Installation, operation and repair of refrigeration units. Repair and service of refrigeration equipment. Types of maintenance

18.10.2019

Apartment owners today have the opportunity to get rid of dependence on public utilities responsible for hot water supply. An instantaneous water heater solves the problem.

These devices are most effective in country houses with plumbing, as well as those apartments where hot water outages are short-term or consumption is low due to a small amount living.

Instantaneous electric water heaters are called devices that look like small heating boilers. Heating is carried out by heating elements- copper tubes with a spiral inside.

You can turn them on only if there is water, otherwise the heating element will burn out. To prevent damage, a protection mechanism is installed, consisting of a thermostat and a shutdown sensor. The water passing through the heating element leaves the apparatus already hot. In addition, the device is equipped with filters that protect against the ingress of solid particles.

Depending on the connection method, water heaters can be pressure or non-pressure.

Pressure devices can be used to supply hot water bathroom and kitchen at the same time. Non-pressure heaters are designed to supply hot water to a specific place (usually a kitchen). Such devices are more compact and energy efficient.

Advantages and disadvantages

Flow heaters have the following advantages:

more easy installation and low cost compared to storage boilers;
compactness;
fast water heating.

The negative aspects of such devices include:

high power consumption;
need enough high pressure in the plumbing;
the inability to accurately adjust the temperature of the heating water.

Of great importance right choice water heater. These devices differ from each other in many characteristics: power, minimum operating pressure, control methods (for example, stepped or smooth temperature control) and other parameters.

After purchasing the water heater, you need to choose a place for its installation.

Location selection

Almost any room can be chosen to install a flowing electric water heater: bathroom, kitchen, toilet or even a shower. The main thing is that the place for installation meets certain criteria:

protection against moisture ingress (for example, spray from a shower);
Ease of turning on and off the water heater;
ease of use of the tap or shower to which the device is connected;
ease of connection to the water supply;
proximity to the faucet to avoid unnecessary heat loss.

There are no special requirements for the wall itself due to the low weight of the device.

Tools and materials

Before you install an electric instantaneous water heater, or pipes, you should stock up the following set of materials and tools:

instantaneous water heater;
impact electric drill;
victorious drill;
screws with dowels;
screwdriver;
gas key;
FUM tape;
pliers.

Installation and connection to the water supply

At the first stage making marks on the wall in places corresponding to the fasteners. Holes are drilled here and dowels are driven into them or brackets are installed (if they are included). A water heater is attached to them.

Electrical connection instantaneous water heater to water can be produced according to several schemes. In the first case, you will need 4 valves and two outlet adapters - a “tee”. One valve is inserted into pipes with hot and cold water. Tees are installed between them and the mixer.

A water heater is connected to them: the inlet - to a pipe with cold water, the outlet - with hot. Valves are also installed on the pipes between the water supply and the water heater. If the water heater is off, then the valves leading to it are in the closed position, and those that are on the pipes - in the open.

When turning off hot water, a number of manipulations must be performed. It is necessary to close the valve on the hot water pipe, open the valves leading to the heater, and turn it on. When hot water appears, the reverse action should be taken.

There is more a simple option for installing a flowing electric water heater - for a shower, in which the device itself is not connected to the hot water pipe. In this case, its outlet remains free. When hot water is turned off, a shower hose is connected to it, from which a watering can is pre-twisted.

After that the valve located at the inlet opens. Now when you move the mixer switch to the "shower" position, it will flow hot water, and in the "faucet" position - cold.

About the same way electric water heater it is connected in those buildings where hot water supply is not provided for by the project (for example, in country houses). The only difference is that a stationary pipe is used instead of a shower hose. It can be made from almost any material: metal, plastic, etc.

This video shows how to install an instantaneous electric water heater for a shower:

A with storage tank? And how good are such devices? Find it out yourself.

There are also compact water heater taps that are great for a kitchen sink. Find out more about and their choices.

Special faucets with sensors will allow you to use the consumed water more economically, here you can find out everything about them.

