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Do-it-yourself home appliances are the most interesting. Useful household appliances. Homemade devices for home and garden

Many car owners use their garage as a workshop, gradually filling it with practical devices that facilitate car repair and maintenance. Many of them can be made independently using the recommendations presented in this article.

Many garage workshop fixtures can be made on your own, the video below shows some of them.

Garage homemade products are devices that greatly facilitate garage life, in addition, they work no worse than factory machines. Having equipped your workshop with such devices, you can independently make the necessary parts for cars, as well as various crafts for home or summer cottages.

Video homemade garage tools and fixtures

It is difficult to predict in advance what devices may be needed when carrying out car repairs, however, there are some homemade products, some are used most often. Some of them can be seen in the video below.

Drawings of homemade devices

A pipe bender is a useful household appliance that allows you to bend metal or polymer pipe under a certain degree. Bent pipes are often used in the construction of greenhouses and greenhouses, installation of heating and other needs. Using the presented drawing, a manual pipe bender can be made independently.

A vise is a practical device used when performing plumbing work. With its help, it is possible to securely fix the part requiring metalwork in a certain position.

This device consists of several parts:

  • base plate;
  • 2nd lips - mobile and not mobile;
  • lever;
  • drive screw.

With the help of small-sized metalwork vise, the drawing of which is presented above, it is convenient to sharpen and other processing of small parts.

Availability in home workshop milling machine CNC allows you to perform a variety of woodworking tasks.

Homemade milling machine consists of several components and parts:

  • bed;
  • calipers designed to move cutters;
  • caliper guides;
  • spindle with installed cutter;
  • microcontroller or switching board with microcircuits that automate the operation of the machine;
  • electric motor with power supply;
  • drivers responsible for transmitting commands from the controller to the electric motor;
  • vacuum cleaner for collecting sawdust resulting from the operation of the machine.

A do-it-yourself CNC milling machine allows you to perform engraving and milling work.

Homemade car repair tools

The windshield wiper arm puller is a special tool that facilitates the process of removing the wiper arms. You can make it yourself from a piece of reinforcement, a six channel and a dozen bolt. To do this, using a drilling machine, make holes for 14 and weld 2 nuts on both sides of the hole and a handle from the reinforcement, screw the bolt into the workpiece and, putting on heat shrink, screw in the threaded rivet. The tool is ready.
Another version of the device for shooting wiper leashes is shown in the photo below.


Another useful home-made device with which you can manually re-roll the wheels yourself. Another version of this device can be seen in the photo below.

When carrying out serious car repairs, as a rule, you can not do without a lift. A factory-made device is not cheap, and is not needed very often, so it may well be replaced with a home-made device.

Homemade machines and accessories for the garage

Having made devices for tire fitting and balancing, you can independently perform these works, significantly saving money on car maintenance. In addition, such devices will come to the rescue if it is not possible to come to a specialized tire fitting.

In your garage workshop, you can equip a universal tire fitting machine using improvised materials - metal pipes and a hub.

When doing various crafts for the home, it often becomes necessary to drill an even hole. It's hard to do conventional drill, but if you make a stand for a drill, such as the one shown in the photo, then drilling without distortions will be much easier. This design can be made from various materials. For example:

  • from metal;

  • from wood.

Using the diagram below, you can independently make a drilling machine from a drill.

The use of a home-made press will allow the garage workshop to manufacture products by pressing. It is possible to make such a device from a hydraulic jack, fixed at the top of the bed, which in turn is welded from improvised materials. The pressure in this case is directed downward.

Another version of a homemade press, the design of which involves mounting a jack at the base of the bed. In this case, the process of pressure is produced upwards.

With the help of a home-made press, you can straighten, bend sheets of metal, compress cardboard, fasten individual elements. The video below demonstrates how to do this the right fixture on one's own.

Tool storage in the garage

The presence of order is the key to comfortable use of the workplace in the garage. Special organizers are designed to ensure this order in the workplace, allowing you to conveniently store and easily find the right tools. You can make such devices yourself, using improvised means.

A simple and affordable way to store hand tools is a wall organizer made from tin cans attached to a plywood sheet. In addition, several hooks or nails can be nailed to it in order to conveniently hang measuring and electrical tools. In the absence of cans, PVC pipes of various diameters, cut into pieces and screwed to a sheet of plywood or chipboard, can be used as holders.

It is even easier to make a special tool for storing screwdrivers. For this you need to take wooden block and drill holes of the required size in it. Fix the finished holder on the wall. On the same holder, you can organize a storage system for chisels and a chisel. It is enough to cut special holes in a wooden blank. In the same way, you can make a holder for power tools by sawing the appropriate holes in a wooden shelf.

interesting way tool storage is suggested in the photo above. Its principle is based on the use of magnetic tapes attached to metal strips. With the help of such a system, it is convenient to store drills, keys and other metal tools.
Convenient and practical organizers for storing screws, bolts, nails and other small things can be made with your own hands from transparent plastic cans with lids. So that they do not take up space, you should attach them by the cover from below to the shelf. This and other ways to store tools allow you to efficiently use the space in the garage and everything you need at hand.

The video below shows how to set up a simple and convenient tool storage system in your workshop or garage.

Homemade woodworking tools for the home workshop

Homemade milling machines can perform one or more operations. Preference, of course, is given to multifunctional devices that save space in the garage workshop. With their help, you can:
make recesses of a certain shape;
drill holes
make grooves;
process workpieces.
The simplest milling machine can be made on the basis of a drill. To do this, it is fixed on a steel profile or in a plywood case, and a rotating clamp is placed opposite it. Processing of details is carried out with the help of special cutters held by hands.

Homemade lathe

Making a lathe with your own hands allows you to make dishes, interior decor and furniture from wooden blanks. Such a device would affordable alternative industry and will help realize their creative potential. A homemade lathe can be made from individual components and parts:

  • an electric motor used as an electric drive of the machine;
  • the headstock, which can be an electric grinder;
  • tailstock made from a drill;
  • stop for incisors;
  • transverse guides;
  • frame made of metal profiles or beams.

The front and rear headstocks of the lathe are the main working elements, between which a wooden blank is placed. The rotating movement from the electric motor is transmitted to the workpiece through the headstock, while the tailstock remains static, responsible for holding the workpiece. If you equip a home-made lathe with additional devices - a baluster, a trident, a copier and others, then its functionality will increase significantly.

