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What is slate made of. What is slate made of and is it harmful? Paint for slate


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Slate is a coating that is well known to everyone. What appears to a person’s gaze at the mention of this word could be seen earlier on almost every roof. But slate is not as simple as it seems. It turns out that it can be different. What is slate made from? What materials can this roofing material be made of?

If you translate the word "slate" from German, then it will sound like "slate". Indeed, it was from this type of rock that the very first version of this roofing material was once made. It was used, by the way, back in the Middle Ages, according to historical sources (some of them report that the material was also used during the time of the Roman Empire). The fact is that slate is quite easily split into thin plastics (up to 4-6 mm thick), which, after a certain processing, could cover the roofs of houses.

Such slate provided excellent sound insulation, served for a long time, did not burn, was not afraid of humidity and temperatures. But he also had his drawbacks - it was a rather fragile material, which also had a lot of weight, which is why the roof frame had to be strong and able to withstand significant loads.

For many centuries, this material was the most popular among those used for roofing. Over time, slate was modernized and began to be made in its usual form - wavy gray sheets were made from an asbestos-cement mixture. Later, products made of plastic and metal appeared, but they all have a certain shape - large sheets with waves.

On a note! Natural slate had to be modernized and changed due to the increased demand for the material, which, unfortunately, was simply not enough to meet the needs of the market due to the increased pace of construction. The craftsmen had to look for a solution to this problem, and therefore new technologies for the manufacture of slate appeared.

Entered the market first asbestos cement slate. It contained Portland cement, as well as about 10-12% of asbestos fibers, which acted as a reinforcing material. To increase the indicators of frost resistance and water resistance, slate began to be coated with special compounds based on silicates or phosphates, which also reduced the release of asbestos dangerous to human health into the atmosphere. Such slate was distinguished by low cost, excellent insulating qualities and incombustibility, but still remained a rather fragile material.

Over time, asbestos-cement slate began to be used little - the reason for this was the information launched into the masses about the dangers of asbestos to health. It was because of this substance that work in factories engaged in the manufacture of slate was considered quite dangerous. Manufacturers were able to reduce risk factors only by replacing asbestos with mineral or synthetic fibers - this is how fiber cement slate.

On a note! The disadvantages of asbestos-cement slate were also its solid weight and the porosity of the surface, due to which dirt quickly collected on it, moss and mold began to grow.

Slate staining - a procedure that can be carried out after installation

Types of slate

Now slate can be called various roofing materials, which are united by the presence of a wavy shape. The most common types are the same asbestos slate, as well as made of metal and euro slate. Let's get to know them better.

On a note! If desired, corrugated board, ondulin, keramoplast can be attributed to varieties of slate.

This type of slate can be found on houses built during the Soviet era. It has always been considered one of the cheapest, albeit unsafe materials, and even now it can often be used in the construction of houses, although it has given way to more convenient and safer materials. As mentioned above, one of the components of such a slate is asbestos, a natural substance that provides a fairly high strength. roofing. Such a slate will not fail, even if an adult person moves along it.

All raw materials are pressed into the mold. This wavy or flat material can be ordinary, reinforced or unified.

On a note! The quality of such slate is significantly affected by the mineral composition of asbestos, its quantity, particle size and storage of the finished product.

Table. Slate dimensions.

The fixing of the material on the roof frame is carried out using roofing nails or screws. All exposed areas will require additional corrosion protection. It is also important to use anti-wind brackets on overhangs. It is not easy to join individual sheets of slate due to the lack of elasticity in the material, so it is important to carefully seal the joints. Sealing cracks can be done using mounting foam or sealants.

Asbestos cement slate production process

The technological cycle is represented by the following stages. First, a pulp is prepared from chrysolite-asbestos, water, cellulose fillers, fiberglass and cement. Raw materials are mixed in special mixers. Then a certain amount of raw material is taken out of them, required for the manufacture of one sheet - it is given a certain shape after part of the liquid is removed.

After that, the future product is subjected to pressure, due to which the remaining liquid leaves (it can be reused in production). Then the product is given the desired size in accordance with GOST 30340-2012. The scraps are sent for recycling. And the finished slate is sent to the warehouse, where it gains additional strength during storage.

GOST 30340-2012. Sheets are chrysotile cement wavy. Specifications. Download file (click on the link to open the PDF file in a new window).

No, natural slate slate has not sunk into oblivion, as it might seem. It is still produced, but is quite expensive due to the difficulty of extracting the material. Now such slate is considered elite, and due to the rich sheen, the coating looks truly royal.

The thickness of such sheets is on average 5 mm, and the shape of the products can be any - trapezoidal, triangular, square, etc. The weight of 1 m 2 of the coating is large - about 28-35 kg. But they can close the roof of any shape and complexity. The roof covered with multi-colored slate tiles, which form a kind of mosaic, looks original.

Prices for various types of slate

Metal slate

A frequently used option for finishing roofs of both residential buildings and industrial premises. In this case, the slate is made from a thin sheet of galvanized steel, and then coated with polymeric protective substances. In general, this is an ordinary profiled sheet.

The use of metal slate began around the 19th century. Due to the corrugation, the material is quite strong and rigid. In general, this is one of the most durable types of slate currently available for sale. The main disadvantages are the low level of sound insulation, requiring installation soundproof materials, as well as a high rate of thermal conductivity, which is why the roof heats up very quickly in the heat.

Euroslate

The material first appeared on the territory of Europe - hence it got its name. European engineers were able to replace asbestos fiber with other types of reinforcing materials. They began to use basalt, cellulose, jute, bitumen, fiberglass, etc. However, outwardly, such slate is not much different from its asbestos-cement ancestor. Now it is customary to call euroslate rather soft, but durable materials that have the ability to deform.

Euro slate advantages:

  • light weight;
  • cheapness;
  • environmental friendliness and safety for health;
  • strength;
  • high rates of heat and sound insulation;
  • a wide variety of color variations;
  • the possibility of laying on curved surfaces with a radius of more than 5 m.

For laying euroslate, it is not necessary to make a continuous crate - a regular one is enough. The main thing is that its step should correspond to the angle of inclination of the roof.

