Significance in nature and human life of Orthoptera. Orthoptera. Orthoptera are widely distributed throughout the globe from the tropics to the Arctic and are distinguished by a wide variety of morphological structures. The value of insects in human life
Thanks to the characteristic features of the structure, they have mastered all habitats. The importance of insects in human life is also great. The benefits and harms of these representatives of the animal world will be discussed in the article.
Characteristic features of insects
The importance of insects in nature and human life is due to such features of the external and internal structure that allow them to easily adapt to any environmental conditions.
The cuticle covering the body of the insect forms the external skeleton. Outside, it secretes a fat-like substance that prevents the body from losing excess moisture. Insect muscles are able to contract at a high frequency. This results in a higher flight speed.
For some species, such as ladybugs, extraintestinal digestion is characteristic. Like arachnids, they inject their juices into the victim's body. Bed bugs are known to infect the seeds of cereal plants in a similar way.
The respiratory system is represented by a set of tracheae, which effectively provides cells with oxygen.
The structure of all organ systems is of great adaptive importance.
Behavioral Features
The regulation of the functions of the organism of insects is carried out with the help of the nervous and humoral systems. Therefore, they are characterized by complex behavior. The importance of insects in nature and human life is often due to this very reason.
central part nervous system- The brain is well developed. Especially his front section. This is manifested in the presence of a system of instincts - innate programs of behavior. Insects are characterized by hunting, sexual, building and other types of instincts.
The organism occurs with the help of biologically active substances - hormones. They are secreted by specialized glands into the blood. An example of their action can be the regulation of molting processes, the transition to a state of rest, communication with individuals of the opposite sex.
social insects
have a particularly complex behavior public views. The value of insects in human life is to obtain honey, bee bread and other useful substances. You guessed it, of course. we are talking about bees. They live in large families, in which each performs its irreplaceable role. The fertile queen and males are responsible for reproductive function. But working individuals build honeycombs, and in their free time they collect pollen. At the same time, they transfer it to the stigmas of the pistils, providing conditions for the fertilization of flowering plants. It is thanks to these insects that the fruits and seeds of many plants appear. These hard workers provide positive value insects in human life and nature.
Ant Workers
The importance of insects in nature and human life can also be considered on the example of other creatures - ants. In making their own dwellings, they collect much building material. At the same time, the ants mix the soil, making it more porous and rich in organic matter and oxygen.
Big redhead species eat a large number of forest pests. However, their bites can be dangerous for humans. Formic acid, which is released during this, can cause itching, irritation, and allergic reactions.
Gluttonous Orthoptera
Representatives of the order Orthoptera are also of particular importance to insects in human life. These are grasshoppers, bears, locusts and other species. But many of them are not as safe as the famous children's song says. Locusts, which are herbivorous insects, are capable of destroying crops in the fields. This species is able to reproduce rapidly. Huge families flying in search of food look like real clouds. At the same time, they destroy all plants on their way.
But the enemy of vegetable gardens and orchards is the bear. With the help of powerful digging legs, she makes moves in the soil to search for edible underground parts of plants. This leads to their death. The activity of the bear sometimes takes on a significant scale, causing irreparable harm to the crop.
What are dangerous lice and fleas
The value of insects in human life and in nature is often negative. Lice are no exception. These wingless insects attach themselves to the hairs of the host's body with a movable claw, feeding on its blood. At the same time, lice can carry deadly diseases: relapsing fever and typhus.
To avoid infection with these dangerous insects, you need to follow the rules of personal hygiene: do not use other people's clothes, hats and combs, take water procedures, periodically change linen.
Amazing beetles
The value of insects in human life and nature is positive and not very, have a representative of the order Coleoptera. Many of them are predators. At the same time, they destroy many agricultural pests. For example, a ladybug eats aphids, and a beauty bug eats pest caterpillars. But, unfortunately, some of them themselves cause great damage to agriculture. Weevil destroys sugar beet shoots. And the one who had to collect from potatoes knows that this "handsome man" does not need a special introduction. But the most merciless insect is the ground beetle. She attacks the prey, even being full to the limit. In captivity, it is even sometimes fed with small pieces of meat.
