How is the early pregnancy. How to ensure the normal course of pregnancy. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

13.07.2020

Those women who plan to become mothers treat the sensations in the first days of pregnancy with great responsibility. Watching their body, they seek to see any signs of the emergence of a new life.

Experts note that there are two terms for your pregnancy: the obstetric term (counted from the first day of menstruation) and the true term (counted from the day of conception). In most cases, it is very difficult to determine the exact day of conception, therefore, in antenatal clinics, the first day of menstruation is considered the starting point. Today we will talk about the first days of pregnancy according to the true term.

Turning to science, we note that the first week after conception cannot yet be called pregnancy. The fact is that a fertilized egg within 7-10 days moves to the place where it will be located and develop from the embryo into the fetus. Only after it is attached to the walls of the uterus can we talk about the onset of pregnancy. Menstruation occurs if this attachment did not occur, and then the woman does not even suspect that there was a conception.

If the fertilized egg has reached the uterus, then it is introduced into the walls of the uterus (). After successful implantation, the umbilical cord and placenta begin to form. The first week after conception is very important in the period of conception of a new life, since the woman's body perceives the embryo as a foreign body, tries in every possible way to reject it, not allowing it to gain a foothold as it should.

After successful implantation of the embryo, hormonal changes occur first in the body. A woman begins to produce a special hormone that is responsible for the safety of the fetus in female body in the early stages of pregnancy: known as hCG. The presence of this hormone in the blood gives a 100% guarantee of pregnancy. Most doctors and women trust the hCG blood test more than pregnancy tests in the early days, although the latter also react to the presence of the hormone.

The first days of pregnancy: how to recognize

For a healthy woman, the first sign of pregnancy is always a delay. But, if you do not monitor your general condition and do not plan a pregnancy, then the delay is determined when the pregnancy has already lasted 2-3 weeks. The fact that in the first days after conception the implantation of the embryo into the walls of the uterus occurs can be indicated by several signs.

Minor spotting

On the 7-12th day after conception, when the embryo is implanted into the walls of the uterus, a woman may experience slight bleeding (implantation bleeding). It may appear as a few brownish or yellowish spots on underwear or paper. If the pregnancy is not planned, then this phenomenon is more often perceived as the onset of menstruation. If such spots appear when pregnancy has already been accurately diagnosed, then this may be a signal for a threatened miscarriage, and requires urgent medical attention. This sign in the first days of pregnancy may be absent, it all depends on the individuality of the body.

Increase in body temperature and basal temperature

When planning a pregnancy, the measurement method is often used basal body temperature to determine the timing of ovulation. This temperature, with successful fertilization of the egg, first falls, and then rises. The lowered basal temperature in the first days of pregnancy is due to two factors:

during pregnancy, estrogen is released, which lowers the temperature;
again, progesterone begins to be produced more strongly, which raises the temperature.

Thus, following your basal temperature, when the pregnancy is already confirmed, you can see a “pit” on the chart with a decrease in temperature. This decline lasts only 1 day, then the temperature rises. A basal temperature of 37 degrees is considered the norm, until the placenta begins to fully function (the first few weeks). If you do not notice a decline, then it is impossible not to notice an elevated temperature for 2-3 weeks.

Feeling slightly unwell

A woman's well-being in the first days of pregnancy may worsen. Often there is drowsiness, weakness. Many even become slightly ill, complaining of a sore throat and a runny nose. This is all due to a decrease in immunity and the struggle of the body with the implanting embryo.

In the first trimester, body temperature is always elevated, but only slightly. Hence the general weakness. The main condition for the normal course of pregnancy with such a malaise is not to be treated with drugs that can harm the unborn child. When planning a pregnancy, it is generally better to abandon all medications, if they are not absolutely necessary, and resort exclusively to folk remedies that are not contraindicated during pregnancy.

There is a feeling of apathy, fatigue. This is due not only to the general restructuring of the body, but also to the increased production of progesterone. These sensations can stop quickly, or they can drag on until the 10th week of pregnancy, when more estrogen begins to be produced.

