The systematic position of man in the animal world. Man: systematics and characteristic features in the structure of the body Evolution or external intervention

human origin.pptx

14. The position of man in the system of the animal world.mp4

Ch Darwin showed that the main factors of the evolution of the organic world are the factors of anthropogenesis. In his work "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" (1871), he presented evidence of the animal origin of man. they can be divided into 3 groups:

1. similarities in the structure of man and animals;
2. the similarity of human and animal embryos;
3. the presence of rudiments and atavisms.

The main stages that determine the qualitative changes in human ancestors are as follows:

1. manifestation of the vertical position of the body;
2. development of skills in the use of tools;
3. improvement of the brain and the appearance of speech.

The peculiarity of human evolution is that gradually evolutionary factors lose their leading significance and give way to social factors (social lifestyle, work, thinking and speech). Social factors include:

1. use, and then the creation of tools;
2. the need for adaptive behavior in the process of establishing a social way of life;
3. the need to predict their activities;
4. the need to educate and educate offspring, passing on the accumulated experience.

The driving forces of anthropogenesis are:

1. individual natural selection aimed at certain morphophysiological features - upright posture, hand structure, brain development.
2. group selection aimed at social organization, biosocial selection, the result of the combined action of the first two forms of selection. He acted at the level of an individual, a family, a tribe.

In this lesson, you will learn about the relationship of man with other animal species. Find out the systematic position of the species Homo sapiens in the modern classification of living beings, get acquainted with the features that unite us with other mammals. We will also consider the features of the structure of our body, which distinguish a person from other animals and make our biological species unique and inimitable among other unique species.

Man, as a living being, is part of the animal world. Our species belongs to the phylum Chordates, the subtype Vertebrates, the class Mammals, the subclass Placental mammals, the order Primates, the family Hominids, the genus Man, and the species Homo sapiens (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. The place of man in the system of living organisms

The fact that our species belongs to the Animal kingdom is convincingly proved by our morphology, cytology and physiology.

Belonging to the type of Chordata is visible at the stage of intrauterine development. The human embryo has a notochord, a neural tube located above the notochord, a heart located on the ventral side under the digestive tract.

The belonging of a person to the Vertebrate subtype is determined by the replacement of the notochord by the spine, the developed skull and jaw apparatus, as well as two pairs of limbs (Fig. 1) and the brain, consisting of five sections.

Rice. 1. Human and frog skeletons have similar features that are characteristic of all vertebrates

The presence of hair on the surface of the body, five sections of the spine, a four-chambered heart, a highly developed brain, sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands, as well as warm-bloodedness, make it possible to attribute a person to the class of Mammals.

The development of the fetus inside the mother's body in the uterus and its nutrition through the placenta - to the subclass of placental mammals.

The presence of prehensile forelimbs, in which the first finger is opposite to the rest of the fingers, nails, well-developed clavicles, as well as the change of milk teeth in the process of ontogenesis and the bearing of, mainly, one cub, makes it possible to classify a person as a Primate. At the order level, the resemblance between humans and other animals ends.

The features that distinguish the Human family from other primates are unique to humans. In the family People there is only one genus Man, in which there is only one modern species Homo sapiens.

Consider the features that distinguish humans from other animals.

First of all, it is a higher nervous activity. A person has a developed second signaling system (see the lesson of grade 8, Higher nervous activity), which is responsible for the perception of speech, as well as well-developed logical thinking, memory, and abstract thinking. These abilities arise due to the developed cerebral cortex. Humans have the largest ratio of brain mass to body mass among all animals.

The second difference is the features of the skeleton responsible for true upright posture. Our spine has 4 curves that optimally transfer the weight of our upright body to the legs (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. The human spine is adapted to true upright posture

And the legs have arched feet that withstand the load when running and jumping (see video).

A flexible hand, in principle, is characteristic of many primates, but only in humans has it reached such flexibility that it makes it easy to manipulate both small and heavy objects.

Moreover, the movements can be both powerful and very subtle, allowing, for example, to embroider or write (see video).

Upright posture, developed hands and a powerful brain allowed man to produce tools - from a pointed stick to a space satellite (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Artifacts of ancient (spears - on the left) and modern (space satellite - on the right) man

Some birds and other primates are able to use found tools, such as stones and sticks. But none of them is able to make a special tool for themselves.