The video below demonstrates how to make a lathe with your own hands.

If you need to drill precise holes in metal, plastic or wood parts, experienced craftsmen recommend using a drilling machine. Unlike a drill, which vibrates strongly during operation, such a device provides a high-quality result, regardless of the material and thickness of the workpiece. You can make a simple drilling machine yourself by using the same home drill, but setting it upright on a frame made of furniture board and attached to a metal stand. If necessary, such a machine can be equipped with an asynchronous motor.

As a rule, home craftsmen do not stop at the manufacture of the machines themselves. Very often they work on improving existing equipment.

The video below demonstrates useful accessories for a lathe that expand its functionality.

Homemade metal fixtures for the home workshop

These do-it-yourself fixtures for the home workshop are designed to facilitate the metalworking process. They are usually made from improvised materials and tools.

Among the most popular devices, it is worth highlighting:

  • pipe benders;
  • presses;
  • vise;
  • milling, locksmith, turning, drilling and thicknessing machines;
  • devices for sharpening drills, knives and other tools.

With their help, a home craftsman can make practical devices for a summer residence, a garage, and also equip comfortable home. Examples of useful machines and devices in the household can be seen in the photo below.

Homemade cutting machine for metal

How to make some useful household appliances, the video demonstrates.

Having adopted the presented recommendations and drawings, any home craftsman will be able to make useful gadgets for the garage and machines for his workshop, arrange an ergonomic space in it, and realize his creative abilities.

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A home workshop is far from uncommon in the yard of any diligent owner. When it comes to setting up, there are some features that must be observed. Our review will help you choose and make home-made machines and fixtures for your home workshop, as well as understand the technology of their manufacture. Each owner can independently choose the necessary equipment. And if you know technical features structures, then you can equip the room on your own.When arranging equipment, it is important to plan for a sufficient amount of space. It is better if the workshop is equipped in a separate room.

The quality of work and comfortable working conditions depend on the functional arrangement of the home workshop.

Before choosing a set of homemade machines, it is necessary to create optimal working conditions. In this case, the size of the room must be at least 6 square meters. m. You can attach an additional room to the garage or to the house.It is important to decide what types of work you will carry out, as well as draw up a list of equipment and necessary tools.

Storage of some types of tools is most conveniently organized on the wall. This will save space. It is also convenient to use shelves.To save usable space, it is worth making universal fixtures that combine several functions. The table should be equipped with drawers, and also used as a carpentry workbench.

When choosing homemade machines and fixtures for a home workshop, you can pick up mini equipment different types. For working with metals, the following options are used:

  • grinding equipment used for processing metal surfaces: grinding, polishing and sharpening. For its manufacture, a minimum number of components and parts is required. The equipment includes grindstones and an electric motor. For the stability of the fixture, mounting elements are used;


  • milling machine used for drilling holes. In the manufacture of a similar design of the lifting mechanism, a steering rack is used. In addition, an angle milling machine device can also be installed.

For wood processing, various homemade tools and do-it-yourself tools are used. The most commonly used types are cutting, turning and grinding. With their help, you can perform all kinds of work at home. The following equipment is used for wood processing:

  • cutting machines. The simplest device is electric or. Such units can be disk, tape, or a sawmill from a chainsaw. In the manufacture homemade equipment it is worth considering the diameter of the disk, as well as the width of the cutting part;


  • grinding device. The simplest option is made from a stable table, a vertical grinding shaft and an electric motor. An abrasive belt is used, which is used to process the ends of wood blanks.

Related article:

Woodworking machines for the home workshop. Specialized equipment with electric drive greatly simplifies the processing of wood blanks. But its acquisition is associated with significant investments. To solve this problem successfully, you should carefully study the materials of this article.

DIY tool shelves: popular designs and manufacturing

It is worth noting the following options for storing tools:

  • racks;
  • hanging shelves;
  • wall structures;
  • shelves in the form of shields, on which you can fix small tools.

Do-it-yourself shield shelf for a tool can be done like this:

  • cut a shield out of plywood and mark out the places where the shelves will be installed;
  • make shelves with side walls, the length of which should correspond to the length of the shield;
  • shelves are fixed on the shield with self-tapping screws;
  • hooks are mounted, which are equipped with a special thread;
  • brackets are installed on the back of the shield.

Note! Functional shield shelves. Hooks or special holders can be attached to them. An additional lamp can be hung over a similar design. In this case, you can use a small light bulb.

Do-it-yourself carpentry workbench design: drawings, video

Let's start exploring useful do-it-yourself household appliances from a workbench. This useful unit comes in the following varieties: stationary, mobile and folding.

Remember that a do-it-yourself folding workbench drawing should contain the following details:

  • a work surface, to create which you need a board with a thickness of at least 6 cm. In this case, hornbeam, beech or oak are used. You can use boards painted with drying oil;

  • a vise design is mounted on the top cover;
  • the supporting legs of the workbench are made of pine and linden. Between them, longitudinal connecting beams are placed for the stability of the entire structure;
  • tool shelves are mounted under the workbench.

How to make a simple workbench, you can see in this video:

Do-it-yourself technology and drawings of a carpentry workbench: a simple design

To make such a fixture, you will need drawings with the dimensions of a carpentry workbench.

In this photo you can see how the folding structure is made.

Consider how you can build such a device:

  • to make a cover you will need thick boards. The dimensions of the shield should be 0.7 * 2 meters. For fasteners, long nails are used;
  • the roof is finished with;
  • depending on the dimensions of the carpentry workbench, vertical supports are used;
  • the height of the working surface of the do-it-yourself carpentry workshop is determined. The markings for the bars are applied on the ground where these elements are buried;
  • the workbench cover is being installed. The support bars are attached in pairs. In this case, long ones are used.

Features of creating and designing a wooden workbench with your own hands

You can buy a wooden workbench or make your own. Additionally, the design can be equipped with drawers. So, consider the manufacturing technology:

  • vertical supports are fixed with horizontal jumpers. Grooves are made in them for connecting fittings. In this case, a chisel and a hammer can be used;
  • when the jumpers are installed at the desired level, holes are made in the bars on the support. Then the bolt is mounted, after which the elements are pulled together;
  • horizontal jumpers are installed in two pieces on each side. Parts under the worktop will be required for mounting above the worktop;
  • bolts are used to secure the work surface. Holes for fasteners are drilled on the tabletop. The bolts are mounted so that the bolts are recessed.