Breast tenderness

In the first days of pregnancy, a woman’s breasts begin to swell, pain sensations appear, that is, her sensitivity increases. Even the slightest touch can be painful.

Sometimes the exact opposite happens. Previously, a woman had painful sensations before each menstruation, and now she is surprised that her breasts do not hurt. Soon after the amazing moment, she learns about the pregnancy. Often, pressure on the areola can release colostrum in early pregnancy.

Heaviness in the pelvic area

A manifestation of the first days of pregnancy can be a feeling of heaviness in the pelvic organs. Many women begin to feel the uterus immediately after the implantation of the embryo. The degree of this sensation is individual for each organism.

Tingling in the uterus

Tingling in the uterus in the first days of pregnancy is considered an individual indicator, which may indicate not only successful conception and implantation.

Early toxicosis

It is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, along with others, is a sign of the first days of pregnancy. Toxicosis is also considered a special sensitivity to certain smells and food. There may be a feeling of aversion to previously loved foods.

In the early days of pregnancy, you may fall in love with things you used to hate. Also, strange combinations in food are characteristic of the early stages: herring with compote, ram with chocolate, pineapple with sausage. People around cringe at the sight of such food, and a pregnant woman experiences indescribable bliss.

The first days of pregnancy: false symptoms

Some of the above symptoms may indicate not only the onset of pregnancy. They can indicate bowel disease, cervical erosion and other diseases of the female genital organs. These symptoms include bleeding, nausea, increased urination, swelling of the breasts, which can also indicate not only the onset of pregnancy.

The first days of pregnancy: what to do

Any method of determining pregnancy begins to work only with the onset of a delay in menstruation. Even knowing the exact day of ovulation, no analysis or test will indicate the onset of pregnancy the day after fertilization. An analysis for hCG, a pregnancy test, an ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs is best done in the first week of missed menstruation.

When planning a pregnancy and assuming its onset, you should completely change your lifestyle six months before conception. If the first symptoms of pregnancy are present, but they do not cause you much discomfort, then wait for the delay and the opportunity to take a test. A visit to the gynecologist in the first week after conception will not give any result other than a stack of referrals for tests.

During this period, you can read something useful and pleasant about pregnancy, ask about the nearest courses for expectant mothers, take care of your body and start doing gymnastics for pregnant women (even if there is no pregnancy, exercise will never hurt).

Just spend this time with joy and pleasant impressions. Talk to the future dad about a possible miracle. You should go to the doctor after a positive pregnancy test, a 2-week delay in menstruation, or if you have gynecological problems.

If the symptoms in the first days of pregnancy are very intense and the malaise intensifies, then the visit to the doctor should be postponed to an earlier date. This is especially true for those who previously had problems conceiving or carrying a pregnancy.

The first trimester of pregnancy is the most critical. At this time, the laying of all the vital organs of the baby. The very first days of pregnancy play a huge role in the onset of pregnancy in general.

If you did not plan a pregnancy, then try to predict it (when performing unprotected intercourse) and not harm the baby. If the pregnancy is planned, then behave as before: observe proper nutrition, avoid heavy physical exertion and do not be nervous, then a miracle will definitely happen.

Checking the article: Lada Sergeeva,
practicing gynecologist

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Being a mother is a great happiness, but some women, along with a great desire to give birth to a child, are very worried about the upcoming pregnancy. Basically, the reason for such phobias lies in ignorance of how pregnancy goes by week, the development of the fetus, how toxicosis and other sensations are tolerated, which are constantly reminded by friends and doctors. When a woman is aware of what processes are taking place in her body and how a child grows, it is much easier for her to endure all difficulties. Even minor factors, the knowledge of which, it would seem, does not affect the psyche, for example, the weight of the fetus by weeks of pregnancy, can calm the mind when studied in detail.

