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Incurable types of cancer. The most dangerous types of cancer. Jane Fonda on the Longevity Revolution

Every year, malignant tumors claim the lives of more than 1 million people, and the inexorable statistics of WHO claims that oncology is the main cause of 14% of all deaths. In other words, every 8 people in the world die of cancer!

What is the danger of the disease.

So far, no cure for cancer has been found. What is the snag? At the heart of a cancerous tumor are cells that develop differently than the rest. Their abnormal growth is considered malignant for the health of the body. The tumor forms very quickly, and behaves like an aggressor in relation to healthy tissues and organs. With the help of blood, lymph or nerve pathways, its cells are carried throughout the body to initiate a metastasis - a daughter tumor.

It is the process of metastasis that sometimes leads doctors to a dead end: the faster the tumor grows and metastasizes, the more difficult it is to save the patient.

What type of disease is the most difficult to treat.

Each type of tumor is considered less or more dangerous depending on the degree of its malignancy. Cancer is considered less aggressive and well treatable if abnormal cell division occurs slowly and metastases do not spread rapidly throughout the body. The rapid growth of the tumor and the rapid spread of metastases are dangerous for human life, because they are difficult to treat.

What is the most serious type of cancer and why?

Melanoma, or skin cancer.

The queen of tumors and, at the same time, a rather rare type of pathology. The disease is of an extremely aggressive nature and the patient has practically no chance of recovery - metastases appear very actively throughout the body. Surgical intervention can stop the development of the disease for some time, but only at its initial stage.

Melanoma is easy to diagnose, as it is located on the surface of the skin, but, no matter how paradoxical it may sound, it is often detected only after the formation of daughter tumors. The fact is that at first the neoplasm does not differ from an ordinary small mole, therefore it does not bother a person at all. Remember: if colored asymmetric spots with blurry edges begin to appear on the skin, undergo a medical examination.

Lung cancer.

This form of the disease is very dangerous, according to many doctors. It causes about 1.5 million deaths each year. Human. Science has long discovered a direct link between lung cancer and the most "popular" bad habit of our time, smoking. For a long time, the disease may not manifest itself. The only signs are that the patient coughs violently and suffers from bronchitis and pneumonia more often than before. In most cases, lung cancer is diagnosed too late, and treatment does not bring the expected results.

Brain cancer.

The disease is very dangerous due to the place of its localization. The brain is protected by a strong cranium, therefore, it is extremely difficult to act directly on the tumor focus, and any surgical intervention is fraught with a fatal outcome for the patient. Any neoplasm in the brain, even a non-aggressive one, is obviously malignant, because it compresses the structures of the brain and destroys them after a while.

Pancreas cancer.

It occurs frequently, but is difficult to treat. Surgery is associated with a high risk of death and does not always bring a positive effect. This type of disease is very insidious - for a long time it develops without any external symptoms.

Leukemia, or blood cancer.

Oncology destroys the bone marrow, which loses its ability to produce full-fledged blood cells. Leukemia is caused by just one mutated hematopoietic cell. This form of cancer is the most common among childhood cancers.

Lymphoma, or cancer of the lymph nodes.

The disease destroys the human immune system, the main active elements of which are the lymph nodes. Cancer inflicts the strongest blow on the body, bringing it into a state of profound immunodeficiency.

Have you noticed - almost all types of cancer have a common feature? They skillfully "disguise" themselves as a common ailment, so a person seeks help too late! The conclusion is obvious: one should treat one's health as the greatest value in the world, and promptly respond to all alarm signals of the body.

Why is oncology so common in our country? Andrey Kaprin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director General of the Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation narrates.

Lidia Yudina, AiF: Andrey Dmitrievich, it is believed that people get cancer more often in Russia than in Europe and the USA...

Andrey Kaprin: Oncological diseases in all countries and on all continents are approximately the same. In the United States, 637,000 patients were diagnosed with cancer in one year, and almost 600,000 in Russia. An increase in incidence of 4%, no matter how strange it may sound, speaks of the success of the oncological service. Specifically, about the fact that early diagnosis has been established in the country. Cancer mortality in Russia is approximately the same as in developed countries: 214 thousand patients died in the USA, 382 thousand in Europe, and 256 thousand in Russia.

- Oncologists say: time is the main factor in the treatment of cancer. But how does this compare with the queues in large cancer centers?

“The timing of treatment initiation is critical to a successful outcome and has been proven to improve survival prognosis. By order of the Ministry of Health, a patient who is referred to a federal center must be hospitalized no later than 10 days after applying (subject to the availability of all documents). In our center, this is a mandatory rule. But there are patients who, having learned about their diagnosis, immediately go to our center (bypassing the stages necessary for hospitalization). They, of course, face queues, including for an operation. But we try to help everyone.

Fully curable?

- Japan has the highest incidence of stomach cancer in the world, Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer. And what are the leaders in Russia?

— In Russia, oncological diseases of the respiratory system (17.8%), prostate (14.4%), skin (10.0%), and stomach (7.9%) are in the lead. In women - breast (21.2%), skin (14.6%), uterus (7.7%), colon (7.1%), stomach (5.2%).

- In the US, experts almost every month announce victory over another type of cancer. Thus, mortality from breast cancer, according to reports, in the United States has decreased from 50 to 3%, mortality from leukemia and melanoma - from 100 to 18%. And what types of cancer are completely curable in our country?

- No type of cancer can be called completely curable. However, in many localizations (cancer of the cervix, breast, skin, thyroid, testicle, prostate, colorectal), we have achieved very good rates - more than 95% cure rate. On one condition: if the cancer is detected at an early stage.

Cancer diagnosis has always been considered a difficult task. And now international experts have recognized the most advanced research methods as insufficiently accurate - mammography and PSA (analysis of a substance produced by prostate cells) ...

— Digital x-ray mammography is recognized worldwide as the gold standard in the diagnosis of breast cancer. With its help, you can identify the earliest signs of non-palpable cancer, which are not determined by other diagnostic methods. However, the effectiveness of mammography is 63-67%. Therefore, an additional study on modern devices has now become widespread: a layered imaging system has been introduced, which significantly increased the detection rate.

A blood test for PSA is the most reliable marker for diagnosing prostate cancer. However, an increase in PSA levels can be associated not only with the presence of cancer, but also with other diseases of the prostate, and oncology can develop without an increase in PSA. Therefore, to improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer, other markers (PSA fractions, genetic markers) are also used today, as well as methods of radiation diagnostics (magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound).

“In the world, immunological preparations and biomarkers are recognized as the most effective for diagnosing and treating cancer. Are they used in Russia?

— We work according to the unified international standards of treatment. We have been using biomarkers for a long time (some of them are even included in the CHI program), molecular genetic studies are now carried out in any oncology clinic. There are also breakthrough developments in Russia. The scientists of our center are successfully working on the creation of a new type of markers. We have advanced in the study of the behavior of genes during the course of treatment, which allows us to adjust therapy. But a revolutionary direction will be the development of new targeted drugs with radionuclide components, which are already at the stage of preclinical studies.

Truth and myths

- Is it true that any chronic inflammatory process in the body can develop into oncology?

- Not any, but chronic inflammation is fertile ground for the emergence of cancer. Therefore, any protracted disease that makes itself felt with pain, cough, induration, should serve as a reason to see a doctor.

