and experimental research (PC-1); the ability to identify the natural scientific essence of the problems that arise in the course of professional activity, to involve them in the solution of the appropriate physical and mathematical apparatus (PC-); possession of the main methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, skills in working with a computer as a means of managing information (PC-5); knowledge of the regulatory framework in the field of engineering surveys, the principles of designing buildings, structures, engineering systems and equipment, planning and development of populated areas (PC-9); possession of methods for conducting engineering surveys, technology for designing parts and structures in accordance with terms of reference using standard applied calculation and graphic software packages (PC-10); the ability to conduct a preliminary feasibility study of design calculations, develop design and working technical documentation, draw up completed design work, monitor the compliance of developed projects and technical documentation with the task, standards, specifications and other regulatory documents (PC-11); mastery of technology, methods of fine-tuning and development of technological processes construction industry, production building materials, products and structures, machinery and equipment (PC-1); the ability to prepare documentation on quality management and standard methods of quality control of technological processes at production sites, organization of workplaces, their technical equipment, placement of technological equipment, monitor compliance with technological discipline and environmental safety (PC-13); knowledge of scientific and technical information, domestic and foreign experience by activity profile (PC-17); possession of mathematical modeling based on standard packages for design automation and research, methods of setting up and conducting experiments according to specified methods (PC-18); the ability to draw up reports on the work performed, participate in the implementation of research results and practical developments (PC-19); knowledge of the rules and technology of installation, adjustment, testing and commissioning of structures, engineering systems and equipment of construction sites, samples of products manufactured by the enterprise (PK-0); possession of methods for experimental testing of equipment and technological support (PC-1). As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must: Know: types and designs of the main equipment of pumping and blower stations; types and designs of structures of pumping and blower stations;

5 basics of design and construction of pumping and blower stations. To be able to: it is reasonable to make design decisions on the composition of the technological equipment of pumping and blower stations as elements of a system for which consumer requirements are set for reliability and conditions for the supply of water, air and operating modes. Possess: the skills of installation, construction and operation of the main technological equipment and structures of pumping and blower stations.

6. The volume of discipline and types of study work Type of study work Total credit units (hours) Total labor intensity of the discipline 68 Classroom classes: 40 lectures 0 practical classes (PT) 0 seminar classes (SZ) - laboratory work (LR) - other types of classroom studies - intermediate control testing Independent work: 8 study of the theoretical course (TO) - course project - settlement and graphic work (RGR) - abstract 8 tasks - assignments other types of independent work - Type of intermediate control (test, exam) test

7 3. The content of the discipline 3.1. Sections of the discipline and types of classes in hours (thematic lesson plan) p / p Modules and sections of the discipline Pumps Purpose, principle of operation and scope of pumps various kinds The working process of vane pumps Characteristics of the operation of vane pumps, joint operation of pumps and networks 4. Designs of pumps used for water supply and sanitation Pumping stations Types pumping stations water supply and sanitation systems Water supply pumping stations Pumping stations of sewage systems Lectures, credit units (hours) PZ or SZ, credit units (hours) LR, credit units (hours) Self. work, credit units (hours) Implemented competencies PC-1, PC-5, PC-9, PC-10, PC-11, PC-1 PC-13, PC-17, PC-18, PC-19, PC- 0, PC PC-1, PC-5, PC-9, PC-10, PC-11, PC PC-13, PC-17, PC-18, PC-19, PC-0, PC-1 Total Content of sections and topics of the lecture course topics of the lecture section Lecture content Number of hours (credit units) Independent work Basic parameters and classification Study of theoretical pumps. Advantages and disadvantages of the course. Study of abstract 1 of pumps of various types. Lecture outlines. Working with the device and the principle of operation of special literature. vane pumps, friction pumps, Preparing for current positive displacement pumps. certification (CSR). Pressure and head developed by 1 centrifugal pump. Power and efficiency of the pump. Same

8 Kinematics of fluid movement in the working bodies centrifugal pump. Basic equation of a centrifugal pump. Likeness of 1 pumps. Conversion formulas and the same speed factor. Pump suction height. Cavitation in pumps. Permissible suction lifts. 4 Characteristics of centrifugal pumps. Ways to get 1 characteristics. Joint The same characteristic of the operation of the pump and pipeline. Pump testing. 5 Parallel and series 1 operation of pumps. Designs of pumps: centrifugal, axial, diagonal, borehole, vortex. Volumetric and screw pumps. The same 6 Classification and types of pumping stations Implementation of writing stations. The composition of the equipment and control work premises for pumping and blowers (abstract). stations. 7 Specific features of water pumping stations. The study of the theoretical course. Elaboration of the abstract The main constructive solutions of the lectures. Work from buildings of pumping stations. Appointment by special literature .. and design features of pumping stations -1st and -th lift. Preparation for the current certification (CSR Classification of pumping stations of sewage systems. Device diagrams, purpose. Design features of pumping stations of sewerage systems. Determination of the capacity of receiving tanks. Placement pumping units. Features of the construction of pumping stations for wastewater systems. Operation of blowers and pumping stations. Technical and economic indicators of the operation of pumping stations. Total: 0 Completion of a written test (abstract) The same The same

9 3.3. Practical lessons p / n of the discipline section Name of practical lessons Volume in hours Appointment and technical characteristics of pumps Classification and characteristics of pumps. Working part 1 1 characteristics of pumps. Stable and unstable characteristics of pumps. Gentle, normal, steeply falling characteristics. Determination of the steepness of the characteristic. Joint operation of pumps and pipelines Building a joint characteristic of the operation of pumps and 1 pipelines. Graphical characteristic Q-H of the pipeline. Construction of the reduced characteristics Q-H centrifugal pump. Determination of the operating point of the pump in the piping system. Change in the energy characteristics of a centrifugal 3 1 pump with a change in the diameter and speed of the impeller of the pump Working fields of characteristics Q-H pump. Calculation formulas. 4 1 Determining the geometric suction height of the pump (part 1) Determining the geometric suction height of the pump when the pump is installed above the liquid level in the receiving tank, below the liquid level in the receiving tank (the pump is installed under the fill), in the case when the liquid in the receiving tank is under excess pressure. 5 1 Determination of the geometric suction head of the pump (h) Determination of the geometric suction head of the pump, taking into account the geodetic mark of the pump installation and taking into account the temperature of the pumped water. Selection of the main equipment of water pumping stations 67 Calculation of the supply of the pumping station of the th lift according to the stepwise and integral water consumption curves. Influence of the capacity of 4 pressure-regulating tanks on the mode of operation of the pumping station. Determination of the calculated pressure of the pumping station and the number of working and standby pumps. 7 Operating mode of the sewage pumping station Calculation of the flow and pressure of the pumping station and the capacity of the receiving tank. Choice of working and reserve units. Building a graph of hourly inflow and pumping out, calculation of the frequency of switching on pumps depending on the capacity of the receiving tank. Determining the mark of the pump axis under the condition of its 8 non-cavitational operation. Determining the mark of the pump axis. Checking the cavitation reserve. 9 Study tour to the pumping stations Total: 0

10 3.4. Laboratory classes p / p section of the discipline laboratory work Volume in hours 3.5. Independent work For students to acquire practical skills in the selection of hydromechanical special equipment and the design of facilities for pumping water, a course project is planned to be completed. The result of independent work is writing an abstract. This type of work is 8 hours. The organization of independent work is carried out in accordance with the schedule of the educational process and independent work of students.

