Description:

The lack of professional information regarding the reliability, quality and optimization of ventilation systems has led to a number of research projects. One of these projects, Building AdVent, was implemented in European countries with the aim of disseminating information among designers about successfully implemented ventilation systems. Within the framework of the project, 18 public buildings located in various climatic zones of Europe were studied: from Greece to Finland.

Analysis of modern ventilation technologies

The lack of professional information regarding the reliability, quality and optimization of ventilation systems has led to a number of research projects. One of these projects, Building AdVent, was implemented in European countries with the aim of disseminating information among designers about successfully implemented ventilation systems. Within the framework of the project, 18 public buildings located in various climatic zones of Europe were studied: from Greece to Finland.

The Building AdVent project was based on the instrumental measurement of the microclimate parameters in the building after its commissioning, as well as on the subjective assessment of the quality of the microclimate obtained by interviewing employees. The main parameters of the microclimate were measured: air temperature, air flow rate, as well as air exchange in summer and winter period s.

The Building AdVent project was not limited to a survey of ventilation systems, since the quality of the indoor climate and the energy efficiency of a building depend on many different factors, including architectural and engineering solutions building. To assess the energy efficiency of buildings, data on heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as other systems that consume heat and electricity, were summarized. Below are the results of the evaluation of the three buildings.

Description of representative buildings

Representative buildings are located in three different regions with significantly different climatic conditions that determine the composition of engineering equipment.

The climatic conditions of Greece in general cause a high load on the refrigeration supply system; Great Britain - moderate loads on heating and cooling systems; Finland - a high load on the heating system.

Representative buildings in Greece and Finland are equipped with air conditioning systems and central systems mechanical ventilation. The building, located in the UK, uses natural ventilation, and the rooms are cooled by night ventilation. In all three representative buildings, the possibility of natural ventilation of the premises by opening windows is allowed.

The five-story office building, commissioned in 2005, is located in the city of Turku on the southwestern coast of Finland. Estimated outdoor temperature in cold period-26 °C, in warm - +25 °C at an enthalpy of 55 kJ / kg. The design temperature of the internal air in the cold period is +21 °C, in the warm period - +25 °C.

Picture 1.

total area building is 6,906 m 2 , the volume is 34,000 m 3 . In the middle of the building there is a large glass-roofed atrium that houses cafes and small kitchen. The building has a capacity of 270 employees, but in 2008 it had 180 employees on a regular basis. On the ground floor, with an area of ​​900 m 2, there is a workshop and warehouses. The remaining four floors (6,000 m2) are occupied by office space.

The building is divided into five ventilation zones, each equipped with a separate central air conditioning unit, as well as chilled beams in separate rooms (Fig. 2).

Outside air is heated or cooled in the central air conditioning unit, then distributed to the premises. The heating of the supply air is carried out partly due to the heat recovery of the exhaust air, partly by means of heaters. If necessary, the air in a separate room is additionally cooled by chilled beams controlled by room thermostats.

The supply air temperature is maintained within +17...+22 °С. Temperature control is carried out by changing the rotation speed of the recuperative heat exchanger and the control valves for the flow of water in the heating and cooling circuits.

The heating and cooling systems in the building are connected to the central heating and cooling networks according to an independent scheme through heat exchangers.

Office premises are equipped with water heating radiators with thermostatic valves.

The air flow in the office premises is kept constant. In meeting rooms, the air flow is variable: when using the premises, the air flow is adjusted according to the readings of temperature sensors, and in the absence of people, the air exchange is reduced to 10% of the standard value, which is 10.8 m 3 / h per 1 m 2 of the room.

Building in Greece

The building is located in the central part of Athens.

In plan, it has the shape of a rectangle with a length of 115 m and a width of 39 m, with a total area of ​​30,000 m 2 . The total number of employees is 1,300 people, more than 50% of whom work in premises with a high density of staff accommodation - up to 5 m 2 per person.

The design temperature of the internal air in the cold period is +21 °C, in the warm period - +25 °C.

