The real sector of the economy and anti-crisis regulation. Real sector The lines belong to the enterprises of the real sector of the economy

07.12.2020

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The place of the real sector of the economy in the economic structure

The real sector of the economy is part of the regional economy, which includes:

Real sector of the economy

social (non-profitable): social sphere, scientific and educational complex, healthcare;

ensuring public safety (not profitable): incl.

It's unclear?

army, law and order, civil defense, etc.;

speculative (profitable): financial, banking and credit operations, stock market, trade and consumer market, real estate market, advertising, recruiting, etc.;

mass media;

sector of housing and communal services;

catering sector;

entertainment sector: leisure, sports, tourism and entertainment.

The real sector of the economy (definition) is an economic, legally undefined term denoting a set of small, medium, large (industrial) enterprises of the territory, whose activities are focused on the production of commercialized products and goods (serial and mass production of products, including buildings and structures, etc.), services (communications, telecommunications, transportation, transportation, etc.). As a result of the process of commercialization of products, a stable profit of these enterprises appears, from which taxes are paid steadily and the regional, state budget is formed.

Thus, RSE can be defined as a set of sectors of the economy that produce tangible and intangible products and services, with the exception of activities related to other sectors.

The real sector is the basis of the Russian economy, which determines its level and specialization. It is dominated by industries for the extraction of raw materials and fuel and the production of energy and materials. On the foreign market the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, a significant part of chemistry, the timber industry complex, the defense industry and the industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport) are oriented, the rest of the industries are oriented to the domestic market.

The specifics of the real sector of the economy in Russia

As in other countries of the world, in Russia the real sector is the basis of the national economy, which determines its level and specialization. It employs the population and produces about the same part of GDP.

The real sector is represented by a wide range of industries. However, it is dominated by industries for the extraction of raw materials and fuel and the production of energy and materials. On the one hand, this is a consequence of natural resources, especially mineral resources, which allows Russia to actively use its natural competitive advantage. On the other hand, this is the result of the deindustrialization of Russia: the preservation or slight reduction of primary industries in the past two decades was accompanied, unlike in Soviet times, not by the growth of other (non-resource) industries, but by their strong decline. The commodities industries were better able to weather the catastrophe of the 1990s. and take more advantage of the rise of the early 2000s. due to the high demand of the world market for their products. The products of other branches of the Russian real sector are, for the most part, not competitive enough (although there are exceptions, especially the defense industry). Before the crisis of 2008-2010 output volumes in many branches of the real sector were radically lower than before the reform, especially in mechanical engineering (the production of machinery and equipment reached only half of the pre-reform level).

As a result, the real sector remains split into two parts:

§ Industries oriented to the external market - export-oriented (fuel and energy complex and metallurgy, a significant part of chemistry, timber industry and defense industry) and industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport). This part of the real sector is not large in terms of the number of employees (about 5%), but it brings more than half of all profits in the country, thus providing the main part of the state budget revenues and a very significant part of solvent demand in the domestic market;

§ Industries oriented to the domestic market (all others). This part of the real sector is unprofitable due to its low competitiveness (except for trade and construction, which actively meet the internal demand of workers in the first sector), the incomes of its workers are therefore small, which determines the generally low domestic effective demand of the bulk of the population and enterprises in Russia.

This situation is typical of the "Dutch disease" with its redistribution of income and economic resources in favor of export-oriented raw material and service industries, as well as the substitution of local production with imports.

This disease does not affect all countries with large reserves of raw materials (there are many in the USA, Canada, Australia, Norway), but countries with imperfect economic and political institutions (bad governance), whose elite is not able to resist the "big money" from the export of raw materials and agrees postpone modernization and active industrial policy (in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia oil exports even slowed down economic growth, giving rise to the so-called resource curse).

The cure for the "Dutch disease" is active support for the manufacturing industry, especially the science-intensive one, but the Russian government did little to engage in industrial policy and only in last years refers to it more as part of the country's modernization strategy. Thus, the Concept-2020 identifies high-tech industries in which Russia has or claims to have serious competitive advantages - the aviation industry and engine building, the rocket and space industry, shipbuilding, the nuclear power industry, the radio-electronic industry, information and communication and medical technologies, as well as energy efficiency and energy saving.

The real sector of the Russian economy includes:

§ agro-industrial complex;

§ machine-building complex;

§ fuel and energy complex;

§ military-industrial complex.