You can easily do it at home. In this case, you will need an emery cloth of a sanding belt. Her sticker is carried out end-to-end. To strengthen the seam, it is necessary to put a dense material under the bottom. In this case, do not use low-quality glue.

The diameter of the belt roll should be a few mm wider at the center than at the edge. To prevent the tape from slipping, it is necessary to make a winding of thin rubber.For the manufacture of grinding devices, you can choose designs such as planetary, cylindrical and surface grinding.

Do-it-yourself carpentry vise manufacturing technology for a workbench

For workbenches, do-it-yourself vices are often made at home. The video allows you to see this process:

To make such a design, special studs will be required.To work, you need a screw pin with a thread. You also need to prepare a couple of boards. One element will be fixed and the other will move. In the manufacture, it is imperative to use do-it-yourself vise drawings. In each of the boards, it is necessary to make holes for the studs, which are connected with nails. Then screws and nuts with washers are inserted into them. When designing a homemade vise with your own hands, you should use instructions and ready-made schemes.

Helpful information! If you make the studs movable, then you can make workpieces of various sizes.

Creating a metal locksmith workbench with your own hands: drawings

With frequent work with metals, the best solution would be to create a metal workbench with your own hands. Wood material is not suitable for such purposes, as it will often be damaged during the processing of metal products.

It is worth noting the following elements of such a device:

  • horizontal jumpers are used to provide longitudinal rigidity;
  • small rack beams are made from profiled pipes. They are used to assemble the frame part of the pipes. In the corner zone there are weld-on struts, which are made of steel strips;
  • for rack beams, profile pipes with a wall thickness of 3-4 mm are used;
  • corner No. 50 is necessary for the racks on which the tools are attached.

To create high-quality seams, it is necessary to use a carbon dioxide semiautomatic device, as well as welding machine impulse type.

The assembly of the universal device begins with the frame. For this, long and short beams are welded. To prevent them from twisting together, follow these steps:

After that, the rear beam and vertical racks are mounted. It is important to check how evenly they are located in relation to each other. If there are any deviations, then they can be bent with a hammer. When the frame is ready, special corners are attached to it to strengthen the structure. The table top is made from wooden planks, which are impregnated with a fire-resistant liquid. A steel sheet is laid on top.A shield made of is attached to the vertical rack-mount parts. The same material is used for sheathing cabinets.

Table 1. Making a metal bench workbench with your own hands

ImageInstallation steps
A carbon dioxide semiautomatic device is used for welding the structure.
Creation of the structure frame. For welding, all parts must be laid out on a flat surface. The docking nodes of the beginning are simply tacked, and then all the seams are boiled. Rear racks and a beam are welded to the frame.
After welding all the stiffeners, such a frame is obtained.
Then a reinforcing corner is attached to the frame for fastening the table top. Before installation, the boards must be treated with a special fire-resistant composition. A sheet of metal is attached to the top.
The side walls are finished with plywood shields, and wooden boxes are placed in the right pedestal. To protect the base, the surfaces are covered with different paintwork materials. First, the primer is distributed, and then a special enamel is used.

Do-it-yourself knife sharpening device: drawings and nuances

To make a sharpener from an engine with your own hands, you can take parts from old Soviet appliances. To build a grinding machine you will need the following parts:

  • tube for turning flanges;
  • grindstone;
  • special nuts;
  • steel elements for the construction of protective covers;
  • cable lace;
  • launcher;
  • a block of wood or a metal corner.

The flange section must match the dimensions of the bushing. A grindstone will also be put on this element. A special thread will also be made on this part. In this case, the flange is pressed onto the motor shaft. Fastening is carried out by welding or bolting.

The working winding is fixed to the cable. At the same time, it has a resistance of 12 ohms, which can be calculated using a multimeter. A bed is also made, for which a metal corner is taken.

How to sharpen a drill for metal: do-it-yourself fixture

You can make a simple metal drill sharpening machine from ordinary fixtures. For this, an abrasive block is suitable.

At home, you can use the following equipment:

  • you can sharpen the drill with an electric grinder. In this case, sharpening is performed from the edge. When using a sharpener, it is necessary to pay attention to the sharpening angle, to fixing the drill on the axis of rotation. Excess metal should be removed gradually. Finally, the edges are shaped into a cone;
  • as grinding machine do-it-yourself grinder is used. For sharpening, the cutting tool is held in a vise. For this, the mounting angle is selected, and the disk is also mounted.

It should be borne in mind that the angle grinder is mounted on a flat surface. In this case, the disk should be located downwards. If the grinder is not fixed securely, it can damage the drill. Sharpening with a grinder is possible only for products with a small diameter. With the help of a grinding device, it is impossible to do fine-tuning. For stand cutting tool shield edge is used.

You can also use the nozzle of a drill, which should be equipped with a grinding disc with sandpaper. To grind the elements with a drill, you need to find two flat surfaces.

Drilling machine for home workshop

You can make a drill fixture from a drill with your own hands. The drawings will help you understand the design. For such a design, you will need the following elements:

  • base or bed;
  • rotary device;
  • a mechanism for providing feed;
  • door rack.

Here are the main steps in the manufacture of a homemade drilling machine with your own hands:

To make a drilling machine, you need a rotary tool feed mechanism. Springs and a lever are used for the design. There are various devices for sharpening drills.

Do-it-yourself drilling machine assembly: dimensional drawings

Also, the design will require the manufacture of home-made vise for a drilling machine. The simplest device can be assembled from a drill, without a steering rack. To minimize vibration processes, it is necessary to build a more massive table. The rack and table are connected at right angles. In this case, the drill can be attached using clamps. A vise is mounted on the table surface.

Do-it-yourself garage press design

The design is intended for straightening, pressing, bending sheet materials and for compression. Locksmith devices are characterized by a compact and simple design. Efforts from such a press can vary between 5-100 tons. For garage work, an indicator of 10-20 tons is enough.To make such a design, a manual drive is used. The hydraulic device contains two chambers with pistons.

Do-it-yourself press from a jack drawings

How to make a simple device can be seen on a special video of a press from a jack with your own hands:

A simple option is hydraulic, which can be constructed from a bottle jack.An important element is the bed, inside which the jack is placed. The platform is used as a reliable base. The upper surface is used to support the workpieces. The table should move freely up and down the frame.In this case, rigid springs are attached to the base on one side, and to the working surface on the other.