But dung beetles, despite the unpleasant name, cleanse the environment of the excrement that they feed on. At the same time, they rightfully deserve the title of the most powerful beetles, because they are able to lift a load 90 times heavier than their own.
Diptera bites
A person who had to experience the bites of these arthropods must have long decided that the importance of insects in human life and nature is negative. When it comes to mosquitoes, it's hard to argue with that. Of course, their larvae serve as food for fish. But mosquito bites can cause serious allergic reactions. Some species are carriers of malaria and these diseases are often fatal.
The importance of insects in human life and in nature is also determined by the activity of flies. Do not think that they are just intrusive and harmless. On the surface of their body there are many eggs of helminths, viruses, pathogenic bacteria. However, by participating in the processing of dead organic matter, flies increase soil fertility.
It can be concluded that the value of insects in nature and human life is both negative and positive. But in the course of life, everyone will have to face them, because there are 250 million insects per person!
1) This is a very large group, including more than species, of which more than 700 are found in Russia. 2) Orthopterans include insects with an elongated body, gnawing mouthparts and characteristic structure chest, aircraft and hind limbs. 3) They have a head with large, usually oval, complex eyes 4) Antennae can be long, exceeding the length of the body, or short, shorter than half the body. 5) On this difference in the structure of the antennae, the division of the Orthoptera into two suborders of the long and short mustaches is based. 2. Character traits
Features of the external and internal structure: The structure of the chest of the Orthopteran is specific: the prothorax is highly developed and mobile in it. The remaining two sections of the chest are tightly fused with each other. The wings are for the most part normally developed, although there are even completely wingless ones. The wings of the front pair are denser and narrower and are elytra. The hindwings, or simply wings, are wide, membranous with well-developed longitudinal venation. The hind legs are of a jumping type with thickened and elongated femurs and long tibiae. Abdomen 10-segmented, elongated. 3. Features of the external and internal structure
In diversity, Orthopterans compete with the most advanced insects, but at the same time retain the structural plan of primitive forms and incomplete transformation. Among them there are small (up to 3 mm) and wingless species, as well as blind cave dwellers. 6. Variety Grasshopper
Grasshopper spiny devil This representative of the Orthoptera order received such an ominous name for a reason: its entire emerald green body is covered with sharp triangular spikes. With its appearance, the spiny devil instills fear not only in harmless neighbors in the rainforest, but also in worldly-wise predatory insects and birds. Not distinguished by its large size and growing in length by only 6-7 centimeters, the spiny devil may well repulse such serious opponents as birds and small monkeys. To scare off the aggressor, the grasshopper begins to swing its front limbs, studded to the very edges with sharp thorns. 7. It's Interesting! Grasshopper Spiny Devil
The information was taken from the websites:
Pupae are distinguished: free (open), whose appendages are not soldered to the body; covered, clothed with a cuticular sheath with a relief of appendages not separated from the body; hidden (or punaria), which, under the cuticle of the larvae of the last age, which has not shed off and has taken the form of a barrel, hide a typical free K. In some insects with incomplete transformation (male worms, whiteflies, thrips), the need for radical transformations of the organization of nymphs into the organization of adults leads to the development of resting phases , comparable to the Chrysalis.
Types of larvae:
1. Compodioid larva - a well-developed head and running legs, a hard thoracic region, and a gnawing mouth apparatus.
2. woodlice larva - small legs, beetles from the leaf beetle family
3. caterpillar larva:
a) real caterpillars - ventral legs 2-5 pairs - butterflies
b) false caterpillars - ventral legs 6-8 pairs - sawflies
4. worm-like larva:
a) a larva with a head and thoracic legs - beetles
b) a larva with a head, but without thoracic legs - bark beetles
c) larva without thoracic legs and without heads
39. Insect pests of livestock
insects that can cause death or harm to a person, his pets
Malarial mosquito.
Horsefly is a blood-sucking insect. The house fly is a carrier of pathogens of dysentery, cholera.
