Hygiene is the science of health about creating conditions. Hygienic norms of a lesson of physical culture Abilities are

29.09.2021

A test for assessing the level of knowledge for students under the program Pasechnik V.V. (textbook 8th grade. Biology. Man. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N.) in the USE format is carried out at the end of the course at 8 class. The test work consists of three parts: tasks with a choice of answers - part A (20 tasks), tasks with a short answer - part B (5 tasks) and tasks with a detailed answer - part C (3 tasks).

Download:

Preview:

When compiling the tests, the following literature was used:

Biology. 8-11 grades. Man and his health. Preparation for the exam and GIA-9. Thematic tests, training tasks: teaching aid / Kirilenko A.A. – Rostov n/a: Legion, 2013
GIA - 2014: Exam in a new form: Biology: Grade 9: Training options for examination papers for the state final certification in a new form / ed. V.S. Rokhlov (and others) - Moscow: AST: Astrel, 2014. FIPI.
Didactic material on anatomy, physiology and hygiene. A manual for biology teachers and students. / Authors: Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S. - Moscow. "RAUB" 1995.

Option 1

Part A.

A1. The science that studies the processes of life in living organisms:

A) anatomy b) genetics c) physiology d) psychology

A2. Select the similarities between humans and mammals:

a) the presence of the auricle b) upright posture c) the cerebral part of the skull prevails over the facial d) speech as a means of communication

A3. What kind of cellular structure are we talking about: transfers information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus d) cell center

A4. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

a) bones and muscles b) muscles and tendons c) muscles d) bones

A5. Blood refers to tissues:

a) nervous b) muscular c) connective d) epithelial

A6. What is the function of platelets?

a) carry oxygen b) destroy microbes c) produce antibodies d) participate in blood clotting

A7. With arterial bleeding

a) bright scarlet color, flows out in a pulsating stream b) cherry color, flows out in an even stream c) bright scarlet color, flows out evenly, without jerks d) cherry color, flows out in a pulsating stream

A8. Disease of the respiratory system that is not transmitted by airborne droplets:

A) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) decompression sickness d) influenza

A9. In the digestive tract, proteins are broken down into

a) amino acids b) nucleotides c) glucose d) glycerol

A10) Hypofunction of the pituitary gland:

A) dwarfism b) Graves' disease c) hypoglycemia d) myxedema

A11. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is

a) cortex b) renal pelvis c) medulla d) nephron

A12. The nervous system does not perform the function:

a) transport of nutrients b) nervous regulation c) connection of the organism with the external environment D) coordinated activity of organs

A13. Damage to the sensory nerves in the fingers causes a person to

a) will not be able to voluntarily move the fingers b) will not be able to clench the hand into a fist

c) will not feel the touch of a cold object d) will not be able to hold the object with his hand

A14. Responsible for coordination of movements

a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) diencephalon d) midbrain

A15. What part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses the rays of light, has accommodation?

A) retina b) pupil c) vitreous body d) lens

A16. The eardrum is located

a) on the border between the middle and inner ear b) between the anvil and the stirrup

c) between the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus d) on the border between the outer and middle ear

A17. Choose the reasons that interfere with falling asleep:

A) daily routine b) familiar environment c) feeling of hunger d) fatigue

A18. The secretion of saliva when food enters the mouth is an example

a) conditioned reflex b) unconditioned reflex c) elementary rational activity c) inhibition

A19. How can you not get AIDS?

A) airborne droplets b) blood transfusion c) breastfeeding d) sexual contact

A20. The bile enters

a) duodenum b) stomach c) esophagus d) caecum

Part B.

IN 1. Determine the systematic position of man as a biological species by arranging the taxa in the correct sequence, starting with the type.

A) Man B) Homo sapiens C) Placental D) Mammals E) Humans

E) Vertebrates G) Chordates H) Primates

IN 2. Choose three correct answers from the six given

Erythrocytes are blood cells

1) spherical shape 2) disc-shaped 3) multinuclear 4) containing hemoglobin 5) living on average up to 100-120 days 6) participating in blood coagulation

B3. Set the correct sequence of biological processes, phenomena, practical actions.

Establish the sequence of stages of digestion.

A) mechanical processing of food in the oral cavity

B) the breakdown of carbohydrates under the action of salivary enzymes

C) mixing food with gastric juice

D) the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats to elemental organic compounds

D) removing undigested food from the body

E) absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

Part C.

C1. The man's ears are blocked. What needs to be done and why?