Here simple circuit assemblies:

  • according to the drawings, the necessary elements are cut;
  • the base is mounted by welding. Wherein steel structure should resemble the letter P;
  • a mobile table is made from a pipe and a channel;
  • at the end, the springs are fixed.

Do-it-yourself technology of a cutting disc machine for metal

They will help to make the design of a cutting machine for metal with their own hands - drawings. From disk cutting machines, devices are made from special frame or platforms. The machine is equipped with elements that provide a strong fixation. A steel disc is used as cutting parts. To cut metal, a wheel coated in the form of an abrasive material is used.

The cutting parts are driven by an electric motor. Disc machines are equipped with pendulum, front and bottom components.

You can also watch in the video below how to make a cutting machine from a grinder with your own hands:

The machine works like this:

  • protective covers are made on which the drive belt is mounted;
  • the engine is attached;
  • a shaft is made on which the drive pulley is fixed and cutting disc;
  • a movable upper part of the structure is installed in the pendulum element;
  • a shaft is mounted to fix the pendulum;
  • a frame is made for mounting the machine;
  • the pendulum is fixed on the frame;

To maintain a home comfortable and convenient, sophisticated equipment is required. It greatly facilitates household work, but certain skills and knowledge are required to maintain it. Not everyone knows all the possibilities of modern tools and does not use them to the fullest. If you change them a little, you can get convenient home-made fixtures for the workshop.

If you gradually acquire models of popular brands, they will turn out to be durable and reliable assistants. In addition, devices are needed to position and secure the workpieces during their processing. At the cottage it will be

As the inventory of the home master accumulates, it should be sorted into groups:

  • metalwork and carpentry tools;
  • appliances;
  • electrical equipment.

All accommodation allow fixtures drawers and cabinets. Keeping inventory clean and tidy makes it possible to create a comfortable working environment and ensure the long-term preservation of tools.

Homemade tools for woodworking

Wood processing is most common in the household. Useful homemade tools for the workshop primarily include a workbench. It should be comfortable in height. Its cover is located at the level of bent palms. If you need to raise it, bars of the desired thickness are installed on the dowels from below.

Making a modern workbench

The classic workbench consists of a lid with a front and back vise. This design is more suitable for manual work. It is poorly adapted to work with power tools due to the fact that workpieces can be difficult to fix. You can buy a modern compact workbench MASTER cut 1000 worth 12 thousand rubles, which is folded. You can install hand tools on it: a circular saw, a jigsaw and a router. But then it will have to be redone. The Festool MFT 3 workbench has good characteristics. However, the price of 30 thousand rubles makes you think. The master will be able to make home-made fixtures for the home workshop that work just as well.

To make a workbench, you need flat plywood without knots. The thickness must be at least 20 mm. By installing an electric jigsaw on it from below, it will be possible to cut boards and small bars along, across, at an angle, as well as complex curved profiles. The tool performs additional functions of circular and band saws.

First, the tabletop is made. An arcuate groove is cut in it to install a guide for blanks, which can be mounted at any angle. A guide with a slot is also made under the jigsaw. Its width is selected according to the size of the sole of the tool.

The sides should be cut out of plywood and glued to the countertop to give it rigidity. The legs of the workbench are made from a bar. You can make a metal frame, and then attach the countertop to it with screws. Then the design will be light and durable. The guides from below are attached to the countertop with furniture nuts.

The jigsaw is installed from the bottom of the workbench cover - “upside down”. From above, only the file remains visible. For the convenience of using a jigsaw, an additional switch is installed. The guide should also be easy to remove so that you can easily change the saw blade of the tool. For easy access to the underside, the tabletop can be made folding, on hinges.

The workbench takes up little space and can be installed even at home. To do this, it is made foldable so that it can be easily disassembled and put away in a closet or pantry.

How to make a workbench for a summer residence

To work in the country or in a country house, you need a powerful workbench. The tabletop is knocked together from a thick edged board up to 2 m long. It will not be superfluous if it is additionally fixed with self-tapping screws. From below, along the perimeter, the tabletop is sheathed with timber. Table legs are made of square section 120x120 mm. They can be buried in the ground or attached to a reinforced concrete base. The whole structure is treated with an antiseptic and covered with drying oil.

When the workbench is installed, do-it-yourself devices are mounted on it: guides, devices for fastening workpieces and power tools.

How to make a pipe bender with your own hands

In the subsidiary farm it is necessary to have a device for bending metal pipes and profiles. The simplest home-made tool for bending pipes up to 20 mm in diameter is a steel plate with welded pins. By inserting a workpiece between them, it can be bent to the desired curvature. Such simple devices the pipe is crushed at the bend. To avoid this, it is necessary to tightly fill the pipe with sand. It will also help to heat it with a blowtorch, which any master has.

To improve the quality of bending, instead of pins, 2 profiled rollers and a locking element are used. You can also make a special profile from a steel angle and plate and fix it on a workbench that has a solid base. In the picture, the structure is attached directly to the boards. You can make it portable by mounting it on a steel sheet and fixing it to the bottom of the tabletop. Then the pipe bender, which is rarely used, will not interfere with carpentry work. The portable device, like other homemade workshop tools, can be used in the garage. It is convenient to fix it there, and it may be needed not only for pipes.

Homemade circular saw

Branded machines have high prices, and a home-made tool for a home workshop is quite suitable for a private user. It can be made on the basis of manual, cheaper models.

The workbench for the circular must be stable. A frame with a slot for the disk is attached to the tabletop. The best material is a sheet of metal or durable wood that can withstand heavy loads. It has a slight thickness, which makes it possible to use most of the disk and cut products of sufficient thickness. In addition, the tool itself and the fixture for machine tools are attached to the frame. The guide bar is made sliding on a steel or aluminum sled, or fastened with clamps.

Mounted on the bottom of the worktop on the bed. You can also use a grinder or drill, but they are not as effective and do not allow you to use the entire working area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe disk. The mount can be anything, as long as it is reliable.

When working with a circular saw, you should remember that it has high speed and safety rules must be observed.

Homemade bow saw

Homemade fixtures for wood processing can be very simple, but effective. These include the bow saw. A thin blade makes it possible to quickly saw a large log. It is easy to replace with a new one when the saw becomes dull. A bow saw can be made independently from 3 blocks of durable wood. Two handles with cuts at the ends are connected in the middle by a crossbar using a “thorn-nest” connection. The canvas is inserted into the slots and fixed with two nails. On the other hand, it is stretched with a rope loop thrown over the handles and twisted with a collar.

