Plywood is known to be a very common construction material. It is used in the production construction works (plywood fsf), as well as in the production of furniture (fk plywood). Plywood is also actively used in other areas of production. Get plywood from conifers trees and birch.

Basically, plywood is layers of veneer that are glued together. Wood material that is made from logs by planing is called sliced ​​veneer, and made by peeling, respectively, is peeled veneer. Subsequently, it is glued and pressed. In addition, there are varieties in which veneer is combined with other kinds of materials. For example, a moisture-resistant grade of veneer is impregnated with organic-type polymers, and a laminated grade is coated with a phenol film. According to the quality of plywood processing, it can be divided into sanded and non-sanded types. The most popular formwork plywood, which is used when working with concrete.

When gluing plywood layers, natural or synthetic type thermosetting adhesives are used. It is they who do not allow the fabric to exfoliate. Moreover, even serious temperature fluctuations or a sharp change in humidity levels are not a hindrance to this.

Coniferous plywood, main advantages

Coniferous moisture-resistant plywood is made, as a rule, from spruce. It provides high strength at the output and at the same time the canvas weighs very little. To this it is worth adding that such plywood is resistant to decay and practically does not deform. Plywood layers impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde glue do not allow fungi and putrefactive bacteria to multiply.

Coniferous plywood is not inferior in strength edged board, while being 25% lighter than birch plywood. When using it, the load on the rafters in the roof is reduced. At the same time, functional qualities are not lost. Moisture-resistant plywood, in comparison with other lumber, practically does not warp. In extreme cases, warpage can be easily corrected by gluing, stretching and strengthening with nails.

Plywood stretches and does not crack. Simplifies the work with plywood the fact that it is made large sizes. The need for rallying, as is the case with other lumber, is completely eliminated. Plywood can be easily bent, making it easy to transport.

In addition to spruce and birch, plywood is also made from pine, fir and cedar. In some cases, you can even meet plywood based on oak, beech, linden, aspen, maple, larch, alder, ash and elm. If we are talking about elite plywood, then it is made from walnut. Moisture resistant plywood differs in the number of sheets. It is three-layer, five-layer and multi-layer.

Coniferous plywood is always very smooth, resistant to impact environment and therefore very durable. However, it is worth touching on the dimensions of moisture-resistant plywood. So, the overall size is 1.22 x 2.44 m (w x d). At the same time, the thickness of plywood can be very thin at 9 millimeters, as well as 12 millimeters, 18 millimeters and even 22 millimeters.

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How plywood is made

Wide application plywood in construction, electrical engineering, shipbuilding and furniture production popularized this type of product. The sheet structure is pressed wood boards made of high quality veneer, stacked perpendicular to each other. Beforehand, a special adhesive composition is applied between each layer. The technological process of production to create a quality product is multifaceted and complex.

Manufacturing features

If you are interested in the question of how plywood is made, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the features of its manufacture. In the production process, high-quality species of birch and coniferous logs are used, which are imported to a woodworking plant. The sawn material does not require initial processing. The production and subsequent processing of logs consists of the following main stages:

1. The wood is pre-soaked in warm water. This is necessary condition for easy cutting to desired length.
2. Next, neat rows of logs are placed in the receiver. The cutters of the machine carefully stratify the wood diagonally into thin plates. This method is called spiral sawing.
3. The resulting raw product is a valuable raw material for the manufacture of high-quality plywood. After sorting the best samples, the sheets are stacked on top of each other and glued together to a given thickness. With respect to the direction of the fibers, the layers alternate perpendicular to each other. Drying takes place over several days. The quality of the product is checked. Due to the thoroughness of the procedure, this eliminates the delamination in the future.
4. The glued sheets are evenly pressed over the entire surface area by a special machine. Rough edges are cut off.

The final result is high-quality plywood from the manufacturer and excellent consumable. The obtained raw materials are actively used in various industrial and civil production areas.

Product processing

In the conditions of the production cycle, the product is subjected to further processing. To give it an aesthetic appearance and valuable consumer properties- fire resistance, moisture resistance or heat resistance - processing by special means is carried out:

• The primer with specialized paints protects against small cracks and slight deformations formed as a result of temperature and humidity changes.
• The use of moisture-resistant impregnations allows you to lay sheets on the floor. With proper conduct installation work they create a reliable durable surface.

Prepared materials are laminated or polished, curved structures are created. This makes the product attractive furniture production or the construction industry.

The manufacturing process eliminates the addition harmful impurities, so the characteristics of the product attract the majority of users. Such valuable properties include environmental safety, durability, functionality and good strength of the product to various loads.

