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I-beams: metal design features. Steel I-beam: types, characteristics, applications Purpose and scope

The most demanded type of product is steel beam, information about which we will try to set out as detailed as possible on this page of our website.

Beam, I-beam

Beam It is made most often from carbon steel, sometimes from low alloy steel. Widely used in civil and industrial construction. beams are classified according to their main purpose: for example, a column beam (K), a beam for overhead tracks (M), and also according to the method of production (hot-rolled steel beam). Beams also differ in such characteristics as the thickness of the web and flanges and the location of the edges of the flanges. The beam assortment corresponds to GOST 8239-89, GOST 19425-74, GOST 26020-83 and STO ASCHM 20-93.

I-beam has an abbreviated name I-beam, by which this product is most often called. Such a product has a section in the shape of the letter "H". I-beam is produced in two ways: hot rolling and welding. more popular and in demand is a beam produced by hot rolling, that is, a hot-rolled I-beam. Therefore, hot-rolled steel I-beams predominate in our assortment.

I-beam steel beam quite favorably with other types of beams - it significantly surpasses them in strength, degree of wear resistance. The I-beam perfectly tolerates temperature changes and can be used in the construction of buildings in which constant heating of the premises is not expected.

Where did the I-beam find application

A beam is a very important type of rolled metal for construction, both industrial and civil. Often it is she who is the basis of the entire metal structure. I-beam beam widely used in the construction of column structures, ceilings, bridges, overpasses, mines and other structures that need to be high-strength and withstand heavy loads. Steel beams are also used in other industries, such as mechanical engineering, car building.

What sizes and types is an I-beam

I-beam It can be of various lengths - the minimum length of the beam is 4 meters, the maximum is 12 meters. The beam has a height of 10 to 100 centimeters. What length and height the beam will be depends on its purpose.

The inner faces of the beam flanges can be parallel and sloped. Types of beams with a slope of the edges of the shelves:

  • Beam ordinary
  • Beam special

The slope of the faces of a conventional beam should not exceed 12% (its minimum value is 6%). Special beam there are two types, which are usually denoted by letters: C and M. A type C beam is used in the construction of mine racks, and mine shafts are also reinforced with its help. For the construction of overhead tracks, a special I-beam type M is used.

Beam having parallel faces shelves, there are the following types:

  • Beam normal (type B; for example - beam 20 B1, beam 30 B2, beam 40 B1)
  • Wide-shelf beam (type Ш)
  • Column beam (type K)
  • Random Length Beam
  • Cut-to-length beam
  • Beam length, which is a multiple of the measured
  • A beam of length, which is a multiple of the measured one, with a remainder of up to 5%

I-beam beam may vary in strength, on the basis of which its final cost is formed. You can order a beam from a warehouse with delivery by calling the phone numbers listed on the site. By purchasing this product from us, you can be sure that the items you need are always in stock, which means that deliveries will be implemented as soon as possible. We will be glad to cooperate with you.

All beams have their own classifications based on clear parameters. The following factors are taken into account: purpose, manufacturing technology, technical data, shelves edges, their location and width. By type, they are divided into split and non-cut. There are also beams in which the shelves are placed in parallel. They are wide-shelf, normal and columned.

Another criterion for the difference between beams is their length. There are 5 types: dimensional; multiple measured; measured, taking into account 5% of the balance of total weight parties; multiple measured, taking into account 5% of the remainder of the total mass of the party; beams are unmeasured.

A separate group includes beams that are made of metal coated with zinc. Such a coating makes the profiles well protected from corrosion, which prolongs the life of the entire system as a whole. These profiles are often used as a framework for multi-storey buildings, for the manufacture of gates, window frames, hinged facades, etc.

Beam markings

Each type of beam has its own GOST and marking, which allows you to accurately find the right product. However, they should be clearly understood.

Important! All types of beams are divided into varieties.

There are two types of welded beams: for shafts (C) and for overhead tracks (M). Rolling can be of high precision (A) and standard precision (B). At the request of the customer, the beams are made in lengths from 4 to 13 meters.

Basic letter designations:

  • "U" - with a narrow strip;
  • "B" - standard band;
  • "W" - a wide band;
  • "D" - the middle strip is a special group with an average width;
  • "K" - columned - the shelves are equal in width to the length of the profile;
  • "M" - for overhead tracks.

