Tests, control works. Hygiene and its main tasks Basic rules for organizing the daily regimen

29.09.2021

Theme of the lesson: “Human sciences. Health and its protection.
Target: Formation of ideas about the sciences involved in the study of the human body

Tasks:

Continue studying the history of biology, reveal the role of the sciences: anatomy, physiology, hygiene and psychology for the preservation, promotion of health and self-education. Continue deepening knowledge about the unity of all life on Earth.

Develop logical thinking and creativity of students. Continue the development of oral speech skills, the ability to compare.

To promote the formation of a cognitive attitude to the maintenance, strengthening and development of mental and physical health, to form the concept of a healthy lifestyle.

Planned results:

Subject:

Establish a correspondence between the sciences that study man and the directions of their work. Name the methods of studying the human body. Distinguish between theoretical and practical medicine.

Metasubject:

Cognitive UUD. The ability to work with various sources of information, highlight the main thing in the text, structure the educational material, draw up a paragraph plan and draw up a lesson summary in a notebook.

Regulatory UUD. the ability to determine the goal of the lesson and set the tasks necessary to achieve it.

Communicative UUD. ability to perceive information by ear, work as part of creative teams

Personal:

Cognitive interest in biology. Understanding the importance of scientific research for the development of science. Career guidance.

Type of lesson: the formation of new knowledge.

Forms and methods of teaching:

Forms: frontal, individual, group.

Methods: verbal (conversation, dialogue); visual (work with drawings, diagrams); practical (drawing up diagrams, searching for information; deductive (analysis, application of knowledge, generalization)

Basic terms and concepts: anatomy, physiology, hygiene, cytology, histology, anthropology.

Equipment and materials: presentation for the lesson

Educational Resources:

Main:

Electronic application: "Sciences about the human body" (1).

Workbook.

Internet resources:

Unified collection of digital educational resources. The sciences that study man. - Access mode: school-collection.edu.ru/

biodan.narod.ru - interesting facts from the field of biology.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Greeting, checking the readiness of children for the lesson, checking the absent.

Acquaintance with the textbook, the main components of the kit.

Knowledge update.

Checking the basic knowledge of students necessary for learning new material.

Why do we study the human body in the course of biology after zoology?

Use the "Association" technique.

2. What comes to mind when you hear the word health? Write down 5 words or phrases.

Concept formulation. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. (WHO)

Why study the structure of the human body? What is necessary in order to maintain health and performance for as long as possible? (In order to find out what processes and how take place inside us: how the heart works, what it needs to work: what needs to be done in order to maintain health.)

It is true that in order to solve these problems, it is necessary to know how the human body is arranged, how it functions, what is useful for it and what is harmful.

The children try to voice the topic and objectives of the lesson. If there are difficulties, I voice the topic and purpose of the lesson. Clarify students' understanding of the objectives of the lesson.

The most important place among the sciences that study man is occupied by anatomy, physiology and psychology.

With the help of a textbook and Internet resources, find definitions and write them down in a notebook.

Human hygiene - the science of creating conditions favorable for the preservation of human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases.

human anatomy(gr.anatom - dissection) - the science of the structure, form of the human body, its organs.

human physiology(gr. physis - nature + gr. logos - doctrine) - the science of the processes of life and the mechanisms of their regulation in cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and the whole organism.

Psychology(gr. psycho - soul + gr. logos - teaching) - a science that studies the processes and patterns of mental activity.

Human Embryology(gr. embryo - embryo + gr. logos - doctrine) - a science that studies the intrauterine development of the human body.

Anthropology(gr. anthropos - man + gr. logos - doctrine) - a science that studies the origin and evolution of man as a special sociobiological species.

human ecology(gr. oikos - house, dwelling + gr. logos - science) - a complex science that studies the relationship of man and humanity as a whole with the natural and social environment.

Cytology(gr. kitos - vessel) - a science that studies the structure, chemical composition, functions, individual development and evolution of living cells.

Genetics(gr. genesis - origin) - a science that studies the mechanisms of the laws of heredity and variability of organisms, methods for managing these processes.

Fill in the table task 4 page 5 workbook

Anchoring

Biological dictation

"Anatomy, physiology, psychology and human hygiene"

"Anatome" is ……………. .

The structure of the human body and its organs is studied by ………….. .

Anatomy studies not only the internal structure of a person, but also ………………. .

Anatomical names for all countries are given in national and …………………. languages.

The science that studies the functions of the human body and its organs is …………………. .

"Physis" is ………………….

The science that studies the general patterns of mental processes and the individual-personal properties of a person is ………….. .

"Psycho" is ……………….. .

Methods of psychology: …………….., ………………, ……………….

The subjective method of research is ………………. .

The branch of medicine that studies the influence of the natural environment, work and life on the human body in order to develop measures to protect people's health is …………………. .

Hygiene uses observation, measurement, experiment, as well as ………………. and ……………….. .

Observations that make it possible to determine how a person adapts to certain environmental factors are …………… .. .

Observations that reveal the causes of diseases common to many people are ………………….

1) dissection; 2) human anatomy; 3) external; 4) Latin; 5) human physiology; 6) nature; 7) psychology; 8) soul; 9) observation, experiment, measurement; 10) self-observation; 11) hygiene; 12) modeling, statistics; 13) physiological; 14) clinical.

D.z. paragraph 1. Solve the crossword task7 p.7 workbook

Hygiene, as well as the natural conditions of the environment (exposure to sunlight, air, water) are the means of physical education. Physical culture should not be limited to physical exercises in the form of sports, gymnastics, outdoor games and other things, but should embrace both public and personal hygiene at work and life, the use of the natural forces of nature, the correct mode of work and rest.

Hygiene is the science of health, the creation of conditions conducive to maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of disease. Its purpose is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people's health, disease prevention, ensuring optimal conditions for human existence, maintaining his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

The main tasks of hygiene are the study of the influence of the external environment on the state of health and working capacity of people; scientific substantiation and development of hygienic norms, rules and measures for the improvement of the external environment and the elimination of harmful factors; scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body's resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase efficiency.

Sanitation - the practical implementation of hygiene requirements, the implementation of the necessary hygiene rules and measures.

In the course of the development of hygiene, a number of hygienic disciplines have been formed: labor hygiene, social hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, hygiene of physical culture and sports, etc.

