Small outbuilding. Outbuilding: what is this building and what is its main function? The influence of the outbuilding on the design

02.11.2019

(Story, 1892).
Description hospital yard, overgrown with nettles, where it stands small outbuilding. In the passage, on the old rubbish, the watchman Nikita, an old retired soldier, always sleeps.
In a room on beds screwed to the floor, there are 5 madmen, one of whom is of noble rank, and the rest are bourgeois. One of them is the Jew Moses, who was housed when his hat workshop burned down. He is one of all released into the street, where he is given some kopecks, some kvass, some something else. Everything that Moiseyka brings is taken away by the watchman Nikita "for his own benefit". Moses loves to serve, but she does it not out of compassion, but imitating her neighbor with right side Ivan Dmitrievich Gromov, who helps everyone, but sometimes something like a fever comes over him, and he, choking, talks about "human meanness, about violence that tramples on the truth."
About 12-15 years ago, the official Gromov lived in his house on the main street, and with him his two sons - Sergey and Ivan. As a 4th year student, Sergei fell ill with consumption and died. A week later, my father was accused of forgery and embezzlement of government money and put on trial. He soon died in the prison hospital from typhus. Ivan himself is forced to earn a living by frequent lessons and send part of the money to his mother for food. He can't stand it and goes home. He was given a place in the county school, but he did not get along with his comrades, did not like the students and soon left the place. Mother died. For six months he ate only bread and water, then he entered the court as a bailiff until he was fired due to illness.
The city loved him. He was very educated and well-read. One autumn morning, Ivan Dmitrievich goes to a tradesman to get a writ of execution. Along the way, he meets prisoners with escorts, and this meeting makes a heavy impression on him. On the way home, Ivan Dmitrievich meets a police officer, which also seems suspicious to him. Ivan Dmitrievich cannot sleep at night. He is haunted by thoughts of a possible arrest, although he does not know any guilt behind him. He is tormented by nightmares. For several days, all the people passing by the windows and entering the courtyard seem to him to be spies and detectives. He is afraid of everything, avoids people, the service becomes unbearable for him. In the spring, two half-rotted corpses with signs of violent death are found near the cemetery. Fearing that he would be suspected of the murder, Ivan Dmitrievich walks the streets and smiles, at a meeting with acquaintances he assures that "there is no more vile crime than the murder of the weak and defenseless." In the end, Ivan Dmitrievich hides in the master's cellar, where he sits for two days. When the stove-makers come to the hostess, it seems to him that they are police officers in disguise. He gets out of the apartment and runs down the street in horror. They detain him, bring him home and call the doctor - Andrey Efimovich. They decide that Ivan Dmitrievich is mentally ill, and send him to the hospital in ward No. 6.
In addition to Ivan Dmitrievich and the Jew Moiseyka, the ward contains "a fat, almost round man, with a dull, completely senseless face. This is an immobile, gluttonous and unclean animal, which has long lost the ability to think and feel. A sharp, suffocating stench constantly comes from him" . The peasant does not respond to Nikita's cruel beatings with either a sound, or a movement, or an expression in his eyes.
The fifth inhabitant of Ward No. 6 is a former letter sorter, blond with a kind, sly face. He is obsessed with the idea that he is awarded rare orders.
There are rarely new people in the ward: only the barber comes in. However, a rumor soon spread that the doctor began to visit the lunatics.
Dr. Andrei Efimovich Ragin in his youth prepared himself for a spiritual career, but at the insistence of his father he devoted himself to medicine. The doctor has a cautious gait and a high voice. He dresses casually. Before Andrei Efimovich took office, arbitrariness was going on in the hospital and a terrible mess reigned. Andrey Efimovich reacted to the riots indifferently. At first, he works very hard, patients praise him for his attention and competence. Over time, the doctor gets bored with monotonous and useless work. The doctor comes to the conclusion that there is no point in preventing people from dying. Andrey Efimovich gives up and visits the hospital not every day. In the waiting room, Andrey Efimovich is met in the morning by the paramedic Sergei Sergeevich. He has a great practice in the city, wears a white tie, and considers himself more knowledgeable than a doctor who has no practice at all. Sergei Sergeevich is religious. On Sundays, one of the patients reads an akathist aloud, and then the paramedic goes around the wards and fumigates the sick with incense.
