LECTURE #9.2

the topic of the microclimate in livestock buildings

PLAN:

1. The concept of the microclimate and its importance for animal husbandry.
2. Technical means for creating an optimal microclimate.
3. Air-moisture- and heat exchange of livestock premises.
4. Ventilation networks. Fundamentals of calculation of electric fans.
5. Elements of calculation of electric heaters.

LITERATURE.

1. Belyanchikov N.N. Mechanization of technological processes. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1989, Section 2, ch. 6.

1. The concept of microclimate and its meaning

for animal husbandry.

According to modern views, the success of animal husbandry will be determined by 60% feeding, 20% breeding and age of animals and on 20% micro climate and conditions.

From the productivity of animals at the most best conditions feeding e it is impossible to achieve the best productivity if the conditions to rocklim a ta are flawed throughout the year.

On the other hand, optimal microclimatic conditions by yourself cannot be considered prerequisites for high productivity about sti, if the level of feeding and the quality of the animals does not allow it.

The parameters of the microclimate strongly affect the service life of buildings and equipment, and the working conditions of the maintenance personnel. The service life of electric motors, starting protection equipment in the premises is 1-2 years, instead of 7-10 years.

Under the microclimate is understood the totality of the physical properties and chemical composition of the air environment of the premises, in particular the rate e temperature, humidity, the content of harmful gases, as well as the content of mi to roorg a nisms and dust particles. In addition, this includesair movement(its direction and speed),illumination in the room e schenie, silence . – This factor is a chitelno now, when there is a concentration of livestock.

The microclimate is determinedphysiological(physiology well and here about th), meteorological and technical factors.

a) Physiological factors

① animal requirements for temperature, humidity, speed and air pressure and the content of gases in the room, as well as to with materiality, silence;

② the amount of heat, moisture and gases given off directly n but animals.

b) Meteorological fact o ry

① outdoor climate conditions that affect micro about climate through enclosing structures and valve i tsyu.

c) Technical factors

① construction of buildings, in particular the dimensions, shape and decoration of the premises, as well as the dimensions and thermal insulation of the enclosing structures tons of hands, floor construction;

② ventilation;

③ heating;

④ lighting.

Consider the impact on the productivity of animals of the main physical about logical factors.

Air temperature- has the greatest impact on the product to activity of farm animals and their use of feed. It also determines the influence of other factors (air velocity y ha, humidity, etc.).

The optimum temperature is the temperature at which animals have the highest productivity at the lowest consumption of r ma.

Influence of ambient temperature on milk yield in % to but R low productivity (1) andfor conditional feed consumption (2).

The optimum temperature for dairy cows is considered t = 60 C. Minimum allowable - +4 0 C. The upper limit of the optimal temperature and rounds sch and lurks +25 0 C.

Animal species	Temperature, 0 C	Humidity, %	CO 2, g/m 3
Cattle	6-25	70-85
Pigs	12-16	70-75
Birds	10-20	60-70
sheeps	8-15

The optimum temperature for fattening pigs is approx. 12-16 0 С , for laying hens - 10-20 0 C, for lambs - 10-17 0 C , for ewes, rams - 8-15 0 С.

Influence of air humidity.

Unlike temperature, air humidity affects food to activity of animals new influence.

High humidity promotes the development of skin fungi.

At low humidity and high air temperature, animals are observed pneumonia .

The relative humidity of the air must not exceed

for barns - 70-85%

for pigsties - 70-75%

for poultry houses - 60-70%

for shepherds - 80%

Maximum permissible content of carbon and syllable gas (CO 2 )

for barns – 2.5 l/m 3

for pigsties - 2.5 l / m 3

for poultry houses - 2.0 l/m 3

for sheepfolds – 3.0 l/m 3

Optimum driving speed air pressure, m/s

for K.R.S. – 0.1 m/s – at t = 15 0 С

0.5 m/s - at t = 30 0 С

for pigs - 0.2 - 0.5 m / s

for poultry - 0.1 - 0.6 m / s

for sheep - 0.1 - 0.3 m / s

Factors affecting forms and microclimate.

During the life of animals and as a result of their maintenance at living in the air of the room, water vapor, gas, dust and mi to roorgani z us.

The amount of these components entering the air depends on the type and age of animals, their density, air temperature, humidity, speed and direction of movement, as well as on the methods of removing manure, feeding and feeding type.

Microclimate definitionsphysiological meteorological, technical and technological e ski factors.

Physiological factors

1. The requirement of animals for microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity and air velocity, the content of harmful gases, lighting nness, silence).
2. The amount of heat, moisture and gases given off (released) immediately d ently animals.

meteorological factors.

1. Outdoor climate conditions affecting the microclimate through the well giving constructs.

a) the intensity of the sun hours of radiation;

b) the number of cloudy and sunny days in a year;

c) the movement of air masses;

d) temperature of summer and winter months;

e) air humidity;

f) soil conditions, etc.

technical factors.

1. Building design (dimensions, shapes, interior decoration, thermal insulation) about lation). A huge role is played by the design of the floor (pigs during at current lies 70 - 90% of the time, cows - up to 50% of the time e me).
2. Ventilation;
3. Heating;
4. Lighting.

Technological factors.

1. Method of keeping animals.
   1. Feeding technology.
   2. Manure removal system.

Way of keeping animals.

* Thus, the loose way of keeping cattle with their free exit from the premises leads to a decrease in temperature (this leads to an increase in feed costs) - for the production of 1 kg of milk, feed consumption increases by 11 - 29% compared to indoors i mi.

* In the United States, studies have been conducted on fattening cattle indoors and outdoors. The result is that the fattening period is reduced by 35 days, the average daily weight gain is 100 g higher, feed consumption per 1 quintal of weight gain is below 110 kg.

Of course, capital costs are higher!

Type of feeding.

With dry feeding - less moisture is introduced into the room with co R mom. However, animals are more likely to drink water - leading to spills in oh dy.

Manure removal system.

With floor methods, manure removal increases the area of ​​​​evaporation of moisture and the release of harmful gases.

With channel methods, the evaporation area decreases, one a to moisture and gases accumulate in local areas of the building.

1. Technical means for creating optimal leg

microcle and mat.

Divided into 3 large groups

1. Devices that provide air exchange and lighting.
2. Air treatment devices.
3. Local Creation Tools about microclimate.
4. Air exchange devices include ventilation units which consist of a fan with an electric motor e lem and ventilation network, consisting of air duct systems, etc. and devices for intake and exhaust of air and regulation, about performance (fuel consumption).

For systems with a forced stimulator, the main node is t is a fan.

By design and principle of operationfans are divided into ax e (the working body is a blade) and centrifugal (the working body is to about the forest).

Fans arelow pressure(up to 1 kPa, i.e. 100 mm water column)

Medium pressure - up to 3 kPa

High pressure> 3 kPa.

The fan number shows the diameter of the working body, wing (axial) or wheel diameter (centrifugal) in decimal t rah (No. 4 - d = 400 mm.)

Axial fans provide lower pressure about this is why they are used for short trips at the pipelines.

1. Devices providing air treatment:

a) for air heating(heat generators, air-heating units on water and steam, heaters).

b) for air cooling(installations for wet and dry cooling e niya in z spirit, vortex tubes).

c) for air conditioning.

d) for air purification (air at the cleaners).

Heat generators- for air heating of livestock buildings.

There are solid (K - 11M) and liquid fuels (TG - 75A, TG - 150A).

Scheme of the heat generator.

In addition to heating the air, the heat generator provides about reheating 200 l/h of water for 50 0 C.

The control station provides a high degree automatic and operating modes heat generator.

1. Automatic inclusion in sl in the following order:

combustion chamber purge a niya within 10 - 15 seconds;

fuel supply to pho r sunku;

spark supply;

turning on the electric fan motor after about heating the combustion chamber up to those m perature 35 - 40 0 ​​С.

1. Automatic enabling and disablingin operating mode, depending on the signal of the temperature sensor installed in the G roaring room. Control limits from 5 to 35 0 C.
2. Automatic shutdown in cases of overheating, with no ignition a torch for 20 - 25 seconds from the moment the command was given to turn on, when the torch was blown off, as well asin case of failure of individual elements cx e we.

Shutdown heat generator - first stops about giving fuel and air for combustion, and then after cooling to a combustion measures up to a temperature of 25 - 30 0 C turns off the valve i am tor.

Heaters.

There are: water, steam, electric.

The highest efficiency. have electric. They allow full automation and the control function.

SFOA type heaters are widely used. about stu from 16 to 100 kW.

a) Electrocalor device and farm installation.

fan shroud

Installation of electric heater heating element e ment

Transitional pa t felling shields

Control board with sensor

To protect against overheating

b) Devices for cleaning during from the spirit of dust.

"Dust" - a system of the smallest particles of solid or liquid in Others with sizes from 0.1 to 0.0001 mm.

These include dust settling chambers, cyclones, inertial dust collectors, fabric and layered filters, electrophile t ry.

Cyclones: SIOT; LIOT; NIIOGAZ; VTsNIIOT. Efficiency p s cyclone recovery – 85 % . Electrostatic precipitators - based on electr about stat and chemical deposition of particles. Cleaning degree - 98 %.

c) Air coolers.

Two cooling way: wet and dry.