Is it believed that cancer is more dangerous for young people?

“Young people tend to get sick with more aggressive, “evil” cancer. However, cancer in most cases is a disease of the elderly. According to statistics, 76% of cases of breast cancer occur in women of the “golden” age (50+).

- Celebrities often report: they say, I had cancer, but he was defeated. Is it possible to cure once and for all?

- Five-year survival is the international standard, which indicates a lower risk of recurrence. However, a relapse can occur in 10-20 years.

- Oncologists say that one of the reasons for the late detection of cancer is the lack of oncological alertness among doctors ...

“Recently, things have changed for the better. To draw attention to the problems of oncology for doctors, conferences and various events are held. But no less important is the alertness of the patients themselves. Throughout the country, open days are held in medical institutions, free visits of mobile complexes to examine the population. In different cities of the country, more than 15 women's health centers have been created (with free examination of the mammary glands and genital area). Our center also regularly holds Open Days in all locations, during which we accept all patients, regardless of their place of residence.

At the center of the cell is the nucleus, which contains the genes. They control cell functions.

Scientists believe that every type of cancer begins in one abnormal cell. The development of cancer occurs due to the loss of the ability of genes to control the normal functioning of cells.

All people are at risk of developing malignant tumors. Many types of cancer develop for no apparent reason or are influenced by many factors.

Cancer development: how does the process of tumor origin and development begin?

Older people are more susceptible to developing cancer than other groups because the multi-stage process can take years before the first clinical signs are seen. Cancer is a sequence of events associated with exposure to harmful factors that occur in DNA cells. The researchers suggest that there is a chain of five or six abnormal coincidences before a malignancy appears.

Some people are genetically susceptible to cancer because they have highly active cancer enzymes.

There are three phases of cancer development involved in the formation of a cancerous tumor:

  1. The first stage consists of DNA mutations that do not undergo enzyme repair or are amenable to misrepair.
  2. The second step is promotion, which includes the work of developing uncontrolled cell growth and mutation. They just lose their ability to reproduce.
  3. The third phase is metastases. This is the invasion of cancer cells into neighboring healthy tissues, as well as the migration of cancer cells through the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

Causes of Cancer Development

Physical tissue damage can cause cell proliferation. Some mutagens damage surrounding tissues, leading to cell proliferation and consequently cancer.

These events take place over a long period of time. Cell mutation occurs due to exposure to man-made environmental pollutants and toxins that are found in food, minerals and the body itself as a consequence of the oxidation of metabolic by-products.

Examples of naturally occurring carcinogens include:

  • aflatoxin, a mold by-product found in peanut butter;
  • isocyanate - found in brown mustard;
  • estragole is part of the biological composition of basil leaves;
  • nitrosamines - a substance that is produced during the preparation of bacon;
  • benzpyrene - found in charred or grilled foods.

Cancer development factors

To date, it has not been precisely established what exactly is the key factor that affects the occurrence and development of oncology. However, medicine highlights the following factors:

Tumor formation is preceded by cell mutations. Sometimes a person is predisposed to certain changes or is born with them. For example, BRCA1 and BRCA 2 are breast cancer genes. Women who have these defective genes have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.

People who have atypical immune problems are also at risk of developing cancer.

  • Chronic infectious diseases and organ transplants:

Chronic infections, as well as transplanted organs, constantly stimulate atypical cell division, prone to the development of genetic errors.

  • Exposure to ultraviolet radiation:

It provokes the formation of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.

They can also cause some types of cancer. The cancer virus does not always allow itself to be detected. It often happens that cancerous changes are detected at a late period, when the virus has already managed to cause genetic changes in cells.

Cancer viruses affect the formation of such tumors:

  1. Oncological diseases of the genital organs in women are caused by the human papillomavirus.
  2. T cell leukemia and human T cell leukemia virus are related.
  3. Lymphoma (Epstein-Barr virus). For example, about 40% of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and a quarter of cases with Burkitt's lymphoma were associated with this virus.
  4. Primary liver cancer (hepatitis B and C).
  • Bacterial infection:

Studies have shown that people with Helicobacter pylori and persistent inflammation of the gastric mucosa have an increased risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers.

Studies also show that certain substances produced by certain types of bacteria in the digestive system can cause colon cancer or stomach lymphoma.

It should be remembered that bacterial infections can be easily treated with antibiotics, which is an important part of cancer prevention.

The first signs of cancer development

Signs of cancer are often common to all types of cancer and include:

  • rapid and unexplained weight loss;
  • unconditioned bloody discharge (detected in sputum from coughing, urine, feces);
  • thickening and redness of the skin (sometimes painful);
  • chest pain and shortness of breath;
  • problems with the intestines (constipation, diarrhea, constant bloating, pain in the abdomen, intestines);
  • the presence of a modified mole or freckles (asymmetrical, multi-colored, with jagged edges, more than 7 mm in diameter, itching, crusting, bleeding, cracks or enlargement);
  • severe headaches.

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The information on this site is provided for informational purposes only! It is not recommended to use the described methods and recipes for the treatment of cancer on your own and without consulting a doctor!

How does cancer spread in the body?

A distinctive feature of cancer cells is that they can multiply endlessly and migrate from one part of the body to another.

More than 30% of cancers can be prevented by a healthy lifestyle or vaccination against cancer-causing infections (hepatitis B).

Cancer is a complex of diseases that arise due to the uncontrolled reproduction of an abnormal cell. Normally, a cell divides in response to chemical signals it receives from hormones and other active substances in the body. In addition, how many times a cell can divide is controlled through a series of complex mechanisms that induce cell death after a certain number of cycles.

In some cases, a normal body cell undergoes changes, mostly genetic mutations or DNA damage, such that the cell either begins to grow and divide uncontrollably regardless of these signals, or becomes resistant to death. The balance between cell reproduction and cell death is disturbed. As a result, the cell continues to divide, even in the absence of signals for cell division. This cancer cell multiplies and gives rise to several more of the same cells, and the cycle continues, leading to the onset of symptoms and the progression of the disease.

The number of these cancer cells gradually increases, resulting in a mass of cells called a malignant tumor. This stage is called primary or primary stage 0 cancer.

Note: The word "tumor" is often used interchangeably with "cancer". However, tumors are defined as any abnormal growth or formation from cells and are categorized as either benign or malignant. By definition, the term "cancer" includes only malignant tumors. In this article, the word "tumor" refers to a malignant tumor unless otherwise noted.

The growth rate of a malignant tumor depends on the rate at which cells divide. Tumor enlargement violates the structural integrity of the corresponding tissues. In addition to this, cells undergo a number of other mutations, as a result of which they acquire new properties, such as resistance to drugs, etc.

From a diagnostic point of view, such a malignant tumor is now classified as stage I or II, depending on the degree of tumor growth.

New properties of the tumor allow access to vital nutrients needed for its growth and help get rid of metabolic waste. A small mass of cancer cells thus turns into a huge formation, and as a result, some cells break out of this mass, spreading to nearby tissues and later to distant organs. The growing tumor grows into the surrounding tissues and also enters the surrounding blood vessels and lymph nodes. When a cancerous tumor has invaded and damaged nearby tissues, it is classified as stage III cancer.