Flea: human, cat, dog. Plague carriers.
Gadflies: skin, gastric, nasopharyngeal.
Insects that harm domestic animals include tsetse flies, gadflies, lice, stingers and lice.
40. Characteristics of the order Hymenoptera. Biology of the honey bee.
honey bee, wild bees, bumblebees, ants, riders, sawflies, horntails are hymenoptera that have two pairs of membranous wings in adulthood (hence the name of their squad). There are also wingless insects that are part of this order, such as worker ants. Hymenoptera one of the largest and most evolutionarily developed orders of insects. The group includes more than 155 thousand species from 9100 genera (probably up to 300,000 species), including social insects (ants, wasps, bees, bumblebees). To hallmarks This order can be attributed: of the two pairs of membranous wings, the hind wings are smaller than the front wings, wings with a rare network of veins, rarely without veins (there are also wingless forms), on the anterior edge of the hind wing there is a number of hook-shaped hooks included in the corresponding fold on the posterior edge of the fore wing , gnawing and licking or only gnawing mouthparts and complete transformation
The bee stands at the top of the pyramid of all insects living on our planet.
The bee has a large head covered with hairs, on the sides of which there are two compound eyes, and between them there are three simple eyes. In front, long curved mustaches extend - the organs of touch. With lower jaws and a long lower lip, the bee licks and sucks nectar, the mouth organs of the bee are called gnawing - licking.
On the underside of the abdomen there are smooth areas without hairs - mirrors. Wax is released on their surface. Bees build honeycombs from wax.
On the outer side of the legs of worker bees, one depression is noticeable, surrounded by long hairs, these are baskets. There are also brushes - wide segments of the same legs with hard bristles. With their help, bees collect pollen from flowers of plants and place them in honeycombs. Pollen soaked in honey (perga) is a supply of protein food.
At the end of the abdomen of bees is a serrated retractable sting. When a bee plunges it into a victim, poison flows down its groove into the wound. At the same time, the bee itself dies, because it cannot pull the sting out of its skin and tears it off with a part internal organs.
Everyone watched how on a sunny summer day the bees circled over the flowers, from which they collected sweet droplets of nectar. To produce 100 g of honey, a bee must visit approximately one million (1,000,000) flowers. She collects nectar from the flower with her proboscis, which enters the voluminous goiter and mixes with the secretions of the goiter glands. A bee flies to its hive with a load and its speed is 30 km/h, and "empty" 65 km/h. To collect 1 kg of honey, a bee needs to bring 12,000-150,000 loads of nectar.
41. Characteristics of the order Orthoptera. Meaning.
Orthopterans include insects with an elongated body, gnawing mouthparts and a characteristic structure of the chest, aircraft and hind limbs. Their head has large, usually oval, compound eyes and mostly 3 ocelli; the antennae on it can be long, exceeding the length of the body (grasshopper, cricket), or short - shorter than half the body (triperid, locust). On this difference in the structure of the antennae, the division of Orthoptera into two suborders is based - long-whiskered and short-whiskered. The structure of the thorax of the Orthopteran is specific: the prothorax is highly developed and mobile, and the lateral parts of the pronotum hang down, forming wide lobes that cover the prothorax from the sides. The remaining two sections of the chest are tightly fused with each other. The wings are for the most part normally developed, although there are forms with shortened wings and even completely wingless ones. The wings of the front pair are denser and narrower and are elytra. The hindwings, or simply wings, are wide, membranous with well-developed longitudinal venation. When landing an insect, they fan-shaped fold and cover themselves with elytra. The hind legs are of a jumping type with thickened and elongated femurs and long tibiae. Therefore, orthoptera are sometimes called jumping insects (Saltatoria). Abdomen 10-segmented, elongated, with cerci; from below it appears to be 8- or 9-segmented, since one or two sternites are reduced. Orthoptera can make and perceive sounds, as they have special sound and hearing aids, the structure of which is different in different suborders.