C2. Explain why when the temperature drops, a person trembles and his skin becomes "goose bumps".

C3 . The human heart is located in the pericardial sac. This is a densely woven formation. The walls of the bag secrete a fluid that moisturizes the heart. What role does she play?

Final control work in biology Grade 8

Option 2

Part A.

A1 The science of creating conditions conducive to maintaining a person's health, the proper organization of his work and rest:

A) ecology b) hygiene c) embryology d) cytology

A2. Select the features of the difference between humans and mammals:

a) lower jaw with protruding chin b) division of teeth c) auricle d) feeding of young with milk

A3. What is the function of the cell membrane?

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and intercellular substance d) self-purification of the cell

A4. The walls of internal organs are made up of muscle tissue:

A) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac c) striated

A5. The anterior transparent part of the albuginea (sclera) is:

a) iris b) vitreous body c) eye socket d) cornea

A6. An adult's teeth

a) 12 b) 24 c) 32 d) 46

A7. The main organ of the excretory system is (are)

a) Bladder b) Kidneys c) Urinary canal d) Ureters

A8. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stirrup and hammer b) anvil and stirrup

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and anvil

d) hammer, anvil and stirrup

A9. Nerve cells are called:

a) axons b) neurons c) dendrites d) synapses

A10. Coordination of voluntary movements, maintaining the position of the body in space, regulation of muscle tone and balance are the functions of:

a) forebrain b) medulla oblongata

C) cerebellum d) midbrain

A11. The ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses that arise in itself:

A) irritability b) cardiac cycle c) automaticity d) blood supply

A12. The internal environment of the body is formed by:

a) blood and lymph b) tissue fluid and blood c) lymph and tissue fluid

d) tissue fluid, blood and lymph

A13. Gas exchange takes place in:

a) larynx b) nasopharynx c) lungs d) bronchi

A14. Biological catalysts, under the action of which the breakdown of food occurs, are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

A15. Lack of which vitamin in the body causes scurvy:

a) A b) C 1 c) C d) D

A16. What is the name of the reservoir in the kidney that collects urine?

a) bladder b) renal pelvis c) renal calyx d) ureter

A17. Diabetes mellitus develops when there is insufficient production of the hormone:

a) insulin b) growth c) norepinephrine d) adrenaline

A18. Pancreatic juice is secreted into

a) duodenum b) stomach

c) esophagus d) intestines

A19. The vestibular apparatus is located in

A20. The visual area is located in …. lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

A) temporal b) occipital c) frontal d) parietal

Part B

IN 1. Establish the sequence of bones in the skeleton of the upper limb, starting with the phalanges of the fingers

A) phalanges of the fingers B) humerus C) radius D) wrist E) ulna

E) metacarpus

IN 2. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

IN 3. Match

Features of digestion

A) mechanical processing of food occurs 1) oral cavity

B) incomplete breakdown of proteins occurs 2) stomach

C) incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates occurs

D) the food bolus turns into a semi-liquid slurry

D) enzymes are active in a slightly alkaline environment

E) enzymes are active in an acidic environment

AT 4. Choose three correct answers from the six given

Leukocytes are blood cells that

protect the body from pathogens
carry oxygen
have a core
formed in red bone marrow
formed in the yellow bone marrow
involved in blood clotting

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the types of reflexes and their features. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

Part C

C1 . Explain why a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood (anemia) causes weakness and dizziness.

C2. What are the functions of human skin? Specify at least 4 functions.

C3. Why are gastrointestinal infections called "dirty hand diseases"? What is their prevention?

Final control work in biology Grade 8

Option 3

Part A.

A1. What science studies the external and internal structure of the human body and its features: height, weight, body proportions?

a) anatomy b) valeology c) hygiene d) physiology

A2. Modern people are

a) Australopithecus b) Cro-Magnon c) Neanderthal d) Pithecanthropus

A3. Movably interconnected ... .. bones

a) tibia tibia and tibia b) femur and pelvis

c) ulnar and radial d) parietal and temporal

A4. The central nervous system is formed

a) brain and spinal cord b) neurons and processes

c) nerves and ganglions d) spinal and cranial nerves

A5. After what disease is a stable immunity developed?

a) sore throats b) bronchitis c) chickenpox d) influenza

A6. Blood does NOT transport

a) hormones b) nutrients c) metabolic products d) enzymes

A7. The systemic circulation ends at

a) left ventricle b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) right atrium