Electrical connection

Connection to electrical network should be given no less attention than to water supply. First of all, it is necessary calculate the total power of all electrical appliances in the apartment including installed water heater. The resulting figure must be compared with the characteristics of the general circuit breaker.

It should be borne in mind that in many houses of old buildings switching equipment and wiring are not designed for those capacities, which today load their consumers. Therefore, it is better to replace them if possible.

The power of most single-phase water heaters is up to 9 kW at current up to 27A. Given the high power of such devices, it is advisable to stretch a separate line from the electrical panel to power them. When connecting, it is recommended to use a three-core cable PVA 3x4.

At the same time, we must not forget that the current in a damp room is the most dangerous, so electrical safety considerations should come first. Therefore, it is mandatory, in addition to circuit breaker install a residual current device.

In itself, connecting the wire does not seem to be something difficult. As a rule, the connection diagram is given in the instructions. Under the cover of the water heater there is a terminal block. Three wires must be connected to it: phase, working zero and ground.

It should be borne in mind that it is strictly forbidden to connect the ground wire to the working zero. Given the great importance that the correct execution of all electrical work has, it is recommended to entrust them to a professional electrician.

The instantaneous water heater is one of the most effective devices in the event of a short-term shutdown of hot water supply. It has many advantages over other devices that perform similar functions. Such devices are convenient for use both in city apartments and in small country houses. Installation of water heaters is not particularly difficult and may well be done with your own hands.

Target technical operation refrigeration unit - establishment and maintenance of specified temperature and humidity conditions in refrigerated premises. The main task is to ensure reliable, trouble-free and safe operation of all refrigeration equipment at minimal cost for the production of artificial cold.

The correct organization of the technical operation of the refrigeration unit must meet the requirements of:

reliability and durability of operated refrigeration equipment;

safety and security at work.

The cost of producing cold, associated with saving electricity, labor, water, operating materials, should be minimal.

An important condition for the normal operation of the refrigeration unit is the availability of specially trained personnel. The personnel servicing the refrigeration unit must be guided by the technical documentation for the refrigeration unit, production instructions maintenance of the entire installation as a whole, as well as its individual units and elements.

With economical safe operation of the refrigeration unit, it is necessary to observe the optimal mode of its operation, equip the unit with instrumentation, automatic control and protection devices, properly fill the system with refrigerant, keep the heat transfer surfaces of condensers and evaporators clean, carry out scheduled preventive maintenance of refrigeration equipment in a timely manner, keep a daily log of refrigeration installations and prepare technical reports.

At trade and public catering enterprises, refrigeration equipment is serviced by mechanics of specialized refrigeration equipment factories. Maintenance includes inspections carried out once a month with the implementation of preventive maintenance and necessary minor repairs, elimination of malfunctions that may occur, daily checks of the operation of the refrigeration unit.

Volume Maintenance depends on the type of machines, installation layout and degree of automation.

Conclusion

Today manufacturing technologies refrigeration units are on very high level. The development of new models of refrigeration units today has even affected the field of microelectronics. Also, production technologies were not spared. refrigeration machines and digital computer technology.

The use of computer-controlled refrigeration units in everyday life significantly adds convenience to their operation, creates time savings, and computer control over the condition of the units of the unit maintains its more reliable and safe operation for many years.

The use of computer-controlled refrigeration units in production increases production efficiency, provides reliable temperature control, thereby reliably preserving raw materials and ensuring minimal losses.

Perhaps the main disadvantage of such installations is the complexity and high cost of repairing electronic parts of computer control. In addition, electronic components require special operating conditions. Another disadvantage is that computer-controlled refrigerators are quite expensive, but saving on minimal losses of raw materials during storage in production fully justifies the cost of the units.

Another not unimportant problem is the lack of specialists in the maintenance of such equipment. But most enterprises in Russia invite specialists from abroad to service imported refrigeration units, since most of the digitally controlled refrigerators are supplied from abroad.

Unfortunately, in Russia there are few such refrigerators, or they are produced, but under the license of foreign companies, respectively, such units enter the market under the brand name of a foreign company.