Andrey Efimovich takes patients hastily, does not perform any more operations (for some time now the sight of blood has been unpleasant for him), hastily prescribes medicines so that the patients will leave him alone as soon as possible. Over time, the process of "treatment" finally bothers him, the patients are taken by a paramedic. Arriving home, Andrey Efimovich begins to read. He buys a lot of books on history and philosophy. In the evenings, the postmaster Mikhail Averyanych visits the doctor. Under the influence of good thoughts read from books, Andrey Efimovich becomes disgusted with his own past and present. He comes to the conclusion that he serves a harmful cause and receives a salary from people whom he deceives. Zemstvo allocates additional funds to strengthen the medical staff in the hospital. A young doctor Yevgeny Fedorovich Khobotov arrives in the city. He uses the only book - "The latest recipes for the Vienna clinic for 1881." He does not introduce new orders, fearing to offend Andrei Efimovich. The new doctor secretly envies the old one and would gladly take his place.
Once, at the end of March, a barefoot Jew, Moiseyka, asks Andrey Efimovich for a kopeck. With a mixed feeling of pity and disgust, the doctor asks Nikita to give Moiseika boots. Ivan Dmitrievich calls the doctor a reptile and an executioner, a charlatan, says that he must be killed, claims that hundreds of madmen are walking free, and a few unfortunate ones should sit out for everyone in ward No. 6.
Andrei Efimovich advises Ivan Dmitrievich to run away, but he himself agrees that it is useless. The doctor really likes to talk with Ivan Dmitrievich. He decides that he is very smart and interesting person decides to visit him more often.
The next day, Ivan Dmitrievich confesses to the doctor that he mistook him for a spy. He accuses the doctor of lack of will, laziness, connivance.
Andrey Efimovich starts going to ward No. 6 every day. Dr. Hobotov once finds his colleague talking to a madman and soon persuades the paramedic to eavesdrop on these conversations with him. After listening to the "philosophizing" of Andrei Efimovich, they both come to the conclusion that the doctor is out of his mind.
Andrey Efimovich notices that the attitude of those around him is changing. Everyone hints at him to stop drinking. Under a plausible pretext, he is summoned to the city government, where they ask seemingly harmless questions. Coming out of the council, Andrei Efimovich guesses that it was a commission designed to examine his mental health. In the evening, the postmaster comes to him and invites him to go abroad with him.
A week later, Andrei Efimovich was offered to resign. Together with a friend, he goes to Moscow, where the postmaster behaves "like a lord". The doctor is annoyed with his friend. They go to Warsaw, where the postmaster loses 500 rubles, borrows them from the doctor, who then has only 86 rubles left. Upon his return, the doctor has to change his habits: he has neither work nor money. He is unable to renew contact with Ivan Dmitrievich, as the latter's condition is deteriorating. Andrey Efimovich owes everyone. The rare visits of Khobotov's colleague and paramedic annoy him. The postmaster sympathizes with him, but does not give him the money. One day the postmaster and Khobotov visit Andrei Efimovich together. The postmaster, as usual, jokes, and even promises to marry Andrei Efimovich. He suddenly gets annoyed and indignantly kicks the guests out. Left alone, he repents of his act. The next morning he goes to the postmaster and apologizes to him. The postmaster seriously suggests that he take care of his illness. The doctor says he is not sick. In the evening, Khobotov comes to Andrey Efimovich and unexpectedly invites him to a consultation at the hospital.
Andrey Efimovich finds himself in ward number 6. Nikita takes away his dress. Ivan Dmitrievich mockingly urges him to "philosophize", and the former doctor admits that he has completely lost heart. Andrey Efimovich tries to go out for a walk, but Nikita severely beats him.
The next morning, Andrey Efimovich falls into apathy, does not answer questions, does not respond to visitors. In the evening he dies of apoplexy.