Most factories are engaged in production according to GOSTs, however, production is also possible according to certain technical conditions that differ from state standards. This allows customers to purchase I-beams that do not need further additional processing and fitting.

Steel floor beams and their production

Steel ceiling beams are made by two different methods: rolling and welding. The name of the I-beams comes from the type of manufacture - hot-rolled steel and welded beams. The cost of a product depends on how it was produced. However, due to the presence of GOSTs that regulate the manufacturing process, the main strength characteristics do not change, which makes both types of beams very reliable and of high quality.

In the welding type of production, steel is cut into strips on a special apparatus for thermal cutting. Further, the beams are assembled on the assembly machine and welded under the flux. The rolling system of production consists in rolling a solid hot metal to the desired shape. The next step is common to both types, drilling holes, cleaning and painting.

Steel beams are an indispensable and important material for the construction of a wide variety of structures and buildings, bridges, communication lines, suspended structures. Variety, strength and reliability have made them the most common and necessary element for every construction site.

The construction of any, even the smallest building, is impossible without the use of a number of elements that, during the construction of buildings, have long been referred to as the so-called basic components. One of the so-called basic elements can be called an ordinary metal beam. It is a metal product with an H-shaped section, which is actively used in various construction areas for the creation of bridge structures, overhead tracks, supports, ceilings, as well as various types of metal structures.

If we talk about the function of this element, then its main task is to perform the function of a support for the entire structure. In life, we can meet it as a ceiling and roof. And if, for example, you use the so-called 2-tee beam, then you can quickly make a simple but extremely effective rack crane that will allow you to move bulky goods. For the same purpose, a rack profile is used, like guides or rails. In addition, its configuration makes it possible to use it for laying railway connections.

What are they like

To date, there are several categories of beams that are manufactured by large enterprises:

  • I-beam, made according to GOST;
  • welded;
  • of steel;
  • tee;
  • from metal;
  • welded double tee.

They can also differ in a number of characteristics: in the thickness of the shelves and walls, in the location of the edges, in the production methodology, and the like. If we talk about the main characteristics, then the beams are:

  • hot-rolled steel;
  • I-beam steel;
  • I-beams made of low-alloy and carbon steel.
  • with parallel edges. This includes normal, wide-shelf and column beams;
  • with sloped edges. They are ordinary and special;
  • special steel;
  • hot-rolled steel;
  • high density carbon low alloy steel.

It should be said that all beams of the 2-tee category are divided into 2 categories according to the production method. The first is hot-rolled beams, created when heated billets are passed through the rolls of a rolling mill. The second type of products is produced using welded technology, when a metal sheet is cut into pieces, after which the so-called tack is made, and then welding is already performed.

In addition, steel beams with parallel type faces are divided into three groups:

  • normal;
  • with wide shelves;
  • category column.

Beams where there is a slope of the faces are divided into:

  • conventional with a slope of 5-11%;
  • special.

The latter, in turn, can be classified as:

  • M. These are steel products designed to create overhead type tracks. The slope of the inner faces here will be at least 5 percent;
  • C. Metal products that are used to strengthen shafts in mines. In this case, the slope will be at least 11 percent.

If you are interested in quality steel beam in Rostov , then it can be purchased cheaply at the "Steel Industrial Company" in a short time.

Where else can you use these devices?

Continuing the theme of the purpose of steel beams, let's say that they are used not only as integral elements in the construction of industrial, public and other types of structures. Also, they often act as structural parts of the roof, can act as parts of floors between floors, and also be the basis for crane-type racks. I-beam options are often used to create columns and ceilings. They are also used in steel floor trusses. The widespread use of just this type of beams is explained by the fact that they are quite simple to make, and in operation they are classified as very reliable.

Also popular are products that are made from low-alloy steel. The chemical composition during their creation must necessarily comply with GOST standards. Separately, it should be said that the number of a metal beam means its conditional size in centimeters. The smallest number is ten and the largest is one hundred. Creation of beams with other characteristics is possible only by special order. The size of the considered steel product is the value between the outer edges of its shelves.

Usually a beam in a horizontal position, takes the transverse vertical load coming from the weight. But quite often one should take into account the influence of a number of hypothetical horizontal forces of the transverse type. An example is the wind load when taking into account a possible earthquake.