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Real sector of the economy- a set of sectors of the economy that produce tangible and intangible goods and services, with the exception of financial, credit and exchange operations, which are related to the financial sector of the economy.

The term does not have a clear legal definition. Often used in political vocabulary and journalism without specifying the meaning. Many authors under the real sector mean only the sphere of material production and do not include services, trade, science.

The real sector of the economy (real production sector) is the sector in which the gross domestic product is created.

REAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

Includes industrial production, consisting of enterprises in the extractive and processing industries, agriculture, the provision of industrial, domestic and other services.

The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products. It is in the sphere of production that the producer interacts with nature, new material goods are created. The quantitative and qualitative development of the production sphere ensures the welfare of society, the growth of incomes of the population, creates a material basis for the development of education, health care, and culture.

The state of the real sector of the economy is influenced by:

The real sector of the economy in the former USSR after World War II went through several stages in its development. 1945-1950 - reorientation of industry from military production to peaceful rails (conversion); the period 1950-1970 was characterized by rapid and efficient economic development; 1971-1991 - relatively high, but fading rates of development. Since 1991, the process of transition to a market economy began, due to a slowdown in economic growth, the emergence of intersectoral disproportions, a drop in capital productivity, the efficiency of capital investments, and a high level of militarization of the economy of the former USSR. At the same time, the transition to a market system was accompanied by a number of structural, financial and systemic crises.

The state of the real sector of the economy is significantly affected by:

the state of the financial market and, first of all, the level interest rates, which determines the ability of enterprises to resort to short-term and long-term bank loans to replenish working capital and make capital investments;
country's foreign trade balance;
the investment climate in the country, the availability of favorable conditions for investment, primarily direct;
state policy guaranteeing the rights of investors, providing opportunities for the repatriation of profits, creating conditions under which it is impossible to review the results of privatization;
the presence or absence of restrictions in foreign economic activity.

For normal functioning enterprises of the real sector of the economy also need an adequate tax system.

Essence, structure and functions of real Russia

economic sectors

O.A. Zueva,

cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economic Disciplines, Russian New University (190103, Russia, St. Petersburg, Kurlyandskaya st., 5; e-mail: [email protected]) O.S. Zybin,

cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade, St. Petersburg State University of Trade and Economics (194021, Russia, St. Petersburg, Novorossiyskaya st., 50; e-mail: [email protected])

E.V. Kharitonov,

cand. economy Sci., Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics of Organization and Pricing, St. Petersburg State University of Trade and Economics (194021, Russia, St. Petersburg, Novorossiyskaya st., 50; e-mail: [email protected])

Annotation. The article presents the theoretical aspects of the definitions of the real sector of the economy, highlights the criteria for determining the essence of the real sector and gives their explanations. The features of the reproduction structure of the real sector of the economy are noted and its analysis is carried out. The purpose of the real sector is revealed in its functions, which are identified, classified and described.

abstract. The paper presents the theoretical aspects of the real economy, highlighted criteria to define the essence of the real sector, and their explanations are given. The features of the reproductive structure of the real economy and carried out the analysis. Purpose of the real sector is revealed in its functions, which are selected, classified and described.

Key words: real sector, methodology, structure, subsector of non-financial services, functions, economic system.

Keywords: real sector, methodology, structure, Sub nonfinancial services, functions, economic system.

When studying the role of the real sector, it is necessary to determine the essence of this sector.

From a theoretical and methodological point of view, the approach to the traditional definition of the real sector of the economy is closely connected with the understanding of productive and unproductive labor, and hence with the definition of the reproductive and sectoral areas where GDP and ND are produced. Consequently, the question is actually raised about the essence, functional significance of the real sector in the reproduction process.

At the end of the 19th century, in most developed countries, GDP was formed mainly at the expense of the branches of material social production of the real sector of the economy. Economic activity of the XXI century. - this is the exit of mankind beyond the limits of the industrial system, traditionally understood as the sphere of material production of the real sector. At the beginning of the XXI century. great importance acquire information resources in time and space.

Active attempts are being made to revise the essence of the real sector of the national economy. Consequently, the question arises about the legitimacy of using the concept of "real sector" in relation to a highly developed post-industrial economy, due to the fact that almost all types of economic

activities become valuable, socially significant, useful and recognized by society, and, therefore, participate in the creation of GDP. At present, it is difficult to single out certain types of economic activity that do not participate at all in the creation of GDP. The real sector of Russia should play the role of a “managing subsystem”, since value is created in it, and the financial sector should play the role of a “managed subsystem”, where value is redistributed.