Outbuildings have played a special role in manor architecture for centuries. They were of economic importance and were used as housing for servants. Separate structures of a secondary level were included in the integral complex of the entire site, functionally and compositionally emphasizing the general endurance of the main structure. The most common variant of this kind of building was the outbuilding. What is this building and what is its main function?

Secondary "wing"

An outbuilding is an additional extension to a residential building, which can be either part of it or located outside it. Being a secondary element of the building, it, nevertheless, is subject to the main structure. The meaning of the word "wing", which comes from the German Flügel, is translated as "wing". In architectural terminology, this is a small side building under a special roof at the main building, which can also be located separately, but not far from the main building. A similar meaning is also characteristic of such peculiar synonyms for the word "outbuilding" as a wing, outbuilding, outbuilding, prikhoromok.

architectural techniques

In the old days, in the construction of housing, such architectural techniques as a three-part composition were often used: the central building, galleries-transitions and outbuildings. It was caused by life itself. The main building housed the main and residential halls of the owner. The servants lived in the outbuildings, there was a kitchen, guests stayed. Galleries made it possible to pass from each outbuilding to the house without going outside, which was especially important in winter period or in inclement weather. In the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries, such architectural techniques were quite often used in palace and estate ensembles. What function does the outbuilding serve today? What is it: an additional or a full-fledged building?

For a long time, the outbuilding served as a secondary building that did not provide all the necessary amenities. Today it is more often used as a full-fledged building connected to utilities, equipped with lighting and heating.

Rethinking ideas

Increasingly large scale development suburban construction. It is quite convenient and prestigious to have a house designed for permanent residence or recreation, located near the city. These are no longer small, unpresentable houses, but cozy cottages, the design of which provided in advance all the necessary main building with all amenities, a terrace and often an outbuilding. What is this room and why is it being built on the site? This is an extension or an independent building used as an additional room. Its purpose, depending on the desires of the owner, may vary. Sometimes the outbuilding serves as an organization winter garden, playroom for children, guest rooms. Often this is an extension with gym, sauna. The outbuilding can also still serve as a utility room with a garage attached to it. Any of the concepts is quite real, its implementation depends on the area of the site and the financial capabilities of the owner.

original version

The current projects of additional buildings allow any exciting idea to be realized. It is quite popular, practical and convenient to place them on the roof of the building. For this, only such specific points as the location of the building, the type of roof, the material of the supporting structures and its strength characteristics, the impact of wind and precipitation, and the change in the drainage system are foreseen in advance. When they are taken into account, it is easy to erect an outbuilding on a roof that has a strictly horizontal arrangement and allows. implement almost any architectural idea. It is possible to create an extension on the mansard roof.

Building materials

During the construction of housing, the selection of materials is carried out not only depending on the wishes of the owner, but also such factors as architectural solution project, climatic conditions, economic and physical and mechanical indicators of building materials.

If the house is with an outbuilding, then they are mainly combined in appearance and material so as not to disturb general idea When building in suburban areas, the most popular material is wood. Houses made of it are environmentally friendly, they are distinguished by a wonderful microclimate.

indispensable element

Modern architectural projects make it possible to realize any idea of creating a house, to which an outbuilding is attached. That this is an indispensable element of the house, especially outside the city, has already been appreciated by many owners. This is a convenient and practical structure, moreover, capable of creating a kind of romantic halo around the common building. The main thing is to reasonably approach the issue of building this structure and take into account all its features.

In the classical interpretation, an outbuilding is a small, independent, or attached to a residential or commercial building, a structure used for temporary residence of people or other household needs. This is additional living space.