Ondulin is also slate

This material just belongs to the category of efroslate and is made on the basis of cellulose fiber and bituminous impregnation with the addition of resins and pigments. Its service life may well exceed 50 years, and the material itself is strong enough to withstand a large snow and wind load, which was achieved due to the multi-layer coating (there can be 14 layers of cellulose thread in ondulin). The coating is not afraid of exposure to chemical and biological substances.

On a note! Previously, ondulin did not act as an independent roofing material, but was used only to repair dilapidated roofs that had lost their performance.

Euroslate prices

Euroslate

Polymer slate

Sheets made on the basis of acrylic or polycarbonate can also be attributed to slate. They are made by extrusion - the raw material is pressed through a special hole that forms this very sheet. It can be completely or partially transparent, depending on the composition of the raw material. It turns out quite elastic, capable of changing shape when heated, interesting material. However, it can withstand very significant loads. This version of slate is great for creating canopies over pools, solariums.

Video - Truth and myths about working with material

How to work with slate? Roof manufacturing process

Sheathing a roof with slate is not difficult - it is only important to follow certain rules for working with the material. It must not be dropped, as it is quite fragile, and when cutting, if necessary, it is important to protect the respiratory system from asbestos dust.

On a note! When choosing slate, it is worth stopping at wavy variations of the material, since this form contributes to a better removal of water from the roof. Among the wavy variations, preference should be given to one that will have sufficient density.

The industrial production of the first artificial slate was launched at the beginning of the 20th century. according to the technology patented by the Austrian industrialist Ludwig Gatchek. Innovative products, which are flat gray tiles made of asbestos cement, are called "eternite" - "eternal", translated from Latin. A little later, due to their similarity with slate plates, the German name "schiefer" was attached to them. This slate was flat and small in size.

So asbestos-cement slabs, which are used as roofing and facing materials. Over time, their size and shape changed, technology improved. Wave sheets appeared, and everyone forgot about Gatchek tiles. But flat slate, as a direct descendant of the very "Eternite", is still used in many areas of construction.

Flat slate is flat rectangular sheets made of asbestos cement (chrysotile cement). It contains:

  • portland cement - 80-90% (as a base);
  • chrysotile asbestos - 10-20% (as a binder);
  • additives - 1%.

Chrysotile asbestos is a durable magnesium silicate fiber that is resistant to alkaline cement media. Therefore, asbestos cement, in fact, is fiber cement reinforced with hard chrysotile fibers. This explains the high mechanical strength of asbestos-cement slate, its heat resistance, wear resistance and durability.

An important detail: in the composition of flat slate, chrysotile-asbestos is firmly bound to cement, so it does not evaporate into the environment. Asbestos dust can only enter human lungs when cutting slate. Therefore, for safety reasons, it is necessary to use a respirator during this event.

Scope of use of flat slate

The universal shape and excellent performance properties allow the use of flat slate in many sectors of construction. Compared to corrugated sheets, it is not often used for roofing and then, as a rule, as part of prefabricated screeds. Although quite recently, enterprises produced small-sized flat tiles - especially for covering roofs like tiles. Now their production has been discontinued.

However, some home craftsmen, wanting to get an inexpensive "tiled" roof made of asbestos cement, find a way out of the situation. And they cut the flat slate into small tiles, in order to then cover the roof with them. An interesting way to use, but in the official instructions for slate, it is not recommended.


In accordance with GOST 18124-2012, flat slate is used:

  • when installing prefabricated screeds for roofing systems such as PKS-1, PKS-2, PKS-3, PKS-4;
  • as an element of roofing in prefabricated roofing systems (for example, TN Roof-Titan and TN Roof Universal from TechnoNikol);
  • as a material for interior cladding of walls and partitions;
  • for facing the facades of premises for various purposes (residential, industrial, etc.);
  • for the construction of structures: fences, gazebos, galleries industrial enterprises, protections of balconies and loggias;
  • for mounting boxes, slopes, window sills;
  • for flooring or suspended ceilings;
  • in the construction of wall panels (blocks) with "sandwich" insulation - in the construction of residential buildings, pavilions, stalls, utility blocks, etc.;
  • as a permanent formwork material for foundations and walls in the construction of low-rise buildings (flat sheets in this case play the role of finishing and external retaining reinforcement for a concrete structure);
  • when constructing structures for landscaping adjoining territory, garden and vegetable garden, that is, as a material for covering paths, assembling the walls of compost pits, fencing beds, etc.;
  • for the device of irrigators in cooling towers.

In addition, it is used in TechnoNikol roofing systems:


Types of flat slate

In accordance with GOST 18124-2012, two types of flat asbestos-cement slate are produced: pressed and unpressed.

Pressed sheets removed from the sizing drum are additionally subjected to pressure compaction. The manufacturing technology of non-pressed products does not provide for such a procedure.

In the symbol of slate sheets, there is always an alphabetic abbreviation of the type of product. Flat non-pressed sheets are designated as LPN. Pressed flat sheets - like BOB.

Unpressed slate is less durable and dense than pressed slate. But it has less weight and is easier to handle. LPN can be cut, sawn, drilled without much physical effort. They are easy to fix on horizontal and vertical surfaces with screws. Accordingly, non-pressed slabs are very convenient for finishing and roofing work. They are used for sheathing walls and partitions inside buildings, for installing ceilings, for mounting fences, as a leveling screed in a roofing prefabricated pie.

Pressed slate, due to the additional compression of its structure under pressure, is characterized by higher strength, density, impact strength and durability. LPP is recommended for use in cladding and assembly of structures exposed to aggressive environments and the risk of fire.

Pressed slate is resistant to corrosion, chemical and biological substances, elevated temperatures. It does not burn, does not evaporate harmful substances. Therefore, its use is popular at gas stations, car washes, service stations, workshops and spray booths.

LPP is also used for facade cladding and interior spaces buildings, to create prefabricated wall panels, enclosing structures, floor surfaces, roofing pies(as a tie).

Increased strength and load bearing capacity makes pressed sheets suitable material for fixed formwork of walls and foundations. An additional advantage of LPP is increased wear resistance, which allows the sheets to be reused after dismantling.

Decorative features of the material

To provide the consumer a wide range material, with the possibility of its selection for the specific requirements of the design of the structure, flat slate is produced:

  • unpainted;
  • painted;
  • invoiced.

