Functional style and its features. Study guide for the student. Substyles and nuances of scientific speech
The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.
Types of functional speech styles
Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is currently used, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.
Formal business style
The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). With the help of this style, legal acts, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.
The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.
scientific style
The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.
Most often, the scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.
Journalistic style
This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, the general public through the media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech stylistics, the scientific style is distinguished by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.
Conversational style
This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information relating to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Great importance in conversational style have non-verbal factors: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences, and introductory words.
Art style
Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.
Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is its subsystem, which is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Functional styles are heterogeneous; each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official business style - laws, certificates, business letters, in the newspaper and journalistic style - an article, reportage, etc. the content of speech and its various communicative orientation, i.e., the goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case. In the leading genres of each functional style of speech, the standard of language means finds its most vivid expression. Peripheral genres are more neutral in terms of the use of linguistic means. However, each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of this style.In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, newspaper and journalistic, artistic and colloquial everyday.
scientific style
The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has great variety speech genres; among them, the main ones are: a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals, etc.), scientific and technical works (various instructions, safety rules, etc.), annotations , abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.
One of the most important genres of scientific style is a scientific article, which can convey information of various nature and purpose, and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded. Scientific articles are presented in several varieties: article - a brief report on the results of research and development work; actual scientific or scientific-technical article, in which the results of the work are presented in sufficient detail; editorial; historical and scientific review article; discussion (polemical) article; scientific and journalistic article; advertising article. Each type of article has its own content and shows the profile of the journal where it was published.
The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.
The main features of the scientific style in both written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, logicality and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style. This functional style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology has occupied more and more space (today this is especially noticeable in economic speech, for example, manager, management, quotas, realtor, etc.). A feature of the use of vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are not used in all their meanings, but only, as a rule, in one. For example, the verb "count", which has four meanings, in the scientific style mainly realizes the meaning: "to make some conclusion about someone or something, to recognize, to believe."
“We clearly understand that different researchers can and should imagine the prospects for the development of science in different ways and do not pretend to proclaim the ultimate truth, but we consider it useful to present our point of view on this important issue” (Ecology. 1993. No. 3).
The use in one terminological meaning is characteristic of both nouns and adjectives, for example, body, strength, movement, sour, heavy, etc.
In scientific speech, in comparison with other styles, there is a wider use of abstract vocabulary compared to concrete. In the above example from the journal "Ecology", in one sentence there are several nouns at once, expressing abstract concepts: perspectives, development, truth, exposition, point of view.
The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity, isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repeated repetition of the same ones. An example is the following passage:
“Transport intershop communications for the main types of raw materials and finished products, as well as the transfer of goods between production shops and storage and transport facilities, for the most part, are provided by continuous transport (...) Motor transport finished products is supplied to consumers located nearby, they also perform auxiliary loading and unloading operations ”(Krasilnikov V. A. Industrial architecture and ecology).
In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Ratings are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable and accessible, to clarify the idea, to attract attention and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive:
“The widely held opinion that the achievement of atmospheric air quality at the level of sanitary and hygienic maximum permissible concentrations simultaneously guarantees a high quality of the natural environment is erroneous” (Ekologiya 1993, No. 3); "Intensive development industrial enterprises and transport in the Urals (...) cause great environmental and economic damage to forestry, up to the complete destruction of forests, and ultimately human health ”(Ekologiya. 1993. No. 1).
Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. The texts of the scientific style provide strict definitions of the concepts and phenomena under consideration, each sentence or statement is logically connected with the previous and subsequent information:
“Management is a complex socio-economic, informational and organizational-technological phenomenon, a process of activity that deals with a change in states, qualities of an object, which implies the presence of certain trends and stages. Hence it is connected with the laws and principles that are the subject of any science. Here and genesis, and evolution, and sharp jumps, and impasses, and goal-setting, and hope. Management includes knowledge, skills, abilities, techniques, operations, procedures, algorithms for influencing through motivation, that is, everything that is included in the concept of social and human technologies ”(Higher education in Russia. 1995. No. 2).