Therefore, it is necessary to develop in Russia the development and production of digitally controlled refrigerators and refrigeration units and create new technologies for their manufacture so that Russian refrigeration units become competitive in the world market.

Related information:

Fundamentals of designing ventilation and air conditioning systems. Modern approach to design. Commissioning and service of ventilation and air conditioning systems

Special course on the program with the subject of refrigeration of ventilation and air conditioning systems:

Topic 1. Basic air parameters. Analysis of the processes of changing the state of air. Dry and wet bulb air temperature. Dew point temperature. Psychrometric temperature difference. Absolute and relative humidity. Moisture content. Specific heat capacity and enthalpy. Density of dry and moist air. Partial pressure of water vapor. Heating, humidifying, cooling and dehumidifying processes. Mixing processes of external and internal air. Examples of calculations.

Topic 2. Calculation and selection of equipment for cleaning and heat-moisture treatment of air. Dry air heating. Calculation of processes and equipment. Heating with air humidification. Calculation of processes and equipment. Air humidification. Calculation of processes and equipment. Dry air cooling. Calculation of processes and equipment. Air cooling with simultaneous dehumidification. Calculation of processes and equipment. Air dehumidification. Calculation of processes and equipment. Filters, device; cleaning classes; calculation and selection. Selection of equipment for premises for various purposes. Examples of calculations.

Topic 3. Design parameters of outdoor and indoor air. Estimated parameters of outdoor air. Design parameters of indoor air for premises for various purposes (taking into account the requirements of SNiP, SanPiN, technological standards, etc.).

Topic 4. Calculation of heat and moisture inflows. Determination of air flow. Calculation of heat gains in warm and cold periods years according to the standard methodology and average indicators. Calculation of moisture inflows in the warm and cold periods of the year. Determination of air consumption from the condition of repayment of heat and moisture surpluses. The rate of air exchange. Recommended air exchange extremes for rooms for various purposes. Determination of air flow taking into account the recommended air exchange rate. Examples of calculations.

Topic 5. Construction of processes for heat and moisture treatment of air in ventilation and air conditioning systems. Building on the J - d diagram of air treatment processes in ventilation systems and, local devices; construction of air treatment processes in central air conditioners. Determination of the specific load on heat, cold and moisture on equipment. Calculation of system performance: heating, cooling, humidifying and drying capacity. Examples of calculations.

Topic 6. Installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems. Calculation and selection. Installation of ventilation systems for premises for various purposes. Equipment selection. Local air conditioners. Fancoils. Device. Calculation and selection. Installation of direct-flow and recirculation central air conditioners. Calculation and selection. Heat recovery units. Device, calculation and selection. Examples of calculations.

Topic 7. Air distribution systems. Calculation and selection. Purpose, device. Ways to supply air to the premises. Air distribution devices. Air ducts and distribution channels. Calculation and selection. Calculation of air distribution systems for premises for various purposes.

Topic 8. Refrigeration of ventilation and air conditioning systems. Refrigeration schemes for direct cooling and cooling with refrigerants. Installation of equipment for refrigeration of ventilation and air conditioning systems. Calculation and selection of refrigeration equipment.

Topic 9. Automation of ventilation and air conditioning systems. Automatic regulation of air temperature in the room. Automatic regulation of air humidity in air-conditioned rooms for various purposes. Automatic protection of air heaters from freezing; blocking of electric drives of equipment and air valves. Alarm for emergency increase in air pressure behind the filter. Options remote control. Interrelation with the automation of the refrigeration machine.

Topic 10. Energy saving measures in ventilation and air conditioning systems. Choice of rational parameters of external and internal air; operating temperature difference. Choosing an energy efficient air distribution system. Implementation of heat recovery systems and use of natural cold. Choice of refrigeration and automation options.

Topic 11. Methods for designing and calculating ventilation and air conditioning systems for premises of food enterprises. The main regulatory documents for the design of industrial systems for comfortable and comfortably-technological air conditioning for heat and moisture stressed premises. Design of technological air conditioning systems (design examples for meat processing, dairy, cheese, fish processing and other food industry enterprises).