Once inside the blood and lymphatic vessels, cancer cells penetrate into distant organs and form new tumors. This process is called metastasis. The cancer cell circulates through the blood vessel along with other blood cells and reaches the narrow capillaries, where the cell penetrates the tissues of the new organ. In this distant organ, cells may lie dormant or begin to divide and give rise to a new tumor, called a metastasis or secondary tumor. Although the sites of metastasis to which the cancer spreads depend on the primary nature of the malignancy, the bones, liver, and lungs are the most common organs for tumor metastasis. The following is a list of the main types of cancer and their respective organs of metastasis.

Bladder cancer - Bones, liver, lungs.

Breast Cancer - Bones, brain, liver, lungs.

Cancer of the rectum - Liver, lungs, peritoneum.

Kidney Cancer - Adrenals, bones, brain, liver, lungs.

Lung Cancer - Adrenals, bones, brain, liver.

Melanoma - Bones, brain, liver, lungs, skin/muscle tissue.

Ovarian cancer - Liver, lungs, peritoneum.

Pancreatic cancer - Liver, lungs, peritoneum.

Prostate Cancer - Adrenals, bones, liver, lungs.

Stomach cancer - Liver, lungs, peritoneum.

Thyroid cancer - Bones, liver, lungs.

Uterine cancer - Bones, liver, lungs, peritoneum, vagina.

This stage, when the cancer has spread to tissues distant from the primary tumor, is called stage IV.

Metastases after kidney cancer

Oncological diseases are quite widespread and pose a great danger to humans.

A common type of kidney damage is hypernephroma. When the pelvicalyceal system is affected, urothelial cancer or clear cell carcinoma of the kidney occurs.

With the timely detection of a dangerous disease, the probability of a full recovery is 90%.

In the absence of timely therapeutic intervention, any oncological disease poses a pronounced danger to humans.

Only timely diagnosis and thoughtful treatment can guarantee the patient a return to normal life.

How do metastases appear after kidney cancer

Metastases in kidney cancer appear when the disease progresses to stage 3-4. The process of metastasis itself is the spread of cancer cells throughout the human body along with the bloodstream. In this case, damage to other internal organs occurs, cancer cells are introduced into healthy elements, and the pathological process begins.

Attention! Metastases in renal oncology can affect not only organs located in close proximity, but also elements located at a significant distance, for example, in the lymph nodes.

There is damage to the lungs, brain and bones.

Metastasis in the early stages of the pathological process is extremely rare, but this condition significantly complicates the process of diagnosis, treatment and increases the risk of death.

It should be noted that metastases by the nature of education can be:

  • primary - appear naturally;
  • secondary - spread as a result of damage to the oncological formation as a result of surgical intervention.

The impetus for the development of cancer cells can be a decrease in immunity. In general, cancer cells that have spread throughout the human body through the bloodstream may remain inactive for a long time.

Target Organs Lesions

It is worth noting the fact that the process of metastasis in kidney cancer is extremely unpredictable.

Despite some progress in the field of medical care, a full recovery in such cases is complicated.

Prognosis - cancer promises to limit the patient's life expectancy to several months.

The disease is quite severe:

  • in 25-30% of cases, metastases develop in other organs;
  • after timely removal of the formation, relapse occurs in 50% of patients;
  • recurrence occurs in the first 3 years in 85% of cases.

Attention! The process of metastasis is the germination of new vessels in the primary tumor, aggressive oncological cells affect the walls of the vessels and are introduced into the bloodstream.

According to this principle, pathological cells are carried throughout the patient's body.

Metastases of kidney cancer can affect:

  • lungs (about 60%);
  • bone tissue (about 40%);
  • liver (at least 40%);
  • brain;
  • abdominal space;
  • adrenal glands;
  • healthy kidney.

If kidney cancer is diagnosed, metastases can appear in 60% of cases. Any organ may be affected. The prognosis for metastases in various organs for patients is different. Patients with lung metastases have a successful prognosis for recovery.

Metastases in the lungs

Patients with the formation of lung metastases from kidney cancer can be visually divided into two groups:

  • determination of metastases during the initial examination during the diagnosis of the underlying oncological pathology;
  • manifestation after treatment for kidney cancer.

Pay attention to the fact that the lungs "catch" metastases in oncological lesions of any organs. This feature is explained by anatomy - all venous blood circulates through the lungs of a person and the vessels of the lymphatic system are located in them.

Cancer cells metastasize to the lungs in 60% of the total number of diagnosed cases of kidney cancer. A similar feature is due to the fact that the lungs are a certain filter for the kidneys. Blood moves through the two vena cava from the kidneys and enters the lungs.

Therapeutic measures for metastasis to the lungs are different. Until 1970, physicians used an exclusively surgical method, which involved the removal of metastases. The technique was not always applicable and gave a positive result in 30% of cases.

Medicine has made a confident step forward and determine the need to combine this method with immunotherapy.

This technique was used until the definition of the method of targeted therapy. The method was found in 2006 and shows the best results in treatment.

Metastases in the spine

If kidney cancer is diagnosed, metastases can appear at any stage. This process is unpredictable, because a lesion of this nature can affect any organs of the human body.

Bone metastasis occurs due to the spread of pathological cells through the venous plexus. If a patient has metastases in the spine, he will be disturbed by severe pain in the area of ​​the pathological process. Irreversible consequences of metastases in the spine are not excluded - paralysis of the lower and upper extremities.

In addition to paralysis and severe pain, the patient may be disturbed by the following symptoms:

  • muscle weakness;
  • constant neurosis, increased irritability or depression;
  • significant weight loss against the background of a decrease in appetite;
  • periodic gagging that ends in vomiting;
  • heart rhythm disturbances and a decrease in blood pressure;
  • the manifestation of cracks in the spine with minor loads.

The following measures will help diagnose the presence of metastases:

  • taking a patient history and examining disturbing symptoms;
  • determination of calcium concentration;
  • radiography of the bones of the spine;
  • physical examination.

In such cases, drug therapy is used, the action of which is aimed at minimizing the manifestation of unpleasant symptoms. Surgical intervention does not guarantee a complete recovery, and there is a high probability of disability.

If kidney cancer has metastasized to the spine, the prognosis for patients is very disappointing, this fact is confirmed by the following statistics:

  • with timely detection of pathology, the probability of maintaining motor activity is 90%;
  • when using radiotherapy as a method for treating kidney cancer, the probability of metastases in the spine is 30%;
  • radiation therapy helps to restore motor activity with mild paralysis;
  • with absolute paralysis, the maximum life expectancy of the patient is 1 year.

The answer to the question of how long metastases live depends largely on several factors: the general condition of the patient, the capabilities of the immune system, and the localization of lesions.

Metastases to the liver

When metastasizing to the liver, a sufficient number of tumors are formed from the node.

Liver metastases are accompanied by the following generalized symptoms for oncology:

  • weight loss up to complete exhaustion of the body;
  • an increase in the patient's body temperature over 37 degrees;
  • increased fatigue, constant weakness;
  • manifestation of pain in the abdominal cavity on the right side;
  • hyperhidrosis.

With metastases in the liver, the bile ducts are blocked, as a result, the patient develops jaundice.

Metastases to the skin

If clear cell kidney cancer is diagnosed, the spread of metastases to the skin is not excluded. They appear in the form of peculiar nodes on the skin. Such formations are red-colored papules.