Figure 3 Building in Greece

The building was renovated in 2006 as part of an EU demonstration project. During the reconstruction, the following works were carried out:

Installation of sun protection devices on the southern and western facades of the building to optimize heat gain from solar radiation in both cold and warm periods;

Double glazing of the northern facade;

Modernization of engineering systems and their equipment with automation and dispatching systems;

Installation of ceiling fans in high-density offices to improve thermal comfort and reduce the use of air conditioning systems; ceiling fans can be controlled manually or through a building automation and dispatching system based on signals from human presence sensors;

Energy efficient fluorescent lamps with electronic control;

Ventilation with variable flow, regulated by the level of CO 2 ;

Installation of photovoltaic panels with a total area of ​​26 m 2 .

Offices are ventilated either by installing central air conditioning or by natural ventilation through opening windows. In offices with a high density of personnel, mechanical ventilation with variable air flow, controlled by CO 2 sensors, with adjustable supply devices providing 30 or 100% air flow is used. Central air conditioning units are equipped with air-to-air heat exchangers to recover the heat of the exhaust air for heating or cooling the supply air. To reduce the peak refrigeration load, heat-intensive structural elements are cooled down at night with air cooled in a central air conditioning unit.

The three-story building is located in the south-eastern part of the UK. The total area is 2,500 m 2 , the number of employees is about 250 people. Part of the staff works in the building permanently, the rest are in it periodically, at temporary jobs.

Most of the building is occupied by offices and meeting rooms.

The building is equipped with sun protection devices - canopies located at the roof level on the southern facade to protect from direct sunlight in summer time. The visors have built-in photovoltaic panels to generate electricity. Solar collectors are installed on the roof of the building to heat the water used in the toilets.

The building uses natural ventilation through windows that open automatically or manually. At low temperatures outside air or in rainy weather, the windows close automatically.

The concrete ceilings of the rooms are not covered with decorative elements, which allows them to be cooled down during night airing to reduce daily peak cooling loads in summer.

Energy efficiency of representative buildings

In a building located in Finland, organized district heating. The values ​​of energy consumption given in table. 1 were obtained in 2006 and corrected for the actual degree-day value.

The energy consumption for cooling was known because the building uses a district cooling system. In 2006, the cooling load was 27 kWh/m 2 . To determine the cost of electricity for cooling, this value is divided by the coefficient of performance equal to 2.5. The rest of the electricity consumption is the total electricity consumption of HVAC systems, office and kitchen equipment and other consumers, which cannot be divided into separate components, since the building is equipped with only one electricity meter.

In a building located in Greece, electricity consumption is accounted for in more detail, so the total electricity consumption of 65 kWh/m 2 includes 38.6 kWh/m 2 for lighting and 26 kWh/m 2 for other equipment. These data were obtained after the reconstruction of the building for the period from April 2007 to March 2008.

The electricity consumption of a building in the UK, like buildings in Finland, cannot be divided into components. The building is not equipped with a separate refrigeration system.

*Energy costs for heating and cooling supply are not adjusted for the climatic characteristics of the construction area

Microclimate quality in representative buildings

The quality of the microclimate in a building located in Finland

In the course of studying the quality of the microclimate, measurements of temperature and air flow velocity were made. The ventilation air flow rate is taken from the building commissioning protocols, since the building is equipped with a system with a constant flow rate of 10.8 m 3 /h per m 2 .

Indoor air quality measurements according to EN 15251:2007 show that the indoor climate is predominantly in the highest category I.

Air temperature measurements were made for four weeks in May (heating period) and July-August (cooling period) in 12 rooms.

Temperature measurements show that the temperature was maintained in the range of +23.5...+25.5 °C (category I) during 97% of the period of use of the building throughout the entire cooling period.

During the heating period, the temperature was maintained in the range of +21.0...+23.5 °C (category I) during the hours of use of the building throughout the entire observation period. Amplitude of daily temperature fluctuations in work time were approximately 1.0–1.5 °С during the heating period. The local thermal comfort criterion (draft level), the Fanger comfort index (PMV) and the expected percentage dissatisfied (PPD) were determined from short-term observations of air velocity and temperature in March 2008 (heating period) and June 2008 (cooling period) according to the standard ISO 7730:2005. The results indicate good general and local thermal comfort (Table 2).