A8. The funnel-shaped respiratory organ, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that react to solid, liquid and gaseous substances, is

a) bronchi b) pharynx c) larynx d) trachea

A9. The main excretory organs are

a) lungs b) ureters c) sweat glands d) kidneys

A10. As a result of reabsorption (reabsorption),

a) secondary urine b) lymph c) primary urine d) tissue fluid

A11. Does NOT apply to the optical system of the eye

a) ciliary body b) cornea c) vitreous body d) lens

A12. The most important factor influencing human health is

a) medical and social assistance b) heredity c) lifestyle

d) environment

A13. Sometimes a child tired during the day suddenly starts jumping, laughing, acting up, as he develops in the cerebral cortex ... .. inhibition.

a) external b) transcendent c) constant d) conditional

A14. The section of the digestive system in which cavitary and parietal digestion occurs is

a) stomach b) duodenum c) large intestine d) small intestine

A15. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

A16. In humans, male sex cells are produced in

a) prostate gland b) testicles

C) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

A17. Lack of physical activity is

a) hypoglycemia b) hypodynamia c) hypokinesia d) hypoxia

A18. Dirty hands disease includes:

a) influenza b) dysentery c) AIDS d) angina pectoris

A19. For the prevention of helminthiasis, it is necessary

a) avoid contact with patients b) observe a diet

c) wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly

d) eat canned food

a) bronchus b) larynx c) trachea d) pharynx

Part B

IN 1. Establish a sequence of actions for first aid in case of loss of consciousness.

1) raise your legs

2) put the victim on his back

3) press with your index finger at a point near the nasal septum

4) unbutton the collar of the clothes, loosen the belt

5) call an ambulance

6) bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to the nose

IN 2. Specify the features characteristic of arteries. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

1) thick walls 2) minimum speed

3) the total cross-sectional area is small

4) blood pressure is low 5) single-layer walls

6) blood pressure is high

IN 3. Establish a correspondence between blood cells and their features

AT 4. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

Reflexes are unconditional.

congenital
manifested in response to well-defined external stimuli
partially or completely disappearing over time
acquired in the course of life
constant and not fading during life
for the formation of which two stimuli are needed

Q5. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

The urinary system includes:

1) liver 2) kidneys 3) spleen 4) ureters

5) bladder 6) pancreas

Part C

C1. What should be done to prevent airborne diseases?

C2 . If diphtheria microbes are added to a test tube with the blood of a person who has had diphtheria, they will die, but if they are added to the blood of a person who has not had this disease, this will not happen. Why?

C3 . What are the functions of the human circulatory system? Specify at least 4 functions.

Option 1

Part 1.

1. The science that studies the processes of life in living organisms:

2. Select the similarities between humans and mammals:

a) the presence of the auricle b) upright posture c) the cerebral part of the skull prevails over the facial d) speech as a means of communication

4. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

5. Blood refers to tissues:

7. With arterial bleeding, blood

8. Disease of the respiratory system, not transmitted by airborne droplets:

a) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) AIDS d) influenza

9. In the digestive tract, proteins are broken down to

10) Hypofunction of the pituitary gland:

a) dwarfism b) Graves' disease c) hypoglycemia d) myxedema

11. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is

a) cortex b) renal pelvis c) medulla d) nephron

12. The nervous system does not perform the function:

13. Responsible for coordination of movements

a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) diencephalon d) midbrain

14. What part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses the rays of light, has accommodation?

15. The eardrum is located

a) on the border between the middle and inner ear b) between the anvil and the stirrup

c) between the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus d) on the border between the outer and middle ear

16. Salivation when food enters the mouth is an example

a) conditioned reflex b) unconditioned reflex c) elementary rational activity c) inhibition

17. How not to get AIDS:

18. Bile enters

19. Choose three correct answers from the six offered

Erythrocytes are blood cells

1) spherical shape 2) disc-shaped 3) multinuclear 4) containing hemoglobin 5) living on average up to 100-120 days 6) participating in blood coagulation

20. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

BODIES

A) liver

B) heart

B) duodenum

D) esophagus

D) lungs

E) trachea

LOCATION

chest cavity

abdomen

BUT

21. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

PECULIARITIES

A) an air-filled cavity containing the auditory ossicles

B) picks up and conducts sounds

C) reduces the amplitude and increases the strength of the sound by 20 times

D) located in the temporal bone, consists of the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals

D) a cavity filled with liquid

E) represented by the auricle, auditory canal and tympanic membrane

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ORGANS OF HEARING

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear

PartII

22. What is the purpose of measuring a person's pulse?

Biology test Grade 8

Option 2

PartI .