Hygienic requirements for places of physical culture, sports

In order to understand what requirements are imposed on places of physical culture and sports, you must first get acquainted with the hygiene of physical culture and sports in general.

The hygiene of physical culture and sports, which studies the interaction of the organism involved in physical culture and sports with the external environment, plays an important role in the process of physical education. Hygienic provisions, norms and rules are widely used in the physical culture movement.

Hygienic provisions are so important because without them it is impossible to fulfill the main tasks of the comprehensive and harmonious development of people, maintaining good health and creative activity for many years, preparing the population for highly productive work and protecting the Motherland.

Young professionals graduating from the country's universities should know well the basic principles of personal and public hygiene and skillfully apply them in everyday life, study, and work.

Hygiene of physical culture and sports includes sections: personal hygiene, hardening, home hygiene, hygienic requirements for sports facilities and places of physical exercise, auxiliary hygiene means for restoring and improving efficiency.

Hygienic basics of hardening

Hardening is understood as a system of hygienic measures aimed at increasing the body's resistance to the adverse effects of various meteorological factors (cold, heat, solar radiation, low atmospheric pressure).

Hardening plays an important role in the prevention of colds. These diseases are widespread, and their share in the total incidence is 20-40%. The systematic use of hardening procedures reduces the number of colds by 2-5 times, and in some cases almost completely eliminates their occurrence. At the same time, hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, improves blood circulation, increases the tone of the central nervous system, and normalizes metabolism.

Hardening basically represents a kind of training of the whole organism, and above all the thermoregulatory apparatus, to the action of various meteorological factors. In the process of hardening, with repeated exposure to specific stimuli, under the influence of nervous regulation, certain functional systems are formed that provide the adaptive effect of the organism. At the same time, adaptive reactions occur in the nervous system, in the endocrine apparatus, in internal organs, at the tissue and cellular levels. Thanks to this, the body is able to painlessly endure excessive exposure to cold, high temperature, etc.

An increase in the body's resistance to the effects of certain meteorological factors under the influence of hardening procedures determines the specific effect of hardening. The non-specific effect of hardening is manifested mainly in its healing effect on the body. Tempering procedures help to increase physical and mental performance, improve health, and reduce morbidity.

Hardening can be carried out in the course of specially organized classes, in the process of taking hardening procedures and in everyday life.

You can start hardening at almost any age. However, the sooner it is started, the healthier and more stable the body will be. You should always consult with your doctor first. He will not only check the state of health, but also help to establish the form of hardening procedures and their dosage. In acute diseases and exacerbation of chronic ailments, it is impossible to take hardening procedures. In the process of hardening, it is necessary to systematically consult with a doctor and check the effectiveness of the procedures.

Hardening of the body can only be successful if the appropriate procedures are carried out correctly. Based on research and practical experience, the following basic hygienic principles of hardening have been established:

systematic,

gradualism

taking into account individual characteristics,

variety of means and forms,

active mode,

combination of general and local procedures,

self-control.

The principle of systematicity requires regular (daily) hardening procedures throughout the year. Long breaks in hardening lead to a weakening or complete loss of acquired protective reactions. Usually, 2-3 weeks after the termination of the procedures, the body's resistance to the hardening factor decreases.

A gradual and consistent increase in the dosage of procedures is a prerequisite for proper hardening. It should start with small doses and the simplest ways.

When choosing the dosage and forms of hardening procedures, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the organism (age, state of health).

A variety of means and forms of procedures provides comprehensive hardening. This is due to the fact that the body's resistance increases only to the stimulus to which it has been repeatedly exposed. So, the repeated action of cold causes an increase in resistance only to cold, the repeated action of heat, on the contrary, only to heat.

The effectiveness of hardening increases if it is carried out in an active mode, that is, if you perform physical exercises or some kind of muscular work during the procedures. A particularly high degree of body resistance was noted in individuals using hardening in combination with physical exercises that were performed under sharply changing temperature conditions. Therefore, practicing such sports as swimming, skiing and skating, athletics, mountain climbing and hiking, blow a high tempering effect.

Hardening procedures are divided into general, when the entire surface of the body is exposed, and local, aimed at hardening individual parts of the body. Local procedures have a less strong effect than general ones. But it is possible to achieve a beneficial effect with local hardening, if you skillfully expose the most sensitive to cooling parts of the body to the effects of temperature - feet, throat, neck. The combination of general and local hardening procedures greatly increases the body's resistance to adverse external factors.

In the process of hardening, constant self-control is necessary. Indicators of the correct implementation of hardening and its positive results are: sound sleep, good appetite, improvement in well-being, increased efficiency, etc. The appearance of insomnia, irritability, decreased appetite, and a drop in efficiency indicate improper hardening. In these cases, it is necessary to change the form and dosage of the procedures and consult a doctor.

air hardening

Air hardening - taking air baths - the most "gentle" and safe hardening procedure. With air baths, it is recommended to start systematic hardening.

The hardening effect of air depends mainly on its temperature. However, humidity and air velocity must also be taken into account. Air baths are divided into lukewarm (air temperature +30 ... + 20 (C), cool (+20 ... + 14 (C) and cold (+14 (C and below)) according to the heat sensation caused. Such a division is conditional and calculated on an ordinary person starting to harden in. Naturally, in hardened people, the sensation of cold occurs at a lower temperature.

It is recommended to start taking air baths in a pre-ventilated room. Then, as hardening, procedures should be carried out in the open air. The best place for hardening is shaded areas with green spaces, remote from sources of possible air pollution with dust and harmful gases. Baths are taken lying down, reclining or in motion. During cool and cold baths it is necessary to perform physical exercises. In wet and windy weather, the duration of the bath is reduced. In case of rain, fog and strong wind, procedures are not recommended.

The dosage of air baths is carried out in two ways: a gradual decrease in air temperature or an increase in the duration of the procedure at the same temperature. The latter method is more convenient, since the air temperature largely depends on the weather.

The first air baths for healthy people should last 20-30 minutes at an air temperature of +15 ... + 20 (C. In the future, the duration of the procedures increases daily by 10 minutes and is thus brought up to 2 hours.