The wet method is based on direct contact of air with water (carried out in irrigation chambers). Here you need artesian water with a temperature 5-12 0 C . This process of changing the state of the air is calledpolytropic.

Dry method - air is passed throughair coolers(according to the principle of heaters), through which they pump cold water.

Schematic diagram.

vortex tube

d) Air conditioning at ha.

Conditioningair - used forcreate and support neighing in an artificial microclimate room, i.e. set temp e temperature, humidity and cleanliness in from the spirit.

In these installations, the air is heated, cooled, well fades and dries up. In addition, the air is subjected to ozonation, ionization.

General scheme conditioner.

1 - lattice; 2 - filter; 3 - inlet air duct; 4 - heater of the first heating; 5 - irrigation chamber; 6 - droplet separator; 7 - heater of the second heating; 8 - fan.

In winter, air is taken in partly from the outside through the sieve. t ku (1) and filter (2) and partly from the room through the air duct (3).

Uzgiproselstroy has developed an evaporative cooling air conditioner g deniya KIO - 13.

e) Means of creating a local microclimate.

1. Electric brooders (B - 4), BP - 1A;
   1. Infrared lamps at values ​​(IKO - 2, IKO - 4 - light),

IKUF - 1 - dark;

1. Electrically heated floors and rugs;
   1. Infrared gas burners with nogo radiation.

Electric heated floors- give a great effect when grown and piglets and chickens. So in the farms of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic th The installation of electrically heated floors in 32 pigsties resulted in an annual economic e the effect is more than 1 million rubles. The experience of Belarus has shown that with and with use of electrical equipment G torn floors, the death of piglets decreased by 20%, the floors are ok at drank for 4 months.

Estonia – the average daily weight gain of piglets increased by 17.8%.

Two types of floors:

1. floors with heating e cops embedded in their array;
   1. floors with heating elements laid on their surface about sti (mats, plates).

As a heating element, use the wire POSHV, POSHP, POSHVT.

3. Air - moisture and heat exchange in livestock buildings.

Ventilation calculations are based onphysiological norm and you are optimal temperature, relative humidity, etc. e permissible content of carbon dioxide. Received largest p about the indicator of the amount of air exchange is taken as the basis for calculating the ventilation and lation systems.

3.1. Basic equation air about the exchange.

where is the internal cubature p about displacement, m 3;

The amount of emitted hazards indoors, g/h;

Amount of supplied and simultaneously removed air, m 3 /h;

The amount of hazards in fresh air, g/m 3 ;

The concentration of hazards at a given time;

Time.

Over time, the amount of hazards, vyd e poured in the room wakes up. The amount of harmful emissions carried out along with the air at hom.

The total amount of harmful e leniya

In the same period of time, air is removed from the room in the same volume, but with n concentration of hazards, g/m 3 . - also, to n concentration of hazards at a given time. Therefore, the amount of hazards from the po m e scheniya over time will be.

Change in the concentration of hazards in the roomwill be equal to its volume multiplied by the increment in the concentration of harmful about stey:

Separating variables:

or -(x)

(x) - the main differential equation for air exchange in the room e nii.

To determine the limits of integration, it is considered that for industrial e creepy time from 0 to t concentration of hazards in the room and from to. Professor V.M. Chaplin introduced the expression (x) in to and de:

With long-term operation of ventilation and uniform continuous release of harmful substances, it can be assumed that, then:

Animals of different species and age produce different amounts of and harmful gases, heat and moisture, therefore:

then or

where - the number of animals in the room of a given group, species;

The amount of CO 2 or other gas given off by one living tons, g/h;

Permissible CO content 2 or other gas in the room, g/m 3 ;

Permissible amount of CO 2 or other gas in fresh, while h nom air at he, g / m 3.

The smaller (harder tr e bovaniya) those →.

3.2. Air exchange at optimum temperature.

Compile the heat balance:

KJ/h

where is the amount of heat, in s divided by animals, kJ;

Number of animals;

The amount of heat, in s divided by one animal per hour, kJ/h;

Room heat loss e niem through external protections;

Heat loss per vent and lation;

Heat loss in use a rhenium moisture in the room.

KJ/h

where is the area of ​​the enclosing structures of the building, m 2 ;

M 2

Total heat transfer coefficient e dachas

(3.36 kJ / m 2 h deg.).

where is the calculated air b men, m 3 / h;

Weight heat capacity of air (1.008 kJ/kg.deg);

Volumetric mass of air (=1.29 kg/m 3 );

Then:

From here:

The amount of heat required for space heating:

B) according to the maximum permissible moisture air quality

where is the amount of moisture, vyd e by animals, g/h;

- amount of moisture, isp a from the floor, g/h

();

- moisture content in we eat the air, g / m 3;

- maximum permissible value of absolute humidity in from the spirit, g / m 3 , at which the relative humidity does not exceed s shaet dopa with the timing of the norm.

C) according to the maximum content of CO 2 :

where is the amount of CO 2 , highlight per animal, l/h;

- allowable CO content 2 indoors, l/m3;

The content of CO 2 in h ambient air (= 0.3 - 0.4 l/m 3 ).

Having determined the hourly value of air exchange and knowing the internal volume of the room, we determine the frequency of air exchange per hour:

At K3 - ventilation is prescribed with a natural stimulus; at K = 3 5 - with artificial induction of air; at K > 5 - with and with kusstve n nym impulse of heated air.

The required air exchange in the livestock building is provided e chiv a etsya ventilation system, in general which is subject to the following requirements about:

1. Provide adequate air exchange.
2. Automatically change the parameters of the microclimate in the room.
3. Distribute fresh air evenly throughout the about displacement.
4. Do not exceed the standard air speed at ha.

Vent system classification and laments:

a) according to the principle of action:

with a natural urge and Telem (natural ventilation);

with a mechanical stimulus (forced or art t venous);

combined de and action.

b) by appointment:

supply (forces air);

exhaust (sucks air);

combined (pr and precisely-exhaust).

4. Ventilation networks. Fundamentals of calculation of electric heaters.

The initial data for choosing a fan are: required supply L and developed pressure (pressure) N

Axial

Fan

Centrifugal

Required fan capacity:

where is the calculated air exchange, m 3 /h;

Coefficient taking into account air loss or suction into the duct (K = 1.1 - 1.5).

The total pressure loss H is the sum of the losses due to friction of air against the walls of the duct H T and losses from local resistance H M (line loss):

where is the coefficient of resistance to air movement (depends on).

The fan pressure must be equal to H, i.e. N N.

It should be remembered that the performance of the fan is determined by the hydraulic resistance of the air duct network, i.e. network characteristic. The same fan n = const may have different performance, depending on the resistance of the network.

The characteristic of the network expresses the relationship between the air flow in the network L and head loss in it N.

There's a dependency here.

Fan performance control.

2 options.

Electric motor power for fan drive:

W,

where is the engine power factor

1, 1 - for axial

1.2 - 1.5 - for centrifugal;

K.P.D. fan;

K.P.D. transmission

(= 1 - if the working body of the fan is mounted on the motor shaft,

0.98 - if the shafts are connected by a coupling,

0.95 - V-belt transmission).

For any fan, the performance, developed pressure and power consumption depend onspeedworking body:

Performance indicators

Energy indicator

(so with an increase in speed by 10%, the power consumption increases by 33%).

Mechanical characteristic of fans

The diameter of the duct is determined based on the performance and allowable air speed in the network;

The permissible speed is 10 - 15 m / s.

5. Elements of calculation of electric heaters.

Schemes for connecting heaters:

a) by air

parallel serial

b) according to the heat carrier

parallel serial

The power of the heating elements in the steady state is spent on air heating Р AT and losses through the walls of the heater th chamber R P :

kW;

where is the flow rate of heated air (air exchange), m 3 /s;

Specific heat capacity of air (с = 1.005 kJ/kg deg);

Air density (= 1.2 kg/m 3 );

Final and initial air temperature, deg;

Average air temperature in the chamber, deg;

Outside air temperature, deg;

Surface area through which heat is lost, m 2 ;

Heat transfer coefficients from heated air to the n ke and from the wall to the outer z spirit, kW / m 2 hail;

Wall thickness, m;

Heat transfer coefficient about water content of the wall material, kW/m deg.

With a diameter d total wire length:

where 0.9 - 90% of heat is transferred by convection;

wire temperature.For low temperature calorif e ditch recommended up to 500 0 C. Then for the manufacture of with steel auxiliary parts, you can take the usual structural carbon steel and whether;

Heat transfer coefficient from heated wire to air by convection, kW/m 2 deg.

At; ,

Where - the speed of air movement relative to the wire, m / s;

Wire diameter.

To ensure a given power, the calculated wire length about ki must be divided into the number of sections:

where is the resistivity of the wire at operating temperature y re, Ohm m;

Voltage on the section, V.

Automated integrated ventilation and heating equipment at the same time

Automatic climate control systems are:

1. Depending on the type of energy used to drive p e guiding devices:

electrical;

pneumatic;

hydraulic;

electropneumatic;

electrohydraulic.

1. On a dynamic basis:

on-off;

proportional (providing smooth or fractional at foam regulation).

The most efficient operation of microclimate control systems is achieved when using commercially available ventilation and heating equipment: "Climate - 2", "Climate - 3", "Climate - 4M", PVU -4, PVU - 6, PVU - 9 (supply and exhaust units ).