11 4. Educational and methodical materials on discipline 4.1. Basic and additional literature, information resources a) Basic literature 1. Karelin V.Ya., Minaev A.V. Pumps and pumping stations. M .: LLC "Bastet", Shevelev F.A., Shevelev A.F. Tables for hydraulic calculation water pipes. M.: Bastet LLC, Lukinykh A.A., Lukinykh N.A. Tables for the hydraulic calculation of sewer networks and siphons according to the formula of acad. N.N. Pavlovsky. M .: LLC "Bastet", Designing a sewer pumping station: textbook / b.m. Grishin, M.V. Bikunova, Sarantsev V.A., Titov E.A., Kochergin A.S. Penza: PGUAS, 01. b) additional literature 1. Somov M.A., Zhurba M.G. Water supply. Moscow: Stroyizdat, Voronov Yu.V., Yakovlev S.Ya. Water disposal and waste water treatment. Moscow: DIA Publishing House, Builder's Handbook. Installation of external water supply and sewerage systems. / ed. A.K. Pereshivkina/. Moscow: Stroyizdat, Water supply and sanitation. External networks and structures. Ed. Repina B.N. M.: Izd-vo ASV, 013. c) software 1. a package of electronic tests 170 questions;. electronic course of lectures "Pump and blower stations"; 3. Program AUTOCAD, RAUCAD, MAGICAD; d) databases, information and reference and search systems 4. electronic catalogs of pumps; 5. samples standard projects pumping stations; 6. search engines: YANDEX, MAIL, GOOGLE, etc. 7. Internet sites: etc. 4.. List of visual and other aids, guidelines and materials for technical teaching aids. works equipped with the necessary instrumentation, equipment and pumping units. computer class for laboratory work using simulators exam tickets. An example of typical test tasks for the discipline "Pumps and pumping stations": 1. What does the efficiency factor take into account? a) the degree of reliability of the pump; b) all types of losses associated with the conversion by the pump of the mechanical energy of the engine into the energy of a moving fluid; c) losses due to water overflow through the gaps between the housing and the impeller. The correct answer is b.. What is the pump head? a) the work done by the pump per unit of time; b) increment specific energy liquids in the area from the inlet to the pump to the outlet; c) the specific energy of the liquid at the outlet of the pump.

12 Correct answer b. 3. The pump head is measured a) in meters of the column of liquid pumped by the pump, m; b) in m 3 / s; c) in m 3. The correct answer is a. 4. What is the volumetric flow of the pump? a) the volume of liquid supplied by the pump per unit time; b) the mass of fluid pumped by the pump per unit time; c) the weight of the pumped liquid per unit of time. Correct answer a. 5. Which pumps belong to the dynamic group? a) centrifugal pumps; b) piston pumps; c) plunger pumps. Correct answer a. 6. Which pumps belong to the positive displacement group? a) centrifugal; b) vortex; c) piston. Correct answer c. 7. The operation of which pumps is based on the general principle of the force interaction of the impeller blades with the flow of the pumped liquid flowing around them? a) diaphragmatic; b) piston; c) centrifugal, axial, diagonal. Correct answer c. 8. The main working body of a centrifugal pump? a) impeller b) shaft; c) pump housing. Correct answer a. 9. Under the influence of what force is the liquid ejected from the impeller of a centrifugal pump? a) under the influence of gravity; b) under the action of centrifugal force; c) under the influence of the Cariolis force. Correct answer b. 10. According to the layout of the pumping unit (shaft location), centrifugal pumps are divided into a) single-stage and multi-stage; b) with one-sided supply and two-sided supply; c) horizontal and vertical. Correct answer c.

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2014-03-15

The introduction of modern SCADA systems in the water sector provides enterprises with an unprecedented opportunity to control and manage all aspects of the receipt, supply and distribution of water from a centralized control system. Modern utilities abroad recognize that a SCADA system should not consist of one or more isolated "islands of automation", but can and should be a single system operating in a geographically distributed network and integrated into their enterprise information and computing system. The next logical step after the implementation of a SCADA system is to make better use of this investment using state-of-the-art software, which allows for proactive control (as opposed to feedback control) of the water supply system. Benefits resulting from these actions may include improving water quality by reducing water age, minimizing energy costs, and increasing system performance without sacrificing operational reliability.

Introduction

Since the mid-1970s, automation has invaded the processes of preparing, feeding and distributing drinking water, traditionally controlled manually. Until that time, most installations had used simple consoles with alarm lamps, dial indicators, and console displays such as circular chart recorders as devices to complement the manual control system. More recently, smart instruments and analyzers have appeared, such as nephelometers, particle counters, and pH meters. They could be used to control chemical dosing pumps to meet applicable water supply standards. Ultimately, fully automatic control using PLC or distributed control systems appeared abroad in the early 1980s. Along with the improvement of technology, management processes have also improved. An example of this is the use of flow current meters as a secondary control loop downstream of the inner loop for dosing coagulant. The main problem was that the theory of using individual measuring instruments continued to exist in industry. Control systems were still designed as if one or more physical measuring instruments were wired together to control a single output variable. The main advantage of the PLC was the ability to combine a large amount of digital and analog data, as well as to create more complex algorithms than can be obtained by combining individual measuring instruments.

As a consequence, it became possible to implement and also try to achieve the same level of control in the water distribution system. Early developments in telemetry equipment faced problems with low data rates, high latency, and unreliability of radio links or leased links. To date, these problems are still not completely resolved, however, in most cases, they are overcome through the use of highly reliable packet-switched data networks or ADSL connections to the wide area telephone network.

All of this comes at a high cost, but investing in a SCADA system is a must for water utilities. In the countries of America, Europe and industrialized Asia, few people try to manage an enterprise without such a system. It may be difficult to provide a justification for the significant cost recovery associated with the installation of a SCADA system and a telemetry system, however, in reality, there is no alternative to this direction.

Reducing the workforce by using a centralized pool of experienced employees to manage a widely distributed system and being able to control and manage quality are two of the most common justifications.

Similar to the installation of PLCs in facilities, which provide the basis for enabling advanced algorithms, the introduction of a widely distributed telemetry system and SCADA system allows for more sophisticated control over water distribution. In fact, system-wide optimization algorithms can now be integrated into the control system. Field remote telemetry units (RTUs), telemetry system, and facility control systems can work in sync to reduce significant energy costs and achieve other benefits for water utilities. Significant progress has been made in the areas of water quality, system safety and energy efficiency. As an example, a study is currently underway in the United States to study the real-time response to terrorist attacks using live data and instrumentation in the distribution system.

Distributed or centralized control

Instrumentation, such as flow meters and analyzers, can be quite complex in themselves and capable of executing complex algorithms using multiple variables and different outputs. These, in turn, are transmitted to PLCs or intelligent RTUs, which are capable of very complex dispatch telecontrol. PLCs and RTUs are connected to a centralized control system, which is usually located at the head office of the water utility or one of the larger facilities. These centralized control systems may consist of a powerful PLC and SCADA system, also capable of executing very complex algorithms.

In this case, the question is where to install the smart system, or whether it makes sense to duplicate the smart system on multiple levels. There are advantages to having local control at the RTU level, whereby the system becomes relatively secure against loss of communication with the centralized control server. The disadvantage is that only localized information is sent to the RTU. An example is a pumping station, the operator of which does not know the level of water in the tank into which water is pumped, nor the level of the tank from which water is pumped.

On a system scale, individual algorithms at the RTU level can have undesirable effects on facility operation, such as requesting too much water at the wrong time. It is desirable to use a general algorithm. Therefore, the best way is to have localized control to provide at least basic protection in case of a loss of communication and retain the ability to control the centralized system to make common decisions. This idea of ​​using cascading layers of control and protection is the more optimal of the two options available. The RTU controls can be in a dormant state and only come on when unusual conditions occur or communication is lost. An additional advantage is that relatively non-programmable RTUs can be used in the field, as they are only required to run relatively simple operational algorithms. Many U.S. utilities installed RTUs in the 1980s, when relatively cheap "non-programmable" RTUs were the norm.

This concept is now also used, however, until recently, little has been done to achieve system-wide optimization. Schneider Electric implements software-based control systems (SW), which is a real-time control program that is integrated into the SCADA system to automate the water distribution system (see Fig. No. 1).

The software reads live data from the SCADA system on current reservoir levels, water flows, and equipment availability, and then generates flow charts for contaminated and treated water for facilities, all pumps, and automated valves in the system for a planned period. The software is able to perform these actions in less than two minutes. The program is restarted every half an hour to adapt to changing conditions, mainly in the event of load changes on the consumption side and equipment failures. The controls are automatically enabled by the software, allowing fully automatic control of even the most powerful water distribution systems without operating personnel. The main task in this case is to reduce the cost of water distribution, mainly energy costs.