How to sharpen a knife

Manual sharpening for knives is more effective because a strong cutting edge is obtained. To facilitate the process, a home-made device is widespread. It consists of a bar with a clamp for a bar, a base for fixing a knife and a rack for adjusting the installation angle.

With the reciprocating movement of the bar with the bar fixed on it, the blade is sharpened. The abrasive surface is pressed against the blade only when moving from the heel to the tip. By slightly changing the design of the knife sharpening base, you can also straighten the blades of carpentry tools.

Homemade garage fixtures

The garage is not only a place where to hide the car, but also a workshop where you can store tools and carry out repairs.

Shelves and racks

Provide hand tools. For this, a rack is made, which is usually placed on top. Then it will not interfere with movement inside. A small workbench is installed below for work, in which tools are also stored. It is most convenient to have everything near the back wall of the garage. Then the side passages will be free.

The inspection pit is laid out with bricks or cast concrete, and then covered with a lid so that it does not interfere with the passage.

Making a puller

Normal work with the car is carried out using a standard set of tools. Craftsmen make special equipment. A puller is often required to tighten bearings. The most convenient is the three-valve design. A standard device may not be enough. If you make a puller with your own hands, it will last for many years.

Small devices are made of steel sheet 10 mm thick. A pattern is made on it and paws are cut out with a gas cutter. They are processed on an emery machine, adjusting the dimensions. The core is machined from round timber, the foot holders are welded, the thread for the collar is cut and the necessary holes are drilled. The paws are held on bolts with a diameter of 8-10 mm.

The work of making a puller requires skills in working with many tools. Helpers may be needed here. A convenient solution is to manufacture removable legs of the desired configurations, which can be changed on a product purchased in a store.

Conclusion

Homemade accessories for the workshop allow you to solve many problems in the household and subsidiary farms with minimal effort and cost.

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For the rational use of space, communications and do-it-yourself garage accessories from improvised materials are used. It is necessary to use the walls, the underground level in the process, place it indoors, organize normal lighting.

Homemade garage fixtures

For comfortable operation of the premises intended for storing cars, you should follow certain recommendations:

Depending on the dimensions of the building, the area occupied by equipment, fixtures, communications should not be more than 10 - 20% of the dimensions of the garage floor.

Storage areas, racks, workbenches

In 80% of cases, do-it-yourself garage fixtures are built to store accessories, tools, and car equipment. It should be noted that the most bulky parts of the car are sets of winter / summer tires, depending on the season.

The main nuances of these structures are:

The width of the pit should allow the driver to drive into it without lighting.

Lighting and ventilation

In garages, parallel circuits are more often used. lighting fixtures. One lamp allows you to use a specific area, several devices are turned on during a major repair, a visit to the cellar. The minimum power consumption is provided. Daylight devices have a large resource.

Cars use poisonous, harmful fuels and lubricants, so do-it-yourself garage ventilation devices are becoming relevant, allowing you to create air exchange. The inflow is organized from below:

  • garage - vents in masonry, protected by bars;
  • cellar - a pipe from the garage or from the street.

The hood is mounted under the ceiling of the cellar, the roof of the garage or has the form of air vents in the main walls at the highest points.

Related article:

Other Helpful Ideas

Useful gadgets for a garage with their own hands can be made from used utensils, inventory, materials left after the construction. For example, by gluing the lids of plastic jars horizontally / vertically, the owner gets a convenient transparent dish for equipment or hardware, which is always at hand.

Homemade machines

From the power tool, you can also assemble fixtures for the garage:

  • drilling - a drill fixed with clamps in a fixture that moves with a gear along a rail;

  • cutting - clamped in a similar way with an angle grinder with a tool for metal or wood;

The advantage of the machines is more precise positioning of the tooling relative to the workpiece. The equipment turns out to be collapsible, the drill and angle grinder can be removed mono, used for its intended purpose.

Related article:

Hydropress

The simplest design is obtained from a car hydraulic jack. For pressing out / pressing in bearings, pressing / compressing parts, you will need to build a frame and a removable movable stop. The frame consists of 4 channels welded to each other. At the top, the structure is reinforced with stiffening ribs (kerchiefs), at the bottom, transverse corners are added to give the frame stability.

The stop is pulled up in the normal position to the upper crossbar of the frame by powerful springs. A hydraulic jack is installed between them, as necessary pressing the stop to the lower crossbar of the frame. The force of the press is regulated by a jack, the dimensions of the working area are selected depending on the size of the workpieces.

And finally, a few more examples of useful things for the garage.

Any workshop owner, even if it does not have a separate room and is simply organized in a garage, strives to equip it with everything necessary for comfortable, productive and, most importantly, high-quality work. That's just on hand tool Nowadays, you won't get far. A great variety of power tools, various multifunctional or narrow-profile machines, and auxiliary equipment come to the rescue. There are no problems with the offer - the main difficulty is that high-quality products cost a lot of money, and not everyone can afford it.

But craftsmen find a way out by making such machines and devices on their own, some of which may well compete with factory models. Moreover, to create such equipment, they use quite available materials, often just gathering dust in the barn. And as drives, running power tools are widely used, usually available in any workshop.

In this publication, only some home-made machines and fixtures for the home workshop will be considered. It should be correctly understood that it is simply impossible to cover all the available variety of such equipment within the framework of one article. Here it is just right to allot such a topic in general a separate site. So basically a general overview will be given. But the manufacture of two models, which are very important, probably, for any workshop - a pendulum saw and a sharpening machine for cutting tools, we will consider step by step, with all the nuances, from the first sketches to testing.

The basis of the basics is a convenient workbench and organized storage of tools and accessories

The comfort of working in the workshop depends on many important conditions. If we take out the issues of heating, ventilation and lighting (these are topics for separate consideration), then the rational, convenient organization of the main workplace always comes to the fore.

We are talking about a workbench and a well-thought-out storage system for the tools, accessories, consumables and other small things necessary for work.

The workbench is selected or manufactured independently, depending on the main direction of work in the workshop.

Joiner's workbench "classic" execution

If the owner is more focused on woodworking, then he will need a carpentry workbench. There is a long used and comprehensively tested general concept of such a workplace. Probably, it makes sense to stick to it when making a workbench on your own.