The technological process used in modern factories allows creating the most efficient production of high quality plywood. As a result, a building material is obtained, which is used in the manufacture of furniture, various structures and for other purposes.

Scope of application

Plywood is a building material in the form of a multi-layer board, created by gluing layers of peeled veneer with the use of additional fixing components. For the production of structures, a plate with a different number of layers glued according to a certain principle is used.

Plywood is used:

• For the construction of large and small aircraft.
• For the construction of structures of different sizes.
• In all areas of furniture production.
• In the production of facing materials.
• In the production of building materials.
• In making musical instruments.
• As the basis of billboards.
• To install formwork.
• In the production of containers.
• And in other areas.

Varieties of plywood

Today, factories produce products that differ in technological and design features depending on the scope of application. It has a different internal structure, which determines its performance.

Types of plywood:

• Sanded and not sanded.
• Profiled plywood.
• General purpose.
• Bakelized.
• Laminated.
• Reinforced.
• Facing.
• Construction.
• Aviation.
• Waterproof.

Depending on the quality of the outer layer veneer, plywood is divided into 5 grades: A/AB, AB/B, B/BB, BB/C, C/C.

Stages of plywood production

Factory production of plywood different types, at some stages it is slightly different, but the main technological process of its manufacture remains the same.

There are the following production steps:

• Wood preparation.
• Veneer preparation.
• Gluing veneer into sheets.
• Application of a protective and facing coating.

Harvesting wood for plywood

Veneer is used to make plywood. hardwood and coniferous wood. For the outer layers, birch is preferred, less often hornbeam, poplar, beech and alder. The price of birch veneer in the purchase of material is the cheapest, which is why it has gained such popularity among manufacturers. Hornbeam, poplar, beech and alder are considered expensive materials, because they are used for the production of veneer for individual orders. From coniferous trees, the inner layer is often made, due to the good strength and low cost of this wood in the purchase.

The brought material is first of all calibrated on a special machine. All excess, knots and bark are removed, resulting in an even circle on the cut in relation to the center of the wood. Long logs are cut into identical chocks and sent to the cooking stage.

Wood must have the same moisture content. This is necessary to maintain the integrity of the structure of the future plate and avoid problems at the production stage. Before peeling, all blanks are soaked for a long time in warm water, thereby leveling their overall moisture content.

A log softened in water lends itself more easily to the blades of machine tools, this speeds up the cutting process several times and maintains the pliability of the material for a long time.

Substances that give additional properties to future products can be added to water. As soon as the wood is evenly saturated with moisture, it is sent to the veneer manufacturing stage.

Veneer manufacturing and finishing procedure

Prepared logs are loaded into special installations, fixing them between three rollers and, with the help of blades, sheets or veneer tape are cut off. The rollers simultaneously fix and rotate the logs at a given speed. Dimensions are determined according to specifications lathe and dimensions finished products. Sheets are stacked, and the tape is wound into a roll.

It is carried out in special closed rooms, with automatic temperature control. Hot air they try to distribute unevenly in order to divide the drying into several successive stages. Rolls or sheets in a suspended state are moved along a multi-storey roller system. This allows you to carry out the drying process as efficiently as possible in compliance with all time constraints. The moisture content of the veneer should be between 4 and 6%.

After drying, the veneer passes the Quality Control Department. Inspectors and workers remove all defective areas, sheets are sorted according to the required dimensions and moisture content. The finished element is sent to the plywood production shop.

Technological process of production

The technological process of manufacturing plywood takes place in several stages.

Gluing

Veneer sheets of the same size are placed on specially equipped tables. Their surface is cleaned of wood dust and small debris so that no extra tubercles are created during gluing. Further, they are collected and grouped by size into stacks for future gluing of each plate.

First, coniferous plywood is made, as an inner layer and a future frame. Moisture-resistant glue, bakelite film or resin is applied to the first sheet. From above it is pressed with the next sheet of veneer, as a result, a kind of sandwich is obtained. The process can be repeated until 3 or more layers are obtained. All work is carried out in well-ventilated areas due to the increased toxicity of certain substances in the composition of the adhesive.

Often, the number of layers is increased to increase strength. For example, this method is used during the production of construction plywood.

When gluing the wood fibers of each new layer, they try to position them perpendicular to the previous one, which increases the strength of the future structure several times. If the number of layers in the board is even, this means that the direction of the internal fibers of the wood is parallel to each other. To obtain wide full-length sheets, the method of rib gluing along the longitudinal edges is used.

If damaged areas are found on the sheets, they are cut out and replaced with special pre-prepared patches. They try to use damaged veneer to create the inner layers of plywood.