1. The science of creating conditions favorable for maintaining a person's health, on the correct organization of his work and rest:

a) ecology b) hygiene c) embryology d) cytology

2. Select the features of the difference between humans and mammals:

a) lower jaw with protruding chin b) division of teeth c) auricle d) feeding of young with milk

3. What is the function of the cell membrane:

4. The walls of the internal organs are composed of muscle tissue:

a) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac c) striated

5. The anterior transparent part of the albuginea (sclera) is:

6. Adult teeth

a) 12 b) 24 c) 32 d) 46

7. The main organ of the excretory system is (are)

a) Bladder b) Kidneys c) Urinary canal d) Ureters

8. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

9. Nerve cells are called:

12. The internal environment of the body is formed by:

a) blood and lymph b) tissue fluid and blood c) lymph and tissue fluid

d) tissue fluid, blood and lymph

13. Gas exchange occurs in:

a) larynx b) nasopharynx c) lungs d) bronchi

14. Biological catalysts, under the action of which the breakdown of food occurs, are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

15. Lack of which vitamin in the body causes the disease "scurvy":

a) A b) C 1 c) C d) D

16. What is the name of the reservoir in the kidney that collects urine?

a) bladder b) renal pelvis c) renal calyx d) ureter

17. Diabetes mellitus develops with insufficient production of the hormone:

a) insulin b) growth c) norepinephrine d) adrenaline

18. Pancreatic juice is secreted into

a) duodenum b) stomach

c) esophagus d) intestines

19. Match

Features of digestion

A) mechanical processing of food occurs 1) oral cavity

B) incomplete breakdown of proteins occurs 2) stomach

C) incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates occurs

D) the food bolus turns into a semi-liquid slurry

D) enzymes are active in a slightly alkaline environment

E) enzymes are active in an acidic environment

BUT

20. Choose three correct answers from the six offered

Leukocytes are blood cells that

protect the body from pathogens

carry oxygen

have a core

formed in red bone marrow

formed in the yellow bone marrow

involved in blood clotting

21. Establish a correspondence between the types of reflexes and their features. To do this, for each element of the first column, select a position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

PECULIARITIES

A) are common

B) are present only in certain individuals of the species

B) unstable

D) persistent, do not change during life

D) are inherited

E) are acquired throughout life

TYPES OF REFLEXES

unconditional

conditional

PartII

22. What are the functions of human skin? Specify at least 4 functions.

Biology test Grade 8

Option 3

PartI .

1. What science studies the external and internal structure of the human body and its features: height, weight, body proportions?

a) anatomy b) valeology c) hygiene d) physiology

2. People of the modern type include

3. The central nervous system is formed

4. After what past disease is developed stable immunity

a) sore throats b) bronchitis c) chickenpox d) influenza

5. Blood does NOT transport

6. The systemic circulation ends at

7. The respiratory organ, which looks like a funnel, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that react to solid, liquid and gaseous substances, is

8. The main excretory organs are

a) lungs b) ureters c) sweat glands d) kidneys

9. As a result of reabsorption (reabsorption) is formed

10. Does NOT apply to the optical system of the eye

11. The section of the digestive system in which cavity and parietal digestion occurs is

12. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

13. In humans, male germ cells are formed in

C) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

14. Lack of physical activity is

15. The "disease of dirty hands" includes:

a) influenza b) dysentery c) AIDS d) angina pectoris

16. For the prevention of helminthiasis, it is necessary

a) bronchus b) larynx c) trachea d) pharynx

18. "Night blindness" develops with a lack of vitamin:

a) C b) C c) A d) D

19. The muscle layer is present in the walls

1) arteries

2) veins

3) blood capillaries

4) lymphatic vessels

5) hearts

6) pulmonary alveoli

20. Establish a correspondence between blood cells and their features

Peculiarities

blood cells

A) have an irregular shape

B) produce antibodies

B) platelets are round or oval in shape

D) the nucleus is absent

D) are involved in blood clotting

E) the ability to phagocytosis

1) leukocytes

2) platelets

21. Choose three correct answers from the six offered.

PartII

22. What are the functions of the human circulatory system? Specify at least 4 functions.

Biology test Grade 8

Option 4

PartI

1.The science that studies the processes of life in living organisms:

a) anatomy b) genetics c) physiology d) psychology

2. The vestibular apparatus is located in

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

3. The visual zone is located in .... lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

A) temporal b) occipital c) frontal d) parietal

4. "Beriberi" develops with a lack of vitamin:

a) C b) C c) A d) D

5. The structural and functional unit of the kidneys is:

a) nephron b) axon c) neurono d) synapse

6. What is the function of platelets:

a) carry oxygen b) destroy microbes c) produce antibodies d) participate in blood clotting