This equipment includes: fans, heaters and automatic control stations.

Section Conclusion:

1. It is necessary to get rid of the hitherto widespread h view that the animal is the cheapest source of heat in the room.

When the air temperature drops to cover the increased teAnimals use up nutrients. It's bypasstis much more expensive than heating a room with a conventional heatingepla.

1. For each type of livestock buildings, provide ainautomated control systems (regulations) of micr parametersaboutclimate.
2. Go to centralized management microclimate in allaboutlocations with the help of a computer.
3. Proper organization and conduct of events to create mitoclimate isone of the reserves for the growth of productiontoanimal husbandry.

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Influence of air temperature on egg production of chickens.

Egg production, in % to optimal

Effect of temperature on

weight gain and loss

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The economic efficiency of intensive animal husbandry on an industrial basis depends on the rational maintenance of animals, which is largely determined by the presence of an optimal microclimate in the premises. No matter how high breed and breeding qualities animals possess, without creating necessary conditions microclimate, they are not able to maintain health and show their potential productive abilities, due to heredity. The influence of the microclimate is manifested through the total impact of its parameters on the physiological state, heat transfer, health and productivity of animals.

The state of the microclimate of closed livestock buildings is determined by a complex of physical factors (temperature, humidity, air movement, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, lighting and ionization), the gas composition of the air (oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) and mechanical impurities (dust and microorganisms). The formation of a microclimate in rooms for animals depends on a number of conditions: the local climate, the thermal and humidity state of the building envelope, the level of air exchange or ventilation, heating, sewerage and lighting, as well as the degree of heat production of animals, the density of their placement, technology of keeping, daily routine and etc.

Studies by many Russian authors (N. M. Komarov, G. V. Burkser, A. K. Danilova, A. P. Onegov, I. M. Golosov, V. F. Matusevich, N. D. Krakosevich, S. P. Plyashchenko, I.F. Khrabustovsky, Yu.M. Markov, Yu.I. Dudyrev, F.A. Solovyov, V.I. built in previous years, and erected recently, the microclimate does not meet zoohygienic requirements, especially in terms of temperature and humidity conditions and illumination. As a result of this, collective farms and state farms during the period of autumn, winter and early spring, and in the southern regions in summer time suffer great losses from a decrease in various types of animal productivity, the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock, from the incidence and mortality of young animals, as well as from an increase in the cost of feed per unit of production and a decrease in its quality. In addition, unsatisfactory temperature and humidity conditions lead to a reduction in the life of the premises.

It has been established that highly productive animals are more sensitive to changes in the microclimate than low-productive ones; in the latter, a decrease in productivity may not be observed. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory microclimate in the premises are the low thermal protection of the enclosing structures (walls, floors, roofs, gates, windows, etc.) and the extremely insufficient level of air exchange, as well as poor sewerage and the unsanitary state of the den (stalls, machines, cages, etc.). In winter, very unfavorable conditions are created in such premises due to low temperature and high air humidity, damp walls, ceilings or combined coatings, which increase the heat transfer from the body of animals and contribute to their cooling, and in summer - high temperature and humidity in the premises cause overheating of animals and a decrease in their productivity. . In case of non-observance of the rules for the operation of premises, insufficient ventilation in terms of air exchange capacity, poor sewage and unsanitary condition of the den for animals in the air of the premises, the humidity increases significantly and the concentration of carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide increases, as well as the ionization of air and, in particular, the content of negative lungs ions.

Of great importance, as one of the microclimate factors, is also the degree of natural and artificial illumination of livestock buildings. Based on the foregoing, it must be emphasized that in conditions of intensive animal husbandry, one of the important tasks is to create a favorable microclimate in livestock buildings for both animals and people working on farms. Based on studies conducted in our country and data from foreign literature, the norms of technological design of livestock farms determine the parameters of the microclimate in the premises for keeping different species, age and production groups of animals, which must be observed in all collective farms, state farms and specialized farms.

In indoor air for all types of animals, the concentration of carbon dioxide should not exceed 0.25%, ammonia 0.0026% and hydrogen sulfide 0.001%, and in mg / l of air, respectively. To maintain the required temperature, humidity and air purity, the most important parameter of a controlled microclimate in livestock buildings is air exchange. The amount of air supplied by means of ventilation per head in m 3 / hour should be approximately (according to domestic and foreign authors); for adult cattle 100-175, fattening young animals 50-70, calves 20-30, suckling sows 60-100, single and pregnant queens 40-60, fattening pigs 30-70, adult sheep 20-30, chickens laying hens 4-5, turkeys 3-4, broiler chickens 2.5-3.

For designing ventilation for winter conditions, Tilley recommends the following minimum fresh air supply rates in m 3 /h per head: cows 100-160, calves 11-16, sows 16, fattening pigs 10-13, laying hens 2-2, 4. In summer, increase the air supply by 4-6 times.

These parameters of the microclimate will certainly be specified in the future. A lot of data has already been accumulated that indicates the need for a differentiated approach to the regulation of the microclimate in animal rooms, depending on the climatic zones of our country. The degree of adaptation of animals to different climatic conditions is different and this circumstance must be taken into account when developing a microclimate in rooms for different climatic regions. Soviet Union. Suffice it to say that the main indicators of the microclimate are higher than ours in a number of foreign countries (Great Britain, Sweden, the USA, etc.) with a milder climate. Consequently, in order to further increase the productivity of animal husbandry, it is necessary to continue to carry out extensive Scientific research to determine the optimal parameters of the microclimate, based on the hygienic and technical and economic requirements of animal husbandry.

In connection with the increase in the number of animals on farms, the size of livestock buildings and the density of livestock and poultry, serious attention should be paid to creating a controlled microclimate through the widespread use of various systems of automated installations, in particular: for generating heat and dehumidifying the air, cooling and humidifying the air, air exchange, air distribution and creation of the necessary light regime. In this regard, of certain scientific and practical interest is the experience of using heat generating and ventilation units in advanced livestock farms and large specialized farms in the Soviet Union, as well as in a number of European countries. It is advisable to equip livestock buildings with a normalized microclimate with heating and ventilation using software automatic control these systems with the help of devices and devices that are characterized by quick and flexible regulation depending on changes in temperature, humidity, air velocity, etc.

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In the formation of the microclimate of the premises, the terrain is of great importance, taking into account which the site for construction is chosen. The most suitable for the placement of farms are areas located on an elevated place, with a low occurrence ground water, closed from the cold northern winds and protected by forest plantings.

The location of the site relative to other farms, settlements, roads, industrial facilities. Non-observance of sanitary breaks leads to pollution of the surrounding atmosphere, penetration into livestock buildings of dust, microflora, harmful industrial gases, pathogens, industrial noise, etc.

Woody vegetation has a beneficial effect on the microclimate. It helps to reduce the air temperature in the hot summer time on the territory and in livestock buildings by 3 ... 6 and 7 ... 13 ° C, respectively. Under its influence, the air temperature rises by 2 ... 4 ° C in cold period of the year. In the landscaping zone and adjacent areas, the relative humidity of the air increases by 8.2% in summer, its speed decreases by 70.8...81.2% in summer and by 18.4...37.8% in winter. In sunny summer days green spaces reduce the intensity of insolation by 40...50 times compared to the open areas of the farm.

The presence of plantations around the farm reduces the amount of dust in the air by 51.1...72.8% in summer and by 8.7...23.1% in winter, and thus significantly affects the number of microorganisms in it. So, with green spaces, the number of microorganisms in the air decreases in winter by 22.7 ... 52.6% and in summer by 5.8 ... 16.3%. This is explained not only by their mechanical retention together with dust particles, but also by the active bactericidal effect of leaf phytoncides on the microbial cell.

Green plantations trap and absorb gases, reducing by 31.0...42.3% the spread of specific odors from farms, especially from open manure storages. In addition, in the landscaping zone, the air contains more negative ions that have a beneficial effect on the body of animals and humans. Planting trees and shrubs along the perimeter of the farm and between buildings drastically reduces the possibility of polluted air from one room to another.

One of the conditions affecting the formation of the microclimate is the location of buildings. The territory should be planned taking into account the parts of the world and the prevailing winds in a particular zone. The direction of the latter along the axis of the building contributes to better ventilation of the space between them and prevents overcooling of the premises in winter. The direction of the axis of the building from north to south provides good natural lighting of the premises and the preservation of heat in it. In the southern zones, on the contrary, the location of the building from west to east, across the direction of the prevailing winds, achieves good ventilation of the premises and protects them from overheating due to solar heat.

When building up the territory of farms and complexes industrial type of the most important hygienic importance is the observance of sanitary gaps between individual buildings, as well as between interlocked premises. The exhaust air emitted from one building is sucked in by 5 ... 7% by the supply ventilation of the adjacent room. To clean the exhaust air, it is necessary to use filters, equipment for exhaust ventilation chops that direct the ejection upwards. With such devices, sanitary gaps between buildings can be reduced to 30 m, and in their absence, increased to 60 m or more.

The microclimate of livestock buildings is significantly affected by interior layout premises. For example, it is common to keep fattened young pigs in two- and three-tier cage batteries, in which the air environment of different quality is formed. If the air temperature at the floor in conventional machines is 17.3 ... 19.6 ° C, on the first (lower) tier - 20.3 ... 21.3 ° C, then on the upper 22.3 ... 22 .5°С. Relative humidity is also subject to change - respectively 67.5 ... 70.9; 62.5...67.5 and 59.1...66.9%. The surface temperature of the floor of the machines is 3.6 and 4.6 °C lower than in the lower and upper tiers.