Naturally, the easiest option for building a roof wing is to design it in advance, when building a new house. In this case, it is much easier to attach additional nodes and connections, to create a single complex with the main building.

What determines the possibility of building an outbuilding on the roof?

It will be influenced by several factors:

Type of roof, say mansard roof
Floors and total height of the main building
Building location
The material of the supporting structures of the house: walls, floors, foundations (its strength characteristics)

What you need to pay attention to when installing an outbuilding:

Proper distribution of weight loads between all supporting structures
Accounting for the effects of snow and wind
Changing the solarization (illumination) of the premises of the lower floor
Articulation of branch structures storm water
Organization of balanced heat and air exchange

Naturally, those for whom aesthetics is important should evaluate whether the new building will decorate the facade of their house. In general, whether it is a pitched or a sloping roof, there is almost always a technical solution, the question is the desire of the owner and his financial capabilities.

How to build an outbuilding?

The development of suburban construction is on the rise. Unpresentable shed houses, which were proudly called dachas, are becoming a thing of the past. To replace unpresentable houses, cozy cottages are being built, in which all comfort zones are provided: rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, a terrace, and sometimes an outbuilding.

An outbuilding is an extension used as an additional room. It is being built to have another guest room or a playroom for children. Sometimes the outbuilding is designed to organize a winter garden or a small gym in it. Whatever the owners choose, one thing is clear - there is never a superfluous outbuilding. In private houses, an outbuilding is usually placed on the roof - this is convenient and practical.

Outbuilding - an extension to the house or a detached residential building, functionally and compositionally combined with the main building. Literal translation of the term outbuilding with German language means wing, which explains the huge number of synonyms for the definition in Russia: annex, obochen, pridomok, prihromok, wing, mansion. The outbuilding is a full-fledged residential building with heating, lighting and sanitary facilities.

The wing comes to mind when it is necessary to constructively increase the living space. Initially, premises for service personnel, servants in the old way, and guest rooms were attached to the manor-type buildings. Starting the reconstruction of the building, they tried to preserve the laid down style, decoration, so the shape of the wing organically continued the main building, not emphasizing, but continuing it, as if it was originally intended. If a compositional solution was not found, the wing was built separately, preserving the style of the complex.

The modern outbuilding also solves the problem of increasing living space by changing the architectural appearance of the building. The construction of multi-level outbuildings, double, triple and other complex levels, gives a modern personality to the look of the building, making the layout of the house unique.

It would be more reasonable to include the outbuilding immediately in the project of the house, in which case it is possible to choose one of standard projects which are in abundance today. If your house has already been built, you should not lose heart either, there is various options solutions to this problem. First of all, there are several important factors to consider:

It should be remembered that although it is theoretically possible to install an outbuilding not only on the roof of the house, but on auxiliary buildings and outbuildings, a builder, especially an inexperienced one, will inevitably encounter difficulties. For example, it should be taken into account that the outbuilding being designed will necessarily increase the load on the existing load-bearing structures of the house, the roof will also change its appearance, and this is dangerous not only and not so much as damage to the aesthetic feelings of your neighbors, but will also create additional windage, which will have a detrimental effect in strong winds.

For example:

if the roof of the building is flat, as a rule, there are no problems with the construction of the outbuilding
often on the top floor there is a large veranda - glaze it and the outbuilding is ready

If the strength of the walls and floors is insufficient, then you can choose lighter and stronger composite materials. or install additional columns. Also, do not forget about the gutters and the type of roof, whether it will be separate for the outbuilding or serves as a continuation of the main one. And most importantly, do not forget that we are still building an auxiliary building, do not try to build something monumental, many problems will go away by themselves.

So remember:

optimally distribute the load on walls and ceilings
please note that the illumination of the floor under the outbuilding may deteriorate
calculate the change in roof windage and the sufficiency of waterproofing

And remember, among other things, this structure should harmoniously fit into the overall appearance of the building, and not stick out, an eyesore.