7. Blood does NOT transport

a) hormones b) nutrients c) metabolic products d) enzymes

8. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

a) bones and muscles b) muscles and tendons c) muscles d) bones

9. Bile enters

a) duodenum b) stomach c) esophagus d) caecum

10. Biological catalysts, under the action of which the breakdown of food occurs, are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

11. The ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses that arise in itself:

a) irritability b) cardiac cycle c) automaticity d) blood supply

12. As a result of reabsorption (reabsorption) is formed

a) secondary urine b) lymph c) primary urine d) tissue fluid

13. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stirrup and hammer b) anvil and stirrup

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and anvil

d) hammer, anvil and stirrup

14. Howit is forbidden get AIDS:

a) by airborne droplets b) by blood transfusion c) by breastfeeding d) by sexual contact

15. Nerve cells are called:

a) axons b) neurons c) dendrites d) synapses

16. What is the function of the cell membrane:

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and intercellular substance d) self-purification of the cell

17. Does NOT apply to the optical system of the eyes

a) ciliary body b) cornea c) vitreous body d) lens

18. Lack of physical activity is

a) hypoglycemia b) hypodynamia c) hypokinesia d) hypoxia

19. Choose three correct answers from the six offered.

The urinary system includes:

1) liver 2) kidneys 3) spleen 4) ureters

5) bladder 6) pancreas

20. Establish the sequence of bones in the skeleton of the upper limb, starting with the phalanges of the fingers

A) phalanges of the fingers B) humerus C) radius D) wrist E) ulna

E) metacarpus

21. Establish a correspondence between organic substances and their characteristics

A) with complete oxidation of 1 g, 38.9 kJ of energy is formed 1) proteins

B) deposited in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles 2) fats

B) consist of amino acids 3) carbohydrates

D) serve as the main source of energy

D) replenishment occurs when taken with food

E) daily requirement 80 - 150 g

PartII

22. What help should be given to a person with carbon monoxide poisoning?

Biology test Grade 8

Option 5

PartI

1. The science that studies human mental activity the influence of external factors on it and the interaction between individuals is called

a) hygiene b) physiology c) anatomy d) psychology

2. Arterial blood, unlike venous blood: a) bright red, poor in oxygen; c) dark, poor in oxygen b) bright red, rich in oxygen d) dark, rich in oxygen

3. What kind of cellular structure are we talking about: transfers information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus d) cell center

4. Blood refers to tissues:

a) nervous b) muscular c) connective d) epithelial

5. The nervous system does not perform the function:

a) transport of nutrients b) nervous regulation c) connection of the organism with the external environment D) coordinated activity of organs

6. Systemic circulation begins at

a) left ventricle b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) right atrium

7. What part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses the rays of light, has accommodation?

a) retina b) pupil c) vitreous body d) lens

8. . The anterior transparent part of the albuginea (sclera) is:

a) iris b) vitreous body c) eye socket d) cornea

9. For the prevention of helminthiasis, it is necessary

a) avoid contact with patients b) observe a diet

c) wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly

d) eat canned food

10. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stirrup and hammer b) anvil and stirrup

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and anvil

d) hammer, anvil and stirrup

11. The central nervous system is formed

a) brain and spinal cord b) neurons and processes

c) nerves and ganglions d) spinal and cranial nerves

12. . In the digestive tract, carbohydrates are broken down into

a) amino acids b) nucleotides c) glucose d) glycerol

13. "Rickets" develops with a lack of vitamin:

a) C b) C c) A d) D

14. In humans, male germ cells are formed in

a) prostate gland b) testicles

c) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

15. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

16. Modern people are

a) Australopithecus b) Cro-Magnon c) Neanderthal d) Pithecanthropus

17. The section of the digestive system in which cavity and parietal digestion occurs is

a) stomach b) duodenum c) large intestine d) small intestine

18. A respiratory organ that looks like a funnel, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that react to solid, liquid and gaseous substances, is

a) bronchi b) pharynx c) larynx d) trachea

19. . The sympathetic nervous system has the following effects on the circulatory organs