The workbench is based on powerful wooden legs (pos. 1), which from below, at the base, are usually connected in pairs with lintel supports (pos. 2). There is a lid on top - a workbench (pos. 3). As a rule, a recessed area is provided - the so-called tray (pos. 4), so that during the work the necessary tools or components at hand do not fall to the floor.

Usually with right side there is a side or rear clamp (pos. 5). In fact, this is a screw vice, in which a wedge is provided (pos. 6) that extends upwards. Along the line of this wedge along the bench there is a row of sockets (pos. 7) for similar wedges (they can be hidden in these sockets or stored separately and inserted as needed). This allows you to rigidly fix the wooden workpiece for processing between the wedges of the table and the side vise.

To fix a long piece that cannot be secured between the end wedges, use the front clamp (pos. 8). This is also a screw vice that is able to clamp the workpiece between the front end of the workbench and a movable wooden sponge. And in order for the long part to have the necessary support points from below, fingers hidden there in the grooves or retractable supports (pos. 9) extend from the end of the workbench.

The lower area of ​​the workbench is called the workbench (pos. 10). As a rule, powerful crossbeams (prolegs) are located here, connecting the legs in pairs, imposition in the longitudinal direction. On these crossbars, shelves are often organized for storing tools or workpieces, or even, as shown in the diagram shown, a closed cabinet.

Below is a drawing of a workbench. Anyone who can read diagrams and has carpentry skills will be able to make such a model on their own.

To begin with - a general wiring diagram of a carpentry workbench with dimensions.

Now - a series of drawings for individual parts and components of the structure.

As a rule, high-quality wood is used for the manufacture of underlay (base) parts. conifers with residual moisture not more than 12%.

The workbench (cover) is mainly made of hardwood - it can be beech or oak, ash or maple. To make such a massive overall panel on your own is an extremely difficult task, therefore, a ready-made glued shield is often ordered or purchased in a carpentry workshop. It is unlikely that this will seem like a too expensive solution, given both the cost of the material and the laboriousness of the process. So it's better to buy ready product, and then finalize it under the workbench.

By the way, when performing various processing operations, one way or another, the surface of the desktop will be damaged. To maximize the life of the workbench, the lid is often covered with a plywood or fiberboard sheet (naturally, according to the size of the table and with all the necessary grooves and sockets). As such a coating wears out, it can be replaced with a new one - this is not so difficult and inexpensive.

Particular difficulty is usually attached to the installation of the front and rear (side) clamps. In order to get really workable and convenient devices, it is better to purchase the screw vice mechanism itself in a finished, assembled form. There are many models available for this purpose.

To assemble these clamping units, you can refer to the following drawing:

The vise jaws must be made exclusively from hardwood, the dimensions and location of the holes are shown on the drawing. (It should be correctly understood that the location and diameter of the holes must correspond to the purchased screw mechanism).

And finally, the last diagram shows how to attach the rear fixed jaws of both vices to the workbench cover.

Of course, an example is shown here, moreover, it can suit many in its “pure form”, that is, without changes. But if other dimensions are required (based, for example, on the available space), then you can draw up your own drawing by taking the demonstrated diagrams as a model for assembling certain nodes. The principle still remains the same. If necessary, no one bothers to make their own improvements, which, of course, should not adversely affect the strength of the structure.

Video: locksmith workbench with their farts

If the master plans to mainly engage in locksmith operations, then he will need a completely different workbench, designed specifically for such purposes. Here, in contrast to the carpentry "classics" - innumerable options. as a rule, steel profiles (corners, channels, profile pipes) and sheets are used for manufacturing. One of the quite worthy options is shown in the video below:

An important component of working comfort in the workshop is always the optimized arrangement and storage of tools and accessories. But we will not dwell on this, since a separate article is devoted to this topic on the pages of our portal.

How to make the workshop as comfortable as possible for work?

It is convenient when you know where everything is and when essential tool- always at hand. So it is worth paying close attention to the system of cabinets, racks, cabinets, reasonably organized places storage Supplies. This is especially important in cases where the size of the room does not allow "roaming". Questions on our portal have a special publication.

Homemade machines and equipment

As already mentioned, the variety of home-made machines is extremely large, and it is simply impossible to tell about all of them. Therefore, in this section of the article, the reader will be offered several video reviews. And, in addition, in detail, the manufacture of two models of machine tools will be considered step by step.

Video - miniature wood lathe based on an electric drill

On the farm, it often becomes necessary to carve one or another wooden part. round section. If you do not do this professionally, then acquiring a real lathe is completely unprofitable. And yes, it will take up a lot of space. But to have at your disposal a miniature machine that can be stored in a closet and assembled as needed - never hurts. Moreover, its manufacture is not so difficult.

This can be seen by watching the proposed video. Despite the fact that the author speaks English, all his actions are shown in detail and are quite understandable. And such a machine, guided by this video hint, is within the power of everyone to do.

Video - circular machine based on a manual vertical electric saw

If there is a need to prepare a large amount wooden parts the same size, then nothing is better than a stationary circular saw do not invent. And it is quite possible to make such a machine, and, again, in a collapsible version, which, out of uselessness, does not take up almost any space at all.

It will take only a sheet of plywood, a few bars and self-tapping screws. And the main element of the design becomes a hand-held vertical saw

In the plot shown, the master removes part of the protective fence of the manual circular. This is not always necessary. It is quite possible that the free exit of the saw will be enough if it is intended to cut not too thick workpieces.

Pendulum saw from the "Bulgarian" - self-production step by step

When cutting blanks or wood or metal, including profiled or round pipes, often required high accuracy. Moreover, the accuracy is not only in linear dimensions, but also in the magnitude of the cut angle. A typical example is when it is necessary to accurately cut workpieces for a frame in which the joining of parts is either strictly perpendicular or at an angle of 45 degrees.

A pendulum saw allows you to perform such an operation. The diagram above shows in a simplified form the principle of its design and operation.

In any case, there is a reliable base (bed, frame) that ensures the stability of the machine (pos. 1). In many models, a desktop is organized on top of the bed with a system of guides, stops and clamps that allow you to accurately set the workpiece to be processed. There must be a slot (pos. 2), exactly into which the rotating circle or saw falls.

The support (pos. 3) of the oscillating part of the machine is rigidly attached to the frame. It is equipped with a block of bearings and an axle (pos. 4), relative to which the swinging rocker platform (pos. 5) rotates. An electric drive (pos. 6) is placed on this platform, which transmits rotation directly or through a transmission system (pos. 7) to a cutting tool - a cutting wheel or a circular saw (pos. 8). A lever (pos. 9) or a handle is provided, with which the master can smoothly lower the cutting disc down onto the workpiece fixed on the work table above the slot.