Attention! The manifestation of metastases on the skin is a rare complication.

With skin lesions with metastases, how long they live depends on the location of the lesion.

Renal cancer can metastasize to the skin with the following localization:

  • lower abdomen;
  • genital area;
  • face;
  • fingertips;
  • hairy areas of the head.

Kidney involvement with skin metastases often has a favorable prognosis. Surgical techniques are used to fight.

How do metastases spread throughout the body?

Everyone knows how dangerous cancer is. It is worth noting that with kidney oncology, metastasis can occur not only in the lungs, bones, skin, liver, there are cases of detection of metastases in the adrenal glands. A pathological process of this nature will not manifest itself until the last stage of the pathology.

Hidden leakage and represents a danger. Metastases after kidney cancer in the adrenal glands often appear after surgery, so do not forget about the need for periodic examination. It is possible that the oncological process will spread to the prostate in men and the mammary gland in women.

In any case, the process of metastasis poses a danger to the patient. The spread of oncology, regardless of localization, entails complications in the form of a reduction in the likelihood of survival.

Features of therapy and prognosis for recovery

Treatment of kidney cancer can occur using several methods:

  • surgical intervention involving the removal of an organ or part of it;
  • enhancing immune functions through special procedures;
  • targeted therapy - its effect is aimed at inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.

The prognosis for cancer with metastases is rather disappointing. Such a diagnosis frightens many patients, but it should be noted that the outcome of the pathology largely depends on the nature of the damage to other organs.

How dangerous the development of complications depends on the location of the lesions and the number of affected nodes of the lymphatic system.

In any case, patients after surgery for kidney cancer should carefully monitor their own health.

How cancer spreads throughout the body

The human body is made up of millions of cells, each with specific functions. Normal cells grow, divide, and die in a pattern. This process is strictly controlled by the body. The rate of cell division is different in different organs and tissues.

In cases where the structure of cells changes under the influence of various factors - ecology, background radiation, improper nutrition, stress, bad habits, heredity, all these factors affect everyone in different ways. Cells begin to divide uncontrollably and lose the ability to recognize their cells and structures and become cancer cells, they form a tumor and can penetrate into other organs and tissues, disrupting their functions. Almost all tumors develop in normal tissues of the body and more often in those tissues and organs in which the rate of cell division is higher. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that instead of dying, they continue to grow and divide, to form new pathological ones. Pathology is a painful deviation from the normal state or developmental process.

Tumor cells usually produce toxic substances that lead to a deterioration in a person's condition, weakness, loss of appetite and weight loss.

A simple tumor is called benign, it just grows from the outside of the organ. A benign tumor can grow to a large size and compress vital organs. Such a tumor can be cut out and forgotten about it.

A completely different situation arises when, in addition to the ability to multiply excessively, mutated cells acquire another harmful ability to penetrate layers of other cells. Such a tumor not only increases in size, but also grows through other organs and tissues. When a mass of cancer cells is pulled through healthy tissue, it forms beams, sometimes similar to cancer claws. This comparison served as the basis for such a name as RAK. Cancer is a malignant tumor.

Sarcoma is a malignant tumor, most often formed in bone, muscle or brain tissues.

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. Leukemia starts in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the most important organ of the hematopoietic system, producing blood cells.

Oncology is a tumor from the Greek.

Growing through the tissues, the tumor eventually reaches the blood vessels. And here, the degenerated cells fall off the main tumor and enter the bloodstream and are carried by the blood throughout the body. In those places where cells linger, they give rise to new tumors - this is how metastases occur. It usually occurs in the lymph nodes. The germination and spreading of metastases has been known since the beginning of life, when plants sprouted through the earth and scattered their seeds everywhere.

The immune system fights cancer cells, but often plays a detrimental role. Killing the degenerated cells, he carries out selection over them (selection is a selection), selecting the most imperceptible for him. As a result, generations of cells are formed, less and less fixed by the immune system.

Cancer is a long multi-stage process. It is known that it takes 5-10 years before a tumor of the lung, stomach or mammary gland reaches the size of 1-1.5 cm in diameter. Thus, most tumors are laid in flight. To protect the body, we must eat right and do prevention. See sections on proper nutrition and prevention.

It is difficult to predict the intensity and nature of tumor growth, this process depends on many factors: on the patient's body, tissue resistance, and the characteristics of this tumor. Depending on these and many other factors, the tumor can double in size within a few weeks. Sometimes it takes many months and years. It is difficult to predict the rate of tumor growth. Known factors that accelerate it: excessive exposure to the sun, thermal procedures, traumatization, physiotherapy procedures (quartz, UHF, etc.), depression of the patient, fear. The later treatment is started, the more difficult the cure. In the first stage, a complete cure can be achieved. In the fourth stage of cancer, the cure rate is almost zero.

What are the signs and symptoms of cancer?

Cancer is a group of diseases that can be accompanied by any signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on the size of the tumor, the location of the cancer, and how involved surrounding organs or structures are. If the cancer has spread (metastasized), symptoms may occur in different parts of the body.

As the tumor grows, it begins to compress nearby organs, blood vessels, and nerves. This pressure causes some of the signs and symptoms of cancer. If the tumor is located in a particularly important area, for example, in some parts of the brain, then even a small cancer can give early symptoms.

However, sometimes the tumor occurs in places where symptoms may not appear until it reaches a large size (late stages). Pancreatic cancer is difficult to identify with an external examination. Some tumors in this location do not give symptoms until they involve the nerves, leading to back pain. Other tumors grow near the bile duct, causing skin discoloration (obstructive jaundice). Unfortunately, by the time prostate cancer has signs and symptoms, it is already a widespread metastasis.

Cancer can also lead to general symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss. This can be caused by tumor cells that secrete substances that change the metabolic processes in the body. Such symptoms may also occur as a result of the impact of the tumor on the immune system.

The role of signs and symptoms in the diagnosis of cancer.

Treatment is more effective the earlier the tumor is detected. Early detection of a tumor usually means that treatment will be started if the cancer is small and has not yet spread to other parts of the body. This usually means a greater chance of a cure.

Often, symptoms are ignored by a person due to the fact that a person is frightened of the possible consequences and refuses to see a doctor, or considers the symptom that has appeared to be insignificant. General symptoms such as fatigue are more often unrelated to cancer and therefore often go unnoticed, especially when there is an obvious cause or when they are temporary. Similarly, the patient may think that the more specific symptom of a breast mass is a simple cyst that will resolve on its own. However, such symptoms should not be ignored, especially if they persist for a long period of time, such as a week, or there is a negative trend.

In some cases, cancer may be detected before symptoms appear. This can be done with a special examination of people who do not have any symptoms of cancer. However, this does not mean that you should hide your symptoms from your doctor. The correct diagnosis can be given by examination and tests.

Common signs and symptoms of cancer.

It is important to be aware of some common (non-specific) signs and symptoms of cancer. These include unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, and skin changes. Of course, it must be remembered that the presence of some of them does not necessarily mean the presence of a tumor. There are many other conditions that may also have similar signs and symptoms.

Most people with cancer experience weight loss at some point in their illness. Unexplained weight loss of 4-5 kg ​​can be the first sign of cancer, especially cancer of the pancreas, stomach, esophagus or lung.