The next stage is air baths at a temperature of +10 ... +15 (With a duration of up to 15-20 minutes. At this time, vigorous movements must be performed. Cold baths can only be taken by well-hardened people and only after a medical examination. The duration of such baths is not should exceed 5-10 minutes.Cold baths should be completed by rubbing the body and a warm shower.

When hardening with air, you need to ensure that chills do not appear. At the first sign of severe cooling, you need to do a run and a few gymnastic exercises.

water hardening

Water procedures are a more intensive hardening procedure, since water has a thermal conductivity 28 times greater than air. The main factor in hardening is the temperature of the water. The systematic use of water procedures is a reliable prophylactic against the harmful effects of various accidental coolings of the body.

The most favorable time to start hardening with water is summer and autumn. It is best to carry out procedures in the morning, immediately after sleep or at the end of morning exercises. At first, water procedures are recommended to be carried out at an air temperature of +17 ... + 20 (C), then, as hardening develops, one should move to a lower temperature.

When starting to harden with water, at first they take light water procedures with a water temperature of +33 ... + 34 (C. Then they move on to stronger procedures, reducing the water temperature by 1 every 3-4 days, and gradually, for 1.5 -2 months, depending on the state of health and health, bring it up to +20 ... +18 (C and below. During the procedures, a person should not experience discomfort and chills. It must always be remembered that the main hardening factor is the temperature of the water, not the duration of the water procedure.Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the following rule: the colder the water, the shorter the time of its contact with the body should be.

Rubbing is the initial stage of hardening with water. For several days, wipe with a towel, sponge, or just a hand moistened with water. At first, this procedure is done only to the waist, and then they proceed to wiping the whole body. Rubbing is carried out sequentially, starting from the upper half of the body: after wiping the neck, chest, arms and back with water, wipe them dry and rub with a towel until redness in the direction of blood flow to the heart. After that, the lower limbs are also wiped. The entire procedure, including rubbing the body, should not exceed 5 minutes.

Pouring is the next stage of hardening with water. In this procedure, a small pressure jet of water is added to the effect on the body of low water temperature. When dousing, water pours out of a vessel or hose. For the first douche, water with a temperature of about +30°C is used, later the temperature drops to +15°C and below. After dousing, the body is vigorously rubbed with a towel. The duration of the entire procedure is 3-4 minutes.

A shower is an even more effective water procedure. At the beginning of hardening, the water in the shower should be +30 ... +35 (C, and the duration of the procedure should not exceed one minute. Then the water temperature gradually decreases, and the shower time increases to 2 minutes. The procedure must necessarily end with vigorous rubbing of the body with a towel As a rule, after taking a shower, a cheerful and good mood appears.

Swimming in open water is one of the most effective ways of hardening. When bathing, a complex effect on the body of air, water and sunlight is carried out. You can start swimming when the water temperature reaches +18 ... + 20 (C. Beginners should not swim at air temperatures below +14 ... + 15 (C and water temperatures of 11-13 (C. It is advisable to swim in the morning and evening hours, at first once a day, and then 2-3 times a day, while observing the interval between bathing at 3-4 hours.

Rubbing with snow and swimming in ice water (“winter swimming”) are exceptionally powerful hardening procedures. They make extremely high demands on the human body. Therefore, they can be used with the permission of a doctor only by people with excellent health and after many years of systematic hardening. However, it should be emphasized that these procedures are not necessary, because a high level of hardening can be achieved by daily use of conventional hardening agents.

For hardening, along with the general ones, it is recommended to use local water procedures. The most common of these is washing the feet and gargling with cold water. These procedures play an important role in increasing the body's resistance to colds, because at the same time the most vulnerable places of the body to cooling are hardened.

Washing of the feet is carried out throughout the year every day before going to bed. Washing begins with a water temperature of +26 ... + 28 (C), and then brought to a temperature of +12 ... + 15 (C. After washing, the feet are thoroughly rubbed until redness.

Gargling should be done every day in the morning and evening. The initial water temperature should be +23...+25(C), gradually after a week it decreases by 1-2(and is brought to +5...+100 C).

hardening by the sun

The sun's rays, especially ultraviolet, have a beneficial effect on the human body. Under their influence, the tone of the central nervous system increases, the barrier function of the skin improves, the activity of the endocrine glands is activated, metabolism and blood composition improve, vitamin D is formed in the skin, which regulates the metabolism in the body. All this has a positive effect on the performance and general mood of a person. In addition, solar radiation has a detrimental effect on pathogenic microbes.

The sun's rays are a potent remedy that should not be abused. Only gradual adaptation to the sun and a reasonable dosage of solar energy can strengthen the body and increase its vitality. With some diseases (pulmonary tuberculosis, acute inflammatory processes, malignant tumors, etc.), it is impossible to harden by the sun.

It is advisable to start hardening by the sun from the first warm days and continue it throughout the summer. If sunbathing begins late - from the middle of summer, then their duration should be increased with particular care.

Sunbathing is best taken in the morning, when the earth and air are less heated and the heat is easier to bear. In summer, in the southern regions of our country, you should sunbathe from 7 to 10 hours, in the middle lane - from 8 to 11 hours, in the north - from 9 to 12 hours. In spring and autumn, the best time for sunbathing is from 11 am to 2 pm.

Sunbathing can be taken anywhere that is accessible to the sun's rays and protected from harsh gusty winds. It is advisable to carry out hardening outside the city near water bodies, since there the air temperature is somewhat lower and its mobility is greater.

You can be hardened by the sun while lying down and in motion. It is best to take a sunbath while sitting on a trestle bed or bedding, with your feet towards the sun. At the same time, the head is protected from the sun with a light headdress or umbrella. It is not recommended to tie your head with a towel, scarf, wear rubber bathing caps. All this makes it difficult for sweat to evaporate and, therefore, prevents the head from cooling.

During a sunbath, it is recommended to change the position of the body more often. You can not sleep, as it becomes impossible to take into account the duration of exposure to the sun and it is easy to get severe burns. After the procedure, it is recommended to relax a little, take a shower or bathe.

Particular attention must be paid to the correct dosing of sunbathing. In accordance with the season and the intensity of solar radiation, hardening begins with a 5-10-minute exposure to the sun, and then each time the duration of the procedure is increased by 5-10 minutes and gradually adjusted to 2-3 hours with 15-minute breaks in the shade after each hours of exposure.