But the possibilities of this tool will become immeasurably wider if a special tool is made for it. milling table. One of the options for such a home-made machine is in the proposed video.

Homemade machine for sharpening cutting tools - step by step

And in the workshop, and in the kitchen, and just around the house, a lot of cutting tools are used that need regular sharpening. Running disc sharpeners for knives give a very short effect of the sharpness of the cutting edge, as they remove metal along the edge of the blade, and according to all the canons it is required - perpendicular to it. When sharpening manually with the help of bars or on a rotating sharpener, it is very difficult to accurately maintain the optimal angle, especially if it is equal along the entire length of the blade. By the way, this full sharpening angle is different for various types cutting tool - there are many separate publications on the Internet on this topic.

This means that in order to sharpen, for example, a knife, a device is required that would allow applying a force with the translational direction of the flat abrasive perpendicular to the cutting edge consistently along its entire length with a single, pre-inserted angle of inclination. And to provide visual control over the course of formation and sharpening of this cutting edge.

There are many such devices on the market. But if there is a desire, then a similar machine can be made independently, using materials that may be found in a workshop or garage. Yes, if you buy what you need, it will come out quite inexpensively. An example is shown step by step in the table below.

IllustrationBrief description of the operation to be performed
The entire design of the machine, all its parts and assemblies will be somehow mounted on the base - the bed (frame).
For its manufacture, a profile pipe of square section 20 × 20 mm is well suited ...
... with a wall thickness of 2 mm.
As it will be clear further, there are no strict proportions of sizes - they proceed from considerations of common sense, the strength of the structure being created, the availability of certain materials.
From profile pipe blanks for the frame are cut with a grinder: two pieces 250 mm long, and two more - 130 mm.
In this example, the master will adjust the joining sides of the frame at an angle of 45 degrees. This requires a precise cut, so it is best to do it with a cutting machine.
If it is not there, nothing prevents making the frame simpler, that is, placing its sides end-to-end. Then, instead of 130 mm, small parts will be only 90 mm, as they will stand between large ones.
This will not affect the functionality of the grinding machine in any way - the only thing is that there will be some loss of aesthetics.
This is how the frame turned out after preparing the details.
Cut edges can be slightly trimmed, deburred, cleaned with a small chamfer under the weld.
Then the frame is assembled on one side and welded through with a continuous seam along short vertical joints.
The seams are cleaned of slag and polished with a grinder.
Welded frame corner after stripping.
You can, of course, immediately boil on both sides, but the master simply decided to supplement the frame with height-adjustable legs-stands.
The operation is optional - it is quite acceptable to install the machine just with the frame on a flat surface. But with coasters, of course, more interesting.
This adjustable leg with a nut is easy to find in any furniture hardware store.
The nuts will just be welded into the corners of the frame.
Holes are drilled in the corners into which the nuts will be planted before they are scalded.
The nuts are inserted into the holes - this operation is carried out on all four corners of the bed.
Now, on one side of the frame (on its small side), it is required to weld nuts, where the vertical stand of the machine will be screwed.
To do this, at an equal distance from the corners, at first thin (3 ÷ 4 mm) ...
- and then - with a drill with a diameter of 10 mm, the upper wall of the frame is drilled.
Here, stability is important, the stability of the fastening of the assembly, that is, several turns of thread - do not get off. Therefore, elongated M8 nuts will be welded into the holes made.
It is advisable to pre-cut their lower edge under the cylinder, so that it fits snugly into the drilled holes.
In fact, only one such socket is required to mount the machine. But it is better to provide two symmetrical ones - who knows, it may be more convenient for the user in some cases to rearrange the rack to another position. This will take no more than a couple of minutes.
After that, all nuts are scalded.
When tacking, it is necessary to ensure that the nuts do not move and stand evenly. To do this, they can be held by a temporarily screwed long pin, controlling its position perpendicular to the plane of the frame.
In addition, this measure reliably protects the thread of the nut from splashing metal on it.
Here's what happened: on the upper side of the frame - two welded nuts under the racks ...
... from the bottom - four welded nuts in the corners for screwing in adjustable supports.
By the way, if the master has threaded rivets of the required diameter at his disposal (M6 for the supports, and M8 for the rack), then you can get by with them, that is, get away from the operation of welding the nuts.
The next step is to make a shelf on which the cutting tools will be fixed with a pressure plate.
It can be made from a thick steel plate. But the master decided to give it a slight reverse slope, so he cuts it out of a corner with a 63 mm shelf.
The length of the part is the width of the bed, that is, 130 mm.
First, the desired fragment of the corner is cut off.
Then he is clamped in a vise to evenly cut off one shelf with a grinder.
This is how this platform will be welded to the frame.
After welding, the seam is carefully cleaned.
Knives and other cutting tools will be fixed on this platform with a pressure plate. And for this it is necessary to prepare two holes with an M8 thread.
It is advisable to arrange them wider so that, for example, you can clamp knives from a planer and other cutting parts of a similar plan between them.
First, holes are drilled with a small diameter drill - 3 or 4 mm.
Then - with a drill for M8 thread, that is, with a diameter of 6.7 mm.
After that, a thread is cut with a tap.
The next operation is the manufacture of the pressure plate.
For her, it is better to take a thick, 3 ÷ 4 mm, stainless steel. It is less prone to deformation than ordinary carbon steel.
The size of the plate must correspond to the dimensions of the support platform.
The edge that will face the cutting edge of the tool is ground on a bevel to prevent it from touching the abrasive during sharpening.
Further, two holes for M8 screws are drilled on the plate - strictly coinciding along the axes with the threaded holes in the support platform.
These screw holes can be reworked "under the sweat".
The bed is completely ready, and after stripping and degreasing it can be coated with paint from an aerosol can.
While the paint is drying, you can work on other components and parts of the machine.
For the rack and working bar of the machine, a steel bar with a diameter of 8 mm will be used.
First you need to thoroughly clean it - polish it with sandpaper. The master suggested this option - with clamping the rod into the drill chuck and holding the paper in hand.
Let's be honest - not quite a safe way.
Rod after polishing.
It is divided into two segments - one with a length of 450 ÷ 500 mm, the second - 250 ÷ 300 mm.
An M8 thread is cut from one end of each of the bars.
On a short bar, a threaded section about 20 mm long is for screwing into a welded-in bed nut.
On a long bar there is a thread 40÷50 mm long. It is necessary for winding the handle.
The next step is the manufacture of clamps that will hold the abrasive bar on the rod. They are made from elongated M10 nuts.
First you need to mark the center of the through hole with a core, with an indent of 12 mm from the edge.
Then, very carefully, strictly perpendicular to the axis of the nut, a through hole with a diameter of 8 mm is drilled.
A quarter must be cut off from the other end of the nut. This is done with a hacksaw in two steps.
First, a transverse incision is made to the center ...
... and then - longitudinal.
You need to prepare two such nuts.
Short M10 locking bolts are screwed into the nuts - and the latches are ready.
This is how they will look.
After that, the clamps are put on the bar. Between them, a whetstone is placed in the cut out quarters, and this entire assembly is fixed with clamping bolts.
Everything, the bar is assembled, you can proceed to the next node of the machine.
The rack should have a node that provides the upper point of support for the bar. In this case, the translational movement of the bar back and forth, and the degree of freedom to the left and right, should be ensured. In a word, this is a kind of hinge, the height of which on the stand will just set the angle of sharpening the cutting edge.
This assembly will be made again on the basis of an elongated M10 nut.
To begin with, a through hole with a diameter of 8 mm is drilled in it - just like on the nuts, which went to the clamps.
Then a rather complicated operation follows.
It is necessary to first drill a hole with a diameter of 6.7 mm through the head of the M10 bolt, and then cut the M8 thread in it.
The bolt itself will be screwed into the nut, and the ring from the anchor will be screwed into the hole. This ring will just act as a hinge.
This is what the assembly looks like.
From the side of the through hole, an M10 bolt is screwed into the nut, with which the assembly will be fixed on a vertical rack.
I must say that such a hinge in the “light version” is not the most successful, and only the availability of parts justifies it. But the working bar has a rather solid backlash, which can affect the accuracy of maintaining a single sharpening angle along the entire cutting edge of the knife.
A more perfect solution would be to use a ready-made fisheye hinge - such parts are presented in a large assortment in online stores, and their cost is not so high.
It is quite possible, probably, to do without the complex operation of drilling a hole in the head of the bolt with subsequent threading - if you are lucky to get a hinge with a suitable threaded part. Then for the connection it will be possible to do with a short hairpin.
But for now, we are considering the way the master suggested.
All parts are ready - you can proceed to the assembly of the machine.
Support legs are screwed to the bottom of the bed.
Their height is immediately adjusted so that the machine stands steadily - at all four points.
The vertical stand is screwed in.
A swivel assembly is put on the rack and fixed at a certain height with a clamping bolt.
A pressure plate is placed on the base plate. Two screws are baited, which will fix the cutting tool in this clamp.
It remains to thread the free end of the working rod into the hinge ring - and we can assume that the machine is ready.
The master decided to immediately try it in his work.
To begin with, sharpen this knife with a completely “killed” cutting edge.
The knife is placed between the support platform and the pressure plate. The cutting edge is roughly parallel to the short side of the bed.
Fixation is carried out by tightening two screws.
The working bar is inserted into the hinge.
The hinge itself is set in height to ensure the required sharpening angle.
The sharpening process begins - first with the first, large bar. As you work, you can observe how a uniform cutting edge is formed along the entire length of the blade.
Then the bar can be changed to another, with a fine abrasive, to bring the sharpening to the maximum sharpness of the cutting edge.
The result of the work - first visually ...
... and now with a demonstration of the degree of sharpening of the cutting edge.
A loose sheet of paper is easily cut into strips.
By changing the height of the hinge assembly, you can similarly sharpen the iron of the planer ...
...or even the blade of an axe.
The machine itself, when temporarily unnecessary, is easy to disassemble by removing the bar and unscrewing the rack. In this form, it will take up very little space in a closet or on a shelf.