Optimization problem

Analyzing world experience, it can be concluded that numerous studies and efforts have been directed to solving the problem associated with production planning, pumps and valves in water distribution systems. Much of this effort has been purely scientific in nature, although there have been some serious attempts to bring a solution to the market. In the 1990s, a group of American utilities came together to promote the idea of ​​an Energy and Water Quality Monitoring System (EWQMS) under the auspices of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) research foundation. As a result of this project, several tests were carried out. The Water Research Council (WRC) in the UK used a similar approach in the 1980s. However, both the US and the UK were limited by the lack of a control systems infrastructure, as well as a lack of commercial incentives in this industry, so unfortunately neither of these countries was successful, and subsequently all these attempts were abandoned.

There are several hydraulic simulation software packages that use evolutionary genetic algorithms to enable a competent engineer to make sound design decisions, but none of them can be considered targeted. automatic system real-time control of any water distribution system.

More than 60,000 water systems and 15,000 wastewater systems in the US are the largest consumers of electricity in the country, using about 75 billion kWh/year nationwide - about 3% of annual US electricity consumption.

Most approaches to solving the problem of optimizing energy use indicate that significant savings can be achieved by making appropriate decisions in the field of scheduling pump operating modes, especially when using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA). As a rule, savings in energy costs are predicted in the range of 10-15%, sometimes more.

One of the challenges has always been integrating these systems into real-world equipment. MOEA based solutions have always suffered from relatively slow solution performance, especially in systems that use more pumps than standard systems. The performance of the solution increases exponentially when the number of pumps reaches the range from 50 to 100 pieces. This makes it possible to attribute problems in the functioning of MOEA algorithms to design problems, and the algorithms themselves to learning systems instead of real-time automatic control systems.

Any proposed overall solution to the least cost water distribution problem requires several basic ingredients. First, the solution must be fast enough to cope with changing real-world circumstances and must be able to connect to a centralized control system. Secondly, it should not interfere with the operation of the main protection devices integrated into the existing control system. Third, it must achieve its goal of reducing energy costs without negatively impacting water quality or supply reliability.

At present, and this is demonstrated by world experience, the corresponding problem has been solved by using new, more advanced (compared to MOEA) algorithms. With four large sites in the US, there is evidence of the possible performance of the respective solutions, while meeting the goal of reducing distribution costs.

EBMUD completes a 24-hour chart of half-hour blocks in less than 53 seconds, Washington Suburban in Maryland does it in 118 seconds or less, Eastern Municipal in California does it in 47 seconds or less, and WaterOne in Kansas City - less than 2 minutes. This is an order of magnitude faster than systems based on MOEA algorithms.

Definition of tasks

Energy costs are a major cost in water treatment and distribution systems and are usually second only to labor costs. Of the total energy costs, pumping equipment accounts for up to 95% of all electricity purchased by the utility, with the remainder related to lighting, ventilation and air conditioning.

Clearly, reducing energy costs is a major incentive for these utilities, but not at the cost of increasing operational risks or reducing water quality. Any optimization system must be able to take into account changing marginal conditions such as the operating limits of the reservoir and the process requirements of the facilities. In any real system, there are always a significant number of restrictions. These limits include: minimum pump run time, minimum pump cool down time, minimum flow rate, and maximum outlet pressure of units. stop valves, minimum and maximum performance of structures, rules for creating pressure in pumping stations, determining the duration of operation of pumps to prevent significant fluctuations or water hammer.

Water quality rules are more difficult to establish and quantify, as the relationship between requirements for minimum operating water levels in a reservoir can conflict with the need for regular circulation of water in the reservoir to reduce the age of the water. The breakdown of chlorine is closely related to the age of the water and is also highly dependent on temperature. environment, which complicates the process of establishing strict rules to ensure the required level of residual chlorine at all points in the distribution system.

An interesting step in every implementation project is the software's ability to define "constraint costs" as the output of the optimization program. This allows us to challenge certain customer representations with valid data, and through this process remove some restrictions. This is a common problem in large utilities, where over time the operator may face severe restrictions.

For example, in a large pumping station, there may be a limitation associated with the possibility of using no more than three pumps at the same time due to justified reasons laid down at the time of construction of the station.

In our software, we use a hydraulic system simulation scheme to determine the maximum output flow of a pumping station during the day to ensure that any pressure limits are met.

Having determined the physical structure of the water distribution system, indicating the areas of increased pressure, selecting the equipment that will be automatically controlled by our software, and having an agreed set of restrictions, you can begin to implement the implementation project. Custom fabrication (if pre-qualified) and configuration typically take five to six months, followed by extensive testing of three months or more.

Possibilities of software solutions

While solving a very complex scheduling problem is of interest to many, it is actually just one of many steps required to create a usable, reliable, and fully automatic optimization tool. Typical steps are listed below:

• Choice of long-term settings.
• Reading data from the SCADA system, detecting and eliminating errors.
• Determination of the target volumes that should be in the reservoirs to ensure the reliability of the supply and circulation of water.
• Reading any changing third party data such as real time electricity prices.
• Calculation of schedules for all pumps and valves.
• Preparing data for the SCADA system to start pumps or open valves as needed.
• Updating analysis data such as projected demand, costs, water treatment estimate.

Most of the steps in this process will take only a few seconds, with the solver taking the longest to run, but as stated above, it will still be fast enough to run interactively.

Water distribution system operators can view forecasts and outputs in a simple client based on, for example, Windows OS. In the screenshot below (Figure #1), the top graph shows the demand, the middle graph shows the water level in the reservoir, and the bottom row of dots is the pumping graph. The yellow columns indicate the current time; everything up to the yellow column is archive data; everything after it is a prediction for the future. The screen form shows the predicted increase in the water level in the reservoir under the conditions of operating pumps (green dots).

Our software is designed to find opportunities to reduce production costs as well as energy costs; however, electricity costs have a predominant influence. In terms of reducing energy costs, it searches in three main areas:

• Transfer of energy use to periods with a cheaper tariff, use of the reservoir for water supply to customers.
• Reduce costs at peak demand by limiting the maximum number of pumps during these periods.
• Reducing the electricity required to supply water to a water distribution system by operating a pump or group of pumps at a rate close to their optimum performance.

EBMUD results (California)

A similar system began operating at EBMUD in July 2005. In its first year of operation, the program generated energy savings of 12.5% ​​($370,000 over the previous year's consumption of $2.7 million), independently verified. In its second year of operation, it delivered even better results, with savings of around 13.1%. This was mainly achieved by transferring the electrical load to the three-band tariff regime. Before using the related software, EBMUD has already made significant efforts to reduce energy costs through manual operator intervention and has reduced its energy costs by $500,000. A large enough pressure basin was built that allowed the company to turn off all pumps for a 6-hour maximum rate period of about 32 cents/kWh. The software scheduled the pumps to shift from two short periods of a flat load schedule on each side of the peak period at a rate of 12 cents/kWh to a ten-hour off-peak overnight rate of 9 cents/kWh. Even with a slight difference in the cost of electricity, the benefit was significant.

Each pumping station has several pumps, and in some cases pumps of different capacities are used at the same station. This provides the optimization program with numerous options for creating different flows in the water distribution system. The software solves non-linear hydraulic system equations to determine which combination of pumps will provide the required daily mass balance with maximum efficiency and minimum cost. Even though EBMUD has gone to great lengths to improve pump performance, the use of software has successfully reduced the total kWh required to generate flow. In some pumping stations, productivity has been increased by more than 27% solely by selecting the right pump or pumps at the right time.

The improvement in quality is more difficult to quantify. EBMUD used three operating rules to improve water quality, which they tried to do manually. The first rule was to equalize the flow rate at the treatment plant to only two rate changes per day. More uniform production streams optimize the chemical dosing process, produce a consistent low turbidity stream and stable chlorine levels with a cleaner plant reservoir. The software now reliably detects two flow rates at wastewater treatment plants through reliable demand forecasting and distributes these rates throughout the day. The second requirement was to increase the depth of cyclic reservoirs to reduce the average age of the water. Since software is a means of regulating the mass balance, the implementation of this strategy was not difficult. The third requirement was the most stringent. Since the cascade had several tanks and pumping stations supplying water at different pressures, EBMUD wanted all the pumping stations to operate at the same time when water was needed in the top tank so that clean water would come from the bottom of the cascade instead of the old water from the intermediate tank . This requirement was also met.