Unpainted sheets are considered ordinary, they remain in the natural color for asbestos cement - gray. To get painted sheets, a primer layer is applied to the pressed slate, and then - acrylic paint. Mass staining is performed much less frequently. The color base is selected according to the RAL, Monicolor, Tikkurila, NCS catalogs.

Textured slate - the most decorative option. There are several ways to texture the surface of asbestos-cement sheets:

  • Creation of a layer of stone chips of jasper, marble, serpentine, granites. A primer is applied to the surface of the slab, then an adhesive composition, which is sprinkled with stone chips, followed by a varnish coating.
  • Applying embossed prints to the raw asbestos-cement mass using special stamps, after which the sheets are painted in the usual way. As a result, flat slate gets a new texture and color, imitating wood, stone, silk, etc.
  • Creating a textured polymer layer with marble or quartz filler.
  • The use of iron oxide pigments as a filler, which give the slate a "metallic" color (like titanium, bronze, aluminum, etc.).
  • Covering sheets with colored cement plaster, which allows you to get an unusual texture and various shades with color splashes.

Coatings with paint or stone chips not only increase the decorative properties of slate, but also play the role of a protective layer. Such sheets have increased wear resistance, wear out less and last longer.

Due to the decorative component, they are used for finishing cladding of facades, installation of balcony (loggia) railings, construction of fences and other visible surfaces of structures.

Dimensions and weight

Sheets of flat slate, in contrast to asbestos-cement tiles such as Eternite, are quite large. This explains some narrowing of their scope of use (especially as a finishing roofing).

Sheet sizes are regulated by GOST 18124-2012 or TU of enterprises. According to GOST, the length of products is several specific values ​​\u200b\u200bin the range of 1200-3600 mm, width - within 1120-1570 mm, thickness - 6-8, 10 mm.

The weight of flat sheets, due to the dimensions, is also rather big. A square meter of an unpressed sheet, 10 mm thick, weighs about 19 kg, and a pressed sheet weighs about 21 kg. That is, the weight of a standard pressed sheet with a thickness of 10 mm, a length of 3 m, and a width of 1.5 m will be equal to 96 kg, and unpressed - about 87 kg. These figures may have slight errors, depending on the additives used and the moisture content of the product.


physical and chemical indicators

The most important specifications flat slate, on which its durability and application possibilities depend, are strength, density, viscosity, and frost resistance.

Flat slabs are characterized by high bending strength, which allows them to be used in the construction of ceilings, floors, roofing, foundation walls. Unpressed products withstand bending forces of 18 MPa, pressed products - 23 MPa.

The density of flat slate is relatively small and is equal to 1600 kg/m3 for LNP and 1800 kg/m3 for LPP. This means that the thermal insulation properties of the material, on the contrary, are quite high.

Impact strength is a value that indicates the ability of a material to resist impact loads. For pressed sheets, this parameter should be at least 2.5 kJ/m2, for non-pressed sheets, at least 2 kJ/m2.

Another important parameter is frost resistance. Unpressed slate can withstand 25 freeze-thaw cycles, and pressed slate - 50. As a rule, these figures are very close to real term services of asbestos-cement sheets.


Designation and marking of sheets

Sheets of flat slate have their own symbol, characterizing their type and size. It contains the letter abbreviation of the product type (LPN or LPP - non-pressed and pressed sheets, respectively), dimensions (length, width, thickness - in millimeters), designation of the current standard.

For example, pressed sheets with a length of 3000 mm, a width of 1570 mm, a thickness of 10 mm, manufactured in accordance with GOST 18124-2012, are designated as LPP 3000 x 1570 x 10 GOST 18124-2012. And non-pressed products with a length of 1200 mm, a width of 1120 mm, a thickness of 6 mm - as LNP 1200 x 1120 x 6 GOST 18124-2012.

The symbol for sheets is indicated in the accompanying documents for products, in construction drawings, etc. Directly on the sheets you can see another mark for identification - marking.

Usually it is applied to the slate by printing. But it is also allowed to use printed labels that are glued to sheets. A minimum of 1% of the sheets in a lot must be marked with the marking.

The marking contains:

  • manufacturer's name or trademark;
  • lot number;
  • a sign indicating the type of sheet and its thickness (a square with a number in the center is an unpressed sheet, the same square, but symbolically “compressed” by two arrows, is a pressed sheet).

Advantages and disadvantages of slate

To better understand if flat slate is suitable for use in specific situation construction, it will be useful to identify its pros and cons.

The most significant benefits:

  • Wear resistance and mechanical strength.
  • Durability, which is on average 25-50 years.
  • High bending strength, due to which the sheets are not deformed under the influence of a layer of snow (on the roof) or concrete masses (as formwork walls).
  • High fire resistance. Slate refers to fireproof, refractory and non-combustible materials.
  • Resistance to aggressive environments - chemical and biological. Slate is not subject to corrosion, neutral to alkalis and industrial atmospheric emissions. The material is resistant to microorganisms, it does not rot and is not damaged by insects.
  • Moisture resistance. Sheets of flat slate do not let water through and are an excellent waterproofing material.
  • Resistance to temperature changes.
  • Frost resistance, allowing the use of slate in any climatic zones, even in the Far North.
  • Easy installation, uncomplicated repair work.
  • Undemanding in operation.
  • Low price compared to similar materials.

Disadvantages to be aware of:

  • Fragility, which often leads to breaking sheets already at the installation stage. This feature requires laying in the estimate an additional amount of material. At the same time, many manufacturers are trying to deal with the problem by adding special plasticizers to the chrysotile-cement mixture.
  • Low impact strength. Often used as an outdoor finishing material, slate sheets are subject to impact damage from, for example, hail or thrown rocks.
  • The release of asbestos dust during cutting and drilling of slate, which can enter the lungs of a person and adversely affect his health. Therefore, when machining plates, you should use respirators. At enterprises and in enclosed spaces where slate is processed, it is mandatory to install dust collectors with air purification devices.

Despite the shortcomings, flat slate can be safely called a universal building material. Some experts say that you can build a whole city out of it! And this statement is not so far from the truth.