Hygienic requirements for sports facilities

Sports facilities must comply with established sanitary and hygienic requirements and standards. Especially high requirements are imposed on the hygienic requirements of sports facilities, since the health effect of physical exercises and sports depends on their sanitary condition.

After the sports facility is put into operation, employees of the sanitary and epidemiological station and medical and physical education dispensaries, as well as specialists in physical culture and sports, must systematically conduct current sanitary supervision of these premises. Comments and suggestions of representatives of the sanitary supervision bodies are recorded in the sanitary log, which must be available at all sports facilities. In addition, each sports facility must have internal regulations agreed with the sanitary and epidemiological station. Responsibility for non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, rules for the maintenance and operation of sports facilities is borne by the administration of this facility. In case of violation of sanitary and hygienic norms and rules, the administration is held accountable.

Hygienic requirements for indoor sports facilities. Sports facilities (halls, arenas, swimming pools) can be located in special or part of public buildings (educational institutions, clubs, etc.). Office premises in a sports facility should be interconnected in such a way as to ensure the movement of those involved in the following sequence: a lobby with a dressing room for outerwear - locker rooms for men and women (with showers and toilets) - a sports hall. Detailed placement excludes oncoming traffic flows of dressed and undressed athletes.

Interior decoration is of great hygienic importance. Walls must be level, free of projections and moldings, resistant to ball impacts and wet cleaning. Central heating radiators should be located in niches under windows and covered with protective grilles. Doorways should not have protruding architraves.

When painting walls, one should take into account the degree of light reflection and the effect of light on psychophysiological functions: green color calms and has a beneficial effect on the organ of vision; orange and yellow invigorate and cause a feeling of warmth; red color excites; blue and purple are depressing. When using oil paint, it is not recommended to completely cover the walls and ceiling with it, as this prevents the natural ventilation of the room.

The floor must be flat, without potholes and protrusions, non-slip, elastic, easy to clean.

Of particular hygienic importance is the creation of optimal microclimatic conditions in the halls: the air temperature should be maintained at +15 (C), relative humidity - 35-60%, air speed - 0.5 m / s. In wrestling and table tennis halls, the speed of movement air should not exceed 0.25 m / s, and in showers, locker rooms and massage rooms - 0.15 m / s To ensure the necessary air exchange, a central supply and exhaust ventilation system is provided with the expectation of supplying outside air at least 80 m3 per hour per person engaged and 20m3 per hour - per spectator.If this is not possible, decentralized artificial ventilation is arranged with maximum ventilation of the premises through transoms and vents.

Gyms should have direct natural light whenever possible; artificial lighting in the halls is provided by lamps of diffused or reflected light. Lighting must be uniform and provide the necessary level of horizontal and vertical illumination in accordance with established standards.

The medical center is located in the immediate vicinity of the gym. Marking arrows showing the location of the medical center should be placed in prominent places.

The equipment and inventory of sports halls must be in good working order and meet certain standards in terms of shape, weight and quality of materials. They are also subject to a number of hygienic requirements aimed at preventing sports injuries, eliminating air pollution with dust, and matching the equipment to the age of those involved. All this creates the conditions for a normal training process.

In sports halls, it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning daily, and once a week - general cleaning with washing floors, walls and cleaning equipment.

A special sanitary and hygienic regime is established for artificial indoor swimming pools. The air temperature in them can range from +24 (to +27 (C), water - from +26 (to +29 (C) (the air should always be 2-3 (higher than the water temperature). Water must meet the requirements for drinking For this purpose, water samples are taken every 2 hours, which are examined in the laboratory.

To prevent possible water pollution, only persons who have undergone a preliminary medical examination are allowed into the pool.

It is strictly forbidden to smoke in indoor sports facilities, as well as to engage in non-sportswear.

Hygienic requirements for outdoor sports facilities. These outdoor structures can be stand-alone or complex. Outdoor flat sports facilities should have a special coating with a smooth and non-slip surface that does not gather dust in the dry season and does not contain mechanical impurities that can lead to injury. The grass cover (green lawn) must also be low, dense, frost-resistant, resistant to trampling and frequent mowing, as well as to dry and rainy weather. The pavement must be sloped to drain surface water. On the territory of outdoor sports facilities it is necessary to build fountains with drinking water (service radius no more than 75 m). Toilets should be located at a distance of no more than 150 m from outdoor sports facilities. When designing an artificial lighting system on sports grounds, it is necessary to ensure optimal illumination not only of the surface of the site itself (horizontal illumination), but also of the space within the flight of the ball (vertical illumination). Lighting should be uniform.

Hygienic requirements for clothing, shoes

It is very important to observe the rules of personal hygiene in everyday life and especially when exercising. Everyone knows that the observance of these rules contributes not only to the prevention of diseases, the promotion of health and the normal development of the body, but also to the increase in working capacity, physical improvement.

Personal hygiene includes taking care of the skin, oral cavity, hair, hardening, as well as keeping your clothes and shoes clean.

Girls and boys should carefully monitor the cleanliness of underwear, outerwear and sportswear. Clothing should be comfortable enough light, not too warm, not restrict movement. Its size and cut should not constrain breathing and impede blood circulation.

For the same reason, collars, belts and cuffs should not be tight. It is harmful to walk, and even more so to sleep in tight shorts, especially from synthetics.

For indoor training in winter and training in summer, clothing must be appropriate for the meteorological conditions and the characteristics of the sport. In warm weather - sports shorts, a T-shirt, a tracksuit made of cotton fabric; in the cool - a sports suit of woolen fabric.

For physical exercise and sports outdoors in winter, clothing should have three layers: underwear, flannel shirt, wool knit suit, wool cap and mittens. It is also good to wear a light jacket over the top to protect from the wind.

Shoes must be durable, elastic, comfortable, light and free, which will ensure the stability of the gait and will not interfere with the development of flat feet. Uncomfortable, tight shoes impair blood circulation, do not warm the feet, it causes abrasions, abrasions and calluses.

Too loose shoes are also not comfortable, they rub the skin and cause abrasions. In winter, shoes should be half the size of the room and should be worn over woolen socks.

It is not acceptable for you to be indoors in sports shoes, remember that you cannot constantly walk in sneakers during the day: this can lead to flat feet.

Clothes and shoes need constant care. Underwear must be washed after each workout. Soiled and wet shoes should be cleaned, dried and lubricated with a special ointment or cream. Store sportswear and shoes in a ventilated place.