Such a product under load also affects the supports, which can be columns, walls, suspensions, or the same beams. After that, the load passes on and in some cases, it is perceived by various structural elements working in compression - supports. We can also say separately about the case of a truss structure, where the rods rest on a beam that is in a horizontal position.

Also, it should be said that the strength characteristics of the product depend on the following physical parameters:

  • the material from which it is made;
  • length;
  • area and shape cross section;
  • the way it is attached to other elements.

Where can I buy quality steel beams

If we talk about where you can buy high-quality steel beams in Rostov, then this can be done at the Steel Industrial Company. Only high-quality beams made of durable metals with high performance, which have been tested for strength and for the presence of marriage. Here you can also make a number of beams to order, if you need some non-standard solutions in this matter. In addition, the price of beams in the "Steel Industrial Company" is quite affordable, which is explained by the absence of intermediaries when selling beams to a client.

Despite the reduction in costs in the construction industry, consumers still make quite a decent income for firms producing building materials. Now many are buying the necessary materials for self-construction, the same applies to metal beams, metal is one of the most durable and affordable bases for the foundation and frame of a building.

What are beams and what are they made of

The beam is an important element in the design, it is placed to increase stability and strengthen the structure. metal beams are made most often of steel, their action is directed to bending. If the structure is too massive, then the beam is made of an I-beam, it looks like two connected letters t. With this section, the load on the material is distributed evenly and resistance increases.
Beams are not only made of metal connections, there are also wooden ones, they are used in simpler construction, they cannot be made with different types sections, therefore, they are an ordinary beam with different lengths and widths.

Types and properties

Beams are distinguished by size, they are assigned numbers by which you can select the desired characteristics individually for construction:

  • Size "10" - the smallest by standards, is used as a ceiling, strengthens moving elements in buildings. It can be installed as a guide structure for lifts, provided that they are small.
  • "12" - the beam will be slightly larger, and, accordingly, can withstand more pressure. Most often used as the basis of frames, installed in mechanisms and machines.
  • Number "14" is more massive and helps to create more loaded floors, it is subject to installation in reinforced concrete structures, such are often put in industrial construction.
  • The “16” beam is distinguished by its strength and can already be a full-fledged support; it is installed not only to ensure the stability of the gran-beams, but also for the movement of shop transport along rail lines.
  • Beam "18" can be used specifically in the construction of buildings, creating a reliable support. If you need to support large mechanisms or ensure the stability of wide areas.
  • "20" number is already included in the number of large beams, it can be the basis for columns or frames for engineering.
  • "25" - is no longer so often used in the construction of houses, but it will be a reliable time for any lifting mechanisms, even large cranes.
  • "30" number is also used as the basis for lifting, but unlike "25" it is made wider and longer, this provides higher resistance under heavy loads.

Aluminum and steel floors, their pros and cons.

Often used in construction aluminum, more precisely its alloys, it quite resistant to environmental influences, but does not know how to be so stable under weight load. Compared to steel, they are lighter and thinner, but most often they have to be thickened for extra strength. In the construction of structures, both materials can be used, depending on the volume of construction, since industrial production is more voluminous work with strong fortifications, but small buildings can be assembled from aluminum, it is economical and easy to use.

There is one important feature - metal melts when exposed to high temperatures, literally melts, creating a homogeneous mass that cannot be restored, while aluminum, when heated, does not turn into a melted puddle, but, on the contrary, when the temperature decreases, it is restored to its normal form. Of course, not in every production Environment has a temperature of 80 degrees, so there will be no deterioration with normal heating. From the side of chemical designations, iron has more noble compounds, and aluminum has not received recognition from chemists.

There is such a thing as the modulus of elasticity, it is responsible for the resistance of the material to regeneration after strong pressure, that is, if the action of the beam is directed to bending, then it should not bend, so the greater the pressure, the higher the modulus of elasticity should be. Aluminum alloys have an elastic modulus of 70.000 MPa, which is three times less than the same indicator for iron. It is on the basis of this that a plan for the location of the beams is built, their bearing capacity is calculated.

Shapes, thickness and height

The difference in shape and size is determined in accordance with the numbers of the manufactured beams, they can be either small and narrow with a solid shape, or massive I-beams, which are easily recognized as a support for large working cranes. Individual production allows you to order the basis for movable structures with specific indicators and shapes. The most important thing is that the height must always be increased by 1.5 times, this will shrink and other construction work.