Temperature increase (fever):

An increase in temperature is often observed in cancer and most often in a widespread process. Almost all cancer patients develop a fever at some point during their illness, especially if the treatment affects the immune system and increases susceptibility to infections. Rarely, fever can be an early sign of cancer.

Fatigue can be an important symptom as the disease progresses. However, fatigue and weakness can occur early, especially if the cancer causes chronic blood loss, as occurs with colon or stomach cancer.

Pain can be an early sign of several tumors, such as those of the bones or testis. Most often, however, pain is a symptom of a common process.

In addition to skin tumors, some internal cancers can cause visible skin signs such as darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation), yellowing (jaundice), redness (erythema), itching, or excessive hair growth. The correct diagnosis can be given by examination and tests.

Specific signs and symptoms of cancer

In addition to the above general symptoms, it is necessary to be aware of other general symptoms that can be observed in cancer. Again, it must be pointed out that these signs and symptoms do not necessarily speak in favor of cancer, as they occur in other diseases. However, you must tell your doctor about the signs and symptoms that appear in order to make a decision about the examination.

Violation of the stool or bladder function:

chronic constipation, diarrhea, or a change in the amount of stool may indicate the presence of colon cancer. Pain when urinating, blood in the urine, or a change in bladder function (more or less frequent urination) may be associated with bladder or prostate cancer. These changes should be reported to the doctor immediately. The correct diagnosis can be given by examination and tests.

Non-healing wound or ulcer:

skin cancers may bleed and resemble a wound or ulcer. A long-standing mouth ulcer can be oral cancer, especially in those who smoke, chew tobacco, or drink alcohol frequently. Ulcers on the penis or in the vagina can be signs of both infection and early cancer and should therefore be evaluated.

Unusual bleeding or discharge:

unusual bleeding may occur against the background of early or advanced cancer. Blood in sputum may be a sign of lung cancer. Blood in the stool (or the presence of dark or black stools) can be a sign of colon or rectal cancer. Cancer of the cervix or the uterus itself can lead to bleeding from the vagina. Blood in the urine is a sign of possible bladder or kidney cancer. Bleeding from the nipple can be a sign of breast cancer.

Thickening or tumor formation in the breast or other parts of the body:

Many tumors can be felt through the skin, especially in the breast, testicles, lymph nodes, and soft tissues of the body. Induration or tumor formation may be the first signs of early or advanced cancer. Any such finding must be reported to the doctor, especially if you have just discovered it or the tumor (seal) has begun to increase in size.

Indigestion or difficulty swallowing:

Although these symptoms can occur in a variety of conditions, they can also indicate cancer of the esophagus, stomach, or pharynx at the same time.

Changing a wart or mole:

any changes in color, shape, borders or size of these formations should be reported to the doctor immediately. The skin lesion may be melanoma, which, if diagnosed early, responds well to treatment.

A persistent persistent cough may be a sign of lung cancer. Hoarseness is a possible sign of laryngeal or thyroid cancer. The correct diagnosis can be given by examination and tests.

Why and how cancer appears in a person: from what and where does oncology come from

What causes cancer is currently unknown to scientists, so they are inclined to the multigene theory of the development of oncology. Different doctors offer their theories about why cancer appears and what causes can provoke the development of malignant cells. In this article, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with them and find out for yourself where cancer comes from and how negative influence factors can be excluded. It is told about how cancer appears in a person and how long a tumor can go unnoticed. The information provided allows you to understand not only why cancer appears, but also to form a plan for the prevention of this disease in your head.

Thanks to the development of modern science, the disease can be diagnosed at an early stage. The study of pathogenic factors gives an understanding of why cancer appears in humans and how to turn off the mechanism of further tumor development. Studying the aspect of where cancer comes from in a person allows this process to be as close as possible to life realities.

When cancer appeared as a disease

Since, apparently, malignant tumors have always been part of the human experience, they have been repeatedly described in written sources since ancient times. The most ancient descriptions of tumors and methods of their treatment include ancient Egyptian papyri from about 1600 BC. e. The papyrus describes several forms of breast cancer, and cauterization of the cancerous tissue was prescribed as a treatment. In addition, the Egyptians are known to have used caustic ointments containing arsenic to treat superficial tumors. There are similar descriptions in the Ramayana: the treatment included the surgical removal of tumors and the use of arsenic ointments. Let's try to figure out when cancer appeared as a disease and how this disease was studied.

The name "cancer" comes from the term "carcinoma" introduced by Hippocrates (BC) (from the Greek karkinos - crab, cancer and tumor), denoting a malignant tumor with perifocal inflammation. Hippocrates gave the name of cancer or crab to a disease already encountered in his time and characterized by a crab-like spread throughout the body. He also proposed the term "onkos". Hippocrates described cancers of the breast, stomach, skin, cervix, rectum, and nasopharynx. As a treatment, he proposed the surgical removal of accessible tumors, followed by the treatment of postoperative wounds with ointments containing plant poisons or arsenic, which were supposed to kill the remaining tumor cells. For internal tumors, Hippocrates suggested refusing any treatment, as he believed that the consequences of such a complex operation would kill the patient faster than the tumor itself.

In 164 a.d. e. The Roman physician Galen used the word "tumor" (swelling) to describe the disease, which comes from the Greek word "tymbos" meaning tombstone. Like Hippocrates, Galen warned against intervening at an advanced stage of the disease, but even then supported to some extent the idea of ​​screening (a strategy in healthcare organization aimed at detecting diseases in clinically asymptomatic individuals), concluding that the disease at an early stage could be cured. Description of diseases was considered redundant, and most healers devoted their entire attention to treatment, so in the early history of medicine there are only a few reports of cancer. Galen used the term "oncos" to describe all tumors, which gave the modern root to the word "oncology". And the Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celas in the 1st century BC. e. proposed to treat cancer at an early stage by removing the tumor, and at later stages - not to treat it in any way. He translated the Greek name into Latin (cancer - crab).

This disease was not very common in ancient times, based on the fact that it is not mentioned in the Bible and nothing is said about it in the ancient Chinese medical book "Classic of Internal Medicine of the Yellow Emperor." In traditional societies, cancer became the cause of death of only a few, and the disease became widespread only after the beginning of the era of the industrial revolution.

Despite the existence of numerous descriptions of malignant tumors, practically nothing was known about the mechanisms of their occurrence and spread throughout the body until the middle of the 19th century. Of great importance for understanding these processes were the works of the German physician Rudolf Virchow, who showed that tumors, like healthy tissues, are composed of cells and that the spread of tumors throughout the body is associated with the migration of these cells.

Oncology is a relatively young field of medicine, and it was formed into a scientific discipline mainly in the 20th century, which is primarily associated with general scientific and technological progress and fundamentally new research opportunities.

The main theories and causes of cancer: the formation and development of oncology

According to the forecast of the World Health Organization (WHO), in this century, every third inhabitant of the Earth will die of cancer, which means that the trouble will affect every family, and in fact this sword of Damocles hangs over any person. It is necessary to understand the causes of oncology and eliminate them, because in relation to cancer, trying to remove its symptoms - what current oncology is doing - is absolutely futile. Currently, there are many theories of the origin of cancer, explaining the development of tumors. A number of theories complement each other, some are mutually contradictory, but not one of them can fully explain all the causes of oncology, since there is no single core. Let's start with the fact that in reality no theory of cancer has outlived its time. Oncologists, adhering to the most diverse views, hypotheses and points of view, make up a very diverse society. The causes of oncology are considered in the applied version. This means that the causes of cancer and oncology of a particular organ may be different. So, the reasons for the development of oncology in the bronchopulmonary system are always indicated in the form of an unfavorable environmental situation. And the main causes of oncology of the gastrointestinal tract are chronic diseases, improper and untimely nutrition. Let's look at the main reasons for the formation of oncology, based on different aspects, the following theories are the most common today.