Benefit brought Orthoptera (Orthopthra) to a person, is very insignificant; some species are useful in the extermination of harmful insects, locusts are used in places for food, cockroaches are sometimes used in medicine. On the contrary, the harm brought by them is generally enormous. The harm from the destruction of supplies, food and damage to some items caused by cockroaches is relatively unimportant, but the harm brought by many Orthoptera agriculture, and partly forestry, is colossal; it is enough to point out the numerous species of locust, as well as the bear
"The importance of insects in nature and human life"
1. Abundance of insects
Insects are the most numerous class of animals with more than a million known species. Calculations made by scientists showed that about 1017 (100000000000000000) insect specimens live on Earth at the same time. Due to their abundance, insects play a very important role in nature and in human life.
In addition to the studied orders of insects, the most common in nature are beetles, or beetles, which have rigid forewings. There are three main groups according to the nature of their diet. Firstly, these are predators that feed on various small animals, mainly insects.
Such, for example, are brightly colored ladybugs. Some ladybugs are bred in laboratories and released into greenhouses and gardens to control aphids that damage agricultural plants. Secondly, they are consumers of decaying plant and animal remains. These include, for example, dead eaters and gravediggers who use animal corpses as food. Their larvae also feed on the same food. They are among the orderlies of nature: without them, the corpses of animals would decompose and infect the surrounding area. Thirdly, these are herbivorous beetles that consume all kinds of plant parts, including wood. This includes, for example, the cockchafer and other beetles, leaf beetles. The leaf beetle Colorado potato beetle settles en masse on potatoes, often eating all the tops on the bushes. It was brought to Europe and our country from North America. More than 300,000 species of beetles are known on Earth.
2. The value of insects in nature
1. The life of many insects is closely related to the life of plants. Bumblebees, bees and flies pollinate flowering plants.
2. An important link in food chains.
3. A huge army of these arthropods feeds on leaves, roots, stems and other organs and parts of plants, fruits and seeds, limiting their growth and development.
4. Soil-forming role of insects.
5. They feed on other insects, limit their numbers.
6. Biological suppression of insect pests.
7. Food for other animals: fattening on plant foods, they themselves become the prey of other animals.
8. Aesthetic value: beautiful shapes evoke feelings of joy and admiration.
9. Destroying corpses and manure, they perform a sanitary role.
Insects make up about 80% of all animals on Earth, according to various estimates, in the modern fauna there are from 2 to 10 million species of insects, of which just over 1 million are known so far. Actively participating in the circulation of substances, insects play a global planetary role in nature.
More than 80% of plants are pollinated by insects, and it is safe to say that the flower is the result of the joint evolution of plants and insects. The adaptations of flowering plants to attract insects are diverse: pollen, nectar, essential oils, aroma, shape and color of the flower. Adaptations of insects: sucking proboscis of butterflies, gnawing-licking proboscis of bees; special pollen-collecting apparatus - in bees and bumblebees, a brush and a basket on the hind legs, in megachil bees - an abdominal brush, numerous hairs on the legs and body.
Insects play an important role in soil formation. Such participation is associated not only with the loosening of the soil and its enrichment with humus by soil insects and their larvae, but also with the decomposition of plant and animal residues - plant litter, corpses and animal excrement, while the sanitary role and the circulation of substances in nature are performed.
The following types of insects perform a sanitary role:
coprophages - dung beetles, dung beetles, cowsheds;
Necrophages - dead-eaters, gravediggers, leather-eaters, meat-eating flies, scavengers;
Insects - destroyers of dead plant residues: wood, branches, leaves, needles - drill beetles, larvae of barbels, borers, horntails, centipede mosquitoes, carpenter ants, mushroom mosquitoes, etc .;
Insects - orderlies of reservoirs feed on rotting organic matter suspended or settled to the bottom (detritus) - larvae of mosquitoes-twitchers, or bells, mayflies, caddisflies, purify water and serve as a bioindicator of its sanitary condition.
3. Soil-forming role of insects
In the course of their life activity, insects enrich the soil with organic and mineral substances. The larvae of beetles, butterflies and flies living in the soil take part in loosening the soil and mixing its layers.