Walls, roofs, and fences are built from flat chrysotile sheets, which are highly durable and retain their properties for many decades.

Slate is a roofing material made from clay shale, sheet asbestos cement, and fiber-based cement. Slate is sold mainly in the form of corrugated profiled sheets, but there is also a flat view. The material is used not only as roofing, but also for various finishing works.

History reference:

Slate is marked in the minds of many consumers in the world as a material with the sign "especially dangerous". It is believed that the beginning of this phenomenon lies at the end of the 19th century, when Russian doctors expressed concern that a specific lung disease that developed in workers in the production of asbestos-containing materials was caused by asbestos dust. It was these assumptions, reflected in the works of scientists, that formed a persistent prejudice against slate, which remains relevant today.

Today, in professional circles, they tend to believe that slate is only a victim of a lobby of representatives of the chemical industry interested in ...

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Old slate "dusts" with asbestos. Inhaling the "needles" of asbestos dust today, we risk getting sick respiratory system after 10-30 years. Defenders of slate say that the topic is artificially inflated by manufacturers of other roofing materials. Who is right? And what do we do with the old slate?

Which slate is safe?

Asbestos-cement slate consists of 3 components: water, asbestos fiber and cement. It is asbestos fiber that is considered as a “risk factor” that determines the harmfulness of slate to humans. However, not all asbestos is equally harmful. For the production of slate, two types of asbestos fibers are used - chrysotile and amphibole.

The former are relatively harmless. In domestic industries, they are mainly used for the manufacture of slate. Amphibole fibers are a source of harmful compounds that are released during the operation of even a new material.

Actually, a ban on the production and sale of slate was announced in Europe, because. there...

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To all of us, the familiar name of this roofing material comes from the German word Schiefer, the so-called naturalness of slate, which was formed in the bowels of the Earth about 400 million years ago. A long time ago, slate was used by women even as decorations, but men could not help but pay attention to those qualities that make slate an excellent material for construction.

What is a slate? Natural slate - these are slate plates of various widths and heights, designed for different types masonry. Depending on which masonry, square meter slate on the roof can weigh from 20 to 40 kg, on the facade about 30 kg. Today, shale is mined both open and in a closed way. The main country engaged in its extraction and export is Spain, since on its territory this material lies at a relatively shallow depth, it is not difficult to extract it, therefore Spanish slate is cheaper than in other European countries.

The surface of natural slate...

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Instruction

Sew a thick fabric with a double overlay stitch. The strength of the “construction” largely depends on the thickness of the fabric, so choose a thicker material. As for the color, it will not change, therefore, the fabric should be chosen in any desired color.

Install the goats at a small distance from each other, strengthening on them wooden bars, which will form the ridges. Lay polyethylene over the “form” and fix it well.

Spread the fabric on the plastic wrap and secure it (this will keep the fabric from moving, for example, under the influence of wind).

Thoroughly coat the fabric with varnish with a hardener. Make three or four layers.

Align the not completely dried fabric according to the “shape” and dry it. Let stand for about two hours (usually this is how long the varnish takes to dry), and then smear with a new layer. In addition to the fabric, spread a thin layer of varnish on the combs as well. Dry within...

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Slate is back in fashion now. Asbestos-cement slate can be considered as a roofing made of thinly reinforced cement stone, the fibers of which have high tensile strength and take tensile stresses.

Slate is back in fashion now. Asbestos-cement slate can be considered as a roofing made of thinly reinforced cement stone, the fibers of which have high tensile strength and take tensile stresses. Such material has not only high mechanical strength, but also other valuable properties: fire resistance, low water permeability, durability. Asbestos-cement slate is a very cheap material, but the attitude of consumers towards it is ambiguous. In our country, the controversy about the harmful effects of asbestos has been going on for more than one year: there is an opinion that its use is harmful to health.

But after all, slate is mounted on the outside of the roof, moreover, several layers are located under it ...

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Slate production: technological process

Slate is quite in demand today. Naturally, in connection with this, there was a need to ensure mass production.

It is organized not only at enterprises of a special profile, for example, at factories for the production of slate, but also in some workshops at building materials plants, factories of reinforced concrete products and other similar ones. The production technology of this material is constantly being improved.

What is slate made of: varieties of material ...

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Slate is one of the traditional roofing materials. The use of slate is the creation of a reliable roof that protects the house from precipitation, as well as simple fences. In the last century, the bulk of low-rise buildings under construction, as well as various courtyard buildings, were covered with this material. Yes, it’s a sin to hide it - and now for most citizens this is the most available material to build a roof.

Slate properties

To clarify, the slate is correctly called asbestos-cement slate (asbestos-cement slate), since asbestos is used in its manufacture. The result is a fairly cheap material, strong, durable, but not environmentally friendly. This drawback, perhaps, determines the modern trend that slate is losing its former popularity. Other disadvantages of slate are its excessive fragility and high specific gravity, well, all slate sheets are gray. On the other hand, despite the obvious shortcomings ...

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Home|Roof|Slate

Slate

The term "slate" has historically become synonymous with asbestos-cement roofing materials, primarily corrugated sheets.

As a result, other roofing materials in the form of corrugated sheets often began to be called slate: asbestos-free slate, euroslate (corrugated bitumen sheets).

The quality of slate, like other roofing materials, also depends on the equipment of production (installations of modern production lines) and technology compliance.

Slate is obtained from a mixture of short-fiber asbestos (15%) and Portland cement (85%). Therefore, the roof of it is durable and fire resistant.

As the base of the slate roof, a crate of bars with a section of 50x50 mm is arranged - for sheets of a regular profile and 75x75 mm - for sheets of a reinforced profile with a pitch of 500-550 and 750-800 mm, respectively. Sheets are laid from the eaves to the ridge. Everyone...

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Any roofing material should be not only beautiful and durable, but also safe for humans. Using asbestos-cement slate for the roof of their buildings, many people think about the question - is slate harmful? Let's try to understand this issue in more detail, having studied the composition of slate and the features of its production. After all, slate today is one of the most popular and affordable roofing materials for the common man.

Relatively low cost, ease of installation and durability made slate very popular among ordinary people who are not burdened with excess money.

...

