Vaccinations against hepatitis A: schedule, instructions, side effects. Do I need to be vaccinated against hepatitis A: indications and contraindications Vaccination against hepatitis A consequences
Although hepatitis A vaccination is not on the list of mandatory vaccinations and is included in the calendar of activities carried out according to epidemic indications, every child can face the need to get such a vaccination. Why is it needed and what should parents know about such vaccination?
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Arguments for
- By vaccinating your child against hepatitis A, you will help him avoid long-term illness and recovery. Since there is no special therapy for such a disease (drugs only support the liver and reduce intoxication), it takes weeks or even months to recover.
- Most people already after the introduction of 1 dose of the vaccine within a month after the injection, a high protection against the hepatitis A virus is formed.
- Serious negative reactions to such a vaccine are practically not observed.
- Vaccination against hepatitis A is included in the national calendars of such countries as the USA, China, Israel, Argentina and others.
- It is especially important to vaccinate against hepatitis A children who have liver disease, because the acquisition of this infection for them can result in very serious complications.
- Vaccines are usually presented in syringe doses, so there are no errors in the dosage of drugs.
Arguments against
Although extremely rare, hepatitis A vaccination can be accompanied by adverse reactions, both local and systemic.
Why is the disease dangerous?
The virus infects the liver and can cause both a mild form of hepatitis A and a rather severe illness. Since it is transmitted from person to person, as well as through contaminated food and water, outbreaks and epidemics of this type of hepatitis often occur, especially in children's groups.
Although, unlike other types of hepatitis, this infectious disease does not cause chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, however, hepatitis A can significantly impair health in the long run. In addition, there is a fulminant form of such hepatitis, which causes acute liver damage and frequent death.
In young children (under 6 years of age), hepatitis A is rarely severe, but in older children and adults, the disease can severely damage the liver and be life-threatening.
Children who:
- Are in a closed team;
- Live near a sick person;
- Live in a hostel;
- Not provided with purified drinking water;
- We arrived in a region where the incidence of hepatitis A is high.
Contraindications
Hepatitis A vaccination is not given if:
- There is intolerance to the components of the vaccine;
- There was a pronounced reaction to the previous introduction;
- The child has an acute illness - you can be vaccinated two to four weeks after recovery, and if the baby has a mild ARVI or an acute intestinal infection, you can administer the vaccine as soon as the body temperature returns to normal.
Vaccine safety
The safety of drugs that protect against hepatitis A is considered high. Since even after a single dose, 99% of children are protected against hepatitis A virus after 30 days, vaccines are effective in suppressing outbreaks of this infection. In addition, the introduction of the hepatitis A vaccine does not affect the administration of any other vaccines.
Possible Complications
There are almost no reactions to the introduction of the hepatitis A vaccine. Even if they appear, they proceed easily and pass quickly. Within 48 hours after the injection, local changes (short soreness, redness, swelling) may appear, as well as lethargy, weakness, fever, very rarely nausea and headaches.
Preparation before vaccination
Only healthy children are vaccinated, so before administering the vaccine, it is important to make sure that the child does not have acute diseases. For this baby, the pediatrician should examine and draw conclusions whether it is safe for the child to carry out immunization against hepatitis A.
Minimum child age and vaccination frequency
Hepatitis A vaccination can be given to children older than 1 year. In our country, it is carried out for epidemiological reasons, for example, in case of an outbreak of a disease in a children's team, a trip to an area with a high incidence, or infection of a close relative.
Vaccination schedule
The most commonly used double vaccination, because it provides a longer immunity from hepatitis A. After the introduction of a single dose of the drug, the child develops protection for 12-18 months - during this period, it is recommended to repeat the vaccine. Optimal time for revaccination consider 6-12 months from the moment of the first administration of the vaccine.
Where is the injection made?
The hepatitis A vaccine is administered intramuscularly. If the child is small, the thigh muscle is chosen as the injection site, and in older children, the drug can be injected into the deltoid muscle. The introduction of a vaccine into the gluteal muscle is not practiced today. Some drugs can be injected under the skin, but intravenous injection is strictly contraindicated.
What to do with negative reactions after vaccination?
Usually, the vaccine is tolerated very easily, and if side effects appear, they are mild and disappear within 48 hours without treatment. The resulting fever can be eliminated with antipyretic drugs. If local changes occur, then the injection site should not be rubbed and treated with medicines.
We are concluding our discussion of issues related to vaccination against hepatitis B and some of the nuances of this procedure, the features of the introduction of the vaccine and possible side effects and complications from it. We talked about infant vaccination schedules, it's time to discuss more possible options vaccinations, including for adults.
How are teens and adults vaccinated?
An adult can be vaccinated at any time, according to his own will or according to indications, including due to the nature of the work. In this case, the standard vaccination scheme in the form of "zero-one-six months" is used. The first vaccination is given on the day of treatment, the second one a month after the first vaccination, the second - one month after the first, and the third - six months after the first vaccination. If you have started immunization against hepatitis B, you must carry out all three vaccinations (three injections), otherwise immunity to hepatitis B simply will not form effectively and the person will simply be under-vaccinated or the vaccination will not be counted at all. So, .
Available contraindications
Vaccination against hepatitis B will be prohibited only for those people who will have allergic reactions to baker's yeast. These are reactions that occur when taking all yeast bread and confectionery products, beer or kvass, products with yeast. If there is no allergy to yeast, but there were severe allergic reactions during the previous administration of the vaccine, then the next doses of the vaccine are no longer administered according to the medical tap. The presence of allergic reactions to other substances and antigens, the presence of the so-called "diathesis" and skin allergies are not in themselves contraindications for vaccination, but in order to conduct a course of vaccinations, you need to consult an allergist and select an adequate time for vaccinations without exacerbation or, if necessary, they administration, under the guise of drugs.