The quality of the microclimate in a building located in the UK

The air temperature was measured in the building for six months in 2006. The air temperature in the premises exceeded +28 °C at six observation points.

Measurements of CO2 concentration recorded values ​​in the range of 400–550 ppm with periodic peaks. Additional observations are currently being made during the cold, warm and transitional periods. These observations include measurements of air temperature, relative humidity and CO 2 concentration. Preliminary results show that temperatures are much lower than initial measurements showed. For example, from June 24, 2008 to July 8, 2008, the temperature at representative central points on floors 1 and 3 exceeded +25 °C for only 4 hours, and the CO 2 concentration exceeded 700 ppm for only 3 hours, with peaks below 800 ppm.

The quality of the microclimate in a building located in Greece

Typical air temperatures in summer period in office premises are +27.5 ... +28.5 °С. The number of hours with temperatures above +30°C was minimal. Even at extreme outside temperatures (above +41°C), the temperature of the inside air was constant and remained at least 10°C lower than the outside temperature. In the summer months of 2007, the average temperature in the areas of the most dense accommodation of employees (up to 5 m 2 per person) was in the range of +24.1 ... +27.7 ° C in June, +24.5 ... +28, 1 °С in July and +25.1...+28.1 °С in August; all these values ​​are within the range of thermal comfort.

Throughout the observation period (April 2007 - March 2008) maximum CO 2 concentrations above 1,000 ppm were recorded in many of the most densely occupied areas. CO 2 concentrations exceeded 1,000 ppm at 57% of observed points in June and July, at 38% of offices in August, 42% in September, at 54% in October, at 69% in November, at 58% in December and 65% in January. Among all office premises, the highest concentration of CO 2 was noted in offices with the highest density of users. However, even in these areas, the average CO 2 concentration was in the range of 600–800 ppm and met ASHRAE standards (maximum 1,000 ppm for 8 continuous hours).

Subjective assessment of the quality of the microclimate by employees

In a building located in Finland, most of the rooms are not equipped with individual temperature control. The level of satisfaction with the air temperature was practically expected for offices without personal controls. Satisfaction with the overall microclimate, indoor air quality and lighting was high.

In a building located in Greece, most of the employees were not satisfied with the temperature and ventilation in the workplace, but were more satisfied with the lighting (natural and artificial) and the noise level.

Despite the identified problems with temperature and air quality (ventilation), most people positively assessed the quality of the indoor microclimate.

The building in the UK is characterized high level satisfaction with the quality of the indoor microclimate in the summer. Thermal comfort in winter was rated as low, possibly indicating draft problems in a naturally ventilated building. As in Finland, the level of satisfaction with acoustic comfort was low.

Table 3 Subjective quality assessment indoor microclimate according to employee surveys

Finland Greece United Kingdom Summer Winter Summer Winter The share of employees who are satisfied with the overall quality of the indoor climate, % 86 91 73 82 69 Share of employees satisfied with the overall quality of thermal comfort, % 73 76 43 77 61 Share of employees satisfied with indoor air quality, % 82 90 42 93 90 Share of employees satisfied with the quality of acoustic comfort, % 59 57 68 51 65 Share of employees satisfied with lighting quality, % 95 95 82 97 90

findings

The results of studies of three buildings show that employees are more satisfied with the quality of the microclimate in the summer in a building with natural ventilation without cooling (Great Britain) than with the quality of the microclimate in an office equipped with a central air conditioning system with high ventilation air exchange values ​​(10.8 m 3 /m 2 ) and low employee density (Finland). At the same time, in a building in Finland, according to measurements, the quality of the indoor microclimate is excellent.

Air flow rates and draft levels were low and the indoor climate was rated as the highest category according to EN 15251:2007. Considering these measurements, it is surprising that the user satisfaction rate is below 80%. In part, these results can be explained by the very low level of satisfaction with acoustic comfort. It is likely that some users do not feel comfortable in large office spaces, and the lack of individual temperature control may increase dissatisfaction with thermal comfort.