First month: formation of the neural tube

If we consider the development of the child by weeks, then in the first week the embryo is attached to the uterus with thin villi, through which nourishing blood begins to flow. The embryo begins to form cells of the umbilical cord and the outer shell. In the second week, the embryo gradually acquires the so-called neural tube, which eventually turns into the spinal cord and brain. It is during this period that it is highly advisable not to be nervous and start using folic acid. It has been established that folic acid reduces the risk of various diseases in the embryo during this period. By the end of the month, the embryo will be only about 0.5 cm in size.

As for the mother, in the first month she may feel early toxicosis. Headache, nausea may occur. But most importantly, there is a strong surge of hormones in the body. It affects everyone differently, however, first of all, the emotional state of a woman changes. It is best at this moment to spend more time with your loved one, to think about some bright and positive things. Also during this period future mom may feel the desire to eat some unusual food.

Second month: baby's brain appears

In the second month of pregnancy, namely by 5-6 weeks, the child's brain, facial muscles, digestive, reproductive, and nervous systems continue to form. During this period, limbs are also formed: arms, legs, fingers. By the end of the 6th week, the heart divides into ventricles and chambers, and the formation of the liver ends. At the 7th week, nutrition of the baby through the umbilical cord usually already begins. The size of the baby is very tiny - only about 2.5 cm, and the weight of the fetus does not exceed 2 g.

The expectant mother will often feel sleepy, sometimes there is a feeling of fatigue, even after waking up. This is not surprising, because the body now really works for two! The chest is filled with weight, the nipples begin to darken and increase. During this period, women usually already switch to special underwear for pregnant women and refuse regular bras.

The amount of blood in the body begins to increase, so the load on the heart and blood vessels increases in order. It is necessary to carefully monitor nutrition, daily routine, visit more often fresh air. As for toxicosis, it still torments my mother in the second month, but it is already somewhat easier to bear. The body starts to get used to it.

And in the second month, the expectant mother feels frequent urge to go to the toilet. Increased urination is also due to the abundance of hormones.

Third month: endocrine system

At the 9-10th week, the child acquires nail plates on the fingers, the base of the jaw begins to form in him. During this period, the endocrine system, kidneys, adrenal glands and other organs are actively developing. The weight of the fetus is growing, which by the 13th week reaches 25 g. The body length is about 8 cm. During this period, it is already possible to examine the child's face on an ultrasound scan, to hear how his heart beats. At the 13th week, the genitals are formed, and the circulatory system is already functioning independently. The baby's blood already has its own group and Rh factor. His body gradually learns to self-regulate.

Mom feels how her tummy is growing - the usual clothes are no longer suitable, you need to buy special clothes for pregnant women. Toxicosis in the third month is already beginning to gradually recede. But fatigue and drowsiness are present. During this period, many pregnant women complain of headaches. However, given the intensive growth of the child, you need to be very careful with taking medications. It is best to consult a doctor so that he writes out some of the most safe remedy. But you can see the first photo of the fetus. This adds an incentive in the fight against poor health.

Fourth month: active shocks

The child begins to move actively. Moreover, by the 17th week, he already hears very well, reacts to various sounds and his mother's voice. The baby's heart gradually acquires a steady rhythm, and the fetus moves into an upright position. The weight of the fetus by the 17th week exceeds 100 g, and the body length is 15 cm. The placenta is actively functioning, supplying the baby with everything necessary. At the same time, the child can be poisoned if the mother is in a room where there are some harmful chemicals in the air or tobacco smoke.

Mom in the fourth month feels the first tremors. Naturally, this causes a huge amount of joyful and bright emotions. At the same time, toxicosis begins to pass and the woman often experiences a huge appetite. There is also an interest in intimacy with her husband, although this should be done with extreme caution. There are, however, unpleasant moments at this time. In particular, severe heartburn often develops. Eat more fruits and vegetables and avoid spicy foods. Ration must be carefully considered.

In the fourth month, the abdomen begins to grow rapidly. Therefore, you need to expand your wardrobe by buying comfortable clothes. You can use both large and free sizes of ordinary clothes, as well as special outfits for expectant mothers.