Therefore, the criterion for determining the essence of the real sector of the economy in terms of the participation of certain types of activity in the creation of GDP is decisive at the present time.

The concept of "real sector" implies the governing subsystem of the national economy, consisting of non-financial activities, including the corporate sub-sector and the sub-sector of non-financial services, and determining the backbone links in the national economy.

V. Cherkovets defines the real sector as the sphere of material production, trade and the sphere of intangible services. From his point of view, the real sector in the economy is opposed only by its financial sector. At the same time, part of the financial sector, represented by the intermediary activities of banks and insurance companies, contributes to GDP and, consequently,

consequently, it can also be attributed to the real sector. However, operations related to the acquisition of financial liabilities and financial assets, as redistributive ones, do not participate in the creation of GDP and form an unreal financial sector of the economy. The core of the real sector is the sphere of material production.

Many economists under the real sector mean only the sphere of material production and do not include services, trade and science in it. The real sector of the economy is a sector of the economy that is directly related to material production, profit making and filling the budget. So in the economic dictionary of A. I. Arkhipov, the real sector of the economy refers to the concept of the production sphere, (international - real sector of economy). This view does not fully reflect the economic content of the essence of the real sector.

V. Kirichenko divides the national economy into the real and financial sectors

By "real sector" he means the sphere of material production. From his point of view, “when solving the problems of reforming the real sector, the most relevant are the mobilization and rationalization of the use of investment resources, as well as the training of qualified personnel capable of mastering the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress and production management technologies”

In accordance with the system of national accounts (SNA), the sectors of the economy are divided into financial and non-financial sectors, the latter of which implies the real sector.

In Russia, the concept of "real sector of the economy" appeared in government documents. On April 25, 2000, in Moscow, at the II All-Russian Congress of Commodity Producers, the “Program for the Development of the Real Sector of the Economy (Proposals of Domestic Commodity Producers)” was adopted. It already did not provide the sectoral composition of the real sector. Its general characteristics were given, on the basis of which it was actually identified with the non-financial sector in its traditional sense.

When analyzing the essence of the real sector, characteristic of the domestic national economy, it is advisable to adhere to the following methodological provisions:

1) the real sector is considered as one of the subsystems of the national economy, the boundaries of which are constantly changing in the process of development.

2) the process of economic development of the real sector is studied as an institutionally determined process. The trajectory of its transformation is determined by the historically established institutional matrix. As is known, the institutional matrix pre-

is a stable system of uniquely interconnected basic economic, political and legal institutions. The type of institutional matrix determines the content of the institutions that dominate the state. At the same time, institutions operate in societies that are characteristic of an alternative type of institutional matrix. However, they are auxiliary, additional in nature and ultimately contribute to a more effective manifestation of the dominant basic institutions.

3) each institutional matrix is based on its own type of economic system. So, functionality of the real sector are implemented through institutional forms and institutional mechanisms corresponding to the existing types of economic disequilibrium of the studied national economic system.

4) the organization and structural orientation of the processes taking place in the real sector as a kind of basis for the national economy, reflect systemic functions, differ in institutional design and can be reduced to a finite number of types.

5) the efficiency of the real sector is determined by the institutional structure, the system of instruments for the dominance of some economic entities over others, and the corresponding structure of system-forming flows (financial, commodity). The latter have an impact on the dynamic characteristics of the national economy as a whole.

When implementing these methodological provisions, the question of the structure, functions and classification of the domestic real sector is of particular interest.

Based on the historical approach to the study of the essence of the real sector of the Russian economy, it is necessary to note the features of the reproductive structure of the real sector, which directly determines the creation of the value of GNP. In this structure, the leading role is occupied by the raw material industries.

In the modern Russian economy, a large share of the gross value added is produced in the primary industries. The key parameter of the functioning of the economy is the price of oil. Such a structure of the real sector does not lead to sustainable, long-term economic growth, and the volatility of oil prices makes such an economy financially unstable; investment risks and reduced investment activity.

Socio-economic development, geopolitical position and role of Russia in the world community at present and in the future are largely determined by its mineral resource potential and the state strategy for its use.