You should definitely refuse vaccinations during periods of development of acute colds or any other acute infectious diseases, until their full recovery. Then you need to wait another two weeks and only then vaccinate. After suffering meningitis or other severe lesions of the nervous system, the medical withdrawal from vaccinations is imposed for a period of six months. In the presence of severe somatic diseases, the time of vaccination is selected individually at the stage of stable remission, since pathology internal organs or systems does not apply to contraindications to vaccination if they are outside the stage of exacerbation of the process. Also, the detection of hepatitis B viruses in the patient's blood is not a contraindication to vaccination, just vaccination in this case will be meaningless and useless. It is important to remember that the drug is administered very carefully and only under close medical supervision to those children who have systemic autoimmune diseases in the form of multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The question in such cases is solved individually with the immunologist.
Possible reactions to vaccinations
Hepatitis B vaccination is one of the relatively easily tolerated vaccines. In general, the introduction of a vaccine causes responses in the area of administration of the drug, as a reaction to the injection itself and tissue damage, as well as a reaction to the injected substance. There may be slight redness or a small red nodule at the injection site, discomfort in the area of the injected drug during intensive or fast movements when the muscle contracts. Such reactions are usually caused by the presence in the vaccine of such a substance as aluminum hydroxide, this is given by about 10-20% of people, including children. This is quite normal and goes away on its own without any outside intervention and forms immune responses.
When the hepatitis B vaccine is administered, up to about 5% of children and adults may have similar reactions to its administration, such as increased body temperature (usually up to 37.5 degrees, not higher), the development of general malaise and mild weakness, the development of loose stools or sweating, headache pain, redness, or mild itching of the skin. Almost all possible reactions to vaccinations can form within about the first day or two after the administration of the drug, and then the reactions pass on their own, without outside intervention, for two days. In rare, isolated cases, more severe reactions to vaccinations may occur, which will be attributed to complications of vaccination. This may be the development of urticaria or a severe rash, pain in the muscles or joints, the development of erythema nodosum. To date, vaccines are so effective that they allow vaccination with a reduced dosage of the vaccine and the almost complete exclusion of preservatives, which can significantly reduce the risks of adverse reactions and allergic manifestations. Modern vaccine preparations for hepatitis B are much safer than previously used, although you still need to consider side effects and contraindications.
Complications of vaccination
Despite all the precautions and taking into account all possible contraindications, it is always worth talking about the possible complications of vaccination. Although they have a low probability, they can still be in children or adults. The complications of this particular vaccination include such conditions as the development of anaphylactic shock and the development of severe urticaria, the occurrence of a rash on the skin, exacerbation of allergy processes to yeast preparations and substances. Such complications are unforeseen - an allergy can occur to any drug, while their frequency varies within one case per 300 thousand vaccinated, these are very rare complications. That is why it is always said that the next 30 minutes after vaccination, you need to strictly monitor the condition of the vaccinated and monitor his well-being.
One of the opinions that has been heard about the hepatitis B vaccine is that its use provokes or increases the risk of developing a pathology such as multiple sclerosis, a progressive lesion of the nervous tissue. However, global studies by WHO specialists, conducted in more than fifty countries around the world, did not show such a relationship between hepatitis B vaccinations and multiple sclerosis. This inoculation in general can not have any fusions on any of the neurological diseases, it can neither intensify them, nor provoke, nor develop them.
Development of local compaction from vaccination
Usually, seals from this vaccination occur when it is introduced into the buttock, where there is a lot of adipose tissue and the drug enters not into the muscle, but into other tissues. At the same time, the drug with its carrier, aluminum hydroxide, will be stored in reserve for a long time, reliably fixing in the base. Such vaccine injections are felt with dense nodules and tubercles, which resolve very slowly and for a long time. This is explained by low blood supply in the area of adipose tissues and slow leaching of the drug from the cells, and the presence of aluminum hydroxide itself supports the presence of an inflammatory tissue reaction. And therefore, the seal will hold until the complete resorption of the drug and its departure into the blood. Don't have to worry about inflammatory process in the area of drug administration, this is a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a foreign substance, and the reaction is aseptic (not purulent), which enhances the absorption of the drug into the blood. Gradually, the vaccine and its base are absorbed into the blood and excreted, which also reduces the local process. However, with this introduction of the vaccine, immunity may be weakened and defective, since the vaccination technique is impaired.
Temperature reactions to vaccination
If the hepatitis B vaccine is administered, the temperature usually rises within the first few hours of administration, within eight hours of the injection. This is due to the formation of an immune response to the introduction of foreign viral particles. Typically, this temperature is low and does not require any measures to reduce it, it passes on its own within two to three days. If the temperature rises above 38.5 degrees, you should consult a doctor to exclude the onset of the disease against the background of vaccination. In other cases, the temperature does not need to be brought down and any therapeutic measures should be taken. Usually, one person in twenty has a fever, and it is insignificant. Often, the development of fever is also significantly influenced by the external environment and the stress factor from visiting the clinic and the injection itself, especially in children.
After vaccination, the observation lasts three days, at this time, if there is no temperature, you can walk and swim as usual, but do not introduce new products into your diet and do not change the situation, do not travel outside the city. The vaccination site can be wetted, it does not require any care methods.