Fifth month: daily routine

The child develops not only activity, but also his own daily routine. He can sleep, be awake, act up. Most of the time the baby sleeps. At this stage, the formation endocrine system and some internal organs. The baby begins to suck his fingers, his facial expressions develop. In addition, the fifth month is already valid the immune system, so the baby can already fight diseases and viruses. Of course, such a crumb is not yet capable of a serious fight.

Mom during this period feels even stronger tremors. Dad can also feel them if he puts his hand on his tummy. In the fifth month of pregnancy, it is very important to get enough sleep, monitor your heart, and try to get rid of stress. Useful and daytime sleep, walks, proper nutrition. Nutrition should be mentioned separately, at the 5th month of pregnancy, a woman intensively gains weight, but it is very important for her that the increase does not exceed 0.5 kg per week. If this indicator is higher, then you need to review your diet and consult a doctor. It is better to refuse sweets and pastries during this period. But on fruits and fiber it is better to fit harder.

Sixth month: reflexes

The child begins to actively form reflexes - respiratory, swallowing, the brain and nervous system are fully functioning. During this period, it is determined whether the baby will have a more active right hemisphere of the brain or the left. The child sleeps less, he already has eyes, he can react to bright light. His hair grows, his muscles strengthen, and adipose tissue begins to accumulate under his skin. At this age, the child acquires a sense of smell. In fact, he still can't use it. This period, among other things, is remarkable for the formation of alveoli in the lungs.

The expectant mother begins to feel pain in the lower back, it becomes harder to walk. The abdomen is greatly stretched and sometimes begins to itch. During this period, it should be smeared with moisturizing lotions. It is already better to limit intimate relationships at this time. In the sixth month, sometimes there are problems with the intestines, so you need to monitor your diet, eat more fiber. It is worth drinking plenty of water or juice - this will relieve constipation.

And even in the sixth month, heat, stuffiness, and the sun are very difficult to tolerate. It is better to be more often in the air, to rest in the shade. Doctors recommend expectant mothers to do simple gymnastics and breathing exercises at this time.

Seventh month: metabolism

The child develops a metabolism. It is different for all children. The weight of the fetus increases, which reaches 1000-1300 g. The child is pushing more and more actively, sometimes these movements are unpleasant for the mother. At 29-30 weeks, the baby begins to produce a special hormone - estrogen. This hormone activates the mammary glands of the mother, so the child helps the mother prepare for her birth.

Mom begins to suffer from swelling of the legs. It is recommended to lie with your feet up more often. The belly in the seventh month already becomes very large, so the center of gravity of the woman's body is disturbed. It is very easy to fall during this period, especially in winter and autumn, when the roads are slippery. You need to especially take care of yourself, wear comfortable shoes, try to walk accompanied by loved ones. It is most comfortable to sleep on your side. In order for the body to have more points of support during sleep, you can cover yourself with pillows. Another new sensation during this period is the false contractions of Braxton-Hicks. They prepare a woman for the birth of a child, so do not be afraid of them. But if there are more than five contractions within 50-60 minutes, you need to urgently consult a doctor!

Eighth month: intensive growth

The child continues to grow. His body is already formed, but is rapidly gaining weight. Many babies like to rest their foot on the stomach and hit their mother with all their might in the ribs. The child's hair grows rapidly, bones are strengthened. The whole fetus reaches 2 kg. The lungs during this period begin to secrete a special enzyme - a surfactant. It keeps them from sticking together. An individual print is formed on the fingers, palms, and heels. The baby is already prepared for premature birth, if they happen, the child will already be able to breathe on his own without any apparatus. By 30-32 weeks, the photo of the baby on the ultrasound corresponds to the appearance of the newborn.

Colostrum begins to stand out from the mother's breast - you have to purchase a special bra with inserts. A pregnant woman may experience shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. You need to walk slowly and carefully, take care of your stomach and try not to fall. At the eighth month, late toxicosis may appear. In fact, everything is not so scary, most women endure this period quite well. Doctors do not recommend lying on your back, because blood flow is disturbed - this can be felt by a rapid heartbeat. By the way, you will have to visit the hospital about once every two weeks. But if it becomes very difficult to breathe, the lips become bluish, you should immediately call a doctor.