Conclusion

Main conclusions:

The causes of diseases and injuries associated with physical exercises are violations of their hygienic provision, irrational methods and organization of classes, inadequate material and technical support and poor health of those involved. Prevention of negative phenomena requires the fulfillment of a number of conditions. For example, it is desirable to engage in physical exercises at the same time of day, not earlier than 1.5-2 hours after eating (but not on an empty stomach), in the appropriate sports form. It is necessary to observe gradualness in learning new complex exercises and in increasing their number. Shoes, clothing, sports equipment, as well as the place where classes are held, must comply with hygienic requirements. Classes are unacceptable during the period of illness, in a state of significant fatigue or malaise, especially for girls and women. It is very important to observe the rules of personal hygiene, especially cleanliness of the body.

HYGIENE (from the Greek hygieinos-healthy) is the science of health, the creation of conditions favorable for maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases. The origin of the term hygiene is also associated with the name of the mythical goddess of health Hygieia, daughter of the god of medicine Aesculapius.

The purpose of hygiene is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people's health, prevent diseases, ensure optimal conditions for a person's existence, preserve his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

The main tasks of hygiene:

Study of the influence of the external environment on the state of health and performance of people;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic norms, rules and measures for the improvement of the external environment and the elimination of harmful factors;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body's resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase efficiency.

In the course of the development of hygiene, a number of hygienic disciplines have been formed: occupational hygiene, social hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, communal hygiene, hygiene of physical culture and sports, etc.

Hygiene is closely related to sanitation. Sanitation (from Latin sanitas-health) is a term used in medicine until the 60s to refer to the healthcare industry, the content of which covers the development and implementation of practical sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures. In the modern sense, the scientific development of the above problems is carried out by hygiene, and the organization and implementation of sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures is carried out by the sanitary-epidemiological service.

Hygienic value of air movement. Hygienic value of air movement. Air mobility arises due to the temperature difference in different parts of the Earth's surface. In hygienic practice, air movement is considered from two positions: the direction and speed of air movement.

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General hygiene

Introduction

The relevance of the work. Hygiene is the science of health, the creation of conditions conducive to maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of disease. Its purpose is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people's health, disease prevention, ensuring optimal conditions for a person's existence, maintaining his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

Hygiene at the present stage is a widely differentiated science. Having first emerged as general hygiene, later, as the studied problems and objects of the external environment expanded, such disciplines as occupational hygiene, food hygiene, communal hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, etc., began to develop independently.

Purpose and tasks of the work: the study of the basic aspects of general hygiene.

1. Hygienic value of air movement. Its effect on human thermoregulation.

Air mobility arises due to the temperature difference in different parts of the Earth's surface. In hygienic practice, air movement is considered from two positions: the direction and speed of air movement.

The direction of the wind is determined by the cardinal direction from which the wind blows, and is indicated by rhumbs - the initial letters of the cardinal points: C - north, south - south, B - east, 3 - west. In addition to the four main points, there are intermediate ones located between them, and thus the entire horizon is divided into eight points: C, NE, B, SE, S, SW, 3, NW. It is also important to know the prevailing, most frequently repeated wind direction in a given area. This is of great importance in the planning of cities, the construction of hospitals, schools and other public and residential facilities on their territory, which should be located on the windward side in relation to industrial enterprises that pollute the air with smoke and gases. 1 A graphical representation of the frequency (recurrence) of winds along the points, observed in a given area during the year, is called the wind rose. From the center on the lines of the rhumbs, marks are made corresponding to the number (recurrence) of winds in a given direction, the ends are connected by straight lines. The speed of air movement is measured by the distance in meters traveled by a mass of air in 1 s (sometimes in points). The wind blows in gusts, as the height increases, its speed increases due to the absence of obstacles (hills, forests, buildings, etc.). Seasonal changes in wind speed depend on geographical conditions. Air movement at a speed of up to 3 m/s is regarded as a light wind, 5-7 m/s - moderate, 9-12 m/s - strong, 15-18 m/s - very strong, 18-21 m/s - storm. Air movement is the third meteorological factor that acts in combination with temperature and humidity on human heat exchange and can change the heat balance. Its influence is expressed in an increase in heat loss through convection and evaporation. In the hot season, the wind enhances the heat transfer, improving well-being, and in the cold, taking away the warmer layers of air from the body, it helps to cool the body. In winter, the wind increases the risk of frostbite, especially on exposed parts of the body. At an air temperature of -20-30°C in calm weather, frost is more easily tolerated than at -10-15°C and strong wind. Conventionally, it is assumed that an increase in air velocity by 1 m/s is equivalent to a decrease in air temperature by about 2 °. 2

In addition to affecting heat transfer, the wind, irritating skin receptors, reflexively enhances metabolic processes, increasing heat production. If the air temperature is higher than body temperature and it is saturated with water vapor, then the air movement does not give a cooling effect. Strong wind interferes with breathing, disrupting its normal rhythm and increasing the load on the respiratory muscles. This can cause unfavorable reflex reactions and affect the activity of the heart, etc. With a headwind, it is necessary to give the exhaled air a speed that exceeds the force of the wind. When the wind is directed to the back, there is an obstacle to inhalation due to some rarefaction created in the breathing zone: a person seeks to inhale deeper in order to capture the air carried away from him. Moderate, thermally neutral wind has an invigorating, tonic effect, prolonged and stronger can cause, especially in patients suffering from nervous and cardiovascular diseases, excitement, worsen mood and exacerbate the course of the disease. A strong wind affects the psyche with its noise. The hygienic significance of the wind is that it contributes to the ventilation of city streets, courtyards and to the enhancement of natural ventilation in rooms. In summer, the most favorable wind speed is 1-4 m/s. The irritating effect of the wind is manifested at speeds above 6-7 m/s. In residential premises, it is considered normal to move air at a speed of 0.2-0.4 m / s; high speeds cause an unpleasant feeling of draft, and lower speeds indicate insufficient exchange with outside air. Still air does not have a refreshing effect, which appears even at a speed of less than 0.1 m/s. A clear example of the beneficial effect of air flow in rooms with high temperature and significant humidity is the effect obtained from the use of room fans.