Hepatitis B is a dangerous infectious disease that is widespread among people of all ages. It negatively affects the quality of life. Infection occurs through the blood, its components, other biological fluids secreted by humans. Infection can be prevented through timely prevention. Hepatitis B vaccination is just as important for adults as it is for children. Thanks to it, the production of protective antibodies is activated in the body, which can subsequently quickly neutralize pathogens.
Immunization against hepatitis B is mandatory in all developed countries. This is especially true for employees who are in contact with a large number of people (teachers, health workers). Vaccination is carried out by introducing a drug containing a viral protein. It is an active ingredient and, unlike a viable pathogen, does not pose a danger.
Contrary to popular belief, the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine cannot cause hepatitis B infection. The most effective drugs include Serum Institute, Eberbiovak, Euvax B, Regevak B, Biovac. These vaccines are monovalent, in addition to them, combined drugs are used. Their main advantage is the frequency and wide range actions.
The need for vaccinations
To prevent infection with hepatitis B, it is not enough to observe sanitary and hygienic rules. The risk of infection increases when visiting a dental office, beauty salon and hairdressing salons. It is in these places that contact with contaminated biological materials most often occurs. Mass vaccination of the adult population has led to a decrease in the number of cases. Thanks to this, hepatitis B has become less dangerous.
The hepatitis vaccine can be given to anyone under the age of 55. Vaccination is often given before surgical intervention and leaving the country. The procedure is carried out only in the absence of contraindications. Immunization against hepatitis B is done, taking into account the schedule selected by the attending physician. Antibodies appear already after the first injection, but two more injections are required to consolidate the effect. If the patient plans to visit a disadvantaged area, he will have to undergo an accelerated vaccination.
The dosage depends on the age of the person. The norm of an adult patient exceeds the dose that is administered to a child. The reason for its decrease may be an allergic reaction, which manifested itself during previous injections of the hepatitis B vaccine. The effect of the drug lasts for 8 years.
Vaccination schedule for adults
The standard immunization scheme provides for the following order of administration of the drug: 30 days should elapse between the first and second vaccinations, the third vaccination is given after another 5 months. Immunity from hepatitis B is formed only after all injections have been given. Before the procedure, the patient must undergo a diagnostic examination. This will prevent the development of negative manifestations and assess the risk of occurrence possible complications.
Immunization against hepatitis B is contraindicated if:
- the patient suffers from individual intolerance to yeast;
- side effects appeared after the first injection;
- an infection has occurred, the inflammatory process is progressing;
- in the last six months the person had meningitis;
- The patient already has hepatitis B.
In the presence of objective reasons, revaccination is transferred. If you missed the second injection of the vaccine, then it is carried out over the next 4 months. The less time passes, the stronger the protective function will be. The last injection can be delivered within 1.5 years after the second injection. If the procedure was not carried out in a timely manner, the preventive course will have to be started again. This is due to the fact that the antibodies produced will not be enough.
The patient may prefer a scheme that includes 4 injections of hepatitis B. The second vaccination is given after 30 days. Between the initial and third - 4 weeks, the last time the vaccine is given a year after the first. Protective antibodies are produced after 14 days. People living in hazardous areas can get hepatitis B immunization every 4 years.
How vaccination is carried out
By following the doctor's recommendations, you can protect yourself from infection by 98%. Even if infection occurs, the likelihood of developing negative consequences minimal. If the immunization was childhood, then immunity lasts for 22 years. An antibody test is used to check the degree of protection. The procedure does not take much time.
Preparation is required before the procedure. The algorithm contains the following items:
- Cleansing the body of toxins and toxins.
- Diet adjustment.
- Avoidance of alcohol and drugs.
- Passing a diagnostic examination.
- Consultation of narrow-profile specialists.
The injection is done subcutaneously and intramuscularly. The latter option is considered more efficient. When administered subcutaneously, the reaction of the body decreases, the nerves are damaged. The patient himself can choose a place (thigh or shoulder). This is due to easier access to muscle tissue.
New generation vaccines against hepatitis B have been developed by biologists and genetic engineers using special equipment. The viral protein (HbsAg) is first isolated from the genome and then purified. Interaction with other protein compounds leads to the formation of the Australian antigen. The increase in cell culture occurs to the limit. Aluminum becomes the carrier of the viral protein. This is due to its properties:
- The element is not exposed to liquid.
- The release of the viral protein occurs gradually.
The hepatitis B vaccine can be imported or domestic. The manufacturing process and composition usually do not differ. Many patients believe that the benefits of vaccination are relative. Doctors say the opposite, the hepatitis B drug has the following advantages:
- Rapid formation of stable immunity.
- No pronounced adverse reactions.
- The injection site does not require special attention. It is strictly forbidden to wet the area where the injection was made.
- If the procedure is carried out in full accordance with the vaccination schedule, then immunity against hepatitis B will be lifelong.
To avoid negative manifestations, the patient should forget about alcohol. Pregnant women and nursing mothers should not be vaccinated. It is not known how the hepatitis B vaccine will affect the patient's body.
Side effects
The drug for hepatitis B can provoke the appearance of negative phenomena. Their occurrence is due to the presence of additives. Mercury is a preservative that negatively affects the condition nerve cells. One dose consists of 12.4 micrograms of this component. An additional ingredient is aluminum, each vaccine contains 500 micrograms of the ingredient.