The highest microbial air pollution (153 ... 161 thousand / m 3) was noted in machines near the floor, while on the lower and upper tiers it is lower by 26.1 ... 44.1%. The concentration of ammonia in the machines at the floor was 0.015 mg/l, on the lower and upper tiers it decreased by 20 and 33.3%; the content of carbon dioxide is 0.17 and 0.14 ... 0.13 mg/l, respectively. The speed of air movement in the machines was 12.5...15.8% higher than in the tiers of the cell battery. In the lower tier, the illumination is sharply reduced.

In pigsties for weaned piglets with lattice fences of machines, their contamination is 2 ... As a rule, in this part there is a defecation zone, which is much smaller in size than in machines with solid lattice walls. As a result, the area of ​​​​contamination of machines is reduced, the evaporation of moisture and the release of harmful gases are reduced, the air in the pigsty becomes drier and cleaner.

It is impossible to create a microclimate in livestock buildings without effective thermal protection of enclosing structures. Thermal insulation allows you to reduce heating costs, quickly adjust the microclimate parameters and avoid the formation of condensate on the walls.

The heat-shielding properties of buildings determine the thermoregulatory functions of animals.

Good thermal protection of the enclosing structures of livestock buildings in winter makes it possible to rationally use the heat of animals, and in summer it creates coolness, protecting animals from exposure to high temperatures from the outside.

During the construction of livestock buildings, the choice building materials is determined primarily by the purpose of the structure, local conditions and climatic features of the area.

For example, in areas with stable temperatures of minus 25 ... 30 ° C, it is necessary to use building materials with a thermal resistance coefficient (Ro) in the range of 8.37 ... 10.47 kJ / (m 2 Hhh ° C). However, now in most typical livestock buildings, the parameters of thermal resistance to heat transfer of walls are laid at the level of 3.35 ... 4.61, and coatings - at the level of 5.44 ... 5.86 kJ / (m 2 Hhh ° C), while in the practice of construction of foreign countries (USA, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Germany, England), thermal resistance is designed twice as much (for walls 5.86 ... 10.47, for coatings 8.37 ... 10.47 kJ / (m 2 Hhh ° C), although the average winter temperature in these countries is much higher.Improving the heat-shielding properties of enclosing structures requires additional costs, therefore, it must be economically justified.

Particular attention should be paid to the bedding material. Heat loss through the floor is 30...40% of all heat loss in the room, so it is necessary that the heat absorption rate does not exceed 41.86...50.24 kJ/(m2HhH°C); if it is higher than the upper limit, then a lot of the physiological heat of the animals is spent on heating the floor, and this can lead to hypothermia. The use of bedding material allows not only to reduce heat loss, but is also used to absorb moisture.

The microclimate in livestock buildings largely depends on normal functioning sewerage systems, as well as how regularly manure is removed. It is impossible to create an optimal microclimate in buildings and farms without a properly equipped and trouble-free sewage system.

The problem of creating a microclimate in industrial animal husbandry cannot be solved without effective ventilation systems.

With a concentrated type of feeding and high productivity of animals, increased requirements are placed on the air environment. Good feeding contributes to increased metabolism, in this regard, for the oxidation and assimilation of feed, it is necessary that animals with clean air sufficient oxygen supply. The more intense the metabolism, the more animals consume oxygen from the air and the more they emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, at the same time a significant amount of heat and water vapor enters the room. Therefore, with prolonged keeping of animals in enclosed spaces, the role of air exchange increases. Air exchange not only allows you to create optimal temperatures in livestock buildings, but also the humidity regime and maintain the gas composition of the air in accordance with zoohygienic standards, but also helps to remove dust and microorganisms. That is why ventilation is one of the most effective means by which we can change the influence of the air environment on the physiological state and productivity of animals in the direction we need.

One of the main requirements for ventilation systems is to provide the most perfect air exchange from a physiological and economic point of view. With insufficient air exchange, an unsatisfactory microclimate is created, which ultimately leads to an increase in feed costs per unit of production, a decrease in animal productivity, their premature culling and large economic losses.

2. Influence of the chemical composition of air on the productivity of farm animals

3. The influence of the physical properties of air on the animal's body

4. The main differential equation of air exchange

5. Wall fan (Climate) for animal husbandry

6. Clorifer for animal husbandry

7. List of used literature

1. Parameters of the microclimate of livestock buildings

The microclimate of livestock premises is a set of physical and chemical factors of the air environment that has formed inside these premises. The most important factors of the microclimate include: temperature and relative humidity of the air, the speed of its movement, the speed of its movement, the chemical composition, as well as the presence of suspended particles of dust and microorganisms. When assessing the chemical composition of the air, first of all, the content of harmful gases is determined: carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, the presence of which reduces the body's resistance to diseases.

The factors influencing the formation of the microclimate are also: illumination, the temperature of the internal surfaces of the enclosing structures, which determines the dew point, the amount of radiant heat exchange between these structures and animals, air ionization, etc.

Zootechnical and sanitary and hygienic requirements for keeping animals and poultry are reduced to ensuring that all indicators of the microclimate in the premises are strictly maintained within the established norms.

Table 1. Zootechnical and zoohygienic standards for the microclimate of livestock buildings ( winter period).

Premises	Optimum air temperature, °С.	Relative humidity, %.	Optimum air velocity, m/s.	Maximum allowable content of carbon dioxide (by volume), %	Illumination, lx
Cowsheds and buildings for young animals
calf houses
Maternity ward
Milking parlors
Pigsties:
for single queens
fatteners
Sheepfolds for adult sheep
Laying hen houses:
outdoor maintenance
cell content

These standards are prescribed taking into account technological conditions and determine the permissible fluctuations in temperature, relative humidity, air flow speed, and also indicate the maximum permissible content of harmful gases in the air.

With the correct keeping of animals and the optimal air temperature, the concentration of cesspool gases and the amount of moisture in the indoor air do not exceed the permissible values.

In general, the supply air treatment includes: dust removal, odor removal (deodorization), neutralization (disinfection), heating, humidification, dehumidification, cooling. When developing a technological scheme for processing supply air, they strive to make this process the most economical, and automatic control the simplest.

In addition, the premises must be dry, warm, well lit and isolated from external noise.

In maintaining the microclimate parameters at the level of zootechnical and sanitary requirements, an important role is played by the design of doors, gates, the presence of vestibules, which in winter open when feed is distributed by mobile feeders and when manure is removed by bulldozers. The premises are often supercooled, and the animals suffer from colds.

Of all the microclimate factors, the most important role is played by the air temperature in the room, as well as the temperature of the floors and other surfaces, because. it directly affects thermoregulation, heat transfer, metabolism in the body and other life processes.

In practice, the microclimate of the premises is understood as controlled air exchange, i.e. organized removal of polluted air from the premises and the supply of clean air to them through the ventilation system. With the help of the ventilation system, the optimal temperature and humidity conditions and the chemical composition of the air are maintained; create the necessary air exchange in different periods of the year; provide uniform distribution and circulation of air inside the premises to prevent the formation of "stagnant zones"; prevent condensation of vapors on the inner surfaces of fences (walls, ceilings, etc.); create normal conditions for the work of service personnel in livestock and poultry premises.

The air exchange of livestock premises as a design characteristic is a specific hourly flow rate, i.e. supply of fresh air, expressed in cubic meters per hour and related to 100 kg of live weight of animals. Practice has established the minimum allowable air exchange rates for barns - 17 m 3 / h, calves - 20 m 3 / h, pigsties - 15-20 m 3 / h per 100 kg of live weight of the animal located in the room in question.

Illumination is also an important microclimate factor. Natural lighting is most valuable for livestock buildings, however, in winter, as well as in late autumn, it is not enough. Normal lighting of livestock buildings is provided subject to the standards of natural and artificial lighting.

Natural lighting is estimated by the light coefficient, which expresses the ratio of the area of ​​window openings to the area of ​​the floor of the room. The norms of artificial lighting are determined power density lamps per 1m 2 floor.

The optimally required parameters of heat, moisture, light, air are not constant and change within limits that are not always compatible not only with the high productivity of animals and birds, but sometimes with their health and life. In order for the microclimate parameters to correspond to a certain type, age, productivity and physiological state of animals and birds under various conditions of feeding, keeping and breeding, it must be regulated using technical means.

Optimal and controlled microclimate are two different concepts, which at the same time are interconnected. Optimal microclimate - adjustable goal - a means to achieve it. You can regulate the microclimate with a set of equipment.

2. Influence of the chemical composition of air on the productivity of farm animals

The concentration of vapors from animal excretions in indoor air in excess of the permissible norm adversely affects health and their productivity. It is measured by gas analyzers.

Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water vapor. 100 volume parts of air (without water vapor) contain: nitrogen 78.13 parts, oxygen 20.06 parts, helium, argon, krypton, neon and other inert (inactive) gases 0.88 parts, carbon dioxide 0.03 parts. At optimal air temperature, a 500-kilogram cow emits 10-15 kg of water vapor per day.