Geopathogenic theory and oncology: causes of oncological diseases

This theory arose on the basis of extensive experimental studies conducted in Germany, France, Czechoslovakia in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the so-called cancer houses, that is, houses in which several generations of people lived accompanied by the occurrence of cancer. It was found that all of them were in geopathogenic zones. This was the impetus for the creation of firms in Germany that produce special protective materials for shielding geopathic radiation. Since geopathogenic radiation was not detected by instruments at that time, this theory was rejected by the International Congress of Oncologists. In the study of oncology and the causes of oncological diseases in this section, they began to be seriously considered after certain physical discoveries.

Geopathogenic (negative) radiation created by the intersection of water flows, veins, geological faults in the earth, the presence of various technical voids (for example, subway tunnels, etc.) really affects the human body when it stays in the geopathic zone for a long time (during sleep , in the workplace), taking away energy and creating its deficiency in the body. Geopathogenic radiation rises most often in a vertical column with a diameter of up to 40 cm, passes through all floors, without screening, up to the 12th floor. A sleeping or working place located in a geopathic zone negatively affects the organ or part of the body that falls into the pole, causing many diseases, including cancer. Geopathogenic zones were first discovered and described in 1950 by the German physician Ernst Hartmann and are called "Hartmann's grid". The result of numerous studies by Dr. Hartman was a 600-page report that describes the impact of geopathic zones on the development of cancer in patients. In its

In his work, Dr. Hartman calls cancer "a disease of location." He notes that geopathic zones inhibit the immune system, thereby reducing the body's resistance to various diseases or infections. In 1960, Dr. Hartman's book Disease as a Location Problem was published.

Dr. Dieter Aschof warned his patients to use dowsing specialists to check the places where they spend the most time for the presence of the negative influence of the earth. Oncologists from Vienna - professors Notanagel and Hohengt and their German colleague - professor Sauerbuch definitely recommended their patients to move to another house or apartment after undergoing surgery to remove cancer cells. They believed that geopathogenic influence could contribute to the revival of cancer.

In 1977, Dr. V. V. Kasyanov examined 400 people who had been in geopathogenic zones for a long time. The result of the study showed that the geopathogenic impact on human health is always negative. In 1986, Jirji Averman from Poland examined 1280 people who slept in geopathic zones. Every fifth of them slept at the intersection of geopathic lines. All of them fell ill within 2-5 years: 57% fell ill with mild diseases, 33% with more severe diseases, and 10% with diseases that led to death. In 1990, Professor Enid Worsh examined patients with cancer. He found that only 5% of them have no connection with geopathogenic influence. In 1995, Dr. Ralph Gordon, an oncologist from England, noted that in 90% of cases of lung cancer and breast cancer, he found a connection between being in geopathogenic zones and these diseases. In 2006, Dr. Ilya Lubensky, who for many years was engaged in identifying manifestations of geopathogenic stress in the early stages of the development of the disease, first introduced the concept of "geopathogenic syndrome". Numerous studies and experiments allowed him to introduce the classification of geopathic stress for the first time and describe its clinical manifestations at various stages. Dr. Lubensky also developed a system for the rehabilitation of people exposed to geopathogenic influence.

The viral theory of cancer is the causes of oncology: can viruses provoke and cause cancer

With the development of medical and biological sciences, viruses are becoming increasingly important in studying the cause of oncology. In oncology, a viral theory of cancer has been formed, based on modern achievements in virology, which have revealed the presence of viruses in a number of malignant tumors. Can viruses cause cancer and how do they do it? Among them, cervical cancer is one of the most common tumors. Harold Zurhausen received the Nobel Prize in Biology and Medicine in 2008. He proved that cancer can be caused by a virus and showed it in cervical cancer. In fact, in this example, cancer is a virus that infects healthy tissue cells of the cervix. The decision of the Nobel Committee said that this discovery, made 20 years ago, is of great importance. By the time the Nobel Prize was awarded, the world's first vaccination against cervical cancer had been made. Few people know that the theory of the viral nature of cancer itself has its homeland in Russia.

The first in the world to discover the viral nature of cancer was the Soviet scientist Leah Zilber, he made this discovery in prison. His theory that viruses cause cancer was written on a tiny piece of tissue paper and given to the public. At that moment, the scientist's family was in a concentration camp in Germany. His son, the now famous professor Fedor Kiselev, together with Zurhausen, was engaged in the study of the human papillomavirus that causes cervical cancer. This led to the creation of a prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccine, or cancer vaccine. Today this vaccine is available in Russia! Not all cancer-causing viruses are known to modern science, the study continues.

It must be administered preventively, since this disease is sexually transmitted, before the onset of sexual activity. For those who already have cancer, this vaccine does not help. In many countries of the world, this vaccine is given free of charge, as it saves women, saving gigantic funds for the state, because cancer treatment costs crazy money.

Genetic mutations in cell genes in cancer

Gene mutation in cancer is the most common theory among scientists around the world. The theory is based on the idea of ​​the role of genes in the existence of cells in our body and violations of the genetic material. Cancer and cell mutation are considered in a single plane of study. The mutational theory of cancer connects the occurrence of malignant tumors with breakdowns of the genetic structure at different levels, the emergence of mutant cells, which, in the event of adverse conditions for the body, bypass defense mechanisms and give rise to a cancerous tumor. The mutation theory gives the most reliable idea of ​​the nature of the disease, is based on the fact that genetic mutations do not always cause cancer and is logically combined with most other theories and hypotheses of carcinomatosis.

According to this theory, disturbances in tissue embryogenesis are considered to be the cause of the development of tumors. Most of the current scientific evidence shows that normal cells can become cancerous when certain genes are activated as a result of exposure to precipitating factors. It is believed that the oncogene can be present in normal cells in an inactive form and, under certain conditions or exposure, be activated to create cancer cells.

The essence of the theory is that cellular oncogenes responsible for cell growth and differentiation can be a target for a wide variety of factors, including viruses or chemical carcinogens, which have the common property of genotropy that is obligatory for them. Cancer is a multi-step process involving many cellular genes. Oncogenes can play an exceptional role in this process.

According to the theory of the German scientist Enderlein, all warm-blooded animals, including humans, are initially infected with the RNA and DNA of all microorganisms. Under favorable conditions for them, they begin to develop from primitive forms to higher ones and pass one into another.

Dr. Clark has carefully researched the sources of carcinogens in the home. They turned out to be toxins in fiberglass products, freon leaking (albeit in microdoses) from refrigerators, metal and plastic crowns in the teeth, and some materials for dental fillings. Propylene as a technological component is widely used in the manufacture of many food products, including bottled water, cosmetics, all kinds of deodorants, toothpaste, lotions, as well as benzene (refined oils). Propylene and benzene used in technological processes are then removed, but it is impossible to remove them completely. Therefore, cancer patients are recommended exclusively homemade food.