This fragment gives a general definition of management in the first sentence, a causal relationship between the first and second sentences, a clarification in the fourth sentence. The use of appropriate language means allows readers to get a general idea of management, the analysis of which is the subject of the article.
In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author, the objectivity of the information presented is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized-personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is believed, it is known, presumably, one can say, it should be emphasized, attention should be paid, etc. This also explains the use in scientific speech a large number passive constructions, in which the real producer of the action is indicated not by the grammatical form of the subject in the nominative case, but by the form minor member in the instrumental case or is omitted altogether. Therefore, the action itself comes to the fore, and dependence on the manufacturer fades into the background or is not expressed by linguistic means at all:
“In the system of modern management, firstly, organizations or enterprises producing goods are considered as an object of management, and secondly, management processes as phenomena (...) Modern management is considered as a special dynamic organization of management” (Higher education in Russia 1995. No. 2 )
The desire for logical presentation of material in scientific speech leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, as well as constructions that complicate a simple sentence: introductory words and phrases, participles and participle turns, common definitions, etc. (see previous examples). The most typical complex sentences are sentences with subordinate causes and conditions, for example: “If an enterprise or some of its structural subdivisions does not work well, then this means that not everything is in order with management.”
Let's analyze an excerpt from A. Popov's article "The Genesis of Management and Governance":
« the Russian Federation is on the threshold of the 21st century, which will be characterized by a high level of informatization and computerization, innovative entrepreneurship, wide application information technologies management. The Russian economy will undergo a profound shift from a "managerial" economy to an "entrepreneurial" economy. There is reason to believe that the entrepreneurial economy from a purely American phenomenon will spread to other industrialized countries, and management will follow the path of developing new information and management technologies, which are the basis for transforming the entrepreneurial economy into an entrepreneurial society ”(Higher education in Russia. 1995. No. 2) .
This passage contains many terms and abstract nouns (informatization, computerization, management, technology, application, shift, development, etc.), passive verbs (to be characterized, spread), participial construction, homogeneous members, complex sentences with a definitive and explanatory meaning (which , that), union a, expressing comparative relations. Each sentence is maximally saturated with information; To understand this text, you need to refer to it more than once. The information saturation of the sentence is a characteristic feature of the scientific style of speech.
Texts of the scientific style of speech can contain not only linguistic information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, chemistry, physics, etc. Let's take as an example an excerpt from A. Oleinik's scientific article on the economic topic "Costs and Prospects of Reforms in Russia: an Institutional Approach":
“Let's introduce an additional variable P, which is used to indicate the probability of the Seller fulfilling the contract, estimated by the Buyer. Accordingly, (1 - p) is how the Buyer evaluates the probability of fraud. The expected utility of making an advance payment is then EU = 10p+ (-5) (1 - p) = 15p - 5, and the expected utility of not making an advance payment: EU = Op + 0 (1 - p) = 0 The buyer will make an advance payment only if 15p - 5 is greater than 0, In other words, p must be greater than 1/3 than and is determined by the minimum allowable level Buyer's confidence in the Seller" (ME and MO. 1997. No. 12).
Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.
Reference
Week 3
Subject: Functional styles of speech. general characteristics functional styles of speech. business style and its features. Main genres of documentation. Publicistic style and its features. Scientific style and its features. The main genres of scientific and educational texts are annotation, abstract, review. General concept about the scientific style of speech, its difference from other functional styles. Genres of scientific style. Media.
Target: to form skills and develop skills by types of speech activity: speaking, reading, listening, writing.
Styles- these are varieties of the language, due to differences in the areas of communication and the main functions of the language. In linguistics, the study of styles is special section like style.
There are five areas of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of the language, there are three of them: communication, message, impact. Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (household sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, message function);
official-business (field of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, the functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).
Conversational style serves, first of all, for direct communication with people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. It often uses colloquial words (eg: young instead of newlyweds, venture instead of start now instead of now etc.): words in a figurative sense ( window- in meaning ' break'). Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be clever, cheerful. Colloquial style syntax is characterized by the use of simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is most often a dialogue.
scientific style- this is the style of scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms (declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc.). Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and must be extremely accurate.