The second signaling system made it possible to create a very highly organized society. No flock of animals is capable of such subtle and effective interaction as human society (see video).

Thus, from the biological standpoint of taxonomy, a person is an animal from the order Primates. It has all the tissues and organ systems characteristic of other primates.

The human genotype differs from the genotype of the closest great apes, such as bonobo pygmy chimpanzees, by one percent. At the same time, a person, unlike animals, has a developed abstract thinking, is able to produce and use tools. He exists in a society in which there is a division of labor and which is governed by speech.

Bibliography

1. A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper. General biology, grades 10-11. - M.: Bustard, 2005. Download the textbook from the link: ( )
2. D.K. Belyaev. Biology 10-11 class. General biology. A basic level of. - 11th edition, stereotypical. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p. (

» animals. K. Linnaeus in his "System of Nature" placed him, along with the higher and lower monkeys, in one order of primates. Ch. Darwin, using numerous examples in his special work "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection", showed the close relationship of man with the higher anthropoid apes.

Homo sapiens belongs to the phylum Chordates, subtype Vertebrates, class Mammals, subclass placentals, order primates, family hominids.

With chordates a person is related: the presence of a notochord in the early embryonic stages, a neural tube lying above the notochord, gill slits in the walls of the pharynx, a heart on the ventral side under the digestive fact.

A person's belonging to vertebrate subtype is determined by the replacement of the chord by the spine, a developed skull and jaw apparatus, two pairs of limbs, and a brain consisting of five sections.

The presence of hair on the surface of the body, five parts of the spine, sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands diaphragm, a four-chambered heart, a highly developed cerebral cortex and warm-bloodedness indicate that a person belongs to to the class of mammals.

The development of the fetus in the mother's body and its nutrition through the placenta are features characteristic of subclass placental.

The presence of forelimbs of a grasping type (the first finger is opposed to the rest), well-developed clavicles, nails on the fingers, one pair of nipples of the mammary glands, replacement in ontogeny of milk teeth into permanent ones, the birth, as a rule, of one cub, allows us to attribute a person to primates.

More specific features, such as a similar structure of the brain and facial regions of the skull, well-developed frontal lobes of the brain, a large number of convolutions on the cerebral hemispheres, the presence of an appendix, the disappearance of the caudal spine, the development of facial muscles, four main blood types, similar Rh factors and other signs that bring humans closer to great apes. Anthropoids also suffer from many infectious diseases inherent in humans (tuberculosis, typhoid fever, infantile paralysis, dysentery, AIDS, etc.). In chimpanzees, Down's disease occurs, the occurrence of which, like in humans, is associated with the presence in the animal's karyotype of the third chromosome in the 21st pair. The proximity of man to anthropoids can be traced in other ways.

At the same time, there are fundamental differences between man and animals, including great apes. Only man has true upright posture. Due to the vertical position, the human skeleton has four sharp bends of the spine, a supporting arched foot with a strongly developed thumb, and a flat chest.

The flexible hand - the organ of labor - is capable of performing a wide variety of high-precision movements. The medulla of the skull significantly predominates over the facial. The area of ​​the cerebral cortex and the volume of the brain are much higher than in great apes. Consciousness and imaginative thinking are inherent in a person, with which such activities as design, painting, literature, and science are connected. Finally, only humans can communicate with each other through speech. These features of the structure, life and behavior of a person are the result of the evolution of his animal ancestors.

Source : ON THE. Lemeza L.V. Kamlyuk N.D. Lisov "Biology manual for applicants to universities"

Has its own characteristics. They are connected with the biosocial basis of Homo sapiens.

Man: systematics

On the one hand, man is an object of living nature, a representative of the Animal Kingdom. On the other hand, it is a social person who lives according to the laws of society and strictly obeys them. Therefore, modern science considers the systematics of a person and the features of his origin from both a biological and a social position.