The results of the studies showed that in representative buildings, increased ventilation air exchange does not have a significant impact on energy efficiency: the thermal energy consumption in a building located in Finland was lower than in a building in the UK. This observation demonstrates the efficiency of utilization (recuperation) of the heat of ventilation air. On the other hand, the results studies show that a significant share of energy consumption is not the cost of thermal energy for heating and cooling, but electrical energy for cooling, lighting and other needs. The best metering and optimization of energy consumption is implemented in a building located in Greece, which indicates the need for more careful study of projects in terms of power supply. As a priority measure, it is advisable to improve the quality of electricity consumption metering.

Reprinted with abridgements from the REHVA journal.

Scientific editing was performed by the vice-president of NP "AVOK" E. O. Shilkrot.

All technologies provide for compliance with certain rules for the installation of appropriate equipment.

Basic principles of ventilation installation

For a private house, the arrangement is typical natural ventilation. This system provides for the installation of a vertical channel passing through each floor of the house. At all levels, an entrance window is installed through which air masses enter the building, rise and go outside. In this case, the thrust depends on the following factors:

• wind forces;
• channel parameters;
• properties of the material from which the channel is made.

To reduce heat loss in winter time, the owners of private houses increase the cost of heating their homes. Existing channels are not able to provide the necessary air exchange in the rooms. The rules for arranging natural ventilation provide for self-ventilation of rooms. To solve the problem with the appearance of condensate, forced systems are installed. The method of their installation depends on the type of mounted units.

The rules for installing simple mechanical air exchange are to install fans in the appropriate ducts. They are installed in the attic. In a similar way, exhaust system. Special valves are mounted in windows and walls, the task of which is to open the fans during operation and ensure the flow of air masses from the street. The control of such ventilation is automatic. Communications are hidden in the walls. Installation of ventilation is easily done by hand. The rules for arranging such a system are in the optimal location of the channels for the outflow of air masses.

It is presented in the form of a complex structure, which provides for the installation of special equipment and instruments. Her tasks include:

• hood;
• inflow fresh air;
• air mass recovery.

The installation of such a system will ensure a regular supply of fresh air and the removal of old air from the premises. If forced ventilation is installed in the house, then its dimensions depend on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building, the volume of air, and the number of floors. The installation rules for this design are to install special equipment in a small room or in technical room. Modern system does not involve the dismantling of the wall. The air duct is assembled as a constructor. Its installation is carried out on a wall or behind a false ceiling.

To tasks air handling unit includes exhaust, filtration, heating and fresh air supply. The structure is sold in ready-made. For a private house, you will need to buy a system with a volume of 150-600 m³ / h. From a constructive point of view, the unit is presented in the form of filters, fans, a thermostat, a heat exchanger. The heater, which is part of the device in question, turns on independently. Its task is to prevent freezing of the system installed in the attic.

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Supply and exhaust ventilation

The rules for arranging this ventilation allow the installation of equipment to the ceiling or to the wall. For this, brackets are used. The main thing is to ensure the removal of condensate. Filters are installed on the side. It is recommended to mount the structure on a steel frame or on concrete base. Exhaust and supply lines are mounted to the unit and lead out through the roof. A special stainless cap is placed on top. Air ducts can be installed horizontally in the attic, vertically in the corner of the room or in the ceiling. Modern designs can be controlled via the internet.

To install ventilation in the house, you will need to make some calculations (section, number of air ducts). To do this, use the table of the frequency of air exchange. This takes into account the number of people living in the house. To calculate the performance of the system, the data is summarized. For the arrangement of ventilation, polyurethane, polypropylene and other pipes are used. To arrange turns, branches and joints, couplings, tees and other elements are used.

If an air duct with a small cross section is being installed, then ordinary clamps are used as fasteners. If this parameter exceeds 30 cm, then planks and studs are used. For short air ducts, 1 fastening is used for 1 section. For heavy structures, fasteners are used, which are installed in 1.3 cm increments.