In the context of the current constant rise in land prices, housing construction is growing in a vertical direction. Developers increase the usable area of houses by equipping residential comfortable attics. But what if there is still not enough space, and there is no free land for the construction of an extension? Experienced craftsmen believe that in this situation there is only one way out - an outbuilding on the roof.

Most people, when they hear the term "outbuilding" are a small building, separate from the main house, used for household purposes or as a guest summer home. In fact, this word of Germanic origin, which literally means "wing", has three meanings:

Please note that the outbuilding on the roof can be used to equip a small office, nursery or playroom, and if you make a roof of cast polycarbonate, then you can place a winter garden or greenhouse in this room.

Arrangement options

According to professional builders, arranging a roof wing is the cheapest way to increase the usable living space of a private house. However, in addition to this function, a small extension makes the appearance of the roof more original, decorative and intricate. There are 2 options for mounting a mezzanine on the roof:

The simplest, most economical and practical way to mount a roof shed is to plan its construction at the time of designing the project. This option allows you to accurately determine in advance the total weight of the house, taking into account the weight of the mezzanine, in order to make the foundation and truss frame strong enough.
The second way to arrange a mezzanine is the reconstruction of an already finished roof. However, at the same time, the roof truss system is rebuilt, the load on the foundation is redistributed and the tightness is violated. roofing.

Important! In terms of the volume and complexity of the work, as well as the amount of costs, it is much easier to plan the construction of an outbuilding during the design of the house. In the case of the reconstruction of an already finished roof, it will be necessary to almost completely rebuild the truss frame and remove the roofing.

The influence of the outbuilding on the design

Experienced craftsmen that the outbuilding can be attached to almost any private house. When planning such a radical reconstruction, it is necessary to take into account design features roofs, number of floors and height of the house, bearing capacity of the foundation, load-bearing walls and ceilings. After all, the extension of the mezzanine to the roof has a huge impact on its design:

Significantly increases and redistributes the load that falls on the foundation of the structure, ceiling and bearing walls. An increase in weight can cause the house to sag or warp.
The tightness of the roof covering is broken. Outbuilding extension increases the number of joints and junctions to vertical surfaces roofing material leading to an increased risk of leaks.
To rupture and violation of the truss frame. To attach the mezzanine to the roof, you need to partially disassemble and make tie-ins in the rafters, which violates the integrity of the frame.
The shape and geometry of the roof are changing, which affects the resistance to wind and snow loads. Due to the outbuilding, the windage of the structure may increase and snow pockets may form.

Remember! So that the extension of the outbuilding does not have a destructive effect on the roof and the house as a whole, it is necessary to calculate in advance the increase in the load on the foundation, and also use lighter materials for construction, for example, sandwich panels.

Mounting technology

It is believed that the installation of a mezzanine on a finished roof is a rather complicated process in terms of technology, which is best entrusted to experienced, professional craftsmen. All manipulations must be carried out only in accordance with the project. Typically, the installation process consists of the following steps:

Partial or complete dismantling of the roof covering of the main roof. If the roof has a large area, and the outbuilding will occupy only a small part of it, then you can not completely remove the roofing material.
With the help of wooden linings, the truss frame is reinforced. Reinforcement is carried out where the outbuilding will be attached.
The frame of the mezzanine is made, and then sheathed with sandwich panels or wood.
The structure is insulated from the inside with mineral insulation, and the outside is sheathed with decorative material.
Assemble the truss frame of the outbuilding roof, and then cover it with roofing material.

Important! When arranging the mezzanine, I pay great attention to the places where the roofing material adjoins vertical surfaces, additionally isolating them. These places often cause leaks.

Video instruction

The development of suburban construction is on the rise. Unpresentable shed houses, which were proudly called dachas, are becoming a thing of the past. They are being replaced by cozy cottages, the projects of which provide for all comfort zones: rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, a terrace, and sometimes an outbuilding. An outbuilding is an extension used as an additional room. It is being built to have another guest room or a playroom for children. Sometimes the outbuilding is designed to organize a winter garden or a small gym in it. Whatever the owners choose, one thing is clear - there is never a superfluous outbuilding. In private houses, an outbuilding is usually placed on the roof - this is convenient and practical.