A significant number of insects (beetles, ants, etc.) live in the soil, which have a significant impact on the soil-forming process. Making numerous moves in the soil, they loosen the soil and improve its physical and water properties. Insects, actively participating in the processing of plant residues, enrich the soil with humus and minerals.
4. Plant pollinators
Many flowering plants cannot exist without pollination by insects.
The most important in the formation of the evolution of entomophilous plants were the most diverse representatives of Hymenoptera, in particular bees. Bees have retained their leading role in cross-pollination of cultivated plants.
Not all insects that visit flowers for nectar are good for cross-pollination. Insects such as beetles, bugs, aphids and others, although they feast on nectar, do more harm than good to plants.
Butterflies play a very insignificant role in the pollination of flowers, and among the hymenoptera, short-proboscis wasps, oysters, gall wasps, riders and sawflies. Among the wild representatives of the entomofauna, bumblebees, solitary bees, certain species of true wasps and flower flies are of significant importance as pollinators. Moreover, each of these groups is of interest for the pollination of plants of certain species. For example, that long-proboscis bumblebees are more successful than other insects in pollinating red clover flowers. Individual representatives of solitary bees are well adapted to opening flowers and pollinating alfalfa. Flower flies are most successful in pollinating carrot seed plants. However, the number of wild insects changes dramatically in different years, not to mention the fact that due to the plowing of boundary lines, empty lands and the massive introduction of chemical measures to combat pests and plant diseases, the number of wild pollinators is sharply reduced. At present, especially in areas of intensive agriculture, their role as pollinators is reduced to almost zero.
The main role in the pollination of agricultural entomophilous crops belongs to honey bees, whose structure and way of life in the process of evolution are best adapted to perform this function. They live in large families, the number of which during the flowering period of the most important honey plants reaches several tens of thousands.
Each bee family during the year it spends about 200 kg of honey and about 20-25 kg of plant pollen for its nutrition and rearing of brood. To collect this amount of honey, the bees of each colony must visit over 500 million flowers, each containing 0.5 mg of nectar. Almost the same number of flower visits are required to collect pollen. Thus, a strong bee colony visits over a billion flowers per season - this is the real volume of pollination work of each strong colony during the year. No other insect species can compare with the honey bee in terms of the amount of pollination work carried out. But it's not just about numbers. It is very important that honey bees winter in large families. In the spring, when the number of wild insects - pollinators is very small (in the bumblebee family, for example, only the queen female remains), and the bee colony can send a 10 thousandth army of flying bees to collect nectar and pollen, the number of which, as the number increases flowering plants increases every day.
While many species of solitary bees are monotrophic (they visit the flowers of plants of only one genus or species) or oligotrophic (they visit the flowers of a number of species of the same family), the honey bee, as a polytrophic insect, collects nectar and pollen from all entomophilous plants available to it, belonging to different families, genera and species. At the same time, worker bees quickly switch to visiting entire arrays of plants of various species during their mass flowering, that is, at the time of the greatest need for pollinators. To load the honey goiter in one flight, the bee must visit, depending on the nectar productivity of plants, 80-150 flowers. The bee must visit the same number of flowers to collect pollen and form pollen. Two pollen bees weighing about 15-20 mg contain over 3 million pollen grains. Thousands of pollen grains of different quality stick to the body of the bee, covered with hair, during repeated visits to the flowers, which are transferred to the stigma of the pistils. Moreover, each flower is visited by bees during its life, usually not alone, but many times. Thus, best conditions for selective pollination and fertilization. That is why, in the conditions of modern intensive farming, only the correct organization of pollination of entomophilous crops by bees is a necessary element of the agrotechnical complex for obtaining high yields, improving product quality and reducing its cost.
5. The value of insects in human life
In the life and economic activity of a person, they have both positive and negative significance.