The nitrogen in the air in a gaseous state is not used by animals: how much nitrogen inhales the same amount and exhales. Of all the gases, animals assimilate only oxygen (O 2).

Atmospheric air is also relatively constant in terms of the content of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in it (fluctuations within 0.025-0.05%). But the air exhaled by animals contains much more of it than in the atmosphere. The maximum allowable concentration of CO 2 in cattle yards is 0.25%. Within an hour, a cow emits an average of 101-115 liters of carbon dioxide. With an increase in the allowable rate, the breathing and pulse of the animal greatly increases, and this, in turn, negatively affects its health and productivity. Therefore, regular ventilation of the premises is an important condition for normal life.

In the air of poorly ventilated livestock buildings, one can detect a rather significant admixture of ammonia (NH 3) - a gas with a pungent odor. This poisonous gas is formed during the decomposition of urine, feces, dirty bedding. Ammonia in the process of breathing has a cauterizing effect; it is easily soluble in water, absorbed by the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, conjunctiva of the eye, causing severe irritation. In such cases, the animals develop coughing, sneezing, lacrimation and other painful phenomena. The allowable rate of ammonia in the air of barnyards is 0.026%.

When feces rot as a result of its decomposition in slurry reservoirs and in other places, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) accumulates in the indoor air with poor ventilation, which is a highly toxic gas with the smell of rotten eggs. The appearance of hydrogen sulfide in the room is a signal of the poor sanitary condition of livestock buildings. As a result, a number of disorders in the state of the body occur: inflammation of the mucous membranes, oxygen starvation, dysfunction of the nervous system (paralysis of the respiratory center and the control center of blood vessels), etc.

3. The influence of the physical properties of air on the animal's body

A huge influence on the body, in particular on the processes of heat generation, constantly occurring in all cells of the body, is exerted by the ambient temperature. Low temperature the external environment enhances the metabolism in the body, delays the release of internal heat; high is the opposite. At high air temperatures, the body transfers internal heat to the external environment in the process of breathing through the lungs, as well as by heat radiation through the skin. In the second case, heat is radiated in the form of infrared rays. When the air temperature rises to the temperature of the animal's body, the radiation from the skin surface stops. Therefore, it is important to maintain a normal microclimate in the barnyard (table 1), and temperature fluctuations should not exceed 3 °. The maximum room temperature for most types of farm animals should not exceed 20°C.

Humidity is measured with hygrometers. Absolute humidity is characterized by the amount of water vapor (g) in 1 m 3 of air, the maximum humidity is the maximum amount of water vapor that can be contained in 1 m 3 of air at a given temperature. Humidity can be expressed as a percentage - as the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum. This is relative humidity, it is determined using psychrometers.

The humidity in the room is important. With high humidity and temperature and low air movement in the room, heat transfer is greatly reduced, as a result of which the body overheats, and this can lead to heat stroke. High humidity has a particularly adverse effect on young and weakened animals. Dampness in the premises contributes to the preservation of various microorganisms and the creation of favorable conditions for the transmission of pathogens by airborne droplets. Under such conditions, the animals' appetite, productivity, resistance to diseases decrease, and lethargy and weakness appear. High humidity at low temperatures has a negative effect: it causes the body to lose a large amount of heat. To make up for these losses, the animal needs an additional amount of feed. To provide optimal humidity(70-75%) in the premises it is necessary to create normal air exchange, remove manure and slurry in a timely manner, build floors from moisture-proof material, prevent voids between the flooring and the ground, water leaks from drinkers, use only moisture-absorbing bedding.

At any temperature, animals feel better and produce better in dry air. Heat transfer in dry air and high temperature is carried out by the body through sweating and evaporation of moisture through the lungs during breathing. At low temperatures, dry air reduces heat transfer. Solar insolation plays an important role in the life of the organism. Under the action of sunlight in the body, the metabolism increases, in particular, the supply of organs and tissues with oxygen is better, the deposition of nutrients in them - proteins, calcium, phosphorus - increases. Under the action of sunlight, vitamin D is formed in the skin. Sunlight, neutralizing pathogens, creates favorable conditions for animals, increases the resistance of their body against infectious diseases. With insufficient sunlight, the animal experiences light hunger, as a result of which a number of disorders occur in the body. Too high solar insolation also negatively affects the body, causing burns and, often, sunstroke.

The sun's rays intensify hair growth, enhance the function of the skin glands (sweat and sebaceous), while the stratum corneum thickens, the epidermis thickens, which is very important for strengthening the body's resistance. In winter, the stall period should organize regular walks of animals and practice their artificial ultraviolet irradiation (with the necessary precautions).

parameter microclimate livestock building

Solar radiation, or radiant energy, has a variety of effects on animals. Visible light affects the rhythm of their life (molt, mating season, metabolism, etc.). Ultraviolet rays have great biological activity and bactericidal properties. Indoors, there is a lack of natural ultraviolet rays, therefore, for the purpose of prevention, it is necessary to use irradiation of animals, while increasing their safety, productivity, and reducing morbidity and mortality. Various lamps are used for ultraviolet irradiation. Animals are irradiated once every 2-3 days. The distance from the back of the animal to the irradiator must correspond to the specified parameters in the instructions for the lamps. To create a local temperature in the cultivation of newborn animals, artificial sources of infrared rays are used. Suckling piglets are heated around the clock for 26-45 days. To create the optimal intensity of infrared radiation, heating lamps with a power of 250 W are suspended at a height of 70 cm from the back of the animals, and with a power of 500 W - 100-120 cm.

The speed of air movement affects the thermoregulation of the animal body. At high humidity and high temperatures, air movement does not cool the body, but leads to its overheating. At low temperatures, the increased speed of air movement causes cooling of the animal body. Such conditions have a particularly unfavorable effect on newborn young animals.

Non-compliance with the requirements of the microclimate in the premises leads to a decrease in milk yield by 10-20%, a decrease in weight gain by 20-30%, an increase in the waste of young animals up to 5-40%, a decrease in egg production by 30-35%, to the consumption of an additional amount of feed, and a reduction in service life equipment, machines and buildings themselves, reducing the resistance of animals to various diseases.

Figure 1 Ventilation systems operating on the basis of rarefied air

Carbon dioxide. It accumulates indoors when animals breathe. The increased content of carbon dioxide disrupts metabolic and oxidative processes in the body of animals. The amount of carbon dioxide should not exceed 0.15 - 0.25%. Its increased content is especially undesirable for highly productive animals and young animals. To ensure the normal content of carbon dioxide in the room, it is necessary to properly organize the operation of the ventilation system.

Ammonia in livestock buildings accumulates during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing compounds. The main source of its formation are urine and liquid feces. More ammonia is released at elevated temperatures. Ammonia causes conjunctivitis in animals, as well as inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of even non-toxic doses weakens the body's resistance, paving the way for various diseases, worsens the course of anemia, bronchopneumonia, and gastrointestinal diseases in young animals. When entering through the lungs into the blood, ammonia converts the hemoglobin of erythrocytes into alkaline hematin, as a result of which signs of anemia are observed. The maximum allowable concentration of ammonia for animals should be considered 5-20 mg/m? depending on species and age.

Hydrogen sulfide in indoor air appears during the decay of protein sulfur-containing substances during long-term storage of manure. It causes inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Being absorbed into the blood, hydrogen sulfide binds iron, which is included in the connection with hemoglobin, which leads to a violation of oxidative processes, a general poisoning of the body. The maximum concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the premises should be 5-10 mg/?

Dust. By origin, the dust in livestock buildings is mineral and organic. It contains more organic dust, which is formed during the distribution of feed, cleaning of premises, cleaning animals. Getting into the respiratory organs, the dust causes irritation, itching and inflammation, thereby contributing to the introduction of infectious agents. The content of dust in indoor air is allowed for adult animals - 1.0-1.5 mg/m?, for young animals - 0.5-1.0 mg/m?.

Microorganisms. In the air of livestock premises there are various microorganisms (pathogenic, conditionally pathogenic, non-pathogenic). The concentration of a large number of animals in a limited area creates conditions for an increase in bacterial contamination of the air. According to the species composition, microorganisms belong mainly to the saprophytic microflora. The indoor air contains a lot of cocci, mold spores, E. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci, streptococci, etc. are often found. In the presence of sick animals, as well as hidden bacilli and virus carriers, the air contains pathogens of paratyphoid, pasteurellosis, pullorosis, listerosis, tuberculosis, foot and mouth disease, etc. for sanitary and hygienic assessment in the air determine: the total number of microorganisms, the contamination of Escherichia coli, the presence of hemolytic streptococci and the content of fungal spores. To reduce microbial contamination, wet and aerosol disinfections are used, ultraviolet bactericidal lamps are used, and organized ventilation is provided.

Air ionization. It has a beneficial effect on the body and improves the microclimate in the premises. Air ionization reduces the amount of dust and microorganisms by 2-4 times, the relative humidity of the air by 5-8%, increases metabolic processes in the cells and tissues of the body.

Noise level. Noise is created in livestock buildings during the operation of mechanisms and equipment (during milking, feed preparation, feed distribution, manure cleaning, ventilation, etc.). High noise levels adversely affect both the animals and the attendants.

Air exchange. It is an important factor in microclimate regulation. If the air in the livestock buildings is not exchanged with the outside, water vapor, corrosive gases, dust and microorganisms do not accumulate. Such air acquires harmful properties. The exchange of air in the premises can occur naturally or with the help of artificial ventilation - mechanically.