It’s good when the outbuilding is designed at the stage of building a house, but sometimes best ideas appear late. Therefore, it is necessary to decide on the creation of an extension, focusing on an existing house and its characteristics. Before starting work, it is worth objectively assessing a number of important factors:

Structural features of the roof of the house, including its slope, truss system, type of roofing material, complexity of execution.
The number of floors of the house and its height, as well as architectural features. Here it is worth considering the presence or absence of an attic, on the basis of which it is most convenient to make an outbuilding.
The location of the building and the presence of additional buildings next to it.
The design and strength of the house - walls, floors, foundations.

Very often, an outbuilding is erected on the roofs of outbuildings or in a garage. In the future, they attach the structure to the house, making the installation of a single roof or implementing other architectural ideas. If the owners are engaged in the construction of the outbuilding on their own, without involving professional workers, then some points must be foreseen in advance. After all, the construction of an outbuilding on the roof of the house:

will increase the load on the supporting structures, and if this is not provided for by the project, then you will have to think about strengthening some walls;
violate the integrity of the roof, and since it is usually a “layered” system, it will be necessary to resolve the issue of roof insulation again;
will lead to a break in the rafter system;
will change the overall configuration of the roof, which means that strong wind and precipitation will have a different effect on the roof and house.

During the construction of the outbuilding, it is necessary to evaluate possible risk for the building to avoid trouble during operation

Important!
An outbuilding on a house can bring not joy, but destruction. If there are suspicions that negative impact if there is more, it is better to abandon the roof idea and build an outbuilding in the area next to the house.

No problems are foreseen with the construction of an extension in houses where the roofs are strictly horizontal. On a flat surface, you can easily install almost any design.

The outbuildings, created on the basis of the old veranda of the upper floor, look good. All that is required in this case is to partially isolate the room from the main part of the house, glaze the openings and make a roof. If the roof is additionally insulated, then the outbuilding can be used in the cold season as fully as other rooms.

One of the ways to get additional space in a built house is to build an outbuilding on the roof.

If the house has a pitched roof

The previous options were considered for houses with sloping roofs, but much more often in suburban real estate you can find another option - a pitched roof, and then its features must be taken into account.

Important!
The construction of additional columns will allow you to build an outbuilding on any type of roof of the desired area and configuration. The load on the supporting structures will be minimal.

In addition to problems with the weight of the new building, it is necessary to find answers to a number of questions:

Is it worth it to make a single roof for the house and outbuilding.
How to restore roof insulation when the layers are damaged? roofing cake».
How to mount new system gutters.
Will the room be “cold” or should it be heated.

The erection of an outbuilding pitched roof is a rather complicated procedure, the implementation of which is best entrusted to specialists

It is unlikely that it will be possible to solve this on your own, too much will have to be changed in the life support systems at home. Therefore, further work will proceed in one of two directions:

Development of an official project, calculations of the parameters of the house, coordination of redevelopment and construction in accordance with the established plan.
The installation of columns and the location of most of the outbuilding outside the structure of the house. Of course, the coordination and the project in this case are also necessary.

Features of the construction of the outbuilding

Let's try to summarize the points that need to be taken into account when planning the construction of an outbuilding on the roof of a house:

distribution of the weight of the extension on the supporting structures of the building;
take into account the effects of precipitation and wind;
consider the need for additional lighting of the lower floors;
change the drainage system;
check whether a balanced air exchange has remained and whether comfortable temperatures in home.

The presence of an outbuilding creates a certain halo of romance around the house. This is cozy room differs from the general building by some special atmosphere. Therefore, if an idea arose to build an outbuilding on the roof of the house, then, of course, it is better to implement it. The main thing is to reasonably approach this issue and take into account all the features of construction.