The efficiency of air exchange depends on the cross-section of the pipe, the number of turns and bends.

The installation of the system is carried out taking into account the type of structure to be installed. Natural ventilation is characterized by the presence of exhaust valves. They are mounted in the pantry and utility room, in the kitchen. Each valve is equipped with a damper and a grate, which allow you to independently adjust the level of inflow and outflow of air masses. Experts recommend optimizing traction and efficient work ventilation by installing exhaust elements below the ceiling (20 cm). In this case, installation exhaust fans and supply units, which can be bought ready-made. Air supply is carried out with the help of air ducts.

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Forced supply system

To provide the house with fresh air, a supply structure is equipped. It provides for the forced entry of air masses. The system consists of fans, which are installed within the walls of the building. The grilles are designed to take in air, which enters the electric heater, and then into the air ducts. In summer, air enters immediately into the last element of the system through a special filter.

Silencers are being installed. If the technology for arranging the supply system provides for the installation of modern fans, then the last unit is not installed. The following units are installed in the rooms of the house:

• gratings;
• check valve;
• filter;
• air ducts;
• heater.

The system under consideration is controlled automatically. Such ventilation is arranged in the office, bedroom and other "clean" areas of the house. When choosing silent fan It is recommended to buy Spanish and German products. Each system provides for the installation of valves designed for the inflow / outflow of air masses. For their manufacture, aluminum, steel or plastic are used.

The physical health and performance of a person directly depends on the conditions of the atmosphere of the room. Therefore, it is very important that the atmosphere in the room is fresh, with comfortable temperature and moderate humidity. All the tasks of creating a comfortable microclimate for a person are solved by ventilation.

But as far as industrial facilities, with unhealthy working conditions, then standard ventilation and air conditioning systems are unable to provide a comfortable atmosphere. Technological ventilation is used at such enterprises.

What is process ventilation?

Technological ventilation is the process of providing industrial building specially specified composition of air masses, with certain:

• temperature;
• humidity;
• circulation speed.

These indicators must comply with the established standards of a particular technological process.

Also, the task of such a ventilation system is a sufficient output of exhaust air masses.

Industrial or technological?

Industrial ventilation is, in fact, technological ventilation of an industrial building with air filtration by cyclones, local suction of aggressive and harmful gases.

Substances that are formed in the course of work at industrial and technical enterprises:

• Gas-steam emissions, including toxic substances;
• Emission of dust;
• Emission of smoke - the smallest solid particles are emitted, which subsequently freely hover in the air;
• Heat release;
• Moisture release, etc.

Applications

Technological ventilation is often used for:

• hot shops;
• "Clean" premises;
• Various production lines;
• pools;
• Printing houses.

Pretty common:

In the pools

When calculating the ventilation system in the pool, the main indicators are the humidity and air temperature in the building (according to SNiP, it should be 2 degrees Celsius higher than the water temperature).

At high humidity levels, condensation collects on the ceiling and walls of the room.

When calculating the ventilation system in buildings of this type, the main parameters are:

• building area;
• The area of ​​the mirrors of the pool;
• Building height;
• The number of people swimming at the same time;
• And some others.

If the incoming air masses need to be further processed - “dry”, then in supply system a special dehumidifier is installed.

in hot shops

To eliminate odors, fumes and steam that are released during cooking and maintain comfortable temperature conditions, technological industrial ventilation is installed.

The calculation of the system is based on the equipment of the room:

• Gas (electric) stoves;
• Furnaces;
• fryers;
• Other equipment.

Exhaust technological ventilation in such buildings has some features, which consist in the fact that the exhaust air masses are removed through umbrellas. Such systems can be not only for the removal of exhaust air masses from the premises, but also for supply and exhaust. This makes it possible to control the temperature in the workshop.

Umbrellas for ventilation of hot shops, as a rule, are equipped with grease filters, flame arresters (in places where access to fire or coals is open).

Since there is a significant air consumption in hot production rooms, it would be advisable to install equipment for heat recovery in ventilation.