For the implementation of natural ventilation in livestock buildings, it is necessary to make not only exhaust shafts in the ceiling, but also supply channels in the walls. Exhaust pipes should have a height of 4-6 m, and so that precipitation does not get into the room, they should end with a deflector with a cover. The area of ​​​​each exhaust pipe is at least 70x70 cm, and the supply channels - 20x20 cm. Per animal, the area of ​​​​exhaust shafts should be (cm?): For adult cattle - 200-250, young animals 70-90, for sows - 110-150, fattening pigs 80-100. chimneys must be provided with double sheathing with insulation. Supply channels should be located in the longitudinal walls in a checkerboard pattern, their area should be 70-80% of the area of ​​the exhaust pipes.

The reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of natural ventilation can be construction defects (splitting, insufficient insulation of pipes), poor thermal insulation of the building, untimely opening and closing of valves in the exhaust and supply ducts. natural ventilation usually used in premises for keeping adult animals.

The most effective ventilation in livestock buildings is mechanical ventilation with heating of the supply air in winter. Ventilation and heating systems should work in all periods of the year, with the only difference being that on warm days the air heating is reduced or completely stopped.

For local heating of newborn animals, various heating devices (infrared radiation lamps, heating floors, etc.) should be used. in piglets, the temperature in the lair with local heating should be: in the first week of life 28-30? WITH; in the second - 26-28? WITH; in the third - 24-26? WITH; in the fourth - 22-24? C. A favorable microclimate for calves is created by dispersed heat-accumulating electric heaters.

The microclimate in livestock buildings is affected by the design and condition of the floors. The floor must be waterproof and warm, no bumps or depressions are allowed. The slope of the floor is done towards the sewer trays (dung conveyor) - for every 1.5-2 cm. create unfavorable sanitary and hygienic conditions. Noteworthy floors with flooring made of rubber slabs, with polymer cement flooring, hollow ceramic and expanded clay-bitumen. To insulate the floor and create hygiene conditions you can use rubber mats and made from harmless synthetic resins. It is possible to use slatted floors, but it is necessary to take into account the shape of the slats, the width of the upper edge and the gap, which depend on the type and age of the animals.

4. The main differential equation of air exchange

The air becomes unsuitable for animals to breathe if it contains large amounts of dust, harmful gases, moisture vapor, etc., and its temperature is high. Harmful emissions that occur indoors change the purity, temperature and humidity of the air, disrupt the physiological functions of the body, worsen the health of animals, sharply reduce productivity and increase feed consumption (Fig. 1 and 2).

The amount of air that needs to be introduced into the room within an hour to normalize and optimize temperature, humidity and harmful gases is called the ventilation rate.

If the internal cubic capacity of the room V m ^ 3, and hazards are released in the amount G vr g / h, then to reduce them during general ventilation, it is supplied and simultaneously removed‚ V m3/h of air having an initial harmfulness in the amount of Р0 g/m3. Determine what the final concentration of harmfulness will be in the room after a certain period of time at h.

Let us denote the concentration of harmful substances at a given point in time as P0' g/m3, then, provided that harmful emissions are distributed uniformly throughout the room, we can write a differential equation for air exchange.

The amount of hazards emitted in the room during the element of time dy, will be Gvdy.

The amount of harmful emissions introduced together with fresh air over the same period of time will be ‚. The total amount of harmful emissions is equal to:

(3)

a-change in the weight of the egg mass; b-percentage of hens laying daily; c - growth rate of chickens in % to control.

Figure 3 Change in chicken productivity depending on the environment.

(4)

To determine the limits of integration of this equation, we argue as follows.

For a period of time from 0 to at the concentration of hazards in the room changed from P1 to P2. After integrating and solving, we get:

(5)

Professor V.M. Chaplin presented expression (4) as follows:

With long-term operation of ventilation and uniform continuous release of harmful substances, it can be assumed that y=∞, then we get

(7)

Animals of different species and age emit different amounts of gases, heat and moisture (Table 1).

It is also worth paying attention to the heaters designed for air cooling. If you live in a region with a fairly hot climate, then without a doubt, the most effective way is to use freon air coolers. In a more temperate climate, the use of water heaters will be quite sufficient.

In the designs of air heaters, very often there are special shutters with adjustable flaps, with the help of which it is enough to simply control the direction of movement of heated or cooled air supplied by fans specially installed for this purpose.

All heaters have their own mounting brackets. And when purchasing a specific model, in order to avoid possible difficulties and additional costs during installation, you should pay attention to their location.

7. List of used literature

1. Melnikov S.V. Mechanization and automation of livestock farms and complexes. - L.; Ear. Leningrad. department, 1978.

V.G. Koba, N.V. Braginets, D.N. Musuridze, V.F. Nekrashevich. Mechanization and technology of livestock production; Tutorial for agricultural universities- M.; Kolos, 1999.

N.N. Belyanchikov, A.I. Smirnov. Mechanization of animal husbandry. - M.: ear, 1983. - 360s.

E. A Arzumanyan, A.P. Beguchev, V. and Georgevsky, V.K. Dyman, etc. Animal husbandry. - M., Kolos, 1976. - 464 p.

N.M. Altukhov, V.I. Afanasiev, B.A. Bashkirov and others. Brief reference book of a veterinarian. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 574 p.

S. Kadik. Ventilation ventilation is different. / Livestock in Russia / March 2004

Melnikov S.V. Technological equipment for livestock farms and complexes. - L .: Agoropromizdat, 1985.

Zavrazhnov A.I. Design of production processes in animal husbandry. - M.: Kolos, 1984.

Galkin A.F. Fundamentals of designing livestock farms. - M.: Kolos, 1975.

Aleshkin V.R., Roshchin P.M. Mechanization of animal husbandry. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.