It makes sense to add a few more touches.

  • Many factory-made models are equipped with a scale that sets the required sharpening angle of the cutting edge. It is easy to come up with a similar device yourself, for example, such as shown in the illustration. A plate perpendicular to the plane of the supporting platform, and a removable ruler with a protractor screwed to it.

After clamping the knife in the clamp, it is enough to attach the ruler to the cutting edge and to the hinge point, combine the central risk of the protractor with the platinum, and take the angle readings using the same platinum, counting it from 90 degrees.

Important - the full sharpening angle is made up of angles on both sides of the blade. That is, if an angle of 30 is required°, then sharpening on one side should be carried out at an angle of 15°.

They act differently - instead of a protractor, you can fix a sector on which signed marks are made in advance, for example, “kitchen knife”, “table knife”, “chisel”, “”, etc. That is, it will be enough to choose the height of the hinge so that the bar coincides with the marked mark.

Another option is the marks on the vertical stand. True, in this case, uniformity is required in the placement of knives in the clamp - so that the cutting edge always protrudes at the same distance from the edge. Not quite convenient.

And the easiest option is to make several templates from thick cardboard or thin plywood, signing them for which cutting tool this corner is intended.

In a word, having shown ingenuity, it is easy to significantly simplify bringing the machine to the desired working position.

  • You can make a comment on the fastening of the bars. If they are supposed to be changed in the course of sharpening, then they must necessarily have the same thickness, otherwise the angle will change. Many masters advise other approaches. Instead of bars, they have prepared several steel plates of the same size. Abrasive paper is glued onto the plates. Two sides are already two different levels of grit. That is, you can prepare a kit for all stages of sharpening: from the rough formation of the cutting edge to its polishing.

Another one interesting idea in this regard - not a plate, but a segment of the profile square pipe 20×20 mm. The four sides are four different abrasives. In the course of work - just turn over the right side ...

  • Another nuance: it does not hurt to ensure your own safety at work. It will be very unpleasant if, during forward movement, the hand breaks off - and exactly with your fingers along the cutting edge. So some kind of protective guard will not hurt here, which you can come up with to your taste.

A self-made machine for sharpening tools will certainly be very useful in any household.

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We can say that in this article we only slightly “digged” the topic of home-made machines and devices. We will be glad if readers send their wishes: which of the tools they would like to see with details - we will try to satisfy their requests. And even better - if one of the amateur craftsmen shares their secrets on the pages of our portal. Published reviews from visitors - without fail paid.