These toxic substances can adversely affect the condition of the parenchymal organ. The patient needs to cleanse the blood and remove toxins. If the patient complains of constipation, he needs to undergo symptomatic therapy. For general strengthening of the body, the doctor prescribes hepatoprotectors, complexes that include trace elements and vitamins.
Preventive measures will help to avoid catarrhal pathologies, the risk of which increases due to the weakening immune system. Among the other disadvantages of the hepatitis vaccine are:
- increase in body temperature;
- Strong headache;
- irritability;
- pain in the injection area;
- excessive aggressiveness;
- body numbness;
- dyspeptic disorder;
- arthralgia, myalgia, paresthesia;
- weakness in the whole body;
- excessive sweating;
- loss of appetite;
- general malaise;
- puffiness.
In adult patients, side effects are quite rare. They are characterized by low intensity and short duration. High level The protection provided by the vaccine compensates for any possible inconvenience. Complications can bring severe harm if the patient ignores the doctor's recommendations. In this case, the anamnesis is often supplemented by urticaria, erythema nodosum, anaphylactic shock, rashes on the skin.
The patient may refuse to be vaccinated against hepatitis B, while he must take into account the general state of health, possible ways transmission of the virus and place of work. He confirms his decision by signing the form provided by the doctor. Hepatitis vaccination becomes a mandatory procedure if a person plans to travel abroad. Under the circumstances, it must be carried out within the specified time. The doctor must be informed about the available indications, the medications taken and the reaction that occurred after previous vaccinations.
To get the hepatitis B vaccine for children and adults, contact experienced doctor. The vaccine must be chosen, focusing on his instructions. After the procedure, the patient must remain in the clinic for half an hour. It is during this period of time that the risk of side effects is highest. Also, the patient should stock up on antihistamines, painkillers, antipyretics.
Hepatitis A
It's the least dangerous view given pathological condition. Sources of the virus are contaminated water, food, common items and the sick person himself.
Botkin's disease does not pose a serious threat, but in the absence of adequate therapy, liver failure often develops - a very serious disorder, the consequence of which can be a coma and death.
The initial stage of the disease is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, discomfort and pain in the right hypochondrium.
With the development of the pathological process, the skin and sclera turn yellow, the urine acquires an icteric hue, the feces become discolored.
Within a month, the patient should be in the infectious diseases department. The final recovery occurs after six months. A long recovery period, a feeling of weakness, adherence to a strict diet - all this does not have the best effect on the quality of life.
Hepatitis A vaccination
Experts recommend vaccinating against hepatitis A in cases where one of the relatives or close associates has been diagnosed with Botkin's disease, or if they have to travel to countries where this infection is widespread.
In addition, health workers, employees of preschool institutions, employees of public catering establishments are at risk - they are also recommended to be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
The vaccine should be administered 10-14 days before the expected date of departure, this is necessary so that the immunity has time to form. If there has been contact with sick people, the vaccine must be administered within the first 10 days.
Before immunization, a blood test is performed. The detected antibodies indicate that the person has either been vaccinated or “had” hepatitis A. In this case, it is impossible to get sick, because lifelong immunity is developed.
Where is the hepatitis A vaccine given? The injection is given intramuscularly, usually in the upper arm. For the successful formation of strong immunity after 6-18 months, vaccination is carried out again. Hepatitis A vaccination can be done from the age of one.
Reaction to vaccination
A reaction to the hepatitis A vaccine may include anorexia, headache, feeling weak, and impaired function. digestive system, muscle pain, skin itching, urticaria.
Redness and swelling of the injection site can also be side effects of the hepatitis A vaccine.
It is important to remember that it is impossible to lubricate this area of \u200b\u200bthe skin with anything. A similar reaction of the body is the norm and through a short time all violations, as a rule, disappear. Otherwise, it is recommended to consult a specialist.
Contraindications
To exclude possible complications, a medical examination is required before vaccination. Contraindications to immunization are individual intolerance to the components of the drug and the acute stage of any pathology.
Failure to comply with these conditions can provoke severe complications - damage to the central nervous system, impaired functioning of internal organs, Quincke's edema and exacerbation of chronic diseases. In particularly difficult situations, a coma can develop and, as a result, a fatal outcome.
Hepatitis A is dangerous, first of all, because a person is a carrier of a pathogenic virus, even if the disease occurs without any symptoms. And the hepatitis A vaccine is the most effective way infection prevention.
Hepatitis B
This is a very severe pathology in which the liver is affected and the development of cirrhosis or cancer of the organ is possible.
The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through the body fluids of an infected person (blood, sweat, urine, etc.). That is, infection is possible through unprotected sexual contact, the use of non-sterile medical instruments or manicure accessories, on which there are particles of the blood of an infected person.
Hepatitis B is highly contagious and vaccination can prevent the spread of infection. Vaccination contributes to the formation of strong immunity to this virus.
Symptoms
The disease can have both acute and chronic course. The acute stage of the disease develops some time after infection. Symptoms such as fever, chills, yellowness of the skin are observed.
If intensive therapy is carried out, recovery can occur in 1.5-2 months. Otherwise, the disease becomes chronic stage, which, in turn, can be active or inactive.
In the first case, it is necessary to take antiviral drugs, in the second case, there is no special treatment, but it is still necessary to control the course of the pathology.
With an actively developing disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer often occur, especially against the background of alcohol abuse.
However, it is the chronic form of hepatitis B that poses the greatest danger. A sick person develops unreasonable weakness, fatigue, and efficiency decreases, but such symptoms are intermittent and occur periodically, so many leave them unattended.
In some cases, there is nausea, pain in the upper abdomen, muscle and joint pain, and indigestion.