Ninth month: preparation for childbirth

Before the birth, there is very little left! The child has already formed a respiratory system, he must roll over in the uterus upside down. The baby grows very quickly during this period, up to 300-400 g per week. The total weight of the fetus by week of pregnancy during this period is from 3 to 4 kg.

If the baby is turned upside down, it becomes much easier for the mother to breathe. The fetus does not put pressure on the stomach, so heartburn also disappears. However, the urge to urinate frequently returns. But don't worry, it won't be long before the great event! At the 40th week, labor should begin.

When there is very little left before the birth, you can’t start trips, repairs, some big things. Given that a newborn baby will take a lot of time and effort, and the birth itself is a lot of stress, the most reasonable thing to do in the ninth month of pregnancy is to sleep well and relax.

In general, the development of pregnancy for most women is not so difficult, so you should not be afraid of some kind of discomfort. Certain inconveniences, of course, are present, but the joy of a new life emerging inside the mother overshadows all the negative aspects!

From the moment a woman finds out about the onset of pregnancy, she is not left feeling anxious about how the pregnancy goes, how the baby develops in the womb, for the upcoming birth, and so on. How to understand that the pregnancy is proceeding normally? This is indicated by a number of direct and indirect signs.

Of course, The best way to find out that the child is developing normally in the womb is not to miss a single scheduled meeting with an obstetrician-gynecologist, to undergo an ultrasound in a timely manner and take the necessary tests.

This can also be done on the basis of the pregnant woman's own observations, so doctors usually recommend keeping a diary and recording how the pregnancy progresses by week, and everything related to the physical condition and moral feelings of the woman during pregnancy.

But in general, it is very difficult to independently correctly assess the course of pregnancy. You can make a mistake and misinterpret the signs of a developing pregnancy or, conversely, a dead one.

Signs of normal pregnancy

From the point of view of the average person, toxicosis and heartburn, frequent mood swings, rapid fatigue, rapid growth of the abdomen, breast enlargement, nipple sensitivity, increased or no appetite, the appearance of "training" contractions and the release of colostrum, as the birth approaches, and the like.

But how do you know that the pregnancy is proceeding normally if, for example, toxicosis does not bother a woman, or by the beginning of the second trimester, body weight has remained the same? There is nothing to worry about if a pregnant woman is seen by a doctor who regularly conducts examinations and monitors how the pregnancy proceeds: monthly until the period of 20 weeks comes, from 21 to 30 weeks - twice as often, and on the eve of childbirth - weekly.

The specialist considers everything:

heart rate that increases by 30–50%;
blood pressure, decreasing by the second trimester due to increased blood circulation between the uterus and the placenta;
a blood condition characterized by a decrease in the level of red blood cells;
condition of the gastrointestinal tract with a clear imbalance;
the condition of the skin, covered with age spots (chloasma) in the area of the nipples, and the abdomen with a dark stripe that appeared in the middle.

From a medical point of view, pregnancy is normal if a woman gradually gains weight. Normal weight gain during pregnancy is when a woman gains about 200-1000 g per month and 9-13 kg over the entire period of gestation. Of these, the accumulated amniotic fluid accounts for from 900 to 1300 g, the placenta with membranes weighs about 680 g, the uterus - 1200 g, the mammary glands - about 1 kg, the baby in the womb - 3400 g or more. Using various techniques, the doctor will determine, by palpation of the abdomen, the density of the abdominal wall, the size and parts of the fetus, its presentation and position at the moment, and determine the gestational age by measuring the distance from the pubic symphysis to the uterine fundus: at about 24 weeks, the uterine fundus is in the area navel.

Pregnancy. Inside view

How do you know if your baby is doing well during pregnancy?

When examining a pregnant woman, the doctor pays attention to details that may indicate the correct development of the baby. How to understand that pregnancy is developing normally, focusing on the condition of the fetus?