Systematics of man: table

Representatives of the taxa to which modern man belongs have a number of similar structural features. This is evidence of their common ancestor and common evolutionary path.

taxonomic unit	Similarities and characteristics
Type Chordates	Formation at the initial stages of development of the embryo of the notochord and neural tube
Subtype Vertebrates	Formation of the inner which is the spine
Class Mammals	Feeding the young with milk, the presence of a diaphragm, differentiated teeth, pulmonary respiration, warm-bloodedness, intrauterine development
Order Primates	Five-fingered limbs, opposition of the thumb to the rest, the identity of 90% of the genes of a chimpanzee
Hominid family	Brain development, upright posture
Rod Man	The presence of an arched foot, a free and developed upper limb, the presence of curves of the spine, articulate speech
View Homo sapiens	Intelligence and abstract thinking

Type Chordates

As you can see, the place of man in systematics is clearly defined. The heterotrophic type of nutrition, limited growth, the ability to actively move determine its belonging to the Animal Kingdom. But according to its features, it is a representative. This systematic unit also includes the classes Bone and Cartilaginous Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians and Birds.

How can such different organisms belong to the same phylum? It's all about their embryonic development. In the early stages, they have an axial strand - a chord. A neural tube forms above it. And under the chord - the intestines in the form of a through tube. There are gill slits in the pharynx. As they develop, these rudimentary structures in humans undergo a series of metamorphoses.

From the chord develops the spine, from the neural tube - the spinal cord and brain. The intestine acquires a through structure. The gill slits in the pharynx close up, as a result of which the person switches to pulmonary breathing.

class Mammals

A typical representative of the class Mammals is man. Systematics refers it to this taxon not by chance, but by a number of characteristic features. Like all representatives of mammals, man feeds his young with milk. This valuable nutrient is produced in specialized glands.

The systematics of Homo sapiens refers it to the group of placental mammals. During intrauterine development, this organ connects the body of the mother and the unborn child. In the placenta, their blood vessels intertwine, a temporary connection is established between them. The result of such work is the implementation of transport and protective functions.

The similarity of man with other representatives of mammals also lies in the structural features of organ systems and the course of physiological processes. These include enzymatic digestion. Biologically active substances are secreted by the liver, salivary and pancreas. A common feature is the presence of differentiated teeth: incisors, canines, large and small molars.

The presence of a four-chambered heart and two circles of blood circulation determines the warm-bloodedness of a person. This means that the temperature of his body does not depend on this indicator in the environment.

View Homo sapiens

According to the most common hypothesis, humans and some species of modern apes share the same ancestor. There is a number of evidence for this. The Hominid family is characterized by an important feature - upright posture. This trait, of course, was associated with a change in lifestyle, which led to the release of the forelimbs and the development of the hand as a labor organ.

The process of formation of the modern species took place in several stages: the most ancient, ancient and the first modern people. These phases did not replace each other, but for a certain period they coexisted and competed with each other.

The most ancient, or ape-men, knew how to independently make tools from stones, make fire, and lived as a primary herd. The ancients, or Neanderthals, communicated through gestures and rudimentary articulate speech. Their tools were also made of bone. Modern people, or Cro-Magnons, built their own housing or lived in caves. They sewed clothes from skins, knew pottery, tamed animals, grew plants.

Man, whose systematics is determined by the totality of anatomy, physiology and behavioral reactions, is the result of long evolutionary processes.

, atavisms, vestiges, embryological, disease, chordates, vertebrates, hominids, people

Type of lesson: study and primary consolidation of new knowledge.

Pedagogical technology: modular education.

Methods and techniques: cooperation in a small group, independent work with the text and drawings of the textbook.

Equipment: textbook, ed. D. V. Kolesova, manuals for students, table forms, pieces of paper, simple pencils, workbooks.

Lesson Objectives: educational: to form knowledge about the relationship of man with animals; to teach to explain the kinship of man with animals; developing: improve the skills of independent work with the textbook; educational: develop communication skills with each other and the teacher; continue building self-esteem skills.

Lesson plan

1. Organizational moment.

2. UE - 0. Statement of the cognitive task.

3. UE - 1. Input control.

4 . UE - 2. Learning new material based on knowledge from the previous course of animal biology.

5. UE - 3. Study and primary consolidation of the studied material.

6. UE - 4. Output control.

7. UE - 5. Summing up the lesson.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. UE - 0. Statement of the cognitive task.

Teacher. You have teaching aids on your tables (Appendix 1). Check out the information provided in the manual. What information do you think can be extracted from it?

Students. The manual is an instruction for this lesson. You can find out what we will study in the lesson, in what sequence, type of work, goals of each stage. You can evaluate your work.