WSSC results (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland)

The optimization system has been in operation in the company since June 2006. WSSC is in an almost unique position in the US, purchasing more than 80% of its electricity at a fair price. It operates on the PJM market (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland) and purchases electricity directly from an independent market operator. The remaining pumping stations operate according to different structures tariffs of three separate electricity supplier companies. Obviously, automating the pump scheduling optimization process in the real market means that scheduling must be flexible and responsive to hourly changes in electricity prices.

The software allows you to solve this problem in less than two minutes. Operators have already been successful in shifting load in large pumping stations, driven by prices throughout the year prior to the installation of the software. At the same time, noticeable improvements in planning were already evident within a few days from the start of the functioning of the automated system. In the first week, savings of around US$400 per day were noted at just one pumping station. In the second week, this amount increased to $570 per day, and in the third week it exceeded $1,000 per day. Similar effects were achieved at another 17 pumping stations.

The WSSC water distribution system is characterized by a high level of complexity and has a large number of non-managed pressure relief valves that complicate the process of water consumption calculation and optimization. Storage in the system is limited to approximately 17.5% of daily water use, which reduces the ability to shift load to lower cost periods. The most severe restrictions were associated with two large water treatment plants, where no more than 4 pump changes per day were allowed. Over time, it has become possible to remove these constraints to increase savings from renovation projects.

Interaction with the control system

Both of these examples required the interaction of the software with existing control systems. EBMUD already had a state-of-the-art centralized pump scheduling package that included a table with input data for each pump with up to 6 start and stop cycles. It was relatively easy to use this existing function and get a pump schedule with data from these tables after each solution to the problem. This meant that minimal changes were required to the existing management system, and also indicated that it was possible to use existing overflow and underflow protection systems for reservoirs.

The Washington suburban system was even more difficult to set up and connect to the system. No centralized PLC was installed at the head office. In addition, a program was underway to replace non-programmable RTUs with intelligent PLCs in the field. A significant number of logical algorithms were added to the scripting language of the SCADA system package, while it was solved additional task ensuring data redundancy in the servers of the SCADA system.

Using general automation strategies leads to an interesting situation. If the operator manually fills a reservoir in a particular area, he knows which pumps have been started and therefore he also knows which reservoir levels to control. If the operator uses a reservoir that has a filling time of several hours, he will be forced to control the levels of this reservoir for several hours from the start of the pumps. If during this period of time there is a loss of communication, he will in any case be able to eliminate this situation by stopping the pumping station. However, if the pumps are started by a fully automatic system, the operator does not need to know that this has happened and therefore the system will be more dependent on automatic localized controls to protect the system. This is the function of the localized logic in the field RTU.

As with any complex software implementation project, the ultimate success depends on the quality of the input data and the robustness of the solution to external interference. Cascading levels of interlocks and protection devices are required to provide the level of security required for any vital utility.

Conclusion

Large investments in the automation and control systems of water utilities abroad have created over the past 20 years the necessary infrastructure for the implementation of overall optimization strategies. Water utilities are independently developing even more advanced software to improve water efficiency, reduce leakage and improve overall water quality.

The use of software is one example of how financial benefits can be achieved through more effective use significant upfront investment in automation and control systems.

Our experience allows us to assert that the use of relevant experience at water supply enterprises in Russia, the construction of advanced centralized control systems is a promising solution that can effectively solve a block of urgent tasks and problems of the industry.

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Introduction

At the present stage of development of the oil and gas industry great importance has the development of automatic production control, the replacement of physically and morally obsolete automation tools and control systems for technical processes and oil and gas production facilities. The introduction of new automatic control and management systems leads to an increase in the reliability and accuracy of tracking the process.

Automation of production processes is the highest form of development of oil and gas production technology, the creation of high-performance equipment, the improvement of production culture, the establishment of new oil and gas regions, the growth of oil and gas production became possible due to the development and implementation of automation and improved management.

A systematic approach to solving the issues of automation of technological processes, the creation and implementation of automated control systems made it possible to carry out the transition to integrated automation of all main and auxiliary technological processes of drilling, production, desalting and transportation of oil and gas.

Modern oil and gas producing enterprises are complex complexes of technological facilities dispersed over large areas. Technological objects are interconnected. This increases the requirement for reliability and perfection of automation tools. Ensuring the reliability and efficiency of the gas supply system, optimizing the processes of oil production, transport, improving the technical and economic indicators of the development of the oil industry requires solving the most important tasks of long-term planning and operational dispatch control of the oil production system based on the implementation of a program of integrated automation of technological processes, the widespread introduction of automated control systems.

In this paper, the automation system of a booster pumping station (BPS) is considered.

1. Automation of the booster pumping station

The booster pumping station (Fig. 1) after the primary separation of oil ensures its flow to the units for further technological cycle and maintaining the necessary pressure there.

Rice. 1 - Technological scheme of the booster pumping station

The basis of this station is self-priming centrifugal pumps, to which oil is supplied from the primary separation unit or from reserve bullets. Oil is pumped into the pumps through filters, which are installed both on the suction and discharge lines of this system. The station is equipped with always working and reserve pumps. Filters are also reserved on its discharge line. Each of the pumps or one of the filters on the discharge line is switched on with the help of drive valves controlled by the automation system.

The booster pumping station automation control system not only maintains the specified oil pressure in the discharge line, but also timely switches the working line to the backup line in the event of a failure of the working pump or blockage of one of the working filters. To control the operating parameters in the technological chain of the booster pumping station, the following technical means are used:

DM1 - DM4 - differential pressure gauges;

P1, P3 - pressure sensors at the pump inlet;

P2, P4 - pressure sensors at the outlet of the pumps;

Z1 - Z6 - valve drives and sensors of their position;

F1 - F4 - filters on the oil line.

This equipment is connected to the corresponding ports of the controller of the booster pumping station control system according to the scheme shown in fig. 2.

As in the previous case, control buttons and gate position sensors are connected to the discrete input module (port) of this controller. Analog pressure sensors and differential pressure gauges are connected to the input of the analog input module (port). All valve motors and pump drives are connected to the discrete output module (port).

Rice. 2 - The structure of the lower level of the control system of the booster pumping station

oil extraction pumping station

The booster pumping station control algorithm has a complex structure, consisting of several interconnected subroutines. The main program of this algorithm is shown in Fig. 3.

According to this algorithm, after entering the value of the setting signals, a waiting cycle is performed for pressing the "Start" button, after pressing which the pump No. 1 and the gate valve Z5 are automatically selected as the working equipment of the technological cycle. This choice is fixed by assigning a single value to the constants N and K. Based on the value of these constants, the choice of the direction of branching in the subroutines of the algorithm will be determined later.

These subroutines are launched by the main algorithm immediately after the command is given to open the gate valve Z1, which connects the process line of the booster pumping station with the primary oil separation unit. The first of these subprograms "Pump start" controls the process of starting the working (or backup) pump, and the other subprogram "Parameter control" monitors the main parameters of the process and, if they do not correspond to the set values, switches in the technological chain of this process.

The subprogram "Control of parameters" is launched cyclically throughout the working cycle of this process. At the same time, in this cycle, the “Stop” button is polled, when pressed, the gate valve Z1 is closed. Then, before stopping the main program, the algorithm starts the subroutine "Pump Stop" for execution. This subroutine performs sequential actions to stop the working pump.

According to the subprogram “Pump start” (Fig. 4), the content of the parameter N is initially analyzed, which determines the number of the working pump (respectively, N=1 for pump No. 1 and N=0 for another pump). Depending on the value of this parameter, the algorithm selects the start branch of the corresponding pump. These branches are similar in structure, but differ only in the parameters of technological elements.