Of the more than 1 million species of insects, the real pests that need to be controlled are about 1%. The bulk of insects are indifferent to humans or are beneficial. Domesticated insects - honey bee and silkworm, beekeeping and sericulture are based on their breeding. The honey bee produces honey, wax, propolis (bee glue), apilac (bee venom), royal jelly; silkworm - a silk thread secreted by the caterpillar's spinning glands during the construction of a cocoon, the silk thread is continuous, up to 1000 m in length. In addition to these insects, the following are valuable products: caterpillars of the oak cocoon moth, their coarser silk thread is used to make flaky fabric; lac bugs secrete shellac, a waxy substance with insulating properties used in radio and electrical engineering; carmine worms (Mexican and Ararat cochineal) give red carmine dye; blister beetles secrete the caustic substance cantharidin, which is used to make a blister patch.
Insect pollinators, representatives of many orders, among which an important place is occupied by hymenoptera, increase the yields of seeds, berries, fruits, flowers of many cultivated plants - fruit and berry, vegetable, fodder, flower.
The Drosophila fruit fly, due to its fecundity and reproduction rate, is not only a classic object of genetics research, but also one of the ideal experimental animals for biological research in space. Fossil insects are used in stratigraphy to determine the age of sedimentary rocks.
6. Insects causing harm to humans
Of the vast number of insect species described (about 1,000,000), only a small part, about 1%, directly or indirectly harms humans.
The aesthetic significance of insects lies in the fact that many striking beautiful butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, bumblebees and others evoke feelings of joy and admiration.
Insect pest - (insect pest), insects that can cause death or harm to a person, his pets, food supplies or other products plant origin. The term is also applied to many insects that are more of a nuisance to humans than a serious threat. Insect pests that cause serious harm to human health are of particular importance in countries with a warm climate and in the tropics, of which the most dangerous mosquitoes. They carry pathogens of various forms of malaria, yellow fever, and other dangerous diseases. Fleas transmit bubonic plague to humans from rats. Insects that harm domestic animals include tsetse flies, gadflies, lice, stingers and lice. Each type of plant used by humans has its own insect pests that eat either the whole plant or parts of it. Roots feed on beetles, wireworms (larvae of click beetles), and other insects. Among the insect pests that feed on the aerial parts of plants, highest value have aphids, scale insects and locusts, but many caterpillars also cause significant harm.
An example of insects that annoy humans are mosquitoes biting in summer, midges and stinging wasps. Domestic pests are cockroaches, silverfish, clothes moths and bed bugs; none of them are dangerously deadly, but it is believed that almost all of them can threaten human health.
7. Beneficial insects
Ladybug seven-spotted (Coccinella septempunc-tata L.). A small black beetle, 6-8 mm long, with red elytra, on which 7 black caugle spots are clearly visible, thanks to which the insect got its name. Beetles fly well, with amazing accuracy they find colonies of aphids, which they greedily eat. Immediately on the leaves or branches, the females lay heaps of yellow shiny eggs. Small black six-legged larvae emerge from them, which immediately begin to eat aphids, like adults. Where the cows settled, aphids are completely destroyed. Such a picture can often be observed in gardens, berry fields and fruit nurseries. Beetles hibernate in crevices of buildings, under fallen leaves, in bough grass and other places. In early spring, after overwintering, they leave their shelters, crawl out onto trees and begin to eat pests. In favorable years, cows (they are also called ladybugs) multiply rapidly and eat not only aphids, but also other small pests. In search of food and water, they accumulate en masse near water bodies, on the coast of the seas, on rocks, crawl along roads, where a large number of them die under the feet of passers-by. At such times, cows should be saved from death, collected in special boxes made of thick mesh and stored in refrigerators or in basements in cold places in order to release them on plants damaged by aphids in the spring.
Two-spot ladybird (Adalia bipunctata L.). Beetle 3-4 mm long, with red elytra, on which there are 2 black round spots. Lives and eats in the same way as the seven-spot cow.
Bandaged Sirphus (Syrphus ribesii L.K. Diptera, black with bright yellow bands on the abdomen. By appearance more like a wasp than a fly. Body length 11-12 mm. The female looks for colonies of aphids and lays eggs on the leaves damaged by them. The eggs hatch into yellowish or greenish legless larvae resembling a tiny leech. The larvae are very voracious: each eats up to 2000 aphids during their life.