Formal business style serves a wide area of legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. In the vocabulary of this style, there are many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, initiate a case; We, the undersigned. Frequent in the syntax of this style are impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order (it is necessary to urgently prepare, measures should be taken, etc.).
Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, speeches on current socio-political topics. The most common genres of journalism include an editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly - an open assessment of the issues raised in order to actively influence the listener or reader, in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position taken and defended by the author. The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological turns of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas.
Art style used in works of art to paint a picture, depict an object or event, convey the author's emotions to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality. The characteristic linguistic means of styles include words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotionally evaluative words, words with the meaning of a feature, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; completely verbs with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, the figurative use of forms of time and moods (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!), Emotionally colored sentences: Suddenly something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew violently and , whistled around the steppe. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and on the road dust swirled in a spiral, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun (A. Chekhov). The language of fiction is the most complete expression of the national language. In works of fiction, the artist of the word enjoys almost unlimited freedom in the choice of linguistic means to create the most convincing, memorable images, for an aesthetic impact on the reader. Therefore, the language of fiction is able to include all the richness of the literary and popular language. In order to give the reader an idea of the era, scene of action, life, the writer uses obsolete words (historicisms, archaisms), words of local dialects in the narrative.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.
Completed:
Khlynovskikh A.K.
Group PU 07-05
Checked:
Bogdanova I.V.
Krasnoyarsk 2007
Introduction.
1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors affecting its formation and functioning.
2. Features of the scientific style.
3. Features officially - business style.
4. Journalistic style and its features.
5. Features of the style of fiction.
6. Features of conversational style.
Conclusion.
Glossary of terms.
Bibliography.
Introduction.
The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.
The task that I set for myself is the formation of a stable idea of the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.
This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 deal with these styles in particular.
An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a glossary of terms.
What are the styles of the Russian language.
Factors affecting its formation and functioning.
There are many definitions of the concept of style. Styles- original registers of the language, allowing you to switch it from one key to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the statement, taking into account the situation where the statement takes place. If we compare these definitions, we can identify the most general provisions: style(from the Greek. Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a kind of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area of social activity, for which it uses the features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content that are specific to this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding in them common features.
functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of language means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication.
The functions of the language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, in the beginning the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of the language. At this stage, he had only one function - the function of communication.
But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and regular appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, to regulate * life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official-business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.
Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by the conditions associated with the life of society itself, and are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:
a) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), domestic sphere (conversational style).
b ) form of speech: written or oral;
in) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;
G) way of communication: public or private (all functional styles except colloquial refer to public communication)
d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - an abstract, textbook, report; for official business - a certificate, contract, decree; for journalistic - article, reportage, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet) ;
e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message or influence), but only one is the leading one. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.
Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial,fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial, the artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transfer of information, but the transfer of it artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to a high style, often archaic *.
Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, inscribe laws in precise and strict words, sound like light, charming verses, or depict the multifaceted life of the people in the epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, the diverse possibilities of expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.
Features of the scientific style.
scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is the derivation of new laws, the study and description of natural and social phenomena, teaching the basics of knowledge, and developing interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because. science seeks to fix its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.
The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with progress scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the rapid scientific activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant role in its formation belonged to M. V. Lomonosov and his students. The final scientific style took shape only towards the end of the 19th century.
As a rule, a scientific text is easy to distinguish from a group of texts. different styles. First of all, attention is drawn to special words that name the basic concepts of this science - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air with motionlesswing serving for education lifting force). But the features of the construction of a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, therefore words in such a text are used in only one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects, phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as a birch in general, and not a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles, most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical, this logicality is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon- the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professionaljargonthere is a student, youth and otherjargon. So, in the speech of students you can meet suchjargon, as…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in texts on chemistry for a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.
There are three sub-styles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific and educational, popular science.
The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (the addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee proper scientific substyle is a specialist in the field, scientific and educational– future specialist or student, popular science- any person interested in a particular science. Target proper scientific substyle - description of new phenomena in science, hypotheses *, their proof; scientific and educational- presentation of the foundations of science, training; popular science- to convey to a person who is not a specialist, knowledge from various fields of science by available means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, the texts of different substyles differ (for example, in proper scientific substyle practically does not use emotional words, while in popular science there are many more such words.