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Coverings, critiqued with slate, took off great breadth in the individual everyday life of past fates. Shards of this material are durable, do not burn, well vitrimuє the squeeze of the snowy slope. And at the same time, if a great number of new covering materials appeared, it was too early to write off slate from rachunkiv. If you have done this victorious work, then you should know that the slate is properly laid on the grounds of your own particularity.

Preparatory work

Vyrobnik releases in sales packaging with sheets of slate, perekladenim polyethylene plivkoy. So the stench and guilt are saved until the moment they are taken to the dachas. Packings with slates are to be taken horizontally and wrapped under a canopy. Slate - finish the material, but with it, finish the crying. You can’t throw yoga, you can walk in the new one with metal pads.

If the laying scheme for the slate transfers the rose leaves, then you need to get an individual protection. Slate saw to avenge fibers to asbestos, to finish...

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Introduction

Purpose of products, its properties, consumer qualities

Production method

Finished products

Production in the form of a diagram

Bibliography

Introduction

Slate as a roofing material has been used for dozens (if not a hundred) years all over the world: in Ukraine and the former Soviet Union, in India, Thailand, China, Central and Latin America, as well as in the countries of the Middle East and African states. Production volumes are steadily growing. This is due not only to the low price of an excellent roofing material, but also to the ease of its use. If a qualified specialist is required for the construction of a metal or tile roof, then everyone can lay a slate roof on their own, which is important for developing Ukraine with its gigantic dacha construction. In addition to the low price, we note a number of advantages of slate roofing: low (by...

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Slate: materials for its manufacture

Initially, slate was called plates, which are split slate. But over time, many roofing materials began to bear the same name. AT modern construction slate is the name given to materials used for roofing of various designs and having a common feature - a sheet form, as a rule, profiled. What is modern slate made of?

Slate roofing has gained great popularity due to its durability and strength.

Slate tiles - the oldest type of slate

Natural slate is tiles chipped from a block of natural stone, which is a type of slate. This material has been used since the Middle Ages. Shales are rocks that are characterized by an almost parallel arrangement of lamellar or elongated minerals, which are easily split with little effort.

Roof material...

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In summer, in summer cottages, many change roofs and fences, most often traditionally choosing slate. In Ukraine, 90 percent of roofs are covered with this popular building material. But not everyone knows that slate contains asbestos, which is harmful to health. Asbestos particles can even penetrate into the lungs, and asbestos dust is not excreted from the body and over time can lead to lung cancer.

If you look, many of our houses are simply stuffed with materials that include asbestos. This substance is found in overalls, many filters and pipes, and even in the brake pads of old-style cars. City dwellers, idle for hours in traffic jams, along with exhaust gases, also inhale asbestos dust.

Experts told FACTS about where it is better not to go on vacation so as not to inhale the emissions of asbestos production, how to minimize the harmful effects of this mineral and how it can be replaced.

People living near asbestos processing plants are exposed to...

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The question of the dangers of slate made from asbestos for the health of residents of houses in the construction of which it was used is very relevant for the domestic construction industry. After all, in Russia, according to various estimates, from 50 to 70% of the roofs are covered with this particular material.

If earlier domestic specialists successfully fought off attacks on asbestos-cement slate, then recently opponents of its use have taken an increasingly active position. What is the reason for this situation? An attempt by domestic manufacturers building materials to hide the truth from consumers, or foreign suppliers of more expensive roofing products to make it easier for them to enter the market? Let's consider different points of view on this issue.

Asbestos (from the Greek asbestos - "inextinguishable") is a generic name for the fibrous form of six different natural minerals of the silicate class. Asbestos is presented in the form of two main groups of minerals: serpentine and amphibole, differing in type ...

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Anyone who decides to roofing works himself, or simply began to look for materials for his roof and opted for slate, sooner or later he is faced with one very problematic issue.

In its most general form, this question sounds like this - is slate harmful, and if so, how to minimize this harm.

Slate installation

The real (or imaginary) harm from slate is the subject of many discussions that take place both on construction sites and on Internet forums.

Without claiming to be the ultimate truth, let's try to figure out what components of slate can harm human health, and how to avoid it. And we will start with an analysis - what is included in the composition of slate.

Slate production technology

Today, slate is still one of the most popular roofing materials.

Asbestos-cement slate

However, there is some confusion in the nomenclature of slate, because slate is called as it is ...

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Asbestos-cement products, or is slate harmful

Unique properties asbestos are such that even its very small presence in the composition of any substance is capable of transferring these very beneficial features. Even ten or fifteen percent is enough. By mixing asbestos with textiles, we obtain fire-resistant suits for firefighters and metallurgists, thermal insulation for furnaces and heating devices, its mechanical strength increases the wear resistance of brake shoes and friction linings.

Filters of the food, nuclear and pharmaceutical industries, which contain asbestos, prevent the penetration of radiation bacteria and other harmful substances. And thanks to the stability chemical composition, elasticity and strength, asbestos is present even in stamped paper, banknotes and other similar products. According to the National Cancer Institute of the United States of America, up to five thousand items sold in the United States, ...

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In the process of using slate, one way or another, one will have to get involved in a dispute regarding what slate is made of and whether it is harmful to health. Accordingly, you will have to figure out how to eliminate or partially reduce the risk of harm. The harm of this roofing material is a well-known topic of discussion in construction forums on the Internet. In this regard, it will be useful to dot the i and understand whether slate is really harmful, or is it just another myth.

background

Natural flat slate slate began to be used a very long time ago, in any case, the investigation led to the Middle Ages. They covered houses, protecting themselves from snow, rain and wind. Noble building owners considered slate wear-resistant and comfortable. In the 20th century, natural slate was replaced by a more affordable type - asbestos cement slate, which in a short time conquered the European market first, and then the domestic one.

He came up with what to make slate from and patented this production technology (from asbestos cement) an engineer from Austria - L. Gatchek. With his help, in 1902, a one-of-a-kind company was formed that produced slate. With incredible speed, the industry "flowed" to the French, Italians and Czechs. In 1908, the manufacture of building materials also captured the domestic market.