Lacewing (Chrvsopa perla L.). A delicate bluish-green slender insect with four transparent wings, golden eyes and long antennae. Body length 12-15, wingspan 25-30 mm. Lays oblong emerald eggs on the leaves and stems of plants damaged by aphids. After a few days, grayish six-legged larvae emerge from the eggs. They run fast and grab aphids with their long sharp jaws, suck them out, leaving only the skins that pile up on the backs of the larvae. From the skins of aphids, lacewing larvae make cocoons for themselves before pupation. Adult lacewings overwinter indoors. With impending danger, the lacewing secretes a persistent bad smell, which scares off enemies.
Ktyr (Selidopogon diadema F.). A predatory two-winged insect that looks like a fly. Male black, with brownish transparent wings; the female is brown, with a yellowish-brown pattern on the chest and abdomen, gray wings with a yellow base. Body length 18--22 mm. It feeds on insects, piercing them with a hard proboscis and sucking out the lymph. Often catches pests on the fly. It occurs on leaves and on soil in gardens, fields and vegetable gardens, where it watches for prey. The larvae also feed on insects living in the soil.
Dragonfly (Leptetrum quadrimaculatum L.). Predatory insect, with large compound eyes occupying most of the surface of the head, strong gnawing oral apparatus and two pairs of transparent long narrow wings with a dense network of veins. The wings of a dragonfly are always perpendicular to the body. They fly very fast, catching many small insects on the fly, especially mosquitoes, midges, moths and other pests, which are of great benefit to humans. The larvae live in ponds, rivers and feed on small aquatic animals. There are about 200 species of dragonflies in the USSR.
8. Insect pests of the field and garden
Insect pests of the field and garden are quite a serious problem. There are currently a huge number various kinds insect pests that are ready to destroy our crops. They damage both young plantings and adult plants. In order to protect your crop from pests, you need to know them.
9. Types of insect pests
Insects are a large class, including over a million different species:
Orthoptera
Homoptera
butterflies
Hymenoptera
Diptera.
Insects are divided into groups that damage different parts of plants:
Pests that damage the root system of plants
Pests of seedlings and seedlings
Above ground pests
Pests of foliage and shoots.
The greatest harm to gardens and fields is caused by mass reproduction of insect pests - locusts, aphids, butterflies, beetles. Locusts are especially harmful, they are the most voracious. The offspring of one female can eat 300 kg of plants in her life! Locusts form swarms of up to ten billion individuals, 120 km long. Such a flock can fly 2000 km without stopping!
10. Description of the most common pests
orthopteran insect plant
The underground parts of plants - tubers, bulbs, roots and rhizomes - are damaged by bears, larvae of May beetles, grasshoppers, some types of flies, caterpillars of some species of butterflies.
The rudiments and seeds of plants suffer from the invasion of voracious bugs, beetles, weevils, beetle larvae and butterflies.
Ground parts of plants are damaged by Colorado beetles, beet weevils, grasshopper beetles.
The Colorado potato beetle is especially dangerous for potatoes. During the summer, two or three generations of beetles grow. Both beetles and larvae feed on potato leaves. An adult beetle and its larvae can destroy 100 thousand potato bushes in a season!
The beetroot weevil does the most damage to beets. From eggs laid by females, worm-like larvae develop, which feed on beet roots.
Click beetles harm many plants. The larvae of click beetles are called wireworms. They are practically omnivorous, affecting potatoes, carrots, beets, daikon, radishes, root parsley. They also harm melon plants - watermelons, melons, pumpkins and zucchini.
Huge damage to fields and gardens is brought by whites and winter scoops. White caterpillars feed on plants of the Cabbage family. Caterpillars of the winter scoop destroy the seeds and sprouts that have appeared.
Some flies also harm field and garden plants. Onion fly females infect onions and garlic. They lay their eggs on the ground near these plants. The emerging larvae crawl into the bulbs, into the leaves, eat out numerous passages in them. Soon the plants will turn yellow and dry.