The speed of air movement also affects the distribution of harmful substances in the room, as well as the transfer of settled dust.

2. Prevention of the harmful effects of chemicals on the human body.

Harmful is understood as a substance that, when in contact with the human body, causes occupational injuries, occupational diseases or deviations in health.

The degree and nature of the violations of the normal functioning of the body caused by the substance depends on the route of entry into the body, the dose, the time of exposure, the concentration of the substance, its solubility, the state of the perceiving tissue and the organism as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other environmental characteristics. 3

The effect of harmful substances on the body can be anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders and combined effects. Many potent harmful substances cause a disorder in the body of normal physiological activity without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, on the general metabolism, etc.

Harmful substances enter the body through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin. The most likely penetration into the body of substances in the form of gas, vapor and dust through the respiratory system (about 95% of all poisoning).

The release of harmful substances into the air is possible during technological processes and work related to the use, storage, transportation of chemicals and materials, their extraction and manufacture.

Dust is the most common adverse factor in the working environment. Numerous technological processes and operations in industry, transport, and agriculture are accompanied by the formation and release of dust, and large contingents of workers can be exposed to it.

Reducing the level of exposure to harmful substances on a person is carried out by carrying out technological, sanitary, therapeutic and preventive measures using personal protective equipment.

Technological measures include such as the introduction of continuous technologies, automation and mechanization of production processes, remote control, equipment sealing, replacement of hazardous technological processes and operations with less dangerous and safe ones.

Sanitary and technical measures: equipping workplaces with local exhaust ventilation or portable local exhausts, covering equipment with solid dust-proof casings with effective air aspiration, etc. 4

When technological, sanitary and technical measures do not completely exclude the presence of harmful substances in the air, there are no methods and devices for their control, therapeutic and preventive measures are taken: organization and conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations, breathing exercises, alkaline inhalations, provision of therapeutic and prophylactic food and milk, etc.

Particular attention in these cases should be given to the use of personal protective equipment, primarily for respiratory protection (filtering and isolating gas masks, respirators, goggles, special clothing).

3. Sanitary requirements for the manufacture of medicines in pharmacy conditions.

The pharmacy is one of the institutions of the healthcare system, the main function of which is the timely supply of the population and health care facilities with medicines, patient care items, sanitation items and other medical goods. In the manufacture and storage, strict adherence to hygienic conditions is necessary.

At manufacturing medicines under aseptic conditionsMedicinal substances are stored in shtangles, in tightly closed cabinets. Shank glasses are washed and sterilized before each filling.

Auxiliary material is prepared, sterilized and stored in closed containers for no more than 3 days. Opened materials are used within a day. After each sampling of the material, the bix is tightly closed. The sampling is done with sterile tweezers.

Pharmaceutical utensils after appropriate processing are used for their intended purpose or sealed and stored in tightly closed cabinets. The shelf life of sterile dishes used for the preparation and packaging of medicines under aseptic conditions is no more than 24 hours.

Large-capacity cylinders are disinfected after washing by steaming with live steam for 30 minutes. After processing, the containers are closed with sterile stoppers and stored in cabinets for no more than 24 hours. 5

Closure material (corks, caps, etc.) is processed and stored under conditions that prevent their contamination.

Removable parts of technological equipment that are in direct contact with the solution of medicinal substances (rubber and glass tubes, filter holders, membrane microfilters, gaskets, etc.) are processed, sterilized and stored in the modes described in the documentation for the use of the relevant equipment.

Concentrated solutions, semi-finished products, intra-pharmaceutical preparations are made under aseptic conditions and stored in accordance with their physico-chemical properties and established expiration dates in conditions that exclude their contamination.

At production of non-sterile dosage formsMedicinal substances are stored in a pharmacy in tightly closed barrels under conditions that exclude their contamination. Barrels used in the storage of medicinal substances are washed and sterilized before filling.

Auxiliary material and closures used in the manufacture and packaging of medicines are prepared, sterilized and stored.

Pharmaceutical utensils are washed, dried, and sterilized before use. The shelf life of sterile dishes is no more than 3 days.

Means of small-scale mechanization used in the manufacture and packaging of medicines are washed and disinfected in accordance with the instructions attached to them. In the absence of instructions at the end of work, they are disassembled, the working parts are cleaned of drug residues, washed with hot (50-60 s) water, and then disinfected or sterilized, depending on the properties of the material from which they are made. After disinfection, the product is washed with hot water, rinsed with purified water and stored under conditions that exclude contamination.

At the beginning and at the end of the shift, scales, spatulas, scissors and other small pharmacy equipment are wiped with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution or an alcohol-ether mixture (1: 1).

Burettes and pipettes are freed from concentrates at least once every 10 days and washed with hot water (50-60 s) with a suspension of mustard powder or 3% hydrogen peroxide solution with 0.5% detergent, then rinsing with purified water with mandatory control of flushing water for residual detergents. Drain taps of buret installations before starting work are cleaned of deposits of salts of solutions, extracts, tinctures and wiped with an alcohol-ether mixture (1: 1).

After each measuring or weighing of the medicinal substance, the neck and stopper of the barbell, as well as hand-held scales, are wiped with a gauze cloth. The napkin is used only once.

Funnels for filtering or straining liquid medicines, as well as mortars with a powder or ointment mass, are covered with plastic plates, which are pre-disinfected, before hanging and putting them into containers. For sampling ointments and powders from mortars, plastic plates are used. Cardboard is not used. After the ointments are made, the remaining fat is removed using cardboard, paper, then the mortars are washed and sterilized.

Paper and waxed capsules, spatulas, threads, rubber bands and others used for work are stored in the boxes of the assistant (packing) table (the boxes are washed daily). Auxiliary materials are stored in closed cabinets under conditions that exclude contamination.

The pharmacy conducts quarterly analyzes of the Central Control

analytical laboratory.

During the study, a bacteriological examination protocol is left, as well as an analysis protocol for purified water. After the end of the study, a conclusion is made on the compliance of the analyzes with the orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

4. The use of ionizing radiation in industry and medicine: open and sealed sources of ionizing radiation.

Ionizing radiation is any radiation that directly or indirectly causes ionization of the medium.

Ionizing radiation is electromagnetic and corpuscular. 6

The biological effect of ionizing radiation on a living organism primarily depends on the absorbed radiation energy.