Usage

The main purpose of metal floors - industrial engineering, it is different from civil special requirements. Most often, developers for these buildings already have a ready-made plan, so there will be no problems with sketching the project, but for such an industry, all material certifications should be, because the structures will be used for mass gatherings of people or large factories that are tested for strength by government agencies.

At the same time, complex metal structures are affordable for really large customers, their price is quite high, and aluminum is most often used in civil engineering, although it is not so strong, but it is not necessary to spend money on additional anti-corrosion treatment, and the material can withstand the standard load of a residential building.

Technology modern construction industrial buildings and residential buildings today, as before, among the structural elements of structures, various kinds of structures are used, united by one name - a beam. According to its purpose, this element of the building is designed to play the role of a bearing mechanism. Located on two or more pillars of the building, such an element takes on the load and allows you to create interfloor ceilings, to connect spans, is one of the main elements roof structure building.

Traditionally, in the construction of buildings, beams are used that correspond to the type and purpose of buildings, and therefore there are various types of classifications of these elements. Most often, the classification is carried out according to the type, purpose, shape and material of this structural element.

General information about the device and purpose

In construction, beams are classified, first of all, depending on how many supports it lies on:


Structurally, the simplest beam used in low-rise frame-panel housing construction for attic floor construction is a solid beam rectangular shape, but for more demanding installations than simple country house elements that are somewhat different in shape and capable of withstanding heavy loads are required:


In addition, special requirements are imposed on the materials of structures:


The most popular in construction, in the construction of roofs industrial facilities, T-shaped or I-shaped profiles are used, they are the main elements of roof structures here. This is due to the fact that this form works most efficiently under bending loads.

I-beams - in their cross-sectional shape they resemble the letter "H". Each element has its own name - the vertical parts of such a letter "H" are called shelves, and the dash connecting them is called a wall. Due to this shape, the profile is able to withstand greater loads than a rectangular material in cross section. In addition, I-beam structures allow the use additional methods increasing the strength of the structure:

  • for the most critical sections of the roof, two tee profiles with a thickened wall;
  • for secondary sections, crossbars are used, the inner edges of the shelves, which are parallel to each other;
  • to increase the rigidity of the structure, profiles with a slope on the inner edges are used.

Materials and technologies for the manufacture of floor elements

Depending on the purpose of the building, the technology of its construction and the conditions for its subsequent operation of the roof, the beams are classified both by the type of material used and the method of manufacturing the finished element:

  1. Reinforced concrete structures:
  • are made by the method of monolithic mold casting with the obligatory use of a reinforcing cage in the factory, as a rule, these are T-sections of a complex frame structure;
  • monolithic structures - are produced by mold casting directly at the construction site during the construction of buildings using monolithic-frame technology.
  1. Metal:
  • metal elements made by the method of hot rolling of metal of the finished form;
  • special types of products from individual elements connected by welding;
  • light alloy products for special types roofs - stadiums, concert halls, exhibition centers.
  1. Wooden:
  • from a solid bar of various sizes;
  • composite crossbars, made of separate parts, interconnected by adhesive method using both natural wood and wood-based materials - plywood, fiberboards.

Classification and marking of steel elements

The classification of steel structures is carried out and has its own alphanumeric code. Such coding makes it possible to carry out the necessary classification and take into account the elements necessary for the parameters in construction even at the stage of developing design and estimate documentation.

The basis for this type of classification is officially approved state standards and specifications, according to which all types of beams are classified, regardless of the material of manufacture or manufacturer.

So, in the marking of steel I-sections, in addition to indicating their dimensions, and the height can be from 100 mm to 1000, an alphabetic code is also indicated, which indicates, for example, the dimensions of the edges of the shelves:

  • "B" - means that the product has a normal width of parallel faces;
  • "W" - indicates that the shelves have an increased width and are classified as "wide-shelf" products;
  • "K" - says that such a profile can be used as a column support.

The use of wooden elements in various roof structures

In low-rise housing construction, during the construction of the roof, beams are used as elements of various purposes and sizes:


The most suitable for these functions are I-beam glued wood elements, which have great strength, can withstand heavy loads and are light in weight compared to solid wood lumber. feature of all kinds wooden structures used in the construction of the roof of a building is the use of lumber conifers for the device of rafters, struts, frame partitions and hard wood for the device of the attic floor.

Sergey Novozhilov - expert in roofing materials with 9 years of experience practical work in area engineering solutions in construction.