The fact that cancer from radiation can occur with a high degree of probability was considered by many scientists. In 1927, Hermann Müller discovered that ionizing radiation causes mutations and that radiation causes cancer in various organs. 1951 - Muller proposed a theory according to which mutations under the influence of radiation and the development of oncology after it are responsible for the malignant transformation of cells. Whether cancer occurs after radiation depends on the adaptive forces of the body.

The theory of the occurrence of disease due to acid radicals. The fight against them is antioxidant protection, maintaining an alkaline environment in the body, in which metastases cannot develop; an oxygen-rich environment in which cancer cells die. Biochemists know that any pathogenic flora, including cancer cells, is activated in an acidified environment. And the beneficial microflora is weakening. And in an alkaline environment, the opposite happens: the pathogenic flora cannot live, but the beneficial one thrives.

Biochemical theory of cancer

The biochemical theory of cancer considers the chemical factors of the environment as the main cause of the failure of the mechanisms of cell division and the immune defense of the body. In our time of the unprecedented flourishing of the chemical industry and the unprecedented saturation of everyday life and production with synthetic substances, the chemical theory of cancer is becoming more relevant.

It is based on the assumption of a direct relationship between cancer and the destructive effects of various chemical, physical or biological factors on the fetus in the process of its formation. V. Shapot is convinced that all human tumor-specific antigens are of embryonic origin, that is, they are characteristic of a normal organism that produces them at an early period of ontogenesis. Scientists believe that the antigen can be not only foreign, but also the body's own protein, if its structure has undergone any fundamental changes.

This theory sees the root cause of cancer not so much as the emergence of mutant cells, but as a violation of the body's defense systems for their detection and destruction. Proponents of the immunological nature of the occurrence of cancer tend to believe that tumor cells appear in the body continuously. They are recognized by the immune system as "not their own" and are rejected. And the fundamental differences between healthy and tumor cells are only in the property of unrestrained division, which can be explained by some features of their membranes.

According to this theory, it is believed that in response to constant irritation, compensatory mechanisms are triggered in the tissue, in which an important role is assigned to recovery processes and an increased rate of cell division. At first, regeneration is under control. However, along with the development of normal cell lines, cancer cells also develop. In 1863, Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow insisted that cancer ultimately results from irritation.

In 1915, this theory seemed to have received brilliant experimental confirmation: the success of the Japanese scientists Yamagawa and Ishikawa was an example of the practical application of Virchow's theory of stimulation. By applying coal tar to the skin of rabbit ears 2-3 times a week for 3 months, they were able to get real tumors. But difficulties soon arose: irritation and carcinogenic effects did not always correlate with each other. And besides, simple irritation did not always lead to the development of sarcomas. For example, 3-, 4-benzapyrene and 1-, 2-benzapyrene have almost the same irritant effect. However, only the first compound is carcinogenic.

Trichomonas causes cancer

In 1923, Otto Warburg discovered the process of anaerobic glycolysis (glucose breakdown) in tumors, and in 1955 he formulated his theory based on a number of observations and hypotheses. He considered malignant transformation as a return to more primitive forms of cell existence, which are likened to primitive unicellular organisms, free from "social" obligations. In particular, cancer and Trichomodan are very similar in their biochemical properties. Warburg found on solid tumors that they absorb less oxygen and produce more lactic acid than normal tissue sections. The scientist concluded: the process of respiration in a cancer cell is disturbed. At the same time, it was not so important whether only newly acquired anaerobic glycolysis was responsible for the "antisocial behavior" of cells, or whether glycolysis is one of the many parameters inherent in this "primitive way of life."

Unscientific theories of cancer are, first of all, the result of inadequate human contacts with other forms of life, as well as disturbances in the energy balance in the body. Chinese medicine sees the causes of cancer in violation of the circulation of energy through the channels of the jinglo system, as well as in a general weakening of the body's immunity.

This theory is based on the fact that a person is a bioenergetic entity, a part of the Universe, and he must live according to the laws of the Cosmos.

This knowledge came to us from oriental medicine. All known systems of the physical body are studied, except for the energy one. And the human energy system is a set of radiations of the energy of each individual cell, each organ, and in general, all cells, all organs, distributed by energy centers through energy channels, combined into an auric egg, or biofield.

Stable means that it is difficult to move it to the right “healthy” state, and hard means that it can be moved all at once, but it is difficult to keep it.” All this destroys our immune system. From this moment on, the pathogenic communities of parasites, fungi, microorganisms and viruses that are in our body are no longer interfered with. From that moment on, they begin to multiply rapidly, germinate, metastasize in our internal organs and muscle tissues. In other words, a bioenergetic loss of the body's defense is formed. The rapid process of reproduction of infections and growth of fungi is possible only in the presence of a field of appropriate polarization. Cancer is a process of development and mutual enrichment of infectious pathogens (and parasites to help them) and representatives of the fungal world in a stable pathogenic (left) field.

Today, a very topical issue is the treatment of cancer. Before considering it, it is important to know what types of cancer exist and which one is the most dangerous to health and life.

Cancer. General information

Cancer is a serious malignant disease that develops from healthy epithelial cells and can affect any organ or system of the human body. To date, the causes of the growth of pathological cells have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the more we are aware of the facts known to modern medicine, the easier it is to avoid this or find the right way out.

There is a theory that the appearance of cancer is associated with a mutation in body tissues. But this has not been proven, like other versions.

Causes of occurrence. Types of cancer

Having information about the causes of occurrence can save everyone who, for some reason, is at risk. Here are some common reasons that explain the nature of the appearance of foreign cells in a healthy body:

  • air pollution;
  • genetic abnormalities;
  • nicotine use;
  • inflammatory processes in the chronic stage;
  • viruses and infections;
  • alcoholism;
  • carcinogens, which are now used in almost everything, and which cannot be avoided.

What types of cancer are there? There are several varieties:

  • carcinoma - the most common type of cancer that affects the esophagus, prostate, mammary glands;
  • leukemia - a cancer that is localized in the bone marrow, but metastasizes throughout the body;
  • Sarcoma is a cancer that arises from the cells of the lymphatic system.

Blood cancer. dangerous kind

Blood cancer is also called a group of diseases of the circulatory system. Among them are especially dangerous types of blood cancer, hematosarcoma, lymphoma, angioma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia and others.

Leukemia is manifested by impaired differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. With this pathology, a large number of cancer cells accumulate in the body, which are not responsible for any function, but only slowly poison the body. Leukemia most often affects older people or children under 4 years of age.

Genital cancer. Uterine cancer

Tumors of the genital organs are malignant tumors that can affect the external and internal organs.

Uterine cancer is common among women. Types of uterine cancer affect women from 55 to 70 years old, but there are often exceptions when very young women are examined and they are given a terrible diagnosis - There is a hormonal type and an autonomous one.

  • Hormonal - this is a "younger" cancer, it happens in women under 40 years old, who at a young age suffered from problems with conception, diabetes, hyperglycemia and other problems.
  • Autonomous is observed in older women - 60-70 years. In such patients, there is a reduced susceptibility to hormones and the absence of metabolic disorders of the endocrine system.