Rice. 3 - Algorithm for controlling the booster pumping station

The first procedure of the selected branch of this subprogram polls the differential pressure sensor DM1, the content of which determines the operating state of the corresponding filter at the inlet of the pumping unit. The readings of this sensor are compared with the set limit value of the relative pressure on the filter. If the filter is contaminated (when it needs to be cleaned), the pressure difference at its inlet and outlet will exceed the specified value, so this technological branch cannot be put into operation, and a transition to the launch of a backup line will be required, i.e. backup pump.

If the filter is in a normal state, its actual differential pressure is less than the specified one, and the algorithm proceeds to polling the sensor that controls the pressure at the inlet of the selected pump. Again, the readings of this sensor are compared with the set value. In case of insufficient pressure at the inlet of the pump, it will not be able to enter the operating mode, therefore it cannot be started either, and this will again require a transition to starting a standby pump.

Rice. 4 - Structure of the subroutine "Pump start"

If the pump inlet pressure is normal, the next command of the subroutine starts it, with the parameter N being assigned the appropriate numerical value, and the pump start control discrete sensors control this process. After this start, the sensor that controls the outlet pressure of the started pump is interrogated. In the event that this pressure is below the set level, the pump cannot also operate in normal mode, therefore this case also requires the backup pump to be started, but only after the running pump has stopped.

If the set pressure at the pump outlet is reached, then it means that it has reached the set mode, therefore, at the next step, the algorithm opens the valve that connects the pump outlet to the line of the system outlet filters. The opening of each of the valves is fixed by discrete sensors of its position.

At this point, the pump start subroutine has fulfilled its functions, therefore, at the next step, it exits from it to the main program, where the next subroutine "Parameter Control" of the operating system is then launched. This subroutine runs in a loop until the process is stopped with the Stop button.

Structurally, the "Control of parameters" subprogram is identical to the "Pump start" subprogram, however, it has some features (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5 - Structure of the subroutine "Control of parameters"

In this subroutine, as in the previous one, the same sensors are polled sequentially and their readings are compared with the specified values ​​of the controlled parameters. In case of their discrepancy, a command is given to close the corresponding valve and stop the corresponding pump, while the parameter N is assigned a value opposite to the previous one. After all this, the “Pump Start” subprogram is launched, according to which the standby pump is put into operation.

If all controlled parameters correspond to the specified values, then, before entering the main program, the algorithm checks the condition of the main line filters. For this purpose, the subprogram “Control of gate valves Z5 and Z6” (Fig. 6) is launched, according to which, in the event of failure of one of these filters, the backup filter is put into operation.

Rice. 6 - Structure of the subprogram "Control of valves Z5 and Z6"

According to this subroutine, through the analysis of the value of the parameter K, the working branch is selected in it, according to which the differential pressure gauge of the operating filter is polled. In the case of normal filter operation, the actual pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the filter will not exceed the specified value, therefore, the algorithm exits the subroutine according to the “yes” condition without changing the structure of connecting elements in the line.

If this difference exceeds the set value, the algorithm follows the “no” condition, as a result of which the working valve closes and the reserve valve opens, and the opposite value is assigned to the parameter N. After this is done, this subroutine exits to the previous one, and from it to the main program.

The process of controlled start-up of the working pump, and in case of its breakdown, the start of the backup pump is carried out automatically by the algorithm. Similarly, the controlled launch of filters is carried out through the inclusion of valves in the main line.

When the "Stop" button is pressed, the cycle of continuous monitoring of the system parameters is terminated, the valve that connects the booster pump station to the separation unit is closed, and the transition to the "Pump stop" subprogram is performed (Fig. 7).

According to this subroutine, based on the analysis of the parameter N, one of two identical branches of the algorithm is selected. According to it, the algorithm initially sends a command to close the valve installed at the outlet of the operating pump. After closing it, another command stops the running pump. Then, by a new analysis of the value of the parameter K, a branch of the algorithm is selected, along which the valve of the operating main filter is closed, after which the algorithm stops its work.

Rice. 7 - Structure of the subroutine "Pump stop"

Bibliography

1. Sazhin R.A. Elements and structures of automation systems for technological processes in the oil and gas industry. PSTU publishing house, Perm, 2008. ? 175 p.

2. Isakovich R.Ya. and other Automation of production processes in the oil and gas industry. "Nedra", M., 1983

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Optimization of booster pumping equipment in water supply systems

O. A. Steinmiller, Ph.D., General Director of ZAO Promenergo

Problems in providing pressure in the water supply networks of Russian cities, as a rule, are homogeneous. The condition of the main networks led to the need to reduce pressure, as a result of which the task arose to compensate for the pressure drop at the level of district, quarterly and intra-house networks. The development of cities and the increase in the height of houses, especially in the case of compacted buildings, require the provision of the required pressure for new consumers, including by equipping high-rise buildings (EPE) with booster pumping units (PPU). The selection of pumps as part of booster pumping stations (PSS) was carried out taking into account the development prospects, the flow and pressure parameters were overestimated. It is common to bring pumps to the required characteristics by throttling valves, leading to excessive consumption of electricity. Pumps are not replaced on time, most of them operate with low efficiency. Wear and tear of equipment has exacerbated the need for reconstruction of the PNS to increase efficiency and reliability.

The combination of these factors leads to the need to determine the optimal parameters of the PNS with the existing restrictions on the inlet pressures, under conditions of uncertainty and uneven actual flow rates. When solving such a problem, the questions arise of combining the sequential operation of groups of pumps and the parallel operation of pumps combined within a group, as well as combining the operation of parallel-connected pumps with variable frequency drive (VFD) and, ultimately, the selection of equipment that provides the required parameters of a particular system. Significant changes in recent years in approaches to the selection of pumping equipment should be taken into account - both in terms of eliminating redundancy and in terms of the technical level of available equipment.

The particular relevance of these issues is determined by the increased importance of solving energy efficiency problems, which was confirmed in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain legislative acts Russian Federation".

The entry into force of this law has become a catalyst for widespread enthusiasm for standard solutions to reduce energy consumption, without assessing their effectiveness and feasibility in a particular place of implementation. One of such solutions for utility companies was to equip the existing pumping equipment in water supply and distribution systems with VFD, which is often morally and physically worn out, has excessive characteristics, and is operated without taking into account the actual modes.

Analysis of the technical and economic results of any planned modernization (reconstruction) requires time and staff qualifications. Unfortunately, the leaders of most municipal water utilities experience a shortage of both, when, in the conditions of constant extreme underfunding, they have to quickly master the miraculously obtained funds allocated for technical “re-equipment”.

Therefore, realizing the scale of the orgy of thoughtless introduction of VFD on pumps of booster water supply systems, the author decided to present this issue for wider discussion by specialists involved in water supply issues.

The main parameters of pumps (blowers), which determine the range of change in the operating modes of pumping stations (PS) and FPU, the composition of the equipment, design features and economic indicators are pressure, flow, power and efficiency (COP). For the tasks of increasing the pressure in the water supply, it is important to connect the functional parameters of the blowers (flow, pressure) with the power ones:

where p is the density of the liquid, kg/m3; d - free fall acceleration, m/s2;

O - pump flow, m3/s; H - pump head, m; Р - pump pressure, Pa; N1, N - useful power and pump power (coming to the pump through the transmission from the engine), W; Nb N2 - input (consumed) and output (issued for transmission) engine power.

The efficiency of the pump n h takes into account all types of losses (hydraulic, volumetric and mechanical) associated with the conversion of the mechanical energy of the engine into the energy of a moving fluid by the pump. To evaluate the pump assembly with the engine, the efficiency of the unit na is considered, which determines the feasibility of operation when the operating parameters (pressure, flow, power) change. The value of efficiency and the nature of its change are essentially determined by the purpose of the pump and design features.

The design variety of pumps is great. Based on the complete and logical classification adopted in Russia, based on differences in the principle of operation, in the group of dynamic pumps, we single out vane pumps used in water supply and sewerage facilities. Vane pumps provide smooth and continuous flow when high efficiency, have sufficient reliability and durability. The operation of vane pumps is based on the force interaction of the vanes of the impeller with the flow around the pumped fluid, the differences in the mechanism of interaction due to the design lead to a difference in the performance of vane pumps, which are divided in the direction of flow into centrifugal (radial), diagonal and axial (axial).