In "clean" rooms

It is used for rooms where air purity plays the role of a critical parameter. A fairly common example of such a room is an operating medical unit.

For such institutions, special "medical" installations are used. The body of this equipment is made of stainless steel. For deeper air filtration, filters of high purification classes are used.

The air duct system of such premises is made of stainless steel. It provides antibacterial sections, which are equipped with disinfecting ultraviolet lamps.

At the end of the duct, before entering the room, it is equipped with HEPA filters. They prevent the penetration of bacteria and the smallest dust particles.

In addition to medical facilities, such systems are installed in high-precision production, for example: in the production of electronic components, the pharmaceutical industry, and so on.

Accordingly, for the installation, commissioning and operation of such systems, maintenance personnel must have special training.

Commissioning and service of ventilation and air conditioning systems from a smartphone

Commissioning is the final and extremely important stage of work before the delivery of engineering systems to the customer. Both designers of engineering systems and installers are interested in objective quality control of the work performed, who need to confirm the correctness of the installation and the calculated design characteristics of these systems. During commissioning, special attention should be paid to the choice of instruments that will not only provide accurate measurement data, but also ensure the convenience of taking measurements with subsequent documentation of the results.

Today, in the conditions of increased demands of customers and growing competition, the availability of accurate and convenient tools for working with engineering systems- an indispensable condition. Modern world already inextricably interacts with "smart" technology, which makes it possible to conveniently compare, record and transfer measurement data over the Internet, increase efficiency and ensure ease of use. In this review, we will introduce the reader to the latest technologies in the field of measurements, which "close" the issues that often arise during commissioning and maintenance of air conditioning and ventilation systems.

In the process of commissioning a ventilation system, a service engineer often faces the task of measuring the speed, volumetric air flow and its temperature in the ventilation ducts, as well as adjusting the air flow to the required design parameters. In this situation, there are inconveniences associated with the fact that the measurement point and the points of adjustment of the air flow, such as iris valves, throttle dampers and gates, are at a considerable distance from each other. In some cases, this distance can be up to 20 m. In this regard, measuring and simultaneously adjusting the air flow in the duct for one technician seems to be an impossible task, provided that standard tools are used.

Thanks to new technologies, the simultaneous implementation of many work processes has become possible. In instrumentation, the turning point was the use of wireless modules in instrument development. Innovations such as remote control instruments and wireless data transmission for reporting, open up to technicians whole line new features and make the job much easier. A striking example of equipment using the latest technologies in solving problems of commissioning and diagnostics is testo smart probes (from the English SmartProbes). There are eight instruments in the range: testo 405i, testo 410i, testo 510i, testo 115i, testo 549i, testo 610i, testo 805i and testo 905i.

In this situation, the testo 405i heated wire anemometer smart probe comes to the rescue, as it measures air velocity, temperature and air volume flow. The measured values ​​are transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth to a special mobile application installed on a smartphone or tablet. Thanks to the mobile device's graphical display and intuitive operation, viewing measurement data and using numerous functions is much more convenient. As a result, one service engineer gets the opportunity to measure the flow rate, volumetric flow and air temperatures at a specific point, easily set the geometry and dimensions cross section air ducts to determine the volume flow and in parallel to adjust the air flow rate to the required values. In addition, the Smart Probe Hot String Anemometer offers a tangible convenience when working in ducts thanks to the telescopic probe tube with a maximum length of 400 mm.

During the commissioning of ventilation systems in large buildings, the problem often arises of balancing the volume flow on various supply and exhaust ventilation grilles. In addition, it is necessary to measure the air exchange rate by the sum of several gratings located in the same room.

The vane anemometer smart probe can solve all these problems, with which you can measure the speed and temperature of the air on the ventilation grilles, as well as calculate the volumetric air flow in real time. Measurement data is transmitted via Bluetooth to a mobile application installed on a tablet or smartphone. The mobile app calculates the volumetric airflow using the entered dimensions of the ventilation grille and displays its values ​​in parallel with the measured speed and temperature data on the smartphone/tablet screen. The mobile application allows you to quickly calculate the total flow rate of the volumetric flow rate on different grilles in the same room for convenient balancing of the ventilation system.