The scope of ionizing radiation is very wide:

In industry, these are giant reactors for nuclear power plants, for desalination of sea and saline water, for the production of transuranium elements; they are also used in activation analysis to quickly determine impurities in alloys, metal in ore, coal quality, etc.; for automation of various processes, such as: measurement of liquid level, density and humidity of the medium, layer thickness;

In transport, these are powerful reactors for surface and submarine ships;

In agriculture, these are installations for mass irradiation of vegetables in order to protect them from mold, meat from spoilage; breeding new varieties by genetic mutations;

In geology, this is neutron logging for oil prospecting, activation analysis for prospecting and sorting of metal ores, to determine the mass fraction of impurities in natural diamonds;

In medicine, this is the study of industrial poisoning by the method of tagged atoms, the diagnosis of a disease using activation analysis, the method of tagged atoms and radiography, the treatment of tumors with і-rays and І-particles, the sterilization of pharmaceuticals, clothing, medical instruments and equipment with і-radiation, etc. d.

The development of methods of radiation diagnostics in medicine in recent years generally shows a trend towards their qualitative progress and expansion of diagnostic capabilities. This is primarily due to technical advances, among which we should mention the widespread introduction into practice of various new detectors and x-ray information carriers, non-ionic x-ray contrast agents, research methods, among which digital subtraction radiography, computed x-ray, magnetic resonance and emission tomography, computed scintigraphy should be noted. , thermography and ultrasonic

The use of ionizing radiation takes place even in areas of human activity where, at first glance, it seems completely unexpected. For example, in archeology. In addition, ionizing radiation is used in forensics (photo restoration and material processing). 7

The facilities where ionizing radiation is used can be divided into several groups (not counting the specific facilities of the fleet with nuclear power plants): facilities of the chemical troops, chemical service (stationary and mobile repair and calibration workshops, storage facilities for radioactive substances); objects of military units, enterprises and construction organizations that use ionizing radiation for production purposes (industrial gamma and x-ray flaw detection, radioisotope devices of various types and purposes); objects of medical institutions (X-ray diagnostic rooms and departments, departments of radiation therapy, radioisotope diagnostics, radon hospitals).

Sealed radiation sources are non-recoverable industrial products that continuously consume their resource and are not subject to repair. After the end of the assigned service life or in case of violation of the operating conditions, the use of the source or its storage should be terminated. Depending on the specifics of its operating conditions and technical condition, the competent commission may decide to extend the operation of the source for a certain period. 8

The tightness control of sealed radiation sources must be carried out in the manner and within the time limits established by the relevant standards and technical documentation. It is not allowed to use sealed sources of radiation in case of violation of their tightness.

When working with open sources of radiation, ventilation and air-cleaning devices must provide protection against radioactive contamination of the air in working rooms and atmospheric air. Working rooms, fume hoods, boxes, canyons and other technological equipment should be arranged so that the air flow is directed from less polluted spaces to more polluted ones.

findings

Hygiene is one of the most ancient sciences. Elements of sanitary rules can be found in the historical documents of the ancient slave states.

Hygiene is closely related to all medical sciences, as well as biology, physics, chemistry and socio-economic sciences. The tasks of hygiene include the scientific development of the foundations of preventive and current sanitary supervision, the rationale for sanitary measures to improve populated areas, working conditions and human rest, protect the health of children and adolescents, participate in the development of sanitary legislation, and sanitary examination of the quality of food products and household items. One of the most important tasks of our time is the development of hygienic standards for the air of populated areas and industrial enterprises, water, food, materials from which clothing and footwear are made in order to create the most favorable conditions for maintaining health and preventing diseases, ensuring high performance and increasing life expectancy.

In hygienic research, methods of physical and chemical study of the external environment (air, water, soil, food, building materials, clothing and footwear), bacteriological, biochemical and clinical, demographic studies using methods of sanitary statistics are used.

List of used literature

Dobroslavin A.P., Hygiene, Public Health Course, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 2001.
Kardashenko V.N. "Hygiene of children and adolescents" Moscow, "Medicine" 2000.
Kondratiev V.G. "General hygiene", publishing house "Medicine", Moscow 2002.
Myakishev G.Ya. Elementary particles. M., Education, 2005.
General hygiene: textbook \ G.I. Rumyantsev, E.P. Vishnevskaya, T.A. Kozlov. M.: Medicine, 2005
Rumyantsev G.I., Vishnevskaya E.P., Kozlova T.A. General hygiene. M.: Medicine, 2005. 432s.

1 Khlopin G.V., Fundamentals of hygiene, vol. 1-2, M., 2005.

2 Laptev A.P., Polievsky S.A. Hygiene: Textbook for institutes and technical schools of physics. Cultures.-M.: 2005.

3 Erisman F. F., Hygiene course, vol. 1-3, M., 2004

4 Dobroslavin A.P., Hygiene, Public Health Course, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 2001

5 Loginova R.A., Novikova I.M. Guide to practical exercises in hygiene. M.: Medicine, 2006. 184p.

6 Kudryashov Yu.B., Berenfeld B.S. Radiation biophysics, M., 2001.

7 Myakishev G.Ya. Elementary particles. M., Enlightenment, 2005

8 Klimov A. N. Nuclear physics and nuclear reactors. Moscow: Atomizdat, 2001.

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Hygiene human health

Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects, as is common in the public mind. The private value of health, from the point of view of psychophysiology, can reflect the level of physical and mental workability in the implementation of various types of labor.

Personal hygiene.

Protection from diseases and injuries requires a person to master many simple techniques, which are called personal (personal) hygiene. The development of immunity will protect you from a number of very serious diseases that you can be exposed to - smallpox, typhoid fever, diphtheria, cholera, plague, yellow (tropical) fever. It will not get rid of the most common diseases such as dysentery, colds, malaria. With the following tips in mind, you will stay on your feet as long as possible:

1) Cleanliness of the body is the first defense against pathogenic microbes. Taking a daily shower with hot water and soap would be ideal. If this is not possible, keep your hands clean, brush your nails, and sponge your face, underarms, perineum, and legs at least once a day. 2) Keep clothing as clean and dry as possible, especially underwear and

socks. If washing is not possible, shake out the clothes, dry and air them regularly.