Taking into account the nature of the tasks under consideration, centrifugal pumps are of the greatest interest, in which, when the impeller rotates, each part of the liquid with a mass m located in the interblade channel at a distance r from the shaft axis will be affected by the centrifugal force Fu:

where w is the angular velocity of the shaft, rad./s.

Methods for regulating the operating parameters of the pump

Table 1

the greater the speed n and the diameter of the impeller D.

The main parameters of the pumps - flow Q, head R, power N, efficiency I] and rotational speed n - are in a certain relationship, which is reflected in the characteristic curves. The characteristic (energy characteristic) of the pump is a graphically expressed dependence of the main energy indicators on the supply (at a constant impeller speed, viscosity and density of the medium at the pump inlet), see fig. one.

The main characteristic curve of the pump ( operating characteristic, working curve) is a graph of the dependence of the head developed by the pump on the flow H \u003d f (Q) at a constant speed n \u003d const. The maximum value of efficiency qmBX corresponds to the flow Qp and the pressure Hp at the optimal regime point P of the Q-H characteristic (Fig. 1-1).

If the main characteristic has an ascending branch (Fig. 1-2) - an interval from Q \u003d 0 to 2b, then it is called ascending, and the interval is an area of ​​\u200b\u200bunstable work with sudden changes in feed, accompanied by loud noise and hydraulic shocks. Characteristics that do not have an increasing branch are called stable (Fig. 1-1), the mode of operation is stable at all points of the curve. "A stable curve is needed when two or more pumps are required to be used at the same time" which makes economic sense in pumping applications. The shape of the main characteristic depends on the speed factor of the pump ns - the larger it is, the steeper the curve.

With a stable flat characteristic, the pump head changes slightly when the flow changes. Pumps with gentle characteristics are needed in systems where, at a constant pressure, a wide regulation of the flow is required, which corresponds to the task of increasing the pressure in the end sections of the water supply network

On quarterly PNS, as well as in the PNU of local swaps. For the working part of the Q-H characteristic, the dependence is common:

where a, b are selected constant coefficients (a>>0, b>>0) for a given pump within the Q-H characteristic, which has a quadratic form.

The pumps are connected in series and in parallel. When installed in series, the total head (pressure) is greater than each of the pumps develops. Parallel installation provides more flow than each pump separately. The general characteristics and basic relationships for each method are shown in fig. 2.

When a pump with a Q-H characteristic is operating on a pipeline system (adjacent conduits and a further network), pressure is required to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the system - the sum of the resistances of individual elements that resist flow, which ultimately affects pressure losses. In general, one can say:

where ∆H - head loss on one element (section) of the system, m; Q - fluid flow rate passing through this element (section), m3/s; k - head loss coefficient, depending on the type of element (section) of the system, C2 / M5

The characteristic of the system is the dependence of hydraulic resistance on flow. The joint operation of the pump and the network is characterized by a point of material and energy balance (the point of intersection of the characteristics of the system and the pump) - a working (mode) point with coordinates (Q, i / i), corresponding to the current flow and pressure when the pump is operating on the system (Fig. 3) .

There are two types of systems: closed and open. AT closed systems(heating, air conditioning, etc.) the volume of liquid is constant, the pump is necessary to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the components (pipelines, devices) with the technologically necessary movement of the carrier in the system.

The characteristic of the system is a parabola with a vertex (Q, H) = (0, 0).

Open systems are of interest in water supply, transporting liquid from one point to another, in which the pump provides the required pressure at the points of analysis, overcoming friction losses in the system. It is clear from the characteristics of the system that the lower the flow rate, the lower the friction losses of the ANT and, accordingly, the power consumption.

There are two types of open systems: with a pump below the point of parsing and above the point of parsing. Consider an open system of the 1st type (Fig. 3). To supply from tank No. 1 at the zero mark (lower pool) to the upper tank No. 2 (upper pool), the pump must provide the geometric lifting height H, and compensate for the flow-dependent friction losses of the AHT.

System characteristic

Parabola with coordinates (0; ∆Н,).

In an open system of the 2nd type (Fig. 4)

water under the influence of height difference (H1) is delivered to the consumer without a pump. The height difference between the current liquid level in the tank and the point of analysis (H1) provides a certain flow rate Qr. The pressure due to the height difference is insufficient to provide the required flow rate (Q). Therefore, the pump must add a head H1 to completely overcome the friction loss ∆H1. The characteristic of the system is a parabola with the beginning (0; -H1). The flow rate depends on the level in the tank - when it decreases, the height H decreases, the system characteristic shifts upward and the flow rate decreases. The system reflects the problem of lack of inlet pressure in the network (pressure equivalent to R) to ensure the supply of the required amount of water to all consumers with the required pressure.

the needs of the system change over time (the characteristic of the system changes), the question arises of regulating the parameters of the pump in order to meet current requirements. An overview of methods for changing pump parameters is given in Table. one.

With throttle control and bypass control, both a decrease and an increase in power consumption can occur (depending on the power characteristic of the centrifugal pump and the position of the operating points before and after the control action). In both cases, the final efficiency is significantly reduced, the relative power consumption per unit of supply to the system increases, and unproductive energy loss occurs. The impeller diameter correction method has a number of advantages for systems with a stable characteristic, while cutting (or replacing) the impeller allows you to bring the pump to the optimal operating mode without significant initial costs, and the efficiency decreases slightly. However, the method is not applicable quickly, when the conditions of consumption and, accordingly, the supply continuously and significantly change during operation. For example, when "a pumping water installation supplies water directly to the network (pumping stations of the 2nd, 3rd lifts, pumping stations, etc.)" and when it is advisable to frequency control the electric drive using a frequency converter (FCT), which provides a change impeller speed (pump speed).

Based on the law of proportionality (conversion formula), it is possible to build a number of pump characteristics in the range of rotational speed change from one Q-H characteristic (Fig. 5-1). Recalculation of coordinates (QA1, HA) of a certain point A of the Q-H characteristic, which takes place at the rated speed n, for frequencies n1

n2.... ni, will lead to points A1, A2.... Ai belonging to the corresponding characteristics Q-H1 Q-H2...., Q-Hi

(Figure 5-1). A1, A2, Ai -, form the so-called parabola of similar modes with a vertex at the origin, described by the equation:

A parabola of similar modes is the locus of points that determine, at different speeds (speeds), the operating modes of the pump, similar to the mode at point A. Recalculation of point B of the Q-H characteristic at a speed of rotation n to frequencies n1 n2 ni, will give points B1, B2, Bi defining the corresponding parabola of similar regimes (0B1 B) (Fig. 5-1).

Based on the initial position (when deriving the so-called recalculation formulas) on the equality of natural and model efficiency, it is assumed that each of the parabolas of such modes is a line of constant efficiency. This provision is the basis for the use of VFD in pumping systems, which is represented by many as almost the only way to optimize the operating modes of pumping stations. In fact, with a VFD, the pump does not maintain a constant efficiency even on parabolas of such modes, since with an increase in the rotational speed n, the flow velocity increases and, in proportion to the squares of the speeds, the hydraulic losses in the pump flow path. On the other hand, mechanical losses are more pronounced at low speeds, when the pump power is low. The efficiency reaches its maximum at the calculated value of the rotational speed n0. With others n, smaller or larger n0, pump efficiency will decrease as deviation increases n from n0. Taking into account the nature of the change in efficiency with a change in speed, marking on the characteristics of Q-H1, Q-H2, Q-Hi points with equal values ​​of efficiency and connecting them with curves, we obtain the so-called universal characteristic(Fig. 5-2), which determines the operation of the pump at a variable speed, the efficiency and power of the pump for any mode point.