First, calculate the norm for its growth. According to the Haase formula, by the middle of the second trimester, the length of the baby is equal to the number of months of pregnancy squared, and then - the number of months, which is multiplied by 5.
Secondly, as the child grows, he should gain weight: by week 26 he weighs about 1000 g, by week 36 - about 2500 g, by week 40 -3300 g or more. The mass of the fetus is calculated in several ways, usually by folded and divided into four indicators of the size of the circumference of the woman's abdomen (in cm) and the height of the uterine fundus.
Thirdly, from the 16th week (sometimes earlier or later), the pregnant woman feels the first fetal movements, the tremors themselves reach a peak by the 25-27th week, then the activity decreases. If they are recorded every day, then information about the condition of the fetus will be not only reliable, but also almost complete. This is a sure way to know that the baby is doing well during pregnancy without an ultrasound.
Fourthly, at the 18th week of pregnancy, the doctor hears the fetal heartbeat through an obstetric stethoscope (it can be detected on an ultrasound as early as 12 weeks). The expectant mother, putting her hand to her stomach, will also feel the beating of his heart, but a little later - from 22-24 weeks.

Normal Lab Results

A pregnant woman, who is registered in a antenatal clinic and regularly visits a doctor who monitors her, often hears the phrase "The indicators are normal." How to understand that the pregnancy is proceeding well, evaluating the results of the tests? Of course, it is difficult to understand their meaning on your own, but if necessary, you can always ask for clarification from a specialist.

Within the framework of the laboratory in the first trimester, the following tests are carried out:

urine test to know the level of glucose and protein;
examination of a vaginal smear;
a blood test to determine the Rh factor and group, to identify the degree of resistance to measles and rubella viruses, as well as to test for HIV and syphilis, and more.

As the fetus develops, hemoglobin “falls” in the blood of a pregnant woman, it is normal if it is not lower than 105 g / l, and blood donated “for sugar” (glucose content) should exclude diabetes in pregnant women. Conducted hormonal tests (HCG) in the urine. In the third trimester, the same tests are repeated. If any indicators go beyond the norm, then additional studies will be required (sowing scrapings from the cervical canal to detect gonococci and chlamydia, tests for tuberculosis, etc.).

To know that the mother and child are healthy, ultrasound is prescribed (in the early stages, at 12 weeks, at 22 and 34 weeks). It diagnoses the presence or absence of pathologies in the fetus, abnormalities in the pregnant woman, including excluding the development of an ectopic pregnancy. According to these indicators, it is possible to reliably determine how the pregnancy proceeds.

Abnormalities during pregnancy

Doctors are convinced that a complicated previous pregnancy does not always affect all subsequent ones. This means that each new pregnancy has its own course, and if the woman suffered from toxicosis last time or the uterus was in good shape, now this may not be the case. In any case, the course of pregnancy is considered safe when there are no obvious deviations.

Not everything is in order if a pregnant woman has bright red bloody issues - this indicates a threat of miscarriage. Dark-colored blood clots, mainly appearing after examination using medical instruments in a gynecological chair, indicate a loose surface of the vagina or cervix, which is not the norm. In general, bleeding from the vagina is an alarming symptom, as are sharp and prolonged pains in the abdomen, ribs, and lower back.

Severe vomiting, dizziness, headache, loss of consciousness, decreased vision and hearing indicate an infectious disease or pathology. Dangerous for the life of the fetus permanent fluctuations in blood pressure: labor can start ahead of time. The resulting seizures often lead to placental abruption and loss of the baby.

If a the fetus does not move for a long time, its heartbeat is weak or completely absent t - you need to urgently consult a doctor so that, after passing the examination, to understand whether the pregnancy develops or not.

Finally, a normal pregnancy lasts about 280 days, and if this period is violated, we are talking about preterm birth, and the baby is born prematurely.

How to determine that the pregnancy is proceeding normally? When any changes in the condition of the mother and child occur in a timely manner and do not cause inconvenience, and are also not associated with critical situations, there is no doubt about the favorable outcome of bearing the baby.