1) lowers blood pressure
2) dilates the blood vessels of the brain
3) reduces the heart rate
4) dilates the blood vessels of skeletal muscles
5) maintains the tone of the intestinal blood vessels
6) increases the amplitude of heart contractions

20. Establish a correspondence between the function and the layer of human skin. For each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second and write the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

FUNCTION SKIN LAYER

A) heat-regulatory 1) epidermis

B) thermal insulation 2) dermis

B) storage 3) subcutaneous adipose tissue

D) respiratory

D) pigment melanin, which protects against UV rays

21. hydrochloric acid in the stomach

1) has a bacteriostatic effect

2) increases the activity of gastric enzymes

3) soften food

4) breaks down proteins

5) activates gastric motility

6) protects the walls of the stomach from self-digestion

PartII

22. Why is it recommended to brush your teeth with toothpastes containing fluoride and calcium?

HYGIENE IS A SCIENCE ABOUT HEALTH, ABOUT CREATING CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH BY HUMANS, ABOUT THE PROPER ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND RECREATION, ABOUT THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES. ITS PURPOSE IS TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF LIFE AND WORK CONDITIONS ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH, PREVENTION OF DISEASES, PROVISION OF OPTIMAL CONDITIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE, PRESERVATION OF ITS HEALTH AND LONGEVITY. HYGIENE IS THE BASIS OF DISEASE PREVENTION.

MEANS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION: HYGIENIC FACTORS, NATURAL FORCES OF NATURE, PHYSICAL EXERCISES. IN THE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION WORK IS CARRIED OUT WITH THE HELP OF A VARIETY OF MEANS AFFECTING THE ORGANISM: - HYGIENIC FACTORS (CORRECT MODE, RATIONAL NUTRITION, HYGIENIC SITUATION, FORMATION OF CULTURAL AND HYGIENIC SKILLS). - NATURAL FORCES OF NATURE (FOR HARDENING AND STRENGTHENING THE BODY). - PHYSICAL EXERCISE.

REGIME OF CHILDREN'S LIFE IS A RATIONAL, CLEAR ALTERNATION OF WAKING, SLEEP, NUTRITION, VARIOUS ACTIVITIES REPEATED DAILY IN A CERTAIN SEQUENCE. WHEN PREPARING THE REGIME, IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: 1. AGE-SPECIFIC FEATURES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY: CHANGES IN THE PERFORMANCE LIMIT OF THE CEREBRAL CORTIC CELLS DETERMINES THE TOTAL NUMBER OF HOURS AND THE DURATION OF SLEEP AND AWAKE SEGMENTS. 2. AGE FEATURES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WORK, WHICH REGULATE THE NUMBER OF FEEDING DURING THE DAY. 3. INDIVIDUAL FEATURES: CHILDREN WITH EXCITABLE AND WEAK NERVOUS SYSTEM NEED TO SLEEP MORE, RELAX MORE. 4. AGE REQUIREMENTS FOR MOVEMENTS. 5. SEASON, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IS A RATIONALLY ORGANIZED NUTRITION - ONE OF THE MAIN SOURCES OF THE EXCHANGE PROCESS, WITHOUT WHICH LIFE FOR THE GROWING IS IMPOSSIBLE. NUTRITION IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT AS IT ENSURES THE NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALL TISSUES. ALL DIVISIONS FROM THE NORM IN NUTRITION QUICKLY AFFECT THE LIFE OF THE CHILDREN'S ORGANISM. CREATING A SANITARY AND HYGIENIC ENVIRONMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EXISTING REGULATIONS IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT CONDITION FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION

THIS INCLUDES MAINTAINING CLEAN AND ORDER IN THE ROOM AND ON THE SITE, COMPLIANCE WITH THE OPTIMUM LIGHT, AIR AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES IN THE ROOM, AS WELL AS THE CLOTHING HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS. E LESS IMPORTANT H CREATION OF THE NECESSARY MATERIAL ENVIRONMENT: RATIONAL LAYOUT OF THE PREMISES AND PLOT, PROVISION OF FURNITURE AND FITNESS EQUIPMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AGE OF CHILDREN.

HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPORTS FACILITIES SPORTS FACILITIES MUST MEET THE ESTABLISHED SANITARY AND HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATIONS. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES HAVE VERY HIGH REQUIREMENTS, AS THE HEALTH EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND SPORTS DEPENDS ON THEIR SANITARY CONDITION. THE INTERIOR FINISHING OF THE ROOMS SHOULD BE OF IMPORTANT HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE. SHOULD BE LEVEL, WITHOUT PROGRESSIONS OR MOLDINGS, RESISTANT TO BALL SHOT AND ALLOW TO CLEAN UP WITH A WET METHOD. CENTRAL HEATING RADIATORS SHOULD BE LOCATED IN NICHES UNDER WINDOWS AND COVERED WITH PROTECTIVE GRATES. TRUE D OPENINGS SHOULD NOT HAVE PROJECTING platbands. WHEN PAINTING THE WALLS, THE DEGREE OF LIGHT REFLECTION AND THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED: GREEN COLOR SOOTHES AND FAVORITELY EFFECTS ON THE ORGAN OF VISION; ORANGE AND YELLOW BRING AND WARM; RED COLOR EXCITS; BLUE AND PURPLE ARE DIFFERENT WHEN USING OIL PAINT. IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO COVER THE WALLS AND THE CEILING WITH IT COMPLETELY, AS THIS INTERVENES THE NATURAL VENTILATION OF THE ROOM. THE FLOOR SHOULD BE FLAT, WITHOUT PITCHES AND PROGRESSIONS, NON-SLIP, ELASTIC, EASY TO CLEAN.

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOTHING AND SHOES IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO FOLLOW THE RULES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE IN DAILY LIFE AND, ESPECIALLY, WHEN DOING PHYSICAL EXERCISES. EVERYONE KNOWS THAT COMPLIANCE WITH THESE RULES PROMOTES NOT ONLY THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES, PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANISM, BUT ALSO INCREASED WORKING CAPABILITY, PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT. PERSONAL HYGIENE INCLUDES CARE OF SKIN, ORAL CAVITY, HAIR, HARDENING, AS WELL AS KEEPING YOUR CLOTHES AND SHOES CLEAN. GIRLS AND BOYS SHOULD CAREFULLY MONITOR THE CLEANNESS OF UNDERWEAR, OUTERWEAR AND SPORTS CLOTHES. CLOTHES SHOULD BE COMFORTABLE, LIGHT ENOUGH, NOT TOO WARM, DO NOT CONSTRAIN MOVEMENT. SIZE AND CUT SHOULD NOT CONSTRAIN BREATH AND DO NOT IMPLICATE BLOOD CIRCULATION. FOR THE SAME REASON, COLLARS, BELT AND CUFFS SHOULD NOT BE TIGHT. IT IS REALLY TO WALK, ALSO SLEEPING IN TIGHT PANTS, ESPECIALLY FROM SYNTHETICS. FOR INDOOR EXERCISES IN WINTER AND TRAINING IN SUMMER, CLOTHING MUST BE SUITABLE FOR METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND SPECIFICS OF WARM WEATHER SPORTS. SPORTS PANTS, T-SHIRT, TRAINING SUIT FROM COTTON FABRIC; COOL - WOOL TRACKSUIT. FOR PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND SPORTS IN THE WINTER IN THE AIR, CLOTHES SHOULD HAVE THREE LAYERS: UNDERWEAR, FLANNEL SHIRT, WOOL KNITTED SUIT, WOOL CAP AND MITTENS. IT IS GOOD TO ALSO WEAR A LIGHT X JACKET OVER FOR WIND PROTECTION.

HYGIENE (from the Greek hygieinos-healthy) is the science of health, the creation of conditions favorable for maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases. The origin of the term hygiene is also associated with the name of the mythical goddess of health Hygieia, daughter of the god of medicine Aesculapius.

The purpose of hygiene is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people's health, prevent diseases, ensure optimal conditions for a person's existence, preserve his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

The main tasks of hygiene:

Study of the influence of the external environment on the state of health and performance of people;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic norms, rules and measures for the improvement of the external environment and the elimination of harmful factors;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body's resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase efficiency.

In the course of the development of hygiene, a number of hygienic disciplines have been formed: occupational hygiene, social hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, communal hygiene, hygiene of physical culture and sports, etc.

Hygiene is closely related to sanitation. Sanitation (from Latin sanitas-health) is a term used in medicine until the 60s to refer to the healthcare industry, the content of which covers the development and implementation of practical sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures. In the modern sense, the scientific development of the above problems is carried out by hygiene, and the organization and implementation of sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures is carried out by the sanitary-epidemiological service.