With the development of the pathological process, other symptoms join:
- bleeding gums;
- yellowness of the skin and sclera;
- dark shade of urine;
- an increase in the size of the liver;
- weight loss.
To prevent the development of the disease, it is important to vaccinate in a timely manner.
When is the hepatitis B vaccine given? Primary vaccination is done even in the hospital, then - according to a certain scheme (we will consider below).
Immunization of children
A child can become infected with the hepatitis B virus during childbirth, which is why the vaccine is administered to newborns, the side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine are most often absent. After a certain period of time, the injection site turns a little red and a slight induration appears.
Such a reaction to hepatitis B vaccination does not go beyond the normal range and gradually all side effects disappear. Within the next 2 days after the introduction of the vaccine, it is required to control the body temperature, appetite and bowel movements of the child. In isolated cases, more severe consequences of hepatitis B vaccination develop, which manifest themselves:
Contraindications
In certain situations, children should not be vaccinated against hepatitis. Contraindications for immunization are:
- individual intolerance to the components of the administered drug;
- pronounced reaction to the previous vaccine.
Temporary vaccination can not be carried out with:
- disorder of the digestive system;
- allergic reactions;
- colds;
- high body temperature.
After two weeks, a blood and urine test is performed, in the absence of any violations, a vaccine is administered.
Questions most often asked by parents:
- Is it possible to bathe a child after vaccination against hepatitis?
- On the day of vaccination, it is recommended to refrain from water procedures.
- Can I walk after a hepatitis vaccination?
- On the day of vaccination, if observed heat body, walks should be abandoned.
Such restrictions are due to the fact that the child's immunity is slightly reduced and all the forces of the body are aimed at fighting the infection.
The slightest hypothermia or contact with unhealthy people can provoke unwanted complications.
Adult Immunization
Hepatitis B vaccination is given to adults up to 55 years of age. Immunization is not mandatory, but it is strongly recommended for certain groups of people. The risk group includes workers in medicine and beauty salons, drug addicts, people leading a disorderly intimate life, blood donors.
If a previously vaccinated person has been in contact with the infection, a blood test is performed and the level of antibodies is determined. Based on the information received, the question of the expediency of re-vaccination is decided.
Negative effect of vaccination and contraindications
Complications after vaccination against hepatitis B in adulthood are rare. In certain situations, it is possible to develop an allergy to the components of the vaccine.
A side effect of hepatitis B vaccination is sometimes manifested by redness, swelling, pain at the injection site, and an increase in temperature. After vaccination against hepatitis in isolated cases, there is a headache, dyspeptic disorders, dizziness, myalgia.
In addition, if there is intolerance to nutritional yeast or other components of the drug, allergic reactions may occur.
Colds, fever and allergies are a contraindication to vaccination.
Immunization Schedule
How many times do you get vaccinated against hepatitis? There are certain vaccination schemes, hepatitis vaccinations are usually done according to a standard schedule, but accelerated and emergency schemes can also be used:
- standard scheme (0-1 month-6 months) - the second hepatitis vaccination is given a month after the primary vaccination, the third - six months later. At the age of 6 months, they are vaccinated against hepatitis and polio, as well as against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. This immunization schedule is considered the most effective.
- accelerated scheme (0-1 month-2 months-1 year) - the second injection is administered a month after the first injection, the third - after 2 months, the fourth - a year later.
- emergency scheme (0-7 days-21 days-1 year) - re-vaccination is done 7 days after the introduction of the primary vaccine, the third - 21 days after the second, the fourth - 12 months after the first. Such an immunization schedule contributes to the rapid formation of immunity, for example, before a planned surgical intervention.
In adulthood, vaccination against hepatitis can be carried out at any time, the main condition for the successful formation of immunity is strict adherence to the immunization schedule.
If, for certain reasons, the second vaccination was not given on time, the vaccination is started again, but if the third vaccination is missed, then 2 months after the primary one, a second injection is administered and the immunization course is completed. A single injection of the drug provides immunity for a short time.
What is the hepatitis vaccine called? Routine immunization in our country is carried out using the following vaccines:
- recombinant yeast liquid vaccine (Russia);
- Euwax B (France);
- Engerix V (Belgium, Russia);
- H-B-Vax II (USA);
- Eberbiovak (Russia);
- Bubo-M - combined vaccine against hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria (Russia).
You should be aware that if the primary immunization was carried out with one preparation, then the vaccine of any other manufacturer can be used for the next vaccination. All vaccines are interchangeable.
Vaccination in our country is not a mandatory event, and no one can vaccinate a person against his will. However, only vaccination can provide reliable long-term protection against such a dangerous disease as hepatitis B, which negatively affects not only the quality, but also life expectancy.
Hepatitis is an infectious disease caused by hepatotropic viruses that infect liver cells. Infection leads to structural changes that can lead to cirrhosis, fibrosis, or malignancy. Depending on the type of virus, infection can occur through the fecal-oral route (through poor-quality drinking water, contaminated food), blood or sexual contact.
There are five main types of pathogens: A, B, C, D and E. In order to prevent the disease, special vaccines containing an immunogenic protein are used. Currently, there are vaccinations against hepatitis A and B, which are used in clinical practice.
The consequences of vaccination against hepatitis in most cases do not appear.
What is a vaccine
Hepatitis vaccines are a sterile suspension that contains the hepatitis virus grown in a special nutrient medium and then killed with formaldehyde (a poison that affects cells).