Russia is one of the largest powers in the world, possessing a powerful mineral

but raw material base. Russia's share in world oil reserves is 12-13%, gas - 32%, coal - 11%, iron - 26%, nickel - 36%, cobalt - 18%, lead - 10%, zinc - 15%. In terms of reserves of diamonds, platinoids, gold, silver, titanium, zirconium and a number of other minerals, Russia ranks 1-3 in the world. The gross value of explored and preliminary estimated reserves is 28.5 trillion dollars. The main share in the recoverable value (about 11%) falls on the share of fuel and energy resources^].

The mineral resource sector in the Russian economy occupies a leading position: its share

ZUEVA O.A., ZYBIN O.S. - 2013

Topic: The concept of the real sector of the economy

University: Financial University

Year and city: Tula 2013

INTRODUCTION 3

1.1. The concept of "real sector of the economy" and its structure 4

1.2. Legal foundations of state policy in the sphere of the "real sector of the economy" 6

2. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE “REAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY” IN RUSSIA FOR THE PERIOD UNTIL 2020

2.1. Transition to innovative socially-oriented type of economic development 15

2.2. Priority sectors of the "real sector of the economy" 16

GLOSSARY 27

CONCLUSION 29

REFERENCES 30

INTRODUCTION

In the real world, the concept of "real sector of the economy" is often used. However, information about it is not widely reflected in the works of domestic and foreign authors. The term "real economy" appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. - probably as a response to the rapidly developing financial sector of the economy.

The real sector is the basis of the Russian economy, which determines its level and specialization. In Russia, the real sector is the basis of the national economy.

The study and development of the "real sector" is a hot topic today.

The purpose of this work is:

Expand the concept of "real sector";
Analyze the structure of the "real sector";
To reveal the tasks of state regulation of the "real sector".

This work is based on such an information source as the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "The concept of long-term socio-economic development Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" dated November 17, 2008, No. 1662-r.

1. STATE REGULATION OF THE "REAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY" IN MARKET RELATIONS

1.1 The concept of "real sector of the economy" and its structure

Today, the concept of "real sector of the economy" is increasingly used. However, information about it is not widely reflected in the works of domestic and foreign authors. The term "real economy" appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. - probably as a response to the rapidly developing financial sector of the economy.

We have analyzed the conditions in which the real sector of the economy operates. They represent a set of spheres, sectors and branches of macroeconomics interacting with each other. We single out the production and non-production spheres of the real sector, each of which is divided into the provision of services (tangible and intangible, respectively), as well as the creation of products (the production of material objects, things, material values and the production of an intellectual product, respectively). Material services include transportation of goods, laundry and tailoring, installation of equipment; intangible services - consultations of specialists (accountant, lawyer, advocate), services of travel companies.

Thus, the real sector of the economy is a subdivision of the national economy in which tangible and intangible goods and services are created that can satisfy the needs of the population; the real sector of the economy is the economic base in which a surplus product is created that ensures the functioning of the financial sector.

In the field of regulation of the real sector of the economy, it is necessary to conduct a state policy in two directions: industrial and structural. Industrial policy is a set of long-term government measures aimed at increasing production, developing and mastering scientific and technological achievements, improving the sectoral structure and developing exports of finished products. It should be noted that industrial activities are carried out by branches engaged in the sphere of material production, with the exception of agricultural production and construction. Consequently, industrial policy does not apply to the entire real sector of the economy.

Structural policy is a process of state participation in adapting the economy to changing long-term conditions. The task of the state is to provide support to certain structural elements of the economy (industries and sectors, subjects, processes, activities, economic spaces) and smooth out emerging costs.

We consider it necessary to determine the instruments of each of the directions of economic policy (see table):


	Variety of public policy instruments
			Table 1
	Structural policy		industrial policy
	Subsidies at the initial stage of business formation		Tax and tariff benefits

	Assistance to the private sector in the implementation of scientific research		Direct public funding from the budget

	Supporting demand for products from a number of industries		Support related to priority industries activities

	Impact on prices in a number of industries		Institutional Instruments

A commentary on this table can be the assertion that the first two points of structural policy relate to the adaptation of the national economy to market requirements and are carried out by accelerating structural changes. In turn, the latest structural policy instruments are aimed at smoothing out the costs associated with the negative consequences of structural shifts in the economy. They are implemented by slowing down structural changes in backward regions.

To study the current structure of the real sector of the economy, we used a new approach. It consists in considering the real sector of the economy through the supply of goods and services on it. As a result of the study, we describe the leading branches of the real sector in terms of the number of enterprises.