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract

Tumors of the stomach and intestines are a very common disease. Known species of the gastrointestinal tract:

  • polypoid - makes up about 6% of all species, and its effect is that cancer corrodes the walls of the stomach. Pathological areas affected by cancer stand out well against the background of healthy tissues;
  • carcinoma, cancer-ulcer or ulcerative - accounts for about 36%, clear edges are visible, but practically does not differ from a stomach ulcer;
  • partial carcinoma - has no clear edges, protrudes above the level of healthy tissues and affects large areas of the stomach;
  • infiltrative cancer - develops inside the walls of the stomach, it is difficult to make a diagnosis;
  • adenocarcinoma - starts from the cells of the mucous membrane, or rather, the glandular epithelium.

As well as some types of bowel cancer:

  • adenocarcinoma;
  • lymphoma;
  • carcinoma;
  • leukomyosarcoma.

Types of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize, but with timely access to a specialist oncologist, effective treatment can be carried out.

Lungs' cancer. The most dangerous type of cancer

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the bronchi. Experts, having found out what types of cancer are, and having studied their pathogenesis, determined that a lung tumor is the most life-threatening cancer.

Lungs' cancer:

  • central - the main bronchi are affected;
  • peripheral - the tumor grows from the alveoli and small bronchi;
  • mediastinal - characterized by the rapid appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes;
  • disseminated form - a large number of foci of growth of pathological cells are formed in the lung tissue;
  • sarcoma;
  • poorly differentiated. Lung cancer of this type is one of the most dangerous.

What are the causes of this terrible pathology? First of all, smoking affects the occurrence of lung tumors. It doesn't matter if it's active or passive smoking. The very fact of inhaling carcinogens is the main cause of cancer development. The next factor that can cause these types of cancer is contact with poisons such as nickel, cadmium, arsenic.

Heredity also plays a role in the occurrence of a tumor, along with factors such as radiation exposure, poor ecology, chronic lung diseases, and others.

Mammary cancer

What types of cancer do women have? Most often in women, the mammary glands are affected. This disease leads the list of the most dangerous and frequent pathologies. Mostly women from 40 to 60 years old suffer from breast tumors, but the disease is rapidly getting younger, and types of breast cancer are already being isolated that affect young girls.

Most of the neoplasms that a mammologist or the women themselves detect can be classified as benign. These are galactocele, fibrocystic mastopathy and fibroadenoma of the gland. Such cancer, diagnosed at the optimal time, is promptly detected by oncologists, and treatment is carried out, possibly even removal of the mammary glands in order to avoid a second process.

What are the reasons for the development of pathological cell growth in the mammary gland:

  • abnormalities in the development of the mammary gland;
  • alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits are an important risk factor, if we also take into account the genetic predisposition of a woman;
  • poor ecology, polluted air and poor-quality drinking water;
  • late delivery can also become a trigger at the beginning of the development of pathology;
  • long-term use of hormonal drugs and others.

Breast cancer with timely access to an oncologist is treated with the possibility of recurrence.

Cancer Symptoms

The problem is that in the initial stages of development, cancer does not make itself felt, and only early diagnosis will help determine the presence and severity of the pathological process.

The symptoms of cancer are:

  • rapid weight loss;
  • long-term elevated body temperature;
  • a state of apathy and constant fatigue for no reason;
  • the color, shape, size of birthmarks or moles may change;
  • ulcers appear in the oral cavity;
  • pain increases over time.

In addition to the main symptoms, there are also specific ones. Prolonged wound healing may indicate a change in cells in the body, the loss of their function - cancerous processes. Abnormal discharge or bleeding, as well as problems with urination, may indicate the presence of cancer cells in the body.

Diagnosis of types of cancer

To date, there are many unresolved issues posed by oncology. Cancer species mutate and become invulnerable. For quality treatment, it is necessary to correctly diagnose the disease.

For this purpose, ultrasound therapy, mammography (to identify types of breast cancer), endoscopic method for diagnosing tumors in the stomach, esophagus and intestines, magnetic resonance imaging, radioisotope diagnostics and others are used.

Read more about X-ray examination - the main method for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Radiography is used at the slightest suspicion of pathological processes in the cells. Using this method, you can examine the lungs, colon, stomach, bones. Recently, special methods have been used - bronchography, angiography, which significantly increase the likelihood of detecting cancerous processes.

Cancer treatment

For many years there has been an active discussion and research of drugs for the treatment of cancer. But, unfortunately, medicine has not yet found the only way to cure such patients. Therefore, after the detection of cancerous processes, complex treatment is carried out using radiation therapy, chemotherapeutic drugs and surgical methods.

  • Radiation therapy of cancer patients: the principle of such treatment is the increased sensitivity of pathological cells to ionizing radiation. After such a procedure, a mutation occurs in diseased cells, and they die. Therapy is not indicated for children, as their cells are still in the developmental stage and are most exposed to radiation. Some types of lung cancer are successfully treated after the procedure.
  • The chemotherapeutic effect on cancer cells is very aggressive, and the procedure is indicated only in advanced stages, if other types of cancer treatment are not already helping. The dose is selected depending on the weight of the patient, the type of tumor, its position and the condition of the patient. Different drugs are combined to maximize the effect on tumor cells.
  • Surgical treatment is often resorted to, as this is the most effective and reliable method. Treatment consists in removing the source of pathology. But the surgical method will be ineffective if metastases have already appeared in the body.

Severe and most dangerous types of cancer, such as lung cancer, cannot always be cured. In this case, supportive therapy is used, but the chances that the patient will survive are very small.

We hear a lot about cancer, but what is cancer really? Cancer or otherwise carcinoma is a malignant tumor, the development of which occurs from epithelial cells of the mucous membranes, skin or internal organs of a person. In medicine, it is customary to distinguish between a malignant tumor and cancer. For example, the question is often asked - "is lymphoma cancer or not?". The answer is no. Lymphoma is a malignant tumor, also belonging to the group of oncological diseases, but it is not a carcinoma in the classical sense of Russian medicine.

The most dangerous types of disease

Among all malignant tumors, carcinoma is the most common. According to the reports of the World Health Organization at the UN, it is cancer that causes 7-10 million deaths per year. At the same time, the number of cases of morbidity, according to various estimates, ranges from 6-7 million to 10-12. This is the second highest mortality rate, after diseases of the cardiovascular system.

It is difficult to single out any one, the most dangerous cancer, because any of the types can be fatal. If we take statistics and look at the number of deaths, then the most dangerous can be considered lung and prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women, since they are the most common.

In addition to the lungs, prostate and mammary glands, carcinoma can affect:

  • Vagina;
  • Larynx;
  • Lips;
  • Stomach;
  • Bladder;
  • Liver;
  • pancreas;
  • kidneys;
  • prostate;
  • large intestine
  • the cervix;
  • thyroid gland;
  • ovaries;
  • Skin.

What is aggressive cancer

Doctors often give names not only to the types of the disease, but also to how it passes. If we talk about carcinoma, then the degree of development is distinguished by the rate of cell division and tumor growth. The most aggressive cancer is the one that develops rapidly. In this case, the first metastases are diagnosed already at an early stage. The treatment of a rapidly developing disease requires a special super-professional approach and modern equipment, since the patient has very little time left. Melanomas are considered the most aggressive tumors. Skin oncological formations are difficult to distinguish from ordinary moles and are often diagnosed too late.