The microclimate is a combination of physical and chemical factors of the air environment and the light regime of the room. The concept of microclimate includes the temperature and humidity of the air, the speed of its movement, the content of harmful gases, dust content, ionization, illumination, noise level. The state of the microclimate depends on climatic and weather conditions, the type of premises and its enclosing structures, the level of air exchange, the perfection of ventilation, heating, sewerage and manure removal systems. The microclimate is also influenced by the technology of keeping animals, the density of their accommodation, the quantity and quality of bedding, the type of feeding, the species and age composition of the livestock.
Rationing of optical radiation. Optical radiation is a combination of visible (VS), ultraviolet (UFL) and infrared light (HKL). In the spectrum of solar radiation, visible rays account for about 40%, infrared - 55%, and ultraviolet - 5%.
Visible light is a universal stimulus and synchronizer of many biological processes and, above all, reproduction processes.
The light rays perceived by photoreceptors are transformed into nerve impulses, which are transmitted through the cerebral cortex and through the pineal gland to the hypothalamus, then to the pituitary gland. The latter regulates the work of the peripheral endocrine glands, including the sex glands. Rhythms of light and dark cause changes in metabolism and the phenomenon of photoperiodism. Depending on the photoperiodic reaction, agricultural animals are divided into short-day (goats and sheep of most breeds) and long-day (horses, cattle, pigs, poultry, rabbits). In the first group, the sexual function is stimulated by decreasing (8-10 hours), in the second - by increasing (up to 16-17 hours) daylight hours.
Artificial photoperiodic modes make it possible to transfer the reproduction period to any season, increase the multiplicity, increase the productivity and resistance of animals.
For dairy cows, sows, horses, the length of the day should be at least 16-17 hours per day with an illumination of 50-75 lux. For chickens in the first days of life, daylight hours are set at 20-23 hours, with a gradual reduction to 8 hours per day by two to three months of age. With the onset of oviposition, the length of the day is gradually increased to 15-17 hours per day.
In order to reduce energy costs, intermittent lighting is widely used. For example, when growing broilers 1C:2T (C - light, T - darkness).
Ultraviolet rays, depending on the wavelength, are divided into three spectra:
spectrum A (long-wave), 400-315 nm, have a tanning effect;
spectrum B (medium wave), 315-280 nm, have anti-rachitis and erythema effects;
spectrum C (shortwave), 280-200 nm, have a pronounced bactericidal effect.
UFL have photochemical, metabolic and bactericidal action. Natural and artificial UV rays at optimal doses are powerful physical stimulants metabolic processes. With their use, hematopoiesis, phosphorus-calcium and carbohydrate-fat metabolism are stimulated, the immunobiological reactivity of animals, productivity and product quality increase. So, with the rational use of UFL, the following increase: milk yield of cows - by 4-7%, weight gain of fattening animals - up to 10-13%, egg production of chickens - by 3-5%.
HKL, depending on the wavelength, are divided into three regions of the spectrum:
region A (shortwave), 760-3000 nm;
region B (medium wave), 3000-6000 nm;
area C (long-wave), over 6000 nm.
The wavelength of this type of radiation is inversely proportional to their permeability to living tissues. HKL have a pronounced thermal effect and are used to create a local microclimate when growing young animals of all kinds of animals. The alternating effect of ICL on the body in the optimal dose causes hardening of animals to unfavorable environmental factors. At the same time, when using infrared rays for heating young animals, a higher zootechnical effect is obtained than from using convection heat, while reducing costs.
The use of combined installations of the IKUF type, in which complex ultraviolet and infrared irradiation is used, is highly effective, which makes it possible to significantly increase the resistance of young animals, as well as the physicochemical and biological parameters of the air environment.
Air temperature is the most important factor in the external environment, it is the main physical stimulus that affects the body's heat transfer.
The ambient temperature at which metabolism, heat production are minimal, and the physiological functions of the organs and systems of the animal's body are not stressed, is called zone of thermal indifference(thermoneutral zone) or comfort temperature. The lower and upper points of thermoneutrality are called critical temperatures. At air temperatures below the lower critical (in the so-called lower zone of increased metabolism), metabolism and heat production in the animal's body increase.
A significant deviation of this indicator from the optimal values ​​violates the thermal balance of the body due to hyperthermia or its enhanced return - hypothermia.
At high air temperatures, the release of heat from the body of the animal slows down. Under these conditions, animals consume less feed, their productivity and resistance to diseases decrease. Exposure to extreme heat can lead to heatstroke, sometimes fatal.
The action of high temperatures is especially poorly tolerated by animals with high humidity and insufficient air velocity. To prevent overheating of animals, air conditioning units are used that cool, dry, humidify the room, clean it of dust, and ionize. reduce negative influence high temperatures on the animal's body can be achieved by increasing air exchange and air velocity, as well as observing zoohygienic standards for placing animals in rooms. When using steam or water heaters in livestock buildings, cold water is passed through them to cool the incoming air. into the system supply ventilation you can insert aerosol nozzles to spray water, the evaporation of which takes heat. Dousing the body of animals with cool water, as well as bathing, has a good effect.
The influence of high temperatures and direct sunlight can be reduced by whitewashing buildings, using building materials with high thermal resistance, and planting green spaces with a dense crown. When grazing during the hottest time of the day, animals are kept in the shade, and morning, evening or even night hours are used for grazing. At high air temperatures, most of the heat from the body is lost when moisture evaporates from the surface of the skin and from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Therefore, during the heat period, animals should regularly receive cool water.
When the air temperature is below the critical temperature, heat transfer increases. To maintain a constant body temperature in animals, thermoregulation mechanisms are activated that reduce the transfer of heat from the body to the environment) ". First of all, the blood vessels of the skin narrow, its temperature decreases, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bopen skin decreases (the animals cringe, hunch over). In addition, breathing becomes deep, the pulse slows down.However, these factors may not be sufficient to maintain body temperature, then the formation of heat in the animal's body increases (chemical thermoregulation).
A significant decrease in ambient temperature increases the metabolism in the body and increases the level of oxidative processes. As a result, additional heat is generated. In this case, the productivity of animals, as a rule, decreases and the cost of feed per unit of production increases.
Low temperatures contribute to the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory system, digestion, udder, muscles, joints, and also reduces the resistance of the animal to infections.
Keeping animals in conditions of unfavorable temperature causes great economic damage to animal husbandry. So. for example, low air temperature with sharp fluctuations can cause a cold and hypothermia of the body, with subsequent complications and an acute manifestation of the disease with a waste. Even a slightly lower temperature with a long-term effect on the body's heat exchange contributes to a decrease in body weight gain and unproductive consumption of feed.
With a decrease in temperature from 21 to 6 ° C, for each degree of air temperature decrease during fattening pigs, the increase in body weight is 2% lower, i.e. if, for example, the air temperature is below the optimum by 10 ° C, then 20% of the body weight gain will be lost.
Therefore, the regulation of indoor air temperature, especially in the industrial technology of animal husbandry, is of great importance.
To ensure the normal functioning of the animal organism, obtaining high productivity from them and efficient use of feed, optimal temperatures in livestock buildings are recommended (Table 13.2; 13.3). The air of livestock buildings constantly contains water vapor, which comes mainly with animal secretions (with exhaled air, from the surface of the skin and from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, as well as with feces and urine). So, a cow weighing 500 kg and milking 15 liters per day emits about 11 kg of water vapor; suckling sow weighing 200 kg with piglets - 7.7 kg. Moisture also comes from the outside air and from the evaporation of water from the floor, drinkers, feeders. High air humidity is observed with crowded animals, insufficient ventilation of premises and unsatisfactory sewerage.
Air humidity affects the heat transfer of the animal body. High humidity has a negative effect on animals at high and low air temperatures. Increased air humidity combined with high temperature makes it difficult to transfer heat from the body, as the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract slows down. This leads to overheating, which can result in thermal shock.
Keeping animals in warm and damp rooms impairs appetite, causes lethargy, reduces productivity and increases feed costs per unit of production. In addition, resistance to adverse factors and pathogens of infectious diseases decreases in animals.
In conditions of high humidity, animals tolerate cold worse; since moist air has a high thermal conductivity and the body loses a lot of heat, hypothermia occurs, which contributes to the occurrence of colds and infectious diseases. Along with this, the productivity of livestock decreases and the cost of feed for obtaining products increases. High air humidity in livestock buildings contributes to the occurrence of certain skin diseases (ringworm, eczema). Under such conditions, various microorganisms, including pathogens, retain their vital activity longer.

Increased indoor humidity also contributes to reduced productivity. Thus, the increase in body weight in fattening pigs is reduced by 2.7% for each percentage of increased humidity over 88%, and in cows, milk yield is reduced by 1% for each percentage increase in humidity over 85%. The increased humidity of the indoor air contributes to the growth of the moisture content of the litter, especially the non-removable one. in sheepfolds, which in turn contributes to the development and preservation of kosher invasions.
Humid air adversely affects the depreciation of the premises and the thermal properties of their fences, since the appearance of condensate on the building envelope violates their thermal insulation.
Animals feel better and give higher productivity at optimal air humidity, regardless of its temperature. However, excessively low relative humidity (below 40%) has a negative effect on animals. Under these conditions, they experience increased sweating, dryness of the mucous membranes and skin, a decrease in appetite and productivity, as well as resistance to diseases.