Larvae of cabbage and carrot flies cause great harm to radishes, celery, root parsley, carrots, plants of the Cabbage family.
Ripe fruits of wheat, rye and barley suffer from the invasion of the corn beetle. Adult beetles eat grains. One beetle destroys 9-10 ears.
Bibliography
1. Biology: Animals: Proc. for 7 cells. avg. school / B. E. Bykhovsky, E. V. Kozlova, A. S. Monchadsky and others; Under. ed. M. A. Kozlova. - 23rd ed. - M.: Education, 2003. - 256 p.: ill.
2. . Insects in nature, Vorontsov P.T., Leningrad, "NEVA", 1988
3. Life of insects, FabrZh.A., Moscow, "TERRA", 1993.
4. Determinant of insects, N.N. Plavilshchikov, 1994.
5. Morals of insects, Fabre J.A., 1993.
6. Secrets of the world of insects, Grebennikov V., 1990
7. Posted to the site
course work, added 04/19/2012
The study of the structural features and orders of insects. Types and methods of infection with diseases caused by insects such as fleas, bed bugs, mosquitoes, cockroaches. Mechanical and specific transmission of infectious agents. Insect control methods.
abstract, added 09/03/2011
Species composition of pollinating insects of plants of the calciphilous steppe, consortative relationships between pollinating insects and plants. Rare species insects that are pollinators of calciphilic species and recommendations for their protection. Families of pollinated plants.
presentation, added 05/17/2010
Evidence for insect evolution: fossils, phylogenetic relationships, geographic distribution, paleogeographic evidence. The study of extinct orders of insects. Connections of fossil insects with modern ones. Insects and the history of life on earth.
term paper, added 09/21/2010
The study of the habitat and lifestyle of representatives of the class Insect orders with incomplete and complete transformation. Measures to reduce the number of insect vectors of pathogens. Description of the structure and development of bees and silkworms. Chordata class.
abstract, added 07/03/2010
Squads of insects with complete and incomplete metamorphosis. Insects with rigid forewings and membranous hindwings. The structure of Lepidoptera (butterflies). Hymenoptera: bees, ants, wasps and others. Diptera are the most highly organized order of insects.
presentation, added 12/15/2010
Peculiarities of the developmental phenology of certain species of miner insects. Miners as an ecological group of herbivorous insects, pests of trees. Species composition and frequency of occurrence of insect miners. The number of damaged leaves by insects.
term paper, added 11/17/2014
Characteristic features insects and their importance in environment. The essence of the classification of insects based on the features of their wings, head and legs. Apterygotes as lower, primary wingless insects, characterized by a primitive structure.
abstract, added 01/24/2013
presentation, added 12/14/2014
Research methods for fungi, algae, lichens, higher plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Rules for collecting plants and animals, drying plants, killing and fixing animals. Practical skills for excursions in nature.
What is the importance of Orthoptera in nature and in human life, you will learn from this article.
The value of orthoptera in human life and nature
Orthopteran insects are a detachment of neoptera with incomplete metamorphosis, which includes locusts, crickets and grasshoppers. They are insects with incomplete metamorphosis. This means that the larvae emerging from the eggs have exactly the same appearance as the adult representatives. Just much smaller. Also, the larvae did not develop wings, but otherwise, the newly hatched Orthoptera are an exact copy of their parents. And they eat the same way as adults. There are 20,000 species in the Orthoptera order.
Orthoptera are considered one of the most famous groups of insects. And not at all because each of us knows a grasshopper or a cricket. Among their representatives are many who harm agriculture. Even from ancient records, it is known about the destructive activity of locusts, which destroyed large areas of crops, leaving only bare land behind.
And today locusts are a huge problem for humans. She reproduces very quickly. In search of food, large families of these insects fly from place to place, resembling outwardly real clouds. On their way, they destroy absolutely all plants to the root.
The most famous enemy for gardeners and gardeners is the bear. She has powerful digging legs, with which she makes moves in the soil to search for food: underground edible parts of plants. This leads to top part plants die. The activity of this insect sometimes has a huge scale. Medvedka can cause irreparable harm to the crop.