The resulting competition contributed to a gradual decline in prices for asbestos cement sheets and an increase in demand among builders for a long period of time. By the way, at first they bore the name "Eternit", which means "eternal". With the help of this roofing material, difficulties with roofing were solved. During the destruction of buildings, the slate was dismantled and moved to other houses.

The first domestic slate

In the post-Soviet space, building material began to be made in 1908. Production was officially launched in the village of Fokino, which is located near Bryansk. The manufacture of coatings has rapidly gained popularity, since Russia has the largest reserves of materials on the planet, from which slate was made in the USSR. Thus, even before the Second World War, 6 factories appeared in Rostov-on-Don, Voskresensk, Kramatorsk, Sukhoi Luga, Novorossiysk, and Volsk.

During the period of hostilities, some enterprises were transported to the east. Most of the factories were destroyed during the war, after they were not reconstructed.

In the 60s, slate became the main building material - almost every building of that time can be seen slate. In addition to covering roofs, sheets were used for facing purposes, as well as for the construction of fences. At that time it was open a large number of new businesses. But the production of sheets of chrysotile cement suddenly dropped during perestroika. Following the split Soviet Union out of 58 factories, only 28 remained in operation, and some of them unwittingly reduced their assortment.

Composition of domestic slate

The full technological name of the roofing material in relation to GOST is wave or flat asbestos cement sheets. From this we can draw a conclusion about its composition. What is slate made from? For the manufacture, 3 components are used: asbestos fibers, cement and water. The asbestos fibers included in the roofing material is a component that makes the sheets, according to some people, harmful and even dangerous to human health.

Types of slate

Sheets of asbestos cement were in mass demand during the Soviet era. What slate was made of at that time is described above. It is worth noting that earlier it was made exclusively in gray color, but today there are materials different colors. It is produced by pouring the mixture into specialized containers, in which the roofing material reaches a reliable, strong form.

In the CIS countries, most builders today consider slate to be the best roofing material. Today in the building materials market there are different types slate.

Seven wave slate

Product with 7 waves on the coating. The sheet has the following options:

  • length - 1 m 75 cm,
  • thickness - 5.8 mm,
  • width 98 cm,
  • weight - 23.2 kg.

For laying this slate, specialized nails or adhesive mortar are used. The step of one wave with the standard parameters of the product is 15 cm, and the height is 4 cm. The last (extreme) wave is slightly smaller than the others, but this characteristic does not violate the requirements of GOST.

Eight wave slate

Roofing material manufacturing standards are established by GOST 30340-95. Due to the declared details, it is easy to distinguish fiction from the original. One sheet has a length of 1 m 75 cm, a width of 1 m 13 cm, a thickness of 5.8 mm and a weight of 26.1 kg. The step of one wave is most often 15 cm, and the height is 4 cm.

soft slate

It began to be produced relatively recently in the developed countries of Europe. Slate of this type is environmentally friendly, both for humans and for environment. What is slate made of? soft type? The fact is that the composition includes natural minerals. The main component of the coating material is a mineral fiber impregnated with a bitumen-based substance. It is lightweight and has a fairly impressive lifespan.

Metal slate

The main component of what wave metal slate is made of is galvanized steel. Thanks to innovative technologies, it is put under the press, thereby giving a wavy shape. Such a coating can be seen on the roofs of large industrial buildings.

flat slate

What is flat slate made of? The composition of this roofing material does not differ from other types of material. The main components are asbestos and cement mixture. Such slate is used in the construction of skyscrapers, country houses and even ordinary household buildings. Often, people understand slate as an asbestos-cement mixture, which is shaped into a wave, but now you can easily find other types of roofing material. Only the components from which flat slate is made remain unchanged.

Slate danger. Myth or truth?

Many, thinking about what slate is made of and whether it is harmful, argue that its negative impact on the human body is quite real. Others consider this another myth that manufacturers of more expensive building materials for roofing have come up with. There are constant disputes regarding this issue, where each side tries to prove its own point of view. Surprising as it may seem, both sides are partly right.

So what is slate made of? Has the effect on the human body been scientifically proven? The fact is that when mixing the initial solution, a harmful, as is commonly believed, element, namely asbestos fibers, is included. It is considered a resource of carcinogen substances, which, if penetrated into the human body, can lead to serious illnesses.

However, there is one caveat here, which is that not every type of asbestos fiber is dangerous. The bottom line is that the elastic material, consisting of fine fibers and being a mineral in its content, is divided into 2 key categories:

  1. Chrysotile is resistant to alkali, but breaks down in acid.
  2. Amphibole - it is difficult to react to the influence of acid, but it breaks down into alkali.

From the above, we can conclude that for living organisms the second category of asbestos is considered the most harmful, but it was it that was used in the manufacture of slate in European countries due to the lack of chrysotile asbestos. After the collapse of the USSR, the situation looks reversed. In the production of roofing sheets, which is now used is less harmful to human health.

Quite recently, researchers have revealed that amphibole asbestos is dangerous for human body, therefore, a ban was introduced on the use of asbestos-containing building materials, the list of which included slate.

What do the experts say?

Many researchers say that the harmfulness of roofing material made from asbestos and cement is "far-fetched." In fact, their point of view is that a reliable slate should not be discarded. It is only necessary to protect the employees of the factories by giving them necessary funds personal safety.

The same applies to construction industry workers who cut slate sheets, and household craftsmen who personally lay the roof or build a fence from asbestos cement sheets. Do not forget that in the process of sawing, breaking or crushing the coating, elements of asbestos fibers begin to soar in the air, which can penetrate into the lungs during breathing.

Implicit evidence in favor of a "dangerous" building material for the roof is the fact that reinforcing fibers are also included in today's types of asbestos-free coating:

  • polyethylene;
  • cellulose;
  • polypropylene;
  • carbon and more.

Conclusion

It is believed that only asbestos dust is dangerous, which is formed in the process of cutting or during mechanical damage slate sheets. If they only lie on the roof or plot, then they do not bear any harm. According to the defenders of this highly sought-after roofing material, the hype about the harm of slate is only done to make asbestos-free materials more popular in the construction market.

Initially, slate was called plates, which are split slate. But over time, many roofing materials began to bear the same name. In modern construction, slate is the name given to materials used for roofing of various designs and having a common feature - a sheet form, usually profiled. What is modern slate made of?