In addition to reducing the efficiency of the pump, one should take into account the reduction Engine efficiency due to the work of the PCT, which has two components: firstly, the internal losses of the frequency converter and, secondly, the harmonic losses in the regulated electric motor (due to the imperfection of the sinusoidal current wave during VFD). The efficiency of a modern inverter at the rated frequency of the alternating current is 95-98%, with a functional decrease in the frequency of the output current, the efficiency of the inverter decreases (Fig. 5-3).

Losses in motors due to harmonics produced by VFD (ranging from 5 to 10%) lead to heating of the motor and a corresponding deterioration in performance, as a result, the efficiency of the motor drops by another 0.5-1%.

A generalized picture of the “constructive” losses in the efficiency of the pumping unit during VFD, leading to an increase in specific energy consumption (on the example of the TPE 40-300/2-S pump), is shown in fig. 6 - reducing the speed to 60% of the nominal speed reduces la by 11% relative to the optimal one (at operating points on the parabola of similar modes with maximum efficiency). At the same time, electricity consumption decreased from 3.16 to 0.73 kW, i.e. by 77% (the designation P1, [(“Grundfos”) corresponds to N1, in (1)]. Efficiency with a decrease in speed is provided by a decrease in useful and, accordingly, consumed power.

Conclusion. The decrease in the efficiency of the unit due to "constructive" losses leads to an increase in specific energy consumption even when operating near points with maximum efficiency.

To an even greater extent, the relative energy consumption and efficiency of speed control depend on the operating conditions (the type of system and its characteristics, the position of operating points on the pumping curves relative to the maximum efficiency), as well as on the criterion and conditions of regulation. In closed systems, the characteristic of the system can be close to a parabola of similar modes, passing through the points of maximum efficiency for different speeds, because both curves uniquely have a vertex at the origin. AT open systems water supply characteristic of the system has a number of features that lead to a significant difference in its options.

Firstly, the peak of the characteristic, as a rule, does not coincide with the origin of coordinates due to the different static head component (Fig. 7-1). The static head is more often positive (Fig. 7-1, curve 1) and is necessary to raise water to the geometric height in the 1st type system (Fig. 3), but it can also be negative (Fig. 7-1, curve 3) - when the backwater at the inlet to the type 2 system exceeds the required geometric head (Fig. 4). Although zero static head (fig. 7-1, curve 2) is also possible (for example, if the back pressure is equal to the required geometric head).

Secondly, the characteristics of most water supply systems are constantly changing over time.. This refers to the displacements of the top of the characteristic of the system along the axis of pressure, which is explained by changes in the magnitude of the backwater or the magnitude of the required geometric pressure. For a number of water supply systems, due to the constant change in the number and location of actual consumption points in the network space, the position of the dictating point in the field changes, which means a new state of the system, which is described by a new characteristic with a different curvature of the parabola.

As a result, it is obvious that in, the operation of which is provided by one pump, as a rule, it is difficult to regulate the pump speed in unambiguous accordance with the current water consumption (i.e., clearly according to the current characteristics of the system), while maintaining the position of the pump operating points (with such a change in speed) at a fixed parabola of similar regimes passing through points with maximum efficiency.

Especially significant decrease in efficiency during VFD in accordance with the characteristics of the system is manifested in the case of a significant static pressure component (Fig. 7-1, curve 1). Since the characteristic of the system does not coincide with the parabola of such modes, then when the speed decreases (by reducing the frequency of the current from 50 to 35 Hz), the point of intersection of the characteristics of the system and the pump will noticeably shift to the left. A corresponding shift in the efficiency curves will lead to the zone of lower values ​​(Fig. 7-2, "raspberry" points).

Thus, the energy saving potentials for VFD in water supply systems vary significantly. Indicative is the assessment of the efficiency of VFD in terms of specific energy per pumping

1 m3 (Fig. 7-3). Compared to type D discrete control, speed control makes sense in a type C system - with a relatively small geometric head and a significant dynamic component (friction loss). In a B-type system, the geometric and dynamic components are significant, speed control is effective at a certain feed interval. In a type A system with a large lift height and a small dynamic component (less than 30% of the required pressure), the use of VFD in terms of energy costs impractical. Basically, the problem of increasing the pressure at the end sections of the water supply network is solved in mixed-type systems (type B), which requires a substantive justification for the use of VFD to improve energy efficiency.

In principle, speed control makes it possible to expand the range of operating parameters of the pump upwards from the nominal characteristic Q-H. Therefore, some authors suggest choosing a pump equipped with a frequency converter in such a way as to ensure the maximum time of its operation at the nominal characteristic (with maximum efficiency). Accordingly, with the help of VFD, with a decrease in flow, the pump speed decreases relative to the nominal, and with an increase, it increases (at a current frequency above the nominal). However, in addition to the need to take into account the power of the electric motor, we note that pump manufacturers bypass the issue practical application long-term operation of pumping motors with a current frequency significantly exceeding the nominal one.

The idea of ​​control according to the characteristics of the system, which reduces excess pressure and the corresponding excess energy consumption, is very attractive. But it is difficult to determine the required head from the current value of the changing flow rate due to the variety of possible positions of the dictating point in the current state of the system (when the number and location of consumption points in the network, as well as the flow rate in them) and the top of the system characteristic on the pressure axis (Fig. 8- one). Prior to the mass application of instrumentation and data transmission, only “approximation” of control by characteristic is possible on the basis of network-specific assumptions that specify a set of dictating points or limit the system characteristic from above depending on the flow rate. An example of such an approach is the 2-position regulation (day/night) of the outlet pressure in the PNS and PNU.

Taking into account the significant variability in the location of the top of the system characteristic and in the current position in the field of the dictating point, as well as its uncertainty in the network diagram, we have to conclude that today most spatial water supply systems use constant pressure control (Fig. 8 -2, 8-3). It is important that with a decrease in flow rate Q, excess pressures are partially preserved, which are the greater, the more to the left of the operating point, and the decrease in efficiency with a decrease in the impeller speed, as a rule, will increase (if the maximum efficiency corresponds to the intersection point of the pump characteristic at nominal frequency and line set constant pressure).

Recognizing the potential for reducing power consumption and net power in speed control to better suit the needs of the system, it is necessary to determine the actual efficiency of the VFD for a particular system by comparing or combining this method with other effective methods of reducing energy costs, and first of all with a corresponding reduction in feed rates and / or head per pump with an increase in their number.

An illustrative example of a circuit of parallel and series-connected pumps (Fig. 9), providing a significant number of operating points in a wide range of pressures and flows.

With an increase in pressure in sections of water supply networks close to consumers, questions arise about the combination of sequential operation of groups of pumps and parallel operation of pumps combined within one group. The use of VFD also raised questions of optimal combination of the operation of a number of parallel-connected pumps with frequency control

When combined, high comfort for consumers is ensured due to soft start / stop and stable pressure, as well as a reduction in installed power - often the number of standby pumps does not change, and the nominal value of power consumption per pump is reduced. The power of the PCT and its price are also reduced.

In essence, the consideration is clear that the combination (Fig. 10-1) allows you to cover the necessary part of the working area of ​​the field. If the selection is optimal, then in most of the working area, and primarily on the line of controlled constant pressure (pressure), the maximum efficiency of most pumps and the pumping unit as a whole is ensured. The subject of discussion of the joint operation of parallel-connected pumps in combination with a VFD is often the question of the expediency of equipping each pump with its own frequency converter.

An unambiguous answer to this question will not be accurate enough. Of course, those who claim that equipping each pump with a PST increase the possible space for the location of operating points for installation are right. They may be right and consider that when the pump is operating in a wide range of feeds, the operating point is not at the optimum efficiency, and when 2 such pumps operate at a reduced speed, the overall efficiency will be higher (Fig. 10-2). This view is shared by the suppliers of pumps equipped with built-in frequency converters.

In our opinion, the answer to this question depends on the specific type of characteristics of the system, pumps and installation, as well as on the location of the operating points. With constant pressure control, no increase in operating point space is required, and therefore a plant equipped with a single VST in the control box will operate similarly to a plant with each pump fitted with a VST. To ensure higher technological reliability, it is possible to install a second PCT in the cabinet - a backup one.