As of 2012: first, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, household and personal items (37%). This is an obvious fact that we see on the streets of cities throughout Russia - a large number of shops, markets, supermarkets. Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services (19%) also became widespread types of services provided by various enterprises. The reason is the more rational behavior of Russians compared to the previous experience during perestroika (early 1990s). At that time, people did not trust the state, took money from banks and tried to give it a natural form as soon as possible. Such actions can lead to barter relations, which subsequently significantly undermines the country's economy. A modern Russian, unlike a person of the Soviet and post-Soviet period, has a higher level of trust in the authorities, which does not prevent him from making decisions about what to do and how to support his family. Therefore, today's reaction to the 2008 crisis was, firstly, the search for more reliable banks to save their funds, and secondly, the investment of money in real estate.

The share of enterprises engaged in construction is 9%. The next group of companies, whose share in the real sector of the economy was 8.3%, is engaged in the manufacturing industry. It is followed by the industry of providing public utilities and other services - 6%, as well as agriculture and forestry - 4% in the total share of enterprises in the real sector.

In addition, there is an expansion of the share of the financial sector (4%). However, compared with the enterprises of the real sector of the economy, their share is small. This fact proves that production activity still remains the basis of Russia's economic activity. In addition, in the real sector of the economy, the share of tangible and intangible services provided is about 30% (tertiary sector), which means favorable trends in the development of the national economy.

There are a number of factors that affect the modernization of the real sector of the economy and its competitiveness.

Innovative activity. It is believed that it is very difficult to predict the development of innovative business, since the mechanisms of its growth are unclear. First of all, the activities of companies are evaluated by economic efficiency as the ratio of the benefits received and the resources expended. The most important indicators of profitable activity are profitability and business growth.
Business and investment climate in the country. According to the analytical report "Doing Business in 2012" published by the World Bank (World Bank), Russia ranks 123rd out of the existing 183. For example, the construction sector remains the most problematic for doing business in Russia. In terms of the complexity of the procedure for obtaining building permits, Russia is a constant outsider in the rating (182nd place), only Eritrea is worse than it, where in practice it is impossible to obtain a permit. Now, in order to obtain building approvals for Russia, it takes 540 days and 53 procedures to go through (a year earlier, 704 days and 54 procedures, but the level of costs increased).
1. High proportion of management staff. Because of a large number"horizons" the company's stability becomes threatened. The way out seems to us to be the creation of a national industrial council in accordance with the aforementioned bill. Shortage of highly qualified personnel and geographical distribution of enterprises. Branches of the real sector require the involvement of different levels of specialists. The geographical location of enterprises in the real sector should be characterized by proximity to small settlements where it is required to provide jobs for the population. In the Krasnodar Territory, enterprises such as Tetra Pack, producers of fermented milk products (Korovka iz Korenovka, Kuban Burenka), provide residents of settlements with work, and also help develop the economy of the region and the country as a whole.
2. Infrastructure. For the real sector of the economy, the most important is the production infrastructure, which includes roads, canals, ports, warehouses, communication systems, etc. And the component that has the greatest impact is energy - a branch of the economy that covers energy resources, generation, transformation and use energies of various kinds.

However, it is impossible not to notice that the Russian economy is gaining momentum. We see results in such sectors of the economy as the automotive industry, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry. For example, the projected Russian hybrid car "E" marked the beginning of the production of environmentally friendly cars.

In our opinion, for further development the real sector of the economy of the Russian Federation, it is necessary, firstly, to “learn” from other countries and purchase small batches of technologies from them. The knowledge gained will form the basis of our own developments. This is the way Japan went in the 40s and 50s. last century, which led to high economic growth and the emergence of the Japanese "economic miracle".

As part of the policy of supporting domestic production, unconditional priority should be given to housing construction and manufacturing industries serving the consumer complex: light industry, food industry, building materials industry, as well as engineering industries associated with the production of durable goods.

Particular attention should also be paid to the state of production equipment (fixed capital). Depreciation of fixed assets for 2012 amounted to 47.1%. Despite the conventionality of these indicators, they have a certain analytical value. It is generally accepted that a depreciation rate of more than 50% is unfavorable for the development of the economy. Obviously, this indicator in Russia is approaching the critical one.

It is necessary to form a strong motivation among commodity corporations to diversify and transfer capital to high-tech areas: processing and machine-building. Taking into account the inertia and political "weight" of the raw materials sector, this is not an easy task, but it can be solved. For its implementation, it is necessary to develop promising (for 5-10 years) priority areas for the development of engineering, technology and R&D in relation to the national economy as a whole.