In rooms for animals, relative humidity in the range of 50-70% is optimal.
Of primary importance in the fight against excessive air humidity is effective ventilation with air heating, as well as the maximum limitation of sources of water vapor (prevention of water spills, insulation of building envelopes, efficient sewerage, use of moisture-absorbing bedding).
The movement of air on the body of animals has a direct and indirect effect. The movement of air has a direct effect on the body of the animal, changing its heat transfer. It works in conjunction with temperature and humidity. At low temperatures, an increase in the speed of air movement increases the heat transfer of the body, which can cause hypothermia in animals and the occurrence of colds in them. Especially negatively affects the high speed of air movement in combination with low temperature and high humidity. An increase in air mobility at high ambient temperatures has a positive effect on the body, increasing heat transfer and preventing overheating.
With an uneven distribution of air flows in the room, dead zones appear - aerostases with a reduced air velocity (less than 0.05 m / s) and a high concentration of harmful gases, dust and microorganisms, which has a negative impact on animal health.
In the cold and transitional periods of the year, the optimal air velocity is (m / s): in cowsheds - 0.5, in calves - 0.3, in pigsties - 0.15-0.3, in sheepfolds - 0.5, in poultry houses - 0.3. In summer, the speed of air movement can be up to 1 m/s or more, depending on the season and climatic zone.
Acoustic background. In livestock farms, noise is generated by sounds made by animals, work technological equipment: mechanisms and machines for the preparation of feed and its distribution, manure cleaning, ventilation of premises, milking of cows. External (by origin) noise may also be important (when livestock buildings are located under airways or near airfields, railways etc.).
Many noises can be attributed to excessive stimuli that cause anxiety and stress in animals. Industrial noises inhibit the conditioned reflex activity of the body, adversely affect the health and productivity of animals and birds. The intensity of the noise level for farm animals should not exceed 65-70 dB.
One of the most detrimental effects of noise is sleep disturbance. Animals endure the lack of sleep harder, more painfully than complete starvation. Dogs deprived of sleep died after 4-5 days, i.e. several times faster than during starvation (A.F. Kuznetsov).
To reduce production noise in livestock buildings, they provide for fitting and setting up devices, the use of soundproof gaskets, the removal of power units of milking machines, powerful fans in special isolated rooms. Instead of cleaning manure and distributing fodder with the help of tractors, the device of slatted floors, the installation of manure and fodder conveyors are proposed. Planned plantings of trees and shrubs are well protected from external noise.
Ionic composition of air. In areas with clean air, 1000 light ions are found in 1 cm3 (and up to 3000 in the mountains). In cities with a polluted atmosphere, their number is reduced to 400-100 per 1 cm3. In enclosed spaces, the number of ions is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than in atmospheric air.
Negatively charged light air ions, in contrast to positively charged and heavy ions, have a beneficial effect on the body of animals and birds. They penetrate the body with inhaled air through the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the wall of the alveoli into the blood. At the same time, the charge of colloids in the blood increases, and when positive ions are inhaled, it decreases. It is also possible that ions directly affect the body (for example, pigs) through skin receptors and indirectly through the nerve endings of the upper respiratory tract, affecting the neuroendocrine regulation of metabolic processes.
Artificial aeronization has a positive effect on the microclimate of livestock buildings. Thus, dust, microbial and ammonia air pollution is reduced in pigsties - by 1.5-2 times, and in poultry houses - by 4 times. The mechanism of this phenomenon is associated with the process of charging and recharging both solid and liquid indoor air aerosols, their movement along the electric field lines and settling along with microorganisms on walls, floors, ceilings and equipment. Under the influence of negative ions, the morphological and cultural properties of many microorganisms change. The intensity of their growth is reduced by 47-70%.
The gas composition of the air. The air of livestock buildings differs from the atmospheric one in its composition, since animal waste products, harmful gases, get into it, and the quality of the air environment can deteriorate so much that it leads to a violation of the physiological functions of the body, a decrease in productivity, diseases, death and culling of animals, especially young animals .
In poorly ventilated rooms, the amount of oxygen can decrease to 16-18%, with the content of this gas in the atmospheric air at the level of 21%. With prolonged maintenance in such conditions, nutrients are not oxidized in the body and intermediate decay products accumulate, which adversely affects the metabolism and productivity of animals.
Carbon dioxide(CO2) - the end product of the oxidation of organic substances - is released during respiration. So, a cow weighing 500 kg with a milk yield of 15 liters emits 143 liters of carbon dioxide per hour, and a suckling sow weighing 200 kg - 114 liters.
An increase in the amount of CO2 in the blood leads to excitation of the respiratory center. A significant amount of this gas in indoor air has a toxic effect. With crowded animals and poor ventilation, the amount of carbon dioxide in livestock buildings can rise to 0.5-1% or more. A long stay in such conditions is accompanied by chronic poisoning, which is characterized by increased breathing, lethargy, loss of appetite, decreased productivity and resistance to diseases (I.I. Yarov).
By the content of carbon dioxide, one can judge the quality of the air in livestock buildings and the level of its exchange with the atmosphere. The concentration of carbon dioxide in indoor air should not exceed 0.25%.
Ozone is a dynamic isomer of oxygen. It decomposes easily and, releasing one atom, acts as a strong oxidizing agent. Ozone is formed by electrical discharges in the atmosphere under the influence of ultraviolet rays. At concentrations of 0.01-0.06 mg / m "it has a stimulating effect on the activity of the respiratory organs and the cardiovascular system. There is no ozone in polluted air, it is spent on the oxidation of organic substances. Therefore, the presence of ozone indicates the purity of the air. In concentration 0.1 mg/m3 ozone irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, and at a higher content it is toxic.This gas is used for air deodorization.
Ammonia- toxic gas with a pungent odor. In animal housing, ammonia is mainly formed from the decomposition of urine and feces. Therefore, the ammonia content increases in unsanitary conditions and with poorly functioning ventilation and sewerage. With prolonged intake of non-toxic doses of ammonia with air, the resistance of the animal organism decreases, which contributes to the occurrence of diseases, especially respiratory ones.
Ammonia is highly soluble in water, being adsorbed on the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, it reduces their barrier function and can cause conjunctivitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. When ammonia enters the blood, it combines with hemoglobin, forming alkaline hematin, which is not able to absorb oxygen. As a result, the content of hemoglobin in the blood decreases and the phenomena of anemia are observed.
Carbon monoxide(carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, CO) is a product of incomplete combustion of fuel. He is the most dangerous there. where installed gas-burners or machinery operating with fuel that does not burn completely. Carbon monoxide lighter than air, colorless, with a slight smell, slightly reminiscent of the smell of garlic. Chronic poisoning is possible at concentrations exceeding 2-3 mg/m3. Symptoms of poisoning include increased breathing, convulsions, vomiting, coma. Carbon monoxide, penetrating through the pulmonary alveoli into the blood, displaces the oxygen of hemoglobin, forming a stable compound with it - carboxyhemoglobin. As a result, persistent tissue anoxemia occurs, and underoxidized metabolic products accumulate. CO is eliminated from the body very slowly with exhaled air. Therefore, poisoned animals need to be provided with access to fresh air; inhalation of oxygen or its mixture with carbon dioxide is used to irritate the respiratory center.
The maximum allowable concentration of carbon monoxide in the premises is 2 mg/m3.
hydrogen sulfide It is a colorless toxic gas with a pronounced smell of rotten eggs. Being absorbed into the blood, hydrogen sulfide blocks the activity of enzymes necessary for cellular respiration, resulting in respiratory paralysis. The iron of blood hemoglobin, binding to H2S, is converted into iron sulfide, and therefore hemoglobin cannot participate in the binding and transport of oxygen. Hydrogen sulfide on the mucous membranes forms sodium sulfide, which causes inflammation of the latter.
In chronic poisoning even with small concentrations of H2S (above 10 mg/m3), hypotension, tachycardia, conjunctivitis occurs, and body weight decreases. In pigs, even these concentrations cause photophobia and loss of appetite, anxiety, vomiting and diarrhea. In livestock buildings, the presence of 10 mg / m3 of hydrogen sulfide is allowed for adult animals, and for young animals and birds - 5 mg / m3.
To clean the air in livestock buildings from toxic gases, it is necessary: ​​the purity of the external (atmospheric) air, the reliable operation of the ventilation system (if necessary, with the forced extraction of toxic gases from the zones of their formation), proper hygiene and veterinary and sanitary culture on farms and complexes , as well as the accurate operation of the sewerage system and the timely removal of manure. The use of bedding made of hygroscopic materials, including those that absorb harmful gases and water vapor, is envisaged.
The content of ammonia and other harmful gases is reduced by ozonization and ionization of indoor air and aerosol treatment with solutions of organic acids (lactic, succinic, etc.), as well as when using peat bedding, bedding vermiculite and superphosphate (V.I. Mozzherin and others).
The air of livestock buildings contains harmful aerosols in the dust and droplet phase.
Dust may be of mineral or organic origin.
The direct effect of dust is its effect on the skin, eyes and respiratory organs. Dust has the greatest effect on the respiratory system, especially when animals stay in dusty air for a long time. In this case, their breathing becomes superficial. At the same time, the lungs are poorly ventilated, which predisposes to various respiratory diseases. It irritates and injures the mucous membranes, which reduces their protective properties and promotes the penetration of infections. As a result, chronic and acute inflammation of various parts of the upper respiratory tract can occur. In addition, dust can settle on the mucous membrane of the eyes, causing inflammation, and also contaminate the skin of the animal. In this case, itching, irritation, cracks and inflammatory processes on the skin, which causes a violation of its functions.
Dust particles in the air also have an indirect effect on the animal's body. In particular, they worsen the illumination of the premises. contribute to the condensation of water vapor in the air and absorb most of the ultraviolet rays of solar radiation.
Microbial air pollution. Microorganisms most often enter the air from soil, water, animals and humans. They are located on dust particles (solid aerosols) or included in droplets (liquid aerosols) and with them are kept in the air (from several minutes to 2-4 hours), are carried by air currents at various distances, and settle on the surface.
The causative agents of many diseases, especially respiratory ones, spread rapidly through the air, mainly by its convection currents, which poses a great danger to animals in the room. In a poultry house, for example, one chicken with laryngotracheitis is enough for the disease to quickly cover the entire population of birds. The same happens with many other viral diseases, the pathogens of which are transmitted by the respiratory tract. The aerogenic pathway for the spread of diseases becomes essential at a high concentration of animals (poultry farms, industrial complexes).
According to the species composition, microorganisms in the air of closed livestock buildings are mainly classified as saprophytes. There are many cocci, fungal spores (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucoraceae).
The number of microorganisms in the air of premises for cattle ranges from 12 thousand to 100 thousand, pigsties - from 25 thousand to 150 thousand, and in poultry houses - from 50 thousand to 200 thousand microbial bodies per 1 m3. The content of microorganisms in the indoor air largely depends on how carefully the sanitary and hygienic requirements for construction, equipment, and operation of the premises are met, on the reliability of the ventilation, sewerage systems, and maintenance of technological regimes. In rooms where these requirements are not strictly adhered to, bacterial air pollution increases, especially due to opportunistic bacteria, such as hemolytic streptococci (up to 2.4 thousand), bacteria of the Escherichia coli group (up to 100 or more per 1 m), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus aureus. It is opportunistic bacteria and viruses that can cause mass diseases calves and piglets.
The fight against air pollution in the premises for animals and the protection of the air basin of the territory of farms and complexes include general measures and specific solutions aimed at cleaning, neutralizing and deodorizing the air. The first group of measures includes strict observance and timely implementation of all veterinary and sanitary and zoohygienic norms and rules for keeping and feeding animals, organizing uninterrupted and accurate operation of microclimate systems, manure removal, thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises (including aerosol).
To reduce the degree of pollution of the air basin of the territory of farms and complexes, it is necessary to throw polluted air from the premises up with a torch to a height calculated to create an aerodynamic shadow. Correctly determine the places of intake of supply air and ventilation chambers centralized system ventilation is placed in the end parts of buildings. In such cases, the concentration of harmful gases and microflora does not exceed 20% of the MAC for premises. On axial exhaust fans install protective visors, tubes bent downwards, which reduces the spread of dirty air by 2-5 times (G.K. Volkov).
An effective measure to reduce dust and microbial pollution of the air basin is the creation of ring protective belts of green spaces.
Purification and neutralization of the air emitted from the premises is carried out using KD oil filters in combination with LAIK brand SGT 6/15, providing a cleaning efficiency of up to 99.97%, or filters made of fabric FPP-15-30. Electric filters are also used. For the same purpose, air ionizers can be mounted in the exhaust ducts, bactericidal lamps of the DB-60 type can be installed in the supply chambers.