Such viruses are grown in special laboratories. They contribute to the emergence of strong immunity to the disease. However, vaccines do not cause disease in humans. Repeatedly the drug is administered to enhance the immune response.
In some countries, vaccination against hepatitis A or B is not included in the vaccination calendar, and it can be waived. But doctors still recommend getting vaccinated, as recently the number of infected people has increased dramatically.
The risk of getting an infection increases in the following cases:
- One of the family members is infected with the disease.
- Vacations are planned in hot countries where the disease spreads rapidly.
- The virus was found in the mother's blood, and the infection occurred during pregnancy.
- The parents of the newborn use drugs.
- In the village where the family lives, there is an outbreak of the disease.
How is the vaccination done?
There is no separate hepatitis A vaccination schedule. Doctors recommend vaccinating a child against this disease a year, and revaccinating after 6 to 18 months, according to the instructions for the drug.
Hepatitis B vaccination schedule:
- The standard scheme provides for the introduction of the vaccine at 1, 3, 6 months.
- If the mother is infected with hepatitis B, the primary vaccination is carried out immediately after the birth of the baby, then the vaccine is administered at a month, six months and a year.
- If surgical intervention is necessary, in order for immunity to develop quickly, the drug is administered immediately after birth, then on the 7th and 21st days of life. Revaccination is carried out when the baby is one year old.
Between the first and second vaccination, you can increase the interval by 4 months. With the introduction of the vaccine for the third time, this period is from 4 to 18 months. If it is increased, then immunity is not produced.
The vaccine is injected into a muscle on the outside of the thigh. At the same time, it completely enters the bloodstream, enabling the body to provide complete immune protection. Children over the age of three and adults are given injections in the shoulder.
With subcutaneous administration of the drug, the risk of side effects increases, in the form of redness and induration at the injection site.
The nature of the tolerance of the vaccine
The response to the hepatitis vaccine can vary. Often it is a variant of the norm, but sometimes it requires special medical intervention. In most cases, the vaccine is well tolerated and does not cause any side effects.
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Vaccination response in adults
Adults tolerate the vaccine more easily than children. In very rare cases, they have:
- Seal at the injection site.
- Weakness and malaise.
- Abdominal pain.
- Pain in the joints.
- Nausea and upset stool.
- Hives.
- Enlarged lymph nodes.
- Pre-fainting states.
- Increase in body temperature.
How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine
In order for vaccinations to pass without consequences, it is necessary to adhere to the following rules:
- In order to avoid allergic reactions, some doctors recommend giving the baby antihistamines three days before vaccination.
- Before visiting the hospital, you need to explain to the child what the vaccine is and why it is necessary. Talk about short-term pain.
- Collect all information about the vaccine that will be administered, clarify contraindications and ask all the questions of interest to the doctor.
- Before vaccination, the doctor must conduct an examination. In the presence of symptoms of colds, the drug is not recommended to be administered, as the risk of negative reactions increases.
- Parents should control themselves, not worry and in no case shout at the child, as he is sensitive to their condition.
- Maintain eye contact with children during vaccination. You need to talk to them in a soft, calm voice.
- After the vaccination has been carried out, parents are advised to stay with the child for some time under the supervision of a doctor. Although anaphylactic reactions are rare, when they occur, the baby will need the help of a doctor.
What to do if there is a negative reaction
In the event that the temperature has risen more than 38.5 degrees, the baby feels unwell and is naughty, it is necessary to give him an antipyretic drug based on paracetamol or ibuprofen.
They also use mechanical cooling methods, wipe the baby with a towel moistened warm water(no alcohol or vinegar added). If on the fourth day after the vaccination the temperature remains high, then you should seek the advice of a doctor.
If a child develops convulsions or begins to lose consciousness while having a fever, medical attention should be sought immediately.
If edema (up to 5 cm) or painful induration (up to 2 cm) appears at the injection site, there is no need to use therapeutic ointments or lotions. It is not recommended to wet the affected area, as this may increase the reaction. If the size of the seal exceeds the norm, or it does not disappear on its own within a week, you should seek the advice of a doctor. This may indicate that the drug was administered incorrectly, or an infection was introduced. You may need surgery.
If itching, runny nose or hives appear, which indicate an allergic reaction, it is necessary to give the baby an antihistamine (Fenistil, Suprastin, Diazolin). It must be taken according to the instructions and recommendations of the pediatrician.
If side effects from the digestive system appear for a long time and cause discomfort in the baby, sorbents can be used (Smektu, Activated charcoal, Enterosgel). In the event that the symptoms do not disappear, but intensify, it is worth consulting with your doctor.
There were times when viral hepatitis turned out to be as massive a disaster as plague, cholera, and smallpox. Today, vaccination reliably protects against severe liver damage. Hepatitis B vaccination is mandatory in our country for newborns. However, many parents worry about complications, reactions to the vaccine. Is she really that dangerous?
Normal reaction of a child to a hepatitis vaccine
There are no completely safe pharmaceuticals. The body responds to any vaccine with an individual reaction. This is fine. Especially often local reactions can occur: redness, itching, muscle tightening at the vaccination site, slight pain when touched. These symptoms develop after both live and non-live vaccines are given in about 10 out of 100 children. However, after a few days there is no trace of them.
Normal post-vaccination reactions are also considered:
- a slight increase in temperature;
- increased sweating;
- mild headache;
- temporary loss of appetite;
- restless sleep;
- diarrhea;
- feeling of weakness;
- transient state of malaise.