Sometimes on the saw cut of the sheet you can see sharp changes in the color of the fibers with black inclusions. This suggests that the manufacturer saved on the purchase of high-quality wood, used rotten second-rate raw materials, or violated the technological process of manufacturing products. Such a plate rarely withstands the required loads and can collapse after a short time.

Cold bonding or pressure heat treatment

First way- in cold gluing, a plywood sheet is placed in a press and left there for room temperature for 6 hours. After hardening, it is sent to the drying stage.

Second way- finished carefully glued sheets are sent under a heat press, where, with pressure and high temperature, the joints gain final strength.

Coating

In a separate workshop, the surface is ground and various coatings are applied. To do this, use all kinds of varnishes, paints or ready-made stickers with images.

Depending on the coating, plywood is divided:

• On the facing - consists of several layers of peeled veneer. Has a facing covering from one or from two parties.
• Laminated plywood - the coating most often imitates the wood structure.
• Sanded and not sanded - a specific texture is created on the surface.

Features of the production of different types of plywood

Bakelized plywood- has increased structural strength. The effect is achieved by impregnating veneer sheets with bakelite resin with further pressing, under high pressure with a temperature of 270 °C.

Waterproof– water-resistant phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde glue is used for production.

Profiled- has a complex wavy structure of fibers to increase the longitudinal strength.

reinforced- a layer is placed inside, which gives additional strength to the future plate, the insert can be metal-plastic, fiberglass or in the form of a metal mesh.

Aviation plywood- made from birch veneer (one of the lightest materials). It can be used in the aircraft industry and the creation of lightweight structures.

The production of plywood does not require large financial investments for the purchase of equipment and the launch of the production process. Principle technological process simple and low-cost, therefore every entrepreneur can start his own business.

Video: Plywood production

As you know, plywood is used not only in construction, but also in other areas. But plywood has one big drawback - it is low moisture resistance, which ultimately leads to a decrease in the life of the material.

This market provides an opportunity to buy ready-made moisture-resistant plywood, but at the same time you will have to pay a considerable amount of money. But there is more a budget option, buy sheets of ordinary plywood and make it moisture resistant with your own hands.

Making plywood waterproof

There are three proven ways to increase the moisture resistance of plywood at home:

1. Paints and varnishes (lacquer and paint must be exclusively for woodworking);
2. Drying oil;
3. Fiberglass.

paints and varnishes

The first way to make plywood moisture resistant and extend its life is varnishing and painting.

Ordinary enamel paint for wood will do an excellent job with this work, it is easily applied to the surface and dries quickly enough at room temperature.

Before starting work with paint, you need to prepare the surface of the plywood sheet, the surface must be even and smooth. This work needs to be divided into several stages, which include:

• grinding;
• padding;
• drying;
• painting.

Before doing it, you need to level the surface and make it smooth. Coarse-grained sandpaper is suitable for this. To get perfect smoothness, you need to go through the second layer, but already with fine-grained sandpaper. This will give the most smooth surface of the plywood sheet, necessary for further work.

Then smooth plywood is treated with a primer. The best solution would be to treat with an acrylic primer. This will preserve the structure of the plywood and get rid of small cracks.

The next step is the painting itself. If plywood is to be used in areas with high humidity, then special attention should be paid to painting. The right solution would be painting on both sides.

Did you know that Russian plywood is used in the production of German cars? Yes, Mercedes and Volkswagens use our birch plywood. And it is also used in the manufacture of furniture, playgrounds and even gas supertankers. I visited one of the largest plywood mills in Russia in the Vologda region, whose products are exported to 70 countries of the world. It produces high-quality plywood for various purposes. Now I will tell you how the best plywood in Russia is made.

The SVEZA Novator plywood mill is located in Novator village, Vologda region, not far from Veliky Ustyug. It was founded before the revolution, in 1910. Now it is a huge modern enterprise.

About 3,000 people live in the village, most of them work at a plywood mill, many of them are already several generations old.

At the entrance of the plant, everyone without fail blows into a tube. This applies to absolutely everyone, even bloggers. We're all right, we can go.

The bulletin board shows that life in production is in full swing. Brief retelling what is written here: the company's products are now shipped to Argentina, the struggle for quality, awarding the best workers, compensation for meals on night shifts, prospects for young people, a social package that includes voluntary health insurance, vouchers to sanatoriums and children's camps, free transfer to the place and work and back, firewood at a reduced price and material assistance.

Before leaving the plant, we go through a safety briefing and sign in a special magazine. Production is a zone of increased danger, plywood - especially.

You also have to change clothes - a helmet on your head, special boots on your feet, goggles on your eyes, earplugs on your ears, and a bright vest. Now you can go to production, of course, with accompaniment.