Slate roofing has gained great popularity due to its durability and strength.

Slate tiles - the oldest type of slate

Natural slate is tiles chipped from a block of natural stone, which is a type of slate. This material has been used since the Middle Ages. Shales are rocks that are characterized by an almost parallel arrangement of lamellar or elongated minerals, which are easily split with little effort.

Roofing material is made from clay slates, which are dark gray or black in color with different shades: reddish or greenish, depending on the type of inclusions. Impurities in the clay mass can be feldspar, coal, brown iron ore. The sheen inherent in slate tiles makes the roof look unique from a decorative point of view.

Slate can be painted, so you can pick it up for any facade of the building.

In the extraction and processing of this material, as a rule, manual labor is used, so slate slate is expensive and belongs to the elite category. Slate, being natural stone, has a number of valuable operational advantages:

  • good sound insulation, when rain and wind noise is not transmitted to the interior;
  • lack of response to frequent temperature changes and the ability not to deform when heated;
  • density, strength, high resistance to wear and abrasion;
  • uniformity of structure;
  • low water absorption.

This material is fire resistant, resistant to acids and biologically active media. The service life of slate roofing material is more than 100 years.

Roof tiles with a thickness of 4 - 6 mm can have a trapezoidal, rectangular or triangular shape.

A square meter of such a roof weighs 28 - 35 kg. Thanks to a variety of installation methods and unique natural properties slates, roofs of any configuration and complexity can be made from this material, covering all its details: ridges, valleys, junctions. The rich color range of tiles makes it possible to arrange roofs with drawings and ornaments.

Production and properties of asbestos-cement slate

Asbestos-cement slate was and still is the most widespread among roofing materials. Its main types are wavy ordinary, wavy reinforced, wavy unified, flat. Sheets are made by forming a solution that consists of asbestos, Portland cement and water. The properties of the resulting roofing material largely depend on the qualitative characteristics and quantitative content of asbestos, its mineral and chemical composition, and fineness of grinding.

By coloring slate, an additional layer is created that increases its frost resistance.

To increase the operational properties and give decorative qualities, asbestos-cement sheets are painted with silicate or phosphate-binder compositions containing various kinds of pigments. With the help of staining, a protective layer is created, which significantly reduces the water absorption of the sheets, increases their frost resistance, and protects the surface from destruction. Painting partially reduces the release of asbestos harmful to human health into the atmosphere and several times increases the life of the roof.

For fixation asbestos-cement sheets use screws, roofing nails, on overhangs - anti-wind brackets. Anti-corrosion coatings are applied to open places of fasteners: paint, epoxy resin, drying oil, varnish. The vulnerability of a roof made of corrugated sheets increases sharply in the presence of gaps that form at the interface. Gaps larger than 7 mm must be sealed mounting foam or other sealants.

Euroslate - modern non-asbestos roofing material

It is customary to call euroslate profiled roofing sheets, which in shape resemble traditional asbestos-cement slate. But in its composition and properties, the new roofing material is fundamentally different from the progenitor.

Euroslate is a soft, deformable material, for the basis of which glass or polymer canvases, pulp and cardboard fibers are used, impregnated with bituminous or rubber-polymer compounds. The euroslate group includes sheets of homogeneous polymers made by extrusion, including transparent and translucent.

Advantages of using euroslate:

  • light weight, no need to arrange a powerful crate;
  • relatively low cost;
  • high performance during installation;
  • high environmental friendliness of the materials from which this roofing material is made;
  • the ability to lay on curved surfaces with a bending radius of more than 5 meters.

Slate has excellent sound insulation.

The most common type of euro slate is hard ondulin, which is made from processed cardboard production waste impregnated with bituminous materials. In addition to these substances, ondulin contains thermosetting resins, mineral fillers and pigments. Initially, ondulin was supposed to be used only for the repair of existing roofs, but later it stood out as an independent roofing material.

The color scheme of ondulin is very diverse, it includes matte shades of red, brown, green, and also black. Working palette - 14 colors. For ondulin, a non-continuous crate is made, the step of which depends on the slope of the roof.

Ondulin sheets are durable in operation, the roof service life is about 50 years, they are able to withstand snow blockages weighing up to 300 kg per square meter, resist the pressure of a hurricane wind, the speed of which reaches 200 km / h, resistant to significant temperature changes, exposure to acids and other chemicals substances that do not contain asbestos.

The high bearing capacity of ondulin is provided by the multilayer structure. The essence of the manufacturing method consists in pressing a cellulose thread laid in 14 layers at a layer-by-layer intersection.

A variety of euroslate - sheets of homogeneous polymers

This group includes transparent acrylic and translucent - polycarbonate.

Acrylic is elastic, has the ability to withstand significant loads, and can be deformed at elevated temperatures, which makes it possible to obtain the required shapes. Acrylic, like glass, is colorless, it has a second, more common name - plexiglass. For roofing, acrylic sheets with a special structure are used.

In the sheet there are channels that are filled with air, they are separated from each other by stiffening ribs. Such materials, along with low weight, have structural strength and good thermal insulation properties. The warranty period is about 10 years. Acrylic transmits ultraviolet very well. This property makes it possible to use the material for roofing solariums and swimming pools. However, for furniture, acrylic roofing is not a protection against fading.

Polycarbonate is a more common material than acrylic. Roofing sheets made of polycarbonate have low flammability, chemical resistance, withstand wind loads and impacts.

One of the advantages of polymeric materials is high plasticity. This quality allows them to produce not only individual elements, but also complete dome structures with various base configurations - square, round, rectangular. Polymeric materials can be used in the construction of small vaults and arches, which do not require the presence of load-bearing structures, since the roof is self-supporting.

However, polymeric materials have a number of properties that somewhat limit their scope. The fact that the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymers exceeds that of load-bearing structures requires careful calculations in the design of structures, especially with a large roof area.

In modern domestic construction, there is a tendency to move from traditional asbestos-cement slate to its more advanced modifications that do not contain substances harmful to the atmosphere and human health and allow creating attractive roof structures.

What is slate made of and in what ways?


What is slate made from? From slate tiles, asbestos cement, from polymeric materials. The latter represent the most advanced, affordable and secure technology.