Features of the official business style.
Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by the accuracy of the wording (which would exclude the ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( brought up for discussion, but not we are discussing; there are cases of non-compliance with the contract etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.
Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is such a subsystem of it, which is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. Functional styles are heterogeneous. Each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties, for example, in the scientific style - scientific monographs and educational texts, in the official business style - laws, references, business letters, in the newspaper and journalistic style - an article, a report, etc. The variety of genre varieties is created by the diversity of the content of speech and its different communicative orientation, i.e. goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices, the compositional structure of speech for each specific case. In the leading genres of each functional style of speech, the standard of language means finds its most vivid expression. Peripheral genres are the most neutral in terms of the use of linguistic means. However, each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of this style.
Scientific style
The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has a wide variety of speech genres; among them, the main ones are: a scientific monograph and a scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and methodological manuals, etc.) scientific and technical works (various kinds of instructions, safety rules, etc.), annotations, abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.
One of the most important genres of the scientific style is the scientific article, which can convey information of various nature and purpose and is most often used as the main source of scientific and technical information: it is here that everything new that appears in a certain branch of science is recorded. Scientific articles are presented in several varieties: article - a brief report on the results of research and development work; actually scientific or scientific and technical article, in which the results of the work are presented in sufficient detail: editorial; historical and scientific review article, discussion (polemical) article; scientific and publicistic article, advertising article. Each type of article has its own content and shows the profile of the journal where it was published.
The scientific style is realized mainly in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, an increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contracts, such as conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.
The main features of the scientific style both in written and oral form are accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize all the linguistic means that form this functional style into a system, and determine the choice of vocabulary in the works of the scientific style. This functional style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology has become increasingly local, which is especially noticeable in economic and political speech. A feature of using vocabulary in a scientific style is that. That polysemantic lexical neutral words are not used in all their meanings, but, as a rule, only in one. For example, the verb "count", which has four meanings, in the scientific style mainly realizes the meaning: "to make some conclusion about someone or something, to recognize, to believe."
"We clearly understand that different researchers can and should imagine the prospects for the development of science in different ways and do not pretend to proclaim the ultimate truth, but we consider it useful to present our point of view on this important issue." The use in one terminological meaning is characteristic of both nouns and adjectives, for example, body, force, motion, sour, heavy etc.
In scientific speech, in comparison with other styles, there is a widespread use of abstract vocabulary compared to concrete. In the example above, in one sentence there are several nouns at once, expressing abstract concepts: prospects, development, true, exposition, dot vision.
The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in less use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repetition of the same ones. An example is the following passage:
"Transport intershop connections on main types raw materials and finished products, a So same transmission cargo between productive workshops and objects warehouse and transport destination in most his provided continuous by transport (…) by road finished products supplied consumers, close located, them same performed ancillary loading and unloading work".
In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic, is characterized by evaluativeness. Estimates are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable and accessible, to clarify the idea, to attract attention and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive:
"Widely widespread opinion about volume, what achievement quality atmospheric air on the level sanitary and hygienic extremely admissible concentrations guarantees simultaneously and high quality natural environment, erroneously." "Intense development industrial enterprises and transport on the Ural (...) inflict large ecological and economic damage forest au pair, up to before complete destruction forests, and in final eventually health person". Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. The texts of the scientific style provide strict definitions of the concepts and phenomena under consideration, each sentence or statement is logically connected with the previous and subsequent information:
"Management is yourself complicated socio-economic, informational and organizational and technological phenomenon, process activities, having case co change states, qualities object, what suggests Availability certain trends, stages. From here is he tied with regularities and principles which constitute thing any Sciences. Here and genesis, and evolution, and sharp horse racing, and dead ends situations and goal setting and hope. Management includes knowledge, skills, skills, tricks, operations, procedures, algorithms impact through motivation, those. all then, what included in concept social and human technologies".