3) If possible, use toothpaste every day. Soap, salt, or baking soda can be a good substitute for toothpaste, and a small green twig, well chewed on one side, will serve as a toothbrush. Another method is brushing your teeth with a clean finger. This method also massages the gums. After eating, rinse your mouth with drinking water, if you have it.

Food hygiene.

Beware of gastrointestinal diseases and disorders. Do not bite your nails, do not eat with dirty hands (at a minimum, thoroughly wipe your hands before eating with clean, dry grass or leaves). Do not drink dirty water (it must be boiled or treated with special tablets, and then filtered). Protect food and water from flies and other insects, remove food waste and waste in a timely manner. Avoid eating unprocessed and poor-quality foods (undercooked, fried, not washed with hot water, rotten, moldy, fermented, rotten, etc.). Food poisoning, dysentery in the field means the failure of a combat mission and, quite likely, the death of a person.

Protect yourself from intestinal diseases:

1) The most common and dangerous diseases are diarrhea, food poisoning and other intestinal disorders. They can be caused by contaminated food, water or other drinks. To protect yourself from these diseases, you must:

Keep the body, especially the hands, clean. Don't bite your nails. Do not eat

Before drinking, dilute a disinfectant in it.

tablet or boil for 1 minute;

Wash and peel all fruits;

Before cooking, do not store food for a long time;

Sterilize kitchen items, preferably in boiled water;

Keep food and water away from flies and other insects. Keep your

the house is clean;

Follow strictly the timely disposal of garbage and waste.

2) If you have diarrhea or vomiting, do not eat heavy meals until your symptoms improve. Drink fluids, in particular drinking water, in small portions and often, at regular intervals. Even if you feel better, try to avoid heavy meals. Don't salt your food too much.

Health hygiene.

Protect yourself from heart failure

In areas with a hot climate, sunbathe carefully, partially exposing your body to the sun. Strong stress under the hot sun can cause a heart attack. Cardiac weakness can be prevented by drinking extra water and salt to replace what is lost by sweating.

Protect yourself from colds

1) In very cold climates, keep the body warm by all means possible. Take special care of the legs, arms and exposed parts of the body. Keep your socks dry, use rags, paper, moss, grass, leaves for insulation, from which you can always make a good shelter.

2) Frostbite is a constant danger to anyone exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of water. To treat frostbitten areas, find a warm area (at normal room temperature) as soon as possible and immediately immerse them in hot water or hot air. Do not massage or apply ice to frostbitten areas of the body.

Take care of your feet

1) Dirty or sweaty socks can hurt your feet. If you don't have clean pairs, wash the ones you wear more often. If there is a clean pair, put the washed one on top of the clothes behind your back. They will dry faster. If possible, wear woolen socks, they absorb sweat better. Socks can be frozen, then they should be beaten off to clean them of dirt.

2) Blisters are dangerous because they can start an infection that can interfere with your movement, or even, with a further deterioration in your situation, cause death. If your shoes fit you well, clean them off the ground after each transition, change your socks more often, use foot powder, massage or rub your feet calmly and you will have less worries about blisters. If a blister appears, do not open it, but put a soft pad on it to rub this place less.

Hygiene of clothes and footwear.

Shoes should always be carefully monitored, especially when operating in damp climates and in winter. Shoes need to be dried more often, being careful, because if they dry quickly (on a fire, near a hot stove), they can deteriorate, as well as when leaving wet shoes in the cold. A good drying method is to fill the shoes with heated (so that it does not burn) pebbles, sand, small pebbles. Shoes can be stuffed with paper, dry hay or moss - this promotes drying and prevents deformation. It is permissible in extreme cases to put on wet boots (boots) on dry socks and footcloths, but not vice versa.

Lubricate your shoes regularly with a thin layer of shoe cream. Shoe cream can be replaced with unsalted lard, tar, fat of waterfowl (fish), raw soap, vegetable oil. To obtain tar, you need to heat the birch bark in a jar over a fire until the dark liquid is distilled off.

When carrying loads, fill the backpack (knapsack) correctly: small items should be placed towards the back, hard and heavy ones - in the lower half of the knapsack. Adjust the straps of the backpack according to your height so that its lower edge (attached load) is adjacent to the sacrum. A knapsack fitted in this way does not hit the back and does not pull the shoulders too much. With a heavy load (more than 20 kg), you need to take care of soft pads for shoulder straps (from foam rubber, felt, moss, etc.).

In winter, you need to especially carefully monitor the serviceability of clothing, keep it dry and protect it from burning. The most common cause of damp clothing is heavy sweating. When it appears, remove excess clothing (be sure to keep the top windproof layer), reduce physical activity, if possible. Uniforms for long-term actions, especially in cold climatic conditions, should be dried by hanging in the upper part of the shelter, after shaking it out. If it is impossible to wash, it is necessary to shake out the linen and clothes, and then hang them for 1.5-2 hours in the open air. So that in a blizzard (blizzard) snow does not stick to the uniform and it does not get wet, it is recommended to wear dressing gowns and capes made of parachute fabric over it. This also provides camouflage.

Remember, that:

tight-fitting clothing reduces the zone of still air around the body and prevents free circulation;

Sweating is dangerous because it lowers the insulating capacity of clothing, adding moisture to the air. When moisture evaporates, the body cools down. Prevent overheating by removing some clothing and unfastening it at the neck, wrists and chest;

hands and feet cool faster than other parts of the body, and they

should pay more attention. Close your hands how much

possibly. Hands can be warmed under the armpits, on the inside of the thigh

or on the chest. Since the feet sweat quickly, it is difficult to keep them warm. It is better

wear larger shoes so that you can wear at least two

footcloth (sock). Warm double sock can be made,

if you put dry grass, moss, cellophane between a pair of socks

bag or bird feathers;

The largest heat loss occurs in the head area. Never

forget about a good headdress.

In the subtropics, as well as in the middle lane in the swamps and in the forest in hot summer, a person is attacked by hordes of insects (mosquitoes, gadflies, horseflies, flies, wasps, hornets, midges, etc.). Therefore it must have:

clothing of such strength that it does not tear while moving through dense thickets of bushes and undergrowth;

net and gloves to protect against insects;

sleeves and legs loose enough to be tucked into gloves and socks;

The mosquito net should be light, because. mosquitoes and many more

insects are afraid of light colors. Dark tones attract them.