Hygiene is the science of health, the creation of conditions conducive to maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of disease. Its purpose is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people's health, disease prevention, ensuring optimal conditions for a person's existence, maintaining his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

The main tasks of hygiene are the study of the influence of the external environment on the state of health and working capacity of people; scientific substantiation and development of hygienic norms, rules and measures to improve the external environment and eliminate harmful factors, scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body's resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase efficiency .

Personal hygiene includes: a rational daily regimen, body and oral care, clothing and footwear hygiene, giving up bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol, drugs, etc.). Knowledge of the rules of personal hygiene is necessary for every person, since their strict observance promotes health, increases mental and physical performance and serves as a guarantee of high achievements in any kind of activity.

Body care. Body hygiene contributes to the proper functioning of the body, improves metabolism, blood circulation, digestion, respiration, and the development of a person’s physical and mental abilities. The health of a person, his performance, resistance to various diseases depends on the condition of the skin.

The skin is a complex and important organ of the human body that performs many functions: protecting the internal environment of the body, excreting metabolic products from the body, heat regulation, etc. The skin contains a large number of nerve endings, and therefore it provides constant information to the body about all those acting on the body irritants. It is estimated that there are about 100 painful, 12-15 cold, 1-2 thermal and about 25 points perceiving atmospheric pressure per 1 cm 2 of the body surface!

All these functions are performed in full only by healthy, strong, clean skin. Pollution of the skin, skin diseases weaken its activity, which negatively affects the state of human health.

The basis of skin care is regular washing of the body with hot water and soap and a washcloth. It is carried out at least once every 4-5 days in the shower, bath or bath. Be sure to change your underwear afterwards. Hand skin care requires special attention, as pathogenic microbes and helminth eggs can get on it, which will then be transferred to food and dishes. Especially a lot of microbes (about 95%) that are on the skin of the hands accumulate under the nails. Wash your hands with soap and water after using the toilet, performing various tasks and before eating.

Feet also require systematic care. Barefoot activities, sweating contribute to the appearance of scuffs, local inflammation and calluses. That is why you need to wash your feet daily with soap and change your socks more often. Dry corns should be removed in a timely manner with a pumice stone, corn patch.

Hair care includes a timely haircut and wash. It is unacceptable to use laundry soap or synthetic detergents intended for washing clothes for washing hair. It is recommended to use toilet soap or shampoo. When dandruff appears, oily hair can be washed with medicated shampoos 1-2 times a month.

Systematic care of the oral cavity and teeth is one of the mandatory hygiene requirements. Pathogenic microorganisms enter the body through the oral cavity and because of damaged teeth. In the morning, before going to bed and after each meal, it is necessary to thoroughly brush your teeth with paste for 2-3 minutes, both from the outside and from the inside. The toothbrush should be directed from the gums to the teeth, and not vice versa and only vertically. When eating, it is advisable to avoid the rapid alternation of hot and cold dishes. When a toothache occurs, you should immediately contact a specialist. You should visit the dentist twice a year for preventive examinations.

Hygiene of clothes and footwear. Clothing protects the body from the adverse effects of the external environment, mechanical damage and pollution. From a hygienic point of view, it should help to adapt to various environmental conditions, contribute to the creation of the necessary microclimate, be light and comfortable. The heat-shielding properties of clothing, as well as its breathability, hygroscopicity and other qualities are important.

Sportswear must meet the requirements of the specifics of classes and the rules of competitions in various sports. It should be as light as possible and not restrict movement. As a rule, sportswear is made of elastic fabrics with high breathability, which absorb sweat well and contribute to its rapid evaporation.

For outdoor activities in the summer, the uniform may consist of a T-shirt, shorts, and a cotton or wool knitted suit. During outdoor activities in winter, sportswear with high heat-shielding and windproof properties is used. Usually it is cotton underwear, a woolen suit or a sweater with trousers, a hat. In strong winds, a windproof jacket is put on top. Various types of sportswear made of synthetic fabrics are recommended only for protection against wind, rain, snow, etc. It is unhygienic to use sportswear in everyday life. Shoes should be light, flexible and well ventilated. It is necessary that its heat-shielding and water-resistant properties correspond to weather conditions. These requirements are best met by footwear made of genuine leather, which has low thermal conductivity, good elasticity and strength, and also has the ability to retain its shape after wetting.