In this fragment, a general definition of management is given in the first sentence, a causal relationship between the first and second sentences, a clarification in the fourth sentence. The use of appropriate language means allows readers to get a general idea of management, the analysis of which is the subject of the article.
In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author, the objectivity of the presentation of information is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized-personal and impersonal constructions instead of the first person: there is grounds believe, counts, known presumably can to tell, should emphasize, necessary draw Attention and etc. This also explains the use of a large number of passive constructions in scientific speech, in which the real producer of the action is indicated not by the grammatical form of the subject in the nominative case, but by the form of a minor member in the instrumental case, or is generally omitted. Therefore, the action itself comes to the fore, and dependence on the manufacturer fades into the background or is not expressed by linguistic means at all:
"AT system contemporary management in quality object management considered , First of all, organizations or manufacturing enterprises, Secondly, processes management as phenomena (…) Modern management considered as special dynamic organization management." The desire for a logical presentation of material in scientific speech leads to the active use of complex allied sentences, as well as constructions that complicate a simple sentence: introductory words and phrases, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, etc. (can be illustrated by the above examples). The most typical compound sentences are sentences with clauses of reason and condition, for example: " If a bad works company or some his subdivision, then This means what here not all in okay with management".
Scientific style texts can contain not only language information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this applies to texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, physics, chemistry. However, as mentioned above, recently this has become more and more evident in such areas as economics, psychology, and political science.
Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the features of the scientific style of speech.
Official business style
The main area in which the official business style of the Russian literary language functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, order, contract, instruction, complaint, prescription, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (for example, an explanatory note, autobiography, questionnaire, statistical report, etc. .). The expression of the legal will in business documents determines the properties, the main features of business speech and the socially organizing use of the language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.
Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as objectivity and logic, which are characteristic of scientific speech.
The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes a requirement for unambiguous reading on the corresponding texts. In this regard, each text should be characterized by such accuracy of presentation of information that would not allow the possibility various interpretations. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and the language design is impeccable. It is this purpose that determines the actual linguistic features of official business speech, as well as its composition, heading, selection of paragraphs, etc., i.e. standardization of the design of many business documents.
The lexical composition of the texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. First of all, these texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, official instruction, conclusion under guard, passenger transportation, supply, certificate personality, scientific employee and others. Among them are a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, decree, oblige, appoint, and so on. It should be noted that in official business speech there is the highest percentage of the use of the infinitive among the verb forms. This is also connected with the imperative nature of official business texts.
The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of word meanings, to simplify their semantic structure, to the unambiguity of lexical and superword designations, up to narrow terminology. Therefore, quite often in texts of this style, exact definitions of the words and concepts used are given, i.e. their semantic scope is clearly limited. Polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable here, and synonyms are used to a small extent and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = security, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidizing.
Typical for the business language are compound words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, etc.
The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a "non-idiomatic" nature, for example: destination, higher educational institution, tax return, joint-stock company, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, i.e. everything original, concrete, unique has been eliminated, and the typical has been brought to the fore. For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts, for example, arrive (arrive, fly in, come, etc.), vehicle (bus, plane, etc.), settlement (village, city, village, etc.). etc.), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person by a sign. Due to some kind of attitude or action (teacher Sergeeva T.N., rector of the university Starkov E.I.) Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, which are more in the official business style than in other styles, and participles: the arrival of the train, providing housing, serving the population, replenishing the budget, etc. Complex denominative prepositions are widely used: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, etc.
Typically, a sentence contains a fairly large amount of information and is designed for re-reading. Simple sentences are often complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of research.
Passive structures are actively used; as in scientific speech, great place occupy complex sentences with subordinate conditions.
Business speech, as already noted, is characterized by impersonality of presentation and lack of evaluativeness.
Here there is an impartial statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence.
Therefore, the first person is permissible only in a limited number of situations when legal relations are established between an individual and an organization or the state, for example, when issuing various powers of attorney, concluding an employment agreement, etc.
Newspaper and journalistic style
The newspaper and journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, reportage, etc.), in journalistic articles in the periodical press. It is implemented both in written and oral form.