In ventilation systems modern buildings filters are installed to remove impurities and contaminants in the air. Service engineers are faced with the task of determining the residual life of air filters. This task can be solved with the smart probe of the testo 510i differential pressure gauge.

The manometer checks the pressure drop in the ventilation duct before and after the filter. The measured values ​​are transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth to a mobile application installed on a smartphone or tablet. Based on the measured values, the degree of contamination of the filters is determined in accordance with the recommendations of the filter manufacturer. With the help of a differential pressure smart probe and a Pitot tube connected to it, it is possible to measure the flow and volume flow in ducts with high air velocity (from 2 to 60 m/s), in aspiration systems and in ducts for dehumidification systems, where the air temperature above 70 °C.

Service engineers are constantly faced with the challenges of testing the performance of extensive air conditioning systems. A set of smart probes for refrigeration systems. The set consists of two smart probes of pressure gauges high pressure up to 60 bar, two smart thermometer probes for pipes (clamps) with a diameter of 6 to 35 mm and a compact case measuring 250 X 180 X 70 mm for carrying and storing them. All smart probes have a built-in Bluetooth low energy module, which allows connection with a mobile device at a distance of up to 20 m. A special application created for smartphones and tablets is able to simultaneously transmit measurement data from four smart probes of the refrigeration kit.

Measurements from smart probes are sent to the mobile device at a frequency of once per second and can be displayed as a graph or table. The application's memory contains 60 of the most common refrigerants. The list can easily be updated with new refrigerants as they become available.

To check the performance of air conditioning systems, you need to connect smart probes, pressure gauges and thermometers to pipes of high and low pressure air conditioning systems. The most important "steam superheat" and "liquid subcooling" parameters are automatically calculated based on surface temperature data from connected pipe thermometers and high and low pressure measurements, as well as the refrigerant technical parameters stored in the application's memory. Using the data obtained from the refrigeration cycle, it is possible to diagnose the health of the system as a whole and even to determine the faulty component with a high degree of accuracy.

The Testo Smart Probes mobile app used for smart probes is free. It can be installed independently on Android-based mobile devices from Google PlayMarket, and from the AppStore for iOS-based mobile devices. To ensure communication on mobile device Bluetooth 4.0 (LowEnergy) module must be installed with versions operating systems no older than Android 4.3 and iOS 8.3.

Using the application, you can receive data from any type of smart probes at a distance of up to 20 m. The application can support the simultaneous connection of up to six any testo smart probes, take long-term measurements, log measurement data in the form of a graph or table values, save the final measurement report in Excel and PDF formats, attach photos of the measurement site and the company logo to it and send it by e-mail. Now, thanks to the use of wireless communication between instruments and mobile application, there is additional convenience when taking measurements, since it is possible to obtain measurement data, being far enough from the measurement site and without using additional hoses and wires.

So, "smart greenhouse"- this is, first of all, an automated design that allows you to work with the lowest physical costs. The more autonomous functions this structure will perform, the less labor and time will have to be spent on processing and caring for the crop.

Choosing or collecting automatic greenhouse with your own hands, you need to clearly understand what results can be expected from this system.

There are the following modern technologies for greenhouses:

• automatic drip ;
• air temperature maintenance system;
• automated alignment and;
• thermal insulation and heating;
• low pressure fogging system for greenhouses.

Heat storage

The first thing they install for is warmly. Supporting optimal temperature soil and air, you can achieve productivity in the cold or too hot season.

You can heat the building using electric heaters.

Alternatively, it can be equipped heat-insulating material for better heat storage (bubble wrap, double glass, heat shields, wood).

When insulating a greenhouse, do not forget that heat can “escape” through cracked glass or ventilation openings and vents.

Warming, cost-effective use solar energy , due to which you can achieve additional insulation and heating.

It is possible to accumulate heat energy with the help of pipes installed under the roof of the greenhouse, working on reverse direction fans.