In general, the hepatitis B vaccine is easily tolerated by the vast majority of newborns, toddlers, and adults. After about a month, immunity is formed, the protective effect of the drug begins. Very often, vaccination proceeds completely without any symptoms. However, if nausea occurs, reaching vomiting, fever, convulsions, you should know: such acute symptoms nothing to do with vaccination. Sometimes vaccination coincides with the onset of a disease, and you need to look for the true diagnosis.
Thickening and redness at injection sites
Such a reaction to a hepatitis vaccine may occur due to the high sensitivity of the body to aluminum hydroxide, which is part of many vaccines. It should be taken as the norm if the swelling, compaction of the injected muscles is not more than 7-8 cm. There is no need to make any compresses, treat this place with ointments. The vaccine will gradually pass into the blood, and the bump will soon resolve itself.
Temperature
This side effect occurs in only one in 15 vaccinated people. A similar reaction to hepatitis vaccination occurs more often in newborns, infants, since in young children the thermoregulation mechanism is still very imperfect. Permissible post-vaccination reactions can be:
- weak - when the temperature rises to 37.5 degrees;
- moderate degree - if the thermometer readings do not exceed 38.5 degrees, and signs of intoxication are moderately expressed;
- strong - with body heat above 38.5 degrees, significant symptoms of intoxication.
As a rule, the temperature rises 6-7 hours after the injection - this is a sign of an active response of the immune system to the foreign viral components of the vaccine. Often, the rise in temperature is further enhanced under the influence of external factors: stuffy or, conversely, cold air, stressful condition. She returns to normal in 2-3 days. Antipyretics should only be used at temperatures above 38.5 degrees.
Consequences of vaccination against hepatitis in adults
- muscle pain;
- severe allergies, anaphylactic shock;
- acute liver failure.
Since these manifestations are extremely rare, their potential occurrence should not be a reason for not vaccinating. In the absence of vaccination, the risk of contracting such infectious disease like hepatitis, much more dangerous. The disease rapidly acquires a chronic form, which is then extremely difficult to cure completely. Viral hepatitis is formidable with complications incompatible with life: cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Weakness and dizziness
Rarely, these symptoms can also be a reaction to the hepatitis vaccine. In this case, you should save the body from everyday stress, give it a rest. It is important to have a good sleep. It is useful to strengthen the nervous system with vitamin and mineral preparations. If it is not possible to eliminate annoying factors, you need to try to change your attitude towards them. Helps relieve dizziness effective drug Betaserc.
General malaise
First of all, such a reaction to the vaccine should not be taken in panic. Often impressionable people immediately begin to think that something terrible is happening to them. You need to calm down and control your emotions, avoid conflict situations. Moreover, very serious illnesses do not make themselves felt only by malaise. Strengthening the immune system helps to get out of this state faster. It is not necessary to do this with drugs:
- It is worth remembering the feasible morning exercises, water procedures.
- Lemons with honey, fish oil, rosehip infusion, linden tea are useful.
Dangerous complications after vaccination against hepatitis B
A healthy person is not threatened by such reactions of the body. However, some conditions and diseases can sometimes provoke the development of severe complications. This is:
- an acute allergic reaction to any previous vaccination;
- predisposition to seizures, more common in newborns and babies under 3 years old;
- chemotherapy and radiation oncotherapy;
- immunodeficiency diseases, AIDS.
Dangerous reactions to vaccines include:
- Allergic pathologies:
- urticaria, erythema, dermatitis;
- angioedema;
- myocarditis;
- serum sickness;
- arthritis;
- glomerulonephritis;
- anaphylactic shock.
- Myalgia (severe pain in the muscles, joints).
- Peripheral neuropathy (increased tactile sensitivity or its loss, numbness of the extremities, paralysis of the ophthalmic or facial nerves, etc.).
Such body reactions occur in about one in 200,000 vaccinated people. Sometimes there are claims that the hepatitis B vaccine increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. According to a WHO study conducted in 50 countries, it has been proven that such a relationship does not exist. Hepatitis vaccines have no effect on the neurological abnormalities present in vaccinated people.
How to assess the intensity of the response to the hepatitis vaccine
It is important to distinguish perfectly acceptable post-vaccination reactions from side effects. Often parents mistakenly confuse them. What is the main difference between them? If you get vaccinated, taking into account contraindications, the state of human health, compliance with the rules for injections, one or another reaction to it passes by itself in a matter of days, without the help of a doctor.
The duration and intensity of post-vaccination phenomena depend on two main terms:
- the composition and quality of the drug;
- individual characteristics of the human body.
Why do doctors warn that the injection site should not be wetted for 3 days after vaccination? Water can make the condition worse. Assessing how intense the reaction to the vaccine, you should consider all the symptoms in the complex. A true indicator by which you can navigate is body temperature. Easy reaction - the thermometer will not show above 37.5 degrees. If the temperature is more than 38.5 degrees, this is a strong degree, and medical assistance is needed.
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Hepatitis B is a severe pathology that provokes the development of cancer, cirrhosis of the liver. The disease is especially severe in children (often it ends in death). In most children, hepatitis becomes chronic and causes inconvenience throughout life. Immunization is carried out to prevent infection. Many people have a reaction to the hepatitis B vaccine, which can be normal or a complication.
Normal reaction to hepatitis vaccine in newborns at 1 month
Caring parents are always worried about the health of their child and, if unpleasant symptoms appear after vaccination, they rush to see a pediatrician.
But any vaccine is capable of provoking a certain reaction, which is considered the norm.
So, in sensitive babies, such changes in the state are permissible:
- temperature increase;
- redness in the injection area;
- pain at the injection site;
- whims, crying.