What is modern slate made of?

Most people are convinced that they know what slate is made of. An image of a roof covered with gray and wavy asbestos concrete immediately appears in my head. Some represent a colored metal or polymer roof. However, these materials have not always been used and will not always be used. Over the centuries, when slate was the most popular roofing material, the technology of its manufacture, keeping pace with progress, has undergone dramatic changes.

Advantages of slate: low cost, light weight, good heat and sound insulation properties.

"Schiefer" is a German word with Roman roots.

Slate means "slate" in German. It was from this rock that they began to produce flat roofing material back in the days of the Roman Empire. The structure of the slate made it relatively easy to split it into flat plates 4-6 mm thick, which, after being given a rectangular, triangular or more complex shape, were used to cover roofs.

Since all operations in the processing of slate are carried out manually, natural slate in former times was available only to the nobility, and even now it belongs to the class of elite building materials that add sophistication and originality to any building, thanks to the possibility of a wide variation in shapes and colors.

The naturalness of the stone gives slate a number of valuable advantages:

  • good sound insulation;
  • resistance to temperature extremes and moisture;
  • durability (service life of 60-200 years or more);
  • incombustibility;
  • immunity to the effects of the biological environment.

Among the disadvantages are:

  • fragility;
  • heavy weight requiring a reinforced frame.

The most common natural slate is dark gray, but the presence of impurities in slate can give it black, reddish or greenish hues with an invariable unique brilliance.

Available roof

With the development of urban infrastructure, the need for slate increased. Limited in quantity natural material due to the slowness of its processing, forced to look for artificial substitutes available for mass production. A real revolution was made by the emergence of technology for the manufacture of asbestos-cement slate.

The composition of slate includes inexpensive components: Portland cement, 10-12% of asbestos fibers reinforcing it and water.

Slate mounting scheme.

During production, you can get a sheet with a wave of different radii or a flat material. Slate is additionally painted to increase frost resistance, reduce water absorption and reduce the release of asbestos harmful to humans into the atmosphere. Various dye pigments make it possible to obtain sheets of various colors.

Advantages of asbestos-cement slate:

  • cheapness;
  • good insulating properties;
  • incombustibility;
  • strength and durability when used correctly.

The main disadvantage of classic slate is the presence of asbestos, which can cause serious lung diseases. And although, according to experts, during the operation of the roof, an amount of asbestos that is safe for humans is released, alarming information was launched into the masses and became the reason for the refusal of many consumers from asbestos-cement slate. In fairness, it should be noted that the production, installation and especially the disposal of sheets using asbestos is really unsafe - for the people doing the work.

To eliminate the risk factor, some manufacturers have launched the production of slate, in which synthetic, vegetable or mineral fibers are used instead of asbestos. makes it difficult to transport and repair work) and the porosity of the surface, which is fraught with the appearance of moss and destruction when water freezes.

Euroslate: safety and convenience

The scheme of the roof covered with euroslate.

The presence of unhealthy asbestos in classic slate has prompted manufacturers to look for an alternative. The development of the chemical industry made it possible to develop a new variety - euroslate.

This name brings together several various kinds materials from common criteria: high environmental safety, in accordance with current European standards (hence the prefix "euro"), as well as the modern level of performance.

The standard form of sheets of roofing material of the European quality class is similar to the form of an ordinary asbestos-cement sheet, but its composition and, accordingly, operational properties differ dramatically.

As the most common basis for the soft roofing material of euroslate, cellulose-cardboard fibers, glass or polymer canvases are used, which are impregnated with bitumen or polymer compounds under industrial conditions.

  • light weight allows you to abandon the bulky crate;
  • the possibility of laying on curved surfaces;
  • cheapness;
  • environmental Safety;
  • non-waste;
  • resistance to environmental influences;
  • good heat and sound insulation properties.

Ondulin: results exceeded expectations

Technical characteristics of ondulin.

Among the varieties of euroslate, hard ondulin is the most common. This slate is made from waste cardboard production (other synthetic fibers can also be based) with their subsequent impregnation with bituminous materials at high temperature and pressure. Thermosetting resins and mineral fillers are necessarily added to the composition of ondulin, which give the material the necessary performance properties. Slate is painted twice: before bitumen treatment and at the final stage, which gives the sheet a rich color.

Ondulin has a multilayer structure: 14 layers of pressed cellulose or synthetic thread with its layer-by-layer intersection. Such a base provides the best strength qualities of the material, which was originally developed only as an auxiliary or repair, but then, due to its high characteristics, it stood out as a separate type of euroslate.

having various color solutions, ondulin, according to manufacturers, can serve up to 50 years, while without loss of quality, resisting natural disasters: snow, strong wind, moisture, and even harsh chemicals.

Another type of modern euroslate is sheets made of homogeneous polymers, such as transparent acrylic and translucent polycarbonate.

The first is elastic and able to withstand significant loads. Flexibility at high temperatures allows you to give the sheet the most bizarre shapes.

Roofing acrylic has a complex structure: inside the sheet there are channels connected by stiffeners, which provides good thermal insulation.

Transparent acrylic transmits ultraviolet, which allows it to be used for the roofs of swimming pools, solariums or greenhouses.

Polycarbonate has all the characteristics inherent in polymeric materials: incombustibility, chemical resistance and strength.

metal slate

This type of roofing has been used since the 19th century. Corrugation (creation of stiffeners) by presses or rolling made it possible to significantly increase the rigidity of the material, therefore the metal profiled sheet is initially stronger than other types of slate, and the application of polymer protection makes it immune to aggressive external environments. Among the disadvantages of iron material are high thermal conductivity and low sound insulation .

Despite the variety of existing roofing materials, the emergence of new, even more functional, is inevitable. Already today it is not uncommon for roofs with photovoltaic cells to generate solar energy. What will happen next? The use of nanoparticles in the sheet that instantly repairs the roof in case of damage, a “smart” roof that reacts to changing weather conditions, or something else that even futurologists do not know about? One thing is clear: these progressive roofing materials will be called habitually, i.e. "slate".

What is slate made of: composition


Most people are convinced that they know what slate is made of. An image of a roof covered with gray and wavy asbestos concrete immediately appears in my head.