Air ventilation and ventilation

To control the air temperature, you can use ventilation systems greenhouses. Many plants need not only heated, but also cooling and a regular supply of fresh air. Autonomous systems can be equipped with automatic opening and closing of vents, working with the help of electrical systems or a thermal drive.

Hydraulic systems do not require electricity and are often used for small greenhouses. Reacting to temperature changes, the device smoothly adjusts the thermometer readings. Comfortable temperature regime possible to support using curtain system in greenhouses.

In the winter season, such a greenhouse machine helps to keep warm, and in the heat it protects the crop from overheating. Shading net helps to ventilate the air while throwing out unnecessary hot air. The opening and closing of the grid is controlled by an electric motor.

Thermal shields divided depending on the modifications:

• energy saving. Provides temperature protection. Used in regions with predominantly cool climatic conditions;
• shading. The foil used in production creates a reflective effect, thereby preventing the penetration of unfavorable hot air;
• combined. Includes energy saving and shading effect, used in hot regions;
• dimming. Used to grow shade-loving seedlings, has a 100% shadow effect;
• retroreflective. It is used in greenhouses with artificial lighting. It has heat and moisture permeability.

Thermal screen- Another type of curtain system. It is possible to adjust the position of the screen using an automated microclimate system. There are two types of shading:

• lateral;
• vertical.

Curtain mechanism set, taking into account the weather conditions necessary for plants. The movement of the mechanism occurs due to rack and pinion or steel cables.

Ventilation technology in :

Irrigation system

The next step in greenhouse automation will be irrigation system. Humidification and watering is necessary for plants no less than air or lighting. You can automate irrigation using devices that can control the volume, pressure and time of irrigation. Today, an intrasoil and rain irrigation system is in demand.

1. drip system supplies water to the roots of plants, spending a minimum amount of water. By the way, this can be done by hand.
2. subsoil system involves the flow of moisture directly to the roots of plants, preserving the structure of the soil and maintaining an optimal level of moisture (for example, using).
3. rain system works with the help of irrigation nozzles equipped at the top of the greenhouse. This is the simplest and most evenly moisturizing design.

Lighting Options

The next thing you need for an automatic polycarbonate greenhouse is lighting. After all, plants need a lot of light, especially during the period of intensive growth, and in the summer, on the contrary, they need shading.

When planning the design of a greenhouse, it is necessary to take into account the variety of crops grown, for example, tropical plants need much more light and therefore you can only additionally illuminate half of the greenhouse. Artificial lighting is easily adjustable, and you can highlight the culture directly in the radius of its cultivation.

Fluorescent, gas-discharge lamps are used for lighting.

For germination of seedlings, as well as additional lighting in winter or at night, fluorescent lamps are used that work on the principle of daylight.

AT industrial scale gas-discharge lamps (mercury, metal halide) are used in agro-greenhouses.

The most popular option is LED lamps, which have an unlimited service life and maximum safety. Conduct lighting in the greenhouse you can do it yourself.

As you can see, it's easy to do automatic greenhouse with your own hands, it is enough to think over the ideal location.

The supply of electricity implies replenishment from a switchboard or other source of electricity, so it is necessary to consider the most convenient distance from the greenhouse to energy source from which the recharge will occur. The same applies to the irrigation system, which directly depends on the water supply.

Benefits of Automation

Usage automatic system for greenhouses make it possible to significantly facilitate work on your garden plot and increase productivity up to several times. By installing an automatic machine for a greenhouse with your own hands, it is achievable to create favorable conditions for the development and growth of plants without human intervention.

Autonomous irrigation systems will allow to save time spent on irrigation, especially on summer cottages when watering is required even on weekdays. The amount of water and fertilizer used is also significantly reduced. Lighting and heating allow all year round grow vegetables and herbs in greenhouses.

Now you know all about greenhouse automation with your own hands. By installing a greenhouse control system, labor costs are reduced several times, which means that garden plot is not only a place for physical work, but also a place where you can enjoy relaxation and unity with nature!