At correct selection(maximum efficiency corresponds to the point of intersection of the main characteristic of the pump and the constant pressure line) The efficiency of one pump operating at nominal frequency (in the zone of maximum efficiency) will be higher than the total efficiency of two of the same pumps providing the same operating point when each of them operates at a reduced speed (Figure 10-3). If the operating point lies outside the characteristics of one (two, etc.) pumps, then one (two, etc.) pump will operate in the “network” mode, having a working point at the intersection of the pump characteristics and the constant pressure line ( with maximum efficiency). And one pump will work with the VST (having a lower efficiency), and its speed will be determined by the current supply requirement of the system, ensuring that the operating point of the entire installation is properly located on the constant pressure line.

It is advisable to select the pump in such a way that the constant pressure line, which also determines the operating point with maximum efficiency, intersects with the pressure axis as high as possible relative to the pump characteristic lines determined for reduced speeds. This corresponds to the above statement on the use of pumps with stable and flat characteristics (if possible, with a lower speed coefficient ns) when solving problems of increasing the pressure in the end sections of the network of pumps.

Under the condition “one pump is working ...”, the entire flow range is provided by one pump (working at the moment) with adjustable speed, so most of the time the pump operates with a flow less than the nominal one and, accordingly, at a lower efficiency (Fig. 6, 7 ). Currently, there is a strong intention of the customer to limit himself to two pumps in the installation (one pump is working, one is standby) in order to reduce initial costs.

Operating costs influence the choice to a lesser extent. At the same time, for the purpose of “reinsurance”, the customer often insists on the use of a pump whose nominal delivery value exceeds the calculated and / or measured flow rate. In this case, the selected option will not correspond to the actual water consumption regimes for a significant period of time of the day, which will lead to excessive consumption of electricity (due to lower efficiency in the most “frequent” and wide supply range), reduce the reliability and durability of the pumps (due to frequent reaching at least 2"in of the allowable flow range, for most pumps - 10% of the nominal value), will reduce the comfort of water supply (due to the frequency of the stop and start function). As a result, recognizing the "external" validity of the customer's arguments, one has to accept as a fact the redundancy of most newly installed booster pumps on internal ones, which leads to a very low efficiency of pumping units. The use of VFD in this case provides only a part of the possible savings in operation.

The trend of using two pumping PNUs (one - working, one - reserve) is widely manifested in new housing construction, because. neither design nor construction and installation organizations are practically interested in operational efficiency engineering equipment housing being built, the main optimization criterion is the purchase price while ensuring the level of the control parameter (for example, supply and pressure at a single dictating point). Most of the new residential buildings, taking into account the increased number of storeys, are equipped with PNU. The company headed by the author ("Promenergo") supplies PNU both manufactured by "" and its own production based on Grundfos pumps (known under the name MANS). The statistics of Promenergo's deliveries in this segment for 4 years (Table 2) allows us to note the absolute predominance of two pumping FPU, especially among plants with VFD, which will mainly be used in drinking water supply systems, and primarily residential buildings.

In our opinion, the optimization of the composition of the PPU, both in terms of electricity costs and in terms of reliability, raises the question of increasing the number of working pumps (with a decrease in the supply of each of them). Efficiency and reliability can only be ensured by a combination of step and smooth (frequency) control.

An analysis of the practice of booster pumping systems, taking into account the capabilities of modern pumps and control methods, taking into account the limited resources, made it possible to propose, as a methodological approach to optimizing the PNS (PNU), the concept of peripheral modeling of water supply in the context of reducing energy intensity and cost life cycle pumping equipment. Mathematical models have been developed to rationally select the parameters of pumping stations, taking into account the structural relationship and the multi-mode nature of the functioning of the peripheral elements of the water supply system. The model solution allows justifying the approach to choosing the number of blowers in the PNS, which is based on the study of the life cycle cost function depending on the number of blowers in the PNS. When studying a number of existing systems using the model, it was found that in most cases the optimal number of working pumps in the PNS is 3-5 units (subject to the use of VFD).

Literature

1. Berezin S.E. Pump stations with submersible pumps: calculation and design / S.E. Berezin. - M.: Stroyizdat, 2008.

160 p.

2. Karelin V.Ya. Pumps and pumping stations / V.Ya. Karelin, A.V. Minaev.

M.: Stroyiz-dat, 1986. - 320 p.

3. Karttunen E. Water supply II: per. from Finnish / E. Karttunen; Association of Civil Engineers of Finland RIL g.u. - St. Petersburg: New magazine, 2005 - 688 p.

4. Kinebas A.K. Optimization of water supply in the zone of influence of the Uritskaya pumping station of St. Petersburg / A.K. Kinebas, M.N. Ipatko, Yu.V. Ruksin et al.//VST. - 2009. - No. 10, part 2. - p. 12-16.

5. Krasilnikov A. Automated pumping units with cascade-frequency control in water supply systems [Electronic resource]/A. Krasilnikova/Construction engineering. - Electron, yes. - [M.], 2006. - No. 2. - Access mode: http://www.archive-online.ru/read/stroing/347.

6. Leznov B.S. Energy saving and adjustable drive in pumping and blower installations / B.S. Leznov. - M.: Energoatom-published, 2006. - 360 p.

7. Nikolaev V. Potential of energy saving at variable load of vane superchargers/V. Nikolaev//Plumbing. - 2007. - No. 6. - p. 68-73; 2008. - No. 1. - p. 72-79.

8. Industrial pumping equipment. - M.: Grundfos LLC, 2006. - 176 p.

9. Steinmiller O.A. Optimization of pumping stations of water supply systems at the level of district, quarterly and intra-house networks: abstract of the thesis. dis. ... cand. tech. Sciences / O.A. Steinmiller. - St. Petersburg: GASU, 2010. - 22 p.

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Director of the Institute of Natural Resources

A.Yu. Dmitriev

Basic working programm module (discipline) "Operation of pumping and compressor stations"

Direction (specialty) PEP 21.03.01 "Oil and gas business"

Cluster number ( for unified disciplines)

Profile(s) of training (specialization, program)

« Operation and maintenance of transport and storage facilities for oil, gas and refined products»

Qualification (degree) Bachelor

Basic Admission Curriculum 2014 G.

Well 4 semester 7

Amount of credits 6

Discipline code B1.VM5.1.4

Correspondence form of education

Types of learning activities	Temporary resource for distance learning
Lectures, h
Practical lessons, h
Laboratory classes, h
Classroom lessons, h
Coursework, h
Independent work, h

Type of intermediate certification exam

Supporting unit Department of THNG IPR

2014

1. The objectives of mastering the module (discipline)

As a result of mastering the discipline B1.VM5.1.4 "Operation of pumping and compressor stations", the bachelor acquires knowledge, skills and abilities that ensure the achievement of the goals of C1, C3, C4, C5 of the BEP 21.03.01 "Oil and Gas Business":

Target code	Goal Statement	GEF requirements and interested employers
	The readiness of graduates for production, technological and project activities that ensure the modernization, implementation and operation of equipment for the production, transport and storage of oil and gas	GEF requirements, AEER criteria, compliance with EUR-ACE and FEANI international standards. The needs of research centers of JSC "TomskNIPIneft" and enterprises oil and gas industry, enterprises of LLC "Gazprom", AK "Transneft"
	Readiness of graduates for organizational and managerial activities to make professional decisions in interdisciplinary areas of modern oil and gas technologies using the principles of management and management
	Readiness of graduates to be able to substantiate and defend their own conclusions and conclusions in classrooms of varying degrees of interdisciplinary professional preparedness	GEF requirements, AEER criteria, compliance with EUR–ACE and FEANI international standards, requests from domestic and foreign employers
	Readiness of graduates for self-study and continuous professional self-improvement in conditions of autonomy and self-government	GEF requirements, AEER criteria, compliance with EUR–ACE and FEANI international standards, requests from domestic and foreign employers

The overall goal of studying the discipline is the acquisition by students of basic knowledge related to the operation of pumping and compressor stations.

The study of the discipline will allow students to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills in the field of pumps and compressors. Acquire knowledge, skills and abilities in the design, construction and operation of pumps and compressors and their ancillary equipment.