On the way to the production, we go to the factory museum. The curator of the museum, Svetlana Nikolaevna Belykh, tells in great detail and enthusiastically about the past, present and future of the plant. The plant was founded by Ivan Yakovlevich Lvov. The place for the construction was ideally chosen: there was a cheap forest and a river along which logs were delivered by alloy, bricks were made nearby, and peasants with arms and a head were nearby in the villages. The name "Innovator" fully reflected the essence of production - in these parts it was the first plant for the production of plywood.

After the revolution, the plant is nationalized, but this does not benefit the common cause. The plant stops working at a time when the country is in dire need of plywood. The authorities appeal to the founder of the plant. Founder Ivan Yakovlevich becomes the director of the plant and resumes its work. Later, Lvov works in the forest industry of the USSR, Novator continues to work without him.
Lest you think that plywood is a frivolous material, let me remind you that planes were built from plywood. Aviation plywood was glued from especially thin veneer on alcohol-containing adhesives. Also, many parts of car bodies in conditions of a lack of metal. made from plywood.

With proper use, plywood is a unique structural material. Now, in addition to ordinary moisture-resistant plywood, the company also produces special types of plywood, for example, lined with aluminum or anti-slip abrasive material. By the way, formwork for monolithic construction also made from laminated plywood.

There are also exotic plywood options that are produced from our plywood abroad. They take our birch plywood, glue a thin layer of precious wood on top - expensive plywood for furniture or flooring is ready.

After an introductory excursion, we go to production. It begins with the timber exchange - here the acceptance and storage of raw materials is carried out. Plywood is now produced exclusively from birch. Deliveries are made by trucks. In order to prevent the raw materials from spoiling, snowmaking is actively used in the northern industries - the wood is stored covered with snow and wood chips, in this form it does not deteriorate and does not dry out until mid-summer. I note that the birch growing in the north is denser and harder than in the central part of Russia, so the quality of the raw materials here is very high.

With the help of cranes, logs are lowered from the timber exchange into pools with hot water. This is necessary in order for the wood to become more ductile.

From the pool, the logs are fed for debarking and crosscutting - they remove the bark from them and saw them to a certain length.

All these operations are carried out automatically. This area is noisy, the logs roll like pencils.

Then the fun begins: the logs, peeled from the bark, are fed to the peeling line.

The logs are fixed in a peeling machine, untwisted at high speed, and then a thin layer of veneer is cut off from them with a knife. The process is very similar to sharpening pencils in a sharpener, only the knife is much larger and the entire length of the log. A long web of veneer comes out of the machine.

The veneer is cut into identical pieces and stacked in piles.

We do not forget that our veneer is raw, its moisture content can be more than one hundred percent. So the next step is drying. Raw veneer enters the roller dryer, and its moisture content at the exit is about 6%.

Packs of veneer are moved from place to place by loaders.

Pay attention to the bright blue lights on the loader - their beams serve to indicate the trajectory of movement. Safety is above all.

Dried veneer must be sorted. Some will go to the outer layers, some to the inner, some to splicing and repairing.

On the splicing line, formatted veneers are made from small pieces of veneer. They are spliced ​​by gluing a special thin thread.

Another interesting topic is veneer. Wood is a natural material, it has knots that adversely affect strength and appearance plywood, and may even fall out. Therefore, they came up with the idea of ​​​​cutting out the knots, and instead of them putting patches of healthy veneer. Patches can be oval or butterfly shaped for a better hold.

This process is automatic. The equipment is Finnish, but it is completely Russified.

It looks very impressive and allows you to greatly improve the quality and grade of products.

Next, the veneer sheets need to be smeared with glue. Resins are used as adhesives - urea resin in the production of moisture-resistant plywood of the FK brand and phenol-formaldehyde in the production of plywood of increased moisture resistance of the FSF brand.

"Sandwiches" of several layers of veneer are fed into a giant multi-span press, where plywood is glued under the influence of pressure and temperature.

If a special film is glued to the surface of the plywood, laminated plywood will be obtained. Such plywood is widely used in the construction industry and in the manufacture of vehicles.

In terms of quality, plywood produced by the SVEZA Novator plywood mill is highly rated not only in Russia, but on the world market.

In the near future, the plant's capacity will increase, and work is underway to modernize and expand production.

We visited the plywood mill as part of the expedition “Discovering the Silver Necklace”. I really like to visit various factories and combines. This is real production real economy. I wish prosperity to the enterprise and all its employees!

Many thanks to the press service of the Sveza company and the tourist information center of the Vologda region.