Teacher. Familiarize yourself with the content of the learning element - 0. Do you have questions about the purpose of the lesson? Do you understand what knowledge and skills will be formed in this lesson? If everything is clear, then we proceed to the solution of the problem of educational element-1. Familiarize yourself with the content of the learning element - 1. What questions do you have?

If there are no questions, follow the instructions of the task.

The purpose of this stage of the lesson: to recall the methods of proving the relationship of living organisms.

Record the date and topic of the lesson in your notebooks. Read and complete the task: establish a correspondence between science and the subject of its study. Write the answer as a sequence of letters, each letter separated by a comma. The form of work is individual. Notes in notebooks. Task completion time - 5 min.

1. Anatomy

2. Physiology of organisms

3. Embryology

Science subject

A. Functions of organs and the body

B. The study of embryonic development

B. The structure of organs and the body

Teacher. Pay attention to the screen. You see the correct answer to the question. Check each of your work. The rules for evaluating work are given in your training manual. Write the scores in your notebook. For the correct answer 2 points. If 50% of the work is done, then 1 point.

UE - 1. C, A, B

Teacher. Proceed to the tasks of the next stage of Learning Element-2.

Purpose: to determine the methods by which a person's belonging to certain systematic groups is established.

2. Analyze what you read.

4. Prepare to defend your work.

Form of work: cooperation in a small group. Distribute the following roles: commander, secretary, consultants. Select a task according to the role performed.

Groups are created on request. The teacher must control the distribution of students into groups, since the composition of the groups should be approximately the same. The time spent on creating groups is 1-2 minutes.

Fill in the table given in Appendix 2 with a simple pencil. Duration of work - 15 minutes.

Teacher. Attention. Let's move on to the next step in the lesson.

Purpose: to substantiate the choice of methods for proving the relationship between humans and animals.

1. Name the methods for proving the relationship between humans and animals.

2. Explain the choice.

The response of the group is evaluated by the teacher on a five-point scale. Frontal work.

Each group answers the question about a certain systematic group along the chain. Sample answers are given in the table.

Methods for proving the relationship of a person with various groups of animals

Systematic group of animals	Methods for proving the relationship of man with animals	Rationale
1. Kingdom Animals	Comparative - anatomical	Atavisms, rudiments
2. Type Chordates	Embryological	similarity of embryos
3. Subtype Vertebrates	Comparative - anatomical	The similarity of the structure of the skeleton, circulatory and nervous systems
4. Class Mammals	Comparative - anatomical, physiological	The similarity of the structure of the lungs, heart, the presence of a diaphragm, constant body temperature, breastfeeding with milk, gestation in the uterus
5. Order Primates	Comparative - anatomical	Similarity of structure: flat nails, five-fingered limb, hand structure
6. Hominid family	Physiological	Same diseases
7. Kind of Man	Comparative - anatomical,
8. View Homo sapiens (all people are of the same species)	Comparative - anatomical, physiological, embryological	The similarity of the structure, functions of organs, embryonic development

Teacher. Familiarize yourself with the goals and objectives of the learning element-4. Please read the instructions for submitting your answer carefully. Do you have any questions about answering? If there are no questions, get to work.

Objective: To do a test. Duration of work - 4 minutes. The form of work is individual.

1. Complete the task according to the options.

Mark the correct statements with a “+” sign and the incorrect ones with a “-” sign. Write your answer as a sequence of mathematical symbols.

1. Man belongs to the type Chordates.

2. Man belongs to the Vertebrate type.

3. Species Homo sapiens is one of the species of the animal kingdom.

4. Rudiments - this is an example of a comparatively - anatomical group of evidence of the relationship of man with animals.

5. Modern man belongs to the species Homo sapiens.

1. Man belongs to the order Primates.

2. Man belongs to the subtype Vertebrates.

3. Man belongs to the class Vertebrates.

4. Atavisms - this is one of the examples of a comparatively - anatomical group of evidence of the relationship of man with animals.

5. The presence of a diaphragm is one of the proofs that a person belongs to the class Mammals.

Students. Carry out the task.

Teacher. Attention. We finish the work. We check the work. For each correct answer - 1 point. The correct answers are given on the board.

UE - 4. Option 1. + - +++; Var. 2.++-++

Teacher. Complete the tasks of the last stage of the lesson.

2. Select homework from the table.

Grades for the lesson and homework

		Homework
		Well done! Prepare a message