The temperature has risen
Such a reaction to the vaccine is observed in 5% of children. The temperature usually rises 6-7 hours after immunization. As a rule, the thermometer shows no higher than 37.5 degrees.
In more sensitive individuals, the temperature may rise to 38.5.
Hyperthermia is easily controlled by antipyretic drugs.
Medicines are used only with high thermometer readings. Normally, hyperthermia resolves on its own after 2-3 days.
There is redness at the injection site
The injection site may turn red due to an allergy to aluminum hydroxide, which is present in the vaccine. This reaction occurs in 10-20% of cases. Often a similar symptom manifests itself after moisture has entered the injection zone. Redness and slight swelling are absolutely safe and go away on their own.
Arm hurts at injection site
After placing an injection in the arm, a slight pain may be felt, which increases with pressure.
This phenomenon is considered to be an acceptable consequence of the specific reaction of soft tissues to the administered drug.
Warm or cool the injection site, treat it with ointments is prohibited. Parents should protect the injection area from injury, choose safe games and positions for the child, and avoid wearing synthetic and tight clothing.
When the pain syndrome increases, you should try to distract the baby. As a rule, discomfort passes after a few days without treatment.
Recently, children under two years of age have been injected into the thigh, and older persons and adults - into the arm (in the shoulder area). These places are considered the most suitable.
The child is naughty and crying
After vaccination against hepatitis B, babies sometimes become capricious, constantly cry, and their sleep is disturbed. This occurs within the first days after vaccination and may persist for several days. The restless behavior of the child is explained by a headache against the background of an increase in temperature. The condition normalizes on its own after a short time.
Severe complications after vaccination in children
In addition to the normal reaction in the form of a short-term fever and soreness of the injection site, the child may experience severe post-vaccination complications. The risk of side effects is higher during immunization in the presence of contraindications, violation of the rules of preparation and technology for performing manipulations.
Children may develop the following complications after vaccination:
- colic;
- anaphylactic shock;
- temperature increase up to 40 degrees;
- neurological disorders;
- myocarditis;
- severe joint and muscle pain;
- arthritis;
- erythema nodosum;
- hives.
Vaccine manufacturers are constantly working to improve the composition of hepatitis B drugs, trying to reduce the dose, eliminate preservatives in order to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. If, after a recent immunoprophylaxis, a child has convulsions, severe vomiting, then this may mean the presence of some kind of infectious process that is not associated with vaccination.
Side effects occur with a frequency of 1 time per 100 thousand cases.
Side effects of the hepatitis vaccine in adults
The body of adults is stronger than that of children, so side effects after vaccination develop less frequently. Most often, local reactions are observed in the form of redness, irritation, swelling in the injection area. A person may experience a feeling of malaise, dizziness, weakness. In this case, it is recommended to take an antihistamine. It is also helpful to strengthen the immune system.
Severe adverse reactions include:
- severe allergic manifestations (anaphylaxis, swelling);
- muscle pain;
- peripheral neuropathy;
- glomerulonephritis;
- paralysis of the ophthalmic or facial nerve;
- myocarditis.
Such complications are extremely rare: in one person out of 200 thousand vaccinated. Therefore, it is not worth refusing to vaccinate. Infectious hepatitis B is much more dangerous than post-vaccination events: it can be fatal.
The following conditions increase the risk of side effects:
- AIDS;
- tendency to convulsions;
- radiation or chemotherapy;
- diarrhea;
- drinking alcohol the day before or on the day of immunization;
- an acute allergic reaction to a previously administered vaccine.
How to avoid unwanted consequences after the introduction of the vaccine
Vaccination is a great stress for children and adults. And no one can predict whether or not adverse reactions will occur after the introduction of the hepatitis B drug. There are a number of tips that will help minimize post-vaccination complications. To avoid undesirable consequences from the introduction of the vaccine, you must follow all the doctor's recommendations regarding preparation, undergo the necessary examinations (donate blood and urine for analysis), and properly handle the injection site.
Children and adults should not be vaccinated if they have the following conditions:
- heat;
- neuritis;
- schizophrenia;
- meningitis;
- insufficient body weight;
- hydrocephalus;
- general malaise;
- the presence of an infectious or viral disease;
- multiple sclerosis;
- vasculitis;
- epilepsy;
- hypertension;
- intolerance to the components of the vaccine;
- chronic pathologies in the acute phase.
Those people who are prone to allergies should take an antihistamine on the day of vaccination, as well as exclude chocolate, citrus fruits, tomatoes, products containing dyes and preservatives from the menu.
After vaccination, the body is weakened. Therefore, it is worth avoiding crowded places so as not to become infected with some kind of infectious viral disease. It is also recommended to avoid physical exertion and emotional upheaval for some time. If earlier a person had adverse reactions to other types of vaccinations, then after immunization against hepatitis B, it is worth spending some time in a medical institution. As a rule, severe post-vaccination complications develop a couple of hours after the administration of the drug.
Thus, hepatitis B is a serious disease that often leads to disability and death. Pathology is especially difficult to treat in childhood. For prevention, immunization is performed. The hepatitis B vaccine is generally well tolerated. But some people experience negative symptoms. A slight increase in temperature, weakness, redness of the injection site are a normal reaction of the body to the administered drug. Very rarely, severe complications develop in the form of glomerulonephritis, anaphylactic shock, myocarditis, etc. Often the cause of side effects is non-compliance with the rules of preparation, manipulation and care of the injection zone.