One of the main characteristic features of the newspaper-journalistic style is the combination of two trends - the tendency towards expressiveness and the tendency towards the standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: the information-content function and the function of persuasion, emotional impact. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of social activity is addressed to a huge number of people, all native speakers and members of this society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very significant: information must be transmitted and become generally known as soon as possible, which is not so important, for example, in an official business style. In the newspaper and journalistic style, persuasion is carried out by emotionally influencing the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being communicated, but as a rule it is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example, parties, movements and other So, with the function of influencing the mass reader or listener, such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive character is associated, and the standard of this style is associated with the speed of transmission of socially significant information.
The trend towards the standard means the desire of journalism to be rigorous and informative, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, among the standard for newspaper-journalistic style include: steady growth, temporary support, wide span, friendly situation, official visit and etc. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility, figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of the artistic style and colloquial speech - the features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech.
The newspaper-journalistic style has both conservatism and mobility. On the one hand, publicistic speech contains a sufficient number of clichés, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires ever new language means to influence them. It is this purpose that all the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve.
The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, includes colloquial, colloquial and even jargon elements. Here such lexical-phraseological units and phrases are used that combine functional and expressive-evaluative coloring, for example, brainwashing, yellow press, accomplice etc.; they do not just show belonging to the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, but contain a negative assessment. Many words acquire a newspaper and journalistic coloring if they are used in a figurative sense. For example, the word signal becomes functionally colored, realizing the figurative meanings "what serves as an impetus to the beginning of some kind of action" ("This article served as a signal for discussion") and "a warning, a message about something undesirable that may happen" ("Another signal has arrived about the unfavorable situation at the plant).
Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and word elements, in particular prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra and so on. Thanks to the media, it has significantly expanded and continues to grow. active dictionary foreign words that are part of the Russian language ( electorate, denomination etc.) The considered functional style not only attracts the entire stock of emotionally expressive and evaluative words, but also includes even proper names, the name literary works etc. For example, Plushkin, Derzhimorda, Man in case and others. The desire for expressiveness, imagery and at the same time for brevity is also realized with the help of precedent texts (familiar to any average member of any society), which is an integral part of journalistic speech.
The syntax of the newspaper and journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, phraseological constructions, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses, etc.
Art style
The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.
Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, their understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon.
For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. (Typification of images in works).
The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's intention, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-artistic speech, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, are the figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the functional styles complement each other. Therefore, in artistic speech, phrases that create a kind of figurative representation play a vivid role.
Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion. Variants of the author's word order are diverse and subject to the author's intention.
The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author repairs language means to fulfill his ideological and aesthetic tasks.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.
colloquial style
Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of unconstrained, unprepared monologue or dialogic speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers.
Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable.
However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics.
Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation between two people at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language.
Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use the neutral means of the language.
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole. But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language.
As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech.
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place.
Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its logical heterogeneity. The most diverse thematically and stylistic groups of vocabulary are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons.
This is due, first of all, to the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and playful.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical.
Spoken language is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. The use of words in a figurative sense is also characteristic.
The order of speaking is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the utterance. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use information highlighting. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
For a more visual description of the styles, we present a summary table in which the main characteristics of the styles of the Russian language are indicated, their features are highlighted in comparison with each other.
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signs |
Syntactic constructions, functions |
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Art |
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Colloquial |
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1. Oral speech, communication with other people 2. Informality, ease, expressiveness of verbal communication, unpreparedness, everyday vocabulary 3. Dialogue or monologue 4. Emotionally expressive vocabulary that conveys a personal attitude to what is being said. |
1. Simple, incomplete sentences, free word order in them 2. Function of communication, direct transmission of information, mainly orally (in writing - notes, letters, etc.) |
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Official business |
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1. Legal relations between the state and citizens 2. Written speech, clericalism, verbal nouns 3. Documents (statements, act, certificate, decrees, laws, statistical report, etc.) |
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Newspaper and journalistic |
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1. Covers important problems of society 2. Calling, figurativeness, emotionality, exalted vocabulary, general accessibility, evaluative means of expression 3. Appeal to the object of speech, the image of the author 4. Standard, cliché |
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