These are the possible ways of development of the real sector of the economy. Summing up, I would like to say that the real sector is indeed a key link in Russia's macroeconomics. We hope that in the near future its development will make it possible to satisfy domestic demand and the population with domestic goods and services.

1.2 Legal foundations of state policy in the sphere of the “real sector of the economy”

During the consideration of this topic, such a regulatory legal act was used as, “Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “The Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020 of November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r”.

I have studied and analyzed such sections and chapters as:

Introduction

Chapter 1. Strategic guidelines for long-term socio-economic development

Chapter 4. Development of economic institutions and maintenance of macroeconomic stability

Formation of the institutional environment for innovative development
Long-term Monetary and Fiscal Policy Priorities

Chapter 5. Improving National Competitiveness

Development of science, national innovation system and technologies
Development of high-tech industries
Development of basic industries
Reforming natural monopolies
Development of competitive advantages in transport infrastructure
Development of energy infrastructure and increasing the energy efficiency of the economy
Development of competitive advantages in the field of nature management
Development of agricultural and fishery complexes

Chapter 6. Foreign Economic Policy

Purpose and principles of foreign economic policy
Priority Directions of Foreign Economic Policy
Geographic diversification of Russia's foreign economic relations

Chapter 7 Regional Development

Basic principles of the state policy of regional development
Innovative and social orientation of regional development
Regional Development Centers
Improving the system of state regional management

Chapter 8. Main macroeconomic parameters of innovative development until 2020

Annex N 2. STRUCTURE OF VALUE ADDED BY MAIN SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY (IN 2007 PRICES)

Appendix N 4. STRUCTURE OF INVESTMENTS IN FIXED CAPITAL BY COMPLEXES OF INDUSTRIES

2. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE “REAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY” IN RUSSIA FOR THE PERIOD UNTIL 2020

The real sector is the basis of the Russian economy, which determines its level and specialization. It is dominated by industries for the extraction of raw materials and fuel and the production of energy and materials. The fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, a significant part of chemistry, the timber industry complex, the defense industry and the industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport) are oriented to the foreign market, while the rest of the industries are oriented to the domestic market.

2.1. Transition to an innovative socially oriented type of economic development

The peculiarity of the transition to an innovative socially oriented type of economic development is that Russia will have to simultaneously solve the problems of both catching up and advancing development. In the face of global competition and open economy it is impossible to reach the level of developed countries in terms of welfare and efficiency without ensuring the outstripping development of those sectors of the Russian economy that determine its specialization in the global economic system and allow national competitive advantages to be realized to the maximum extent.

One of the problems with the current model of economic growth is that the increase in household income, which outpaces the growth rate of gross domestic product, is accompanied by increased economic differentiation.

Therefore, the transition from an export-raw material to an innovative model of economic growth is also associated with the formation of a new social development mechanism based on a balance of entrepreneurial freedom, social justice and national competitiveness.

2.2. Priority sectors of the "real sector" of the economy

Development of high-tech industries: at present, high-tech sectors of the economy (aviation and rocket and space industry, shipbuilding, radio-electronic industry, nuclear power industry, power engineering, information and communication technologies) have been formed, in which Russia has serious competitive advantages or claims to create them in medium term. A number of strategies, long-term federal state programs and sets of measures supported by the necessary financial and organizational resources are aimed at the development of these sectors.

These sectors are participants in fierce global competition. Their modernization is impossible without the involvement of foreign strategic partners, foreign technologies and competencies, and at the same time, in these sectors, Russia claims to create independent national companies that could play an active role not only in the domestic but also in the foreign market.

Aviation industry and engine building. The goal of the state policy in the field of the development of the aviation industry and engine building is to create a highly competitive aviation industry, return it to the world market as the third manufacturer in terms of civilian products, achieve a 10-15 percent level in the world market for sales of civil aviation equipment in 2020-2025.

Rocket and space industry. The goal of the state policy in the rocket and space industry is to create an economically sustainable, competitive, diversified rocket and space industry, to ensure guaranteed access and the necessary presence of Russia in outer space. The volume of industrial output of the rocket and space industry increased in 2010 by 1.32 times compared to 2007, and in 2015 it will increase by 1.8 times. The share of the presence of rocket and space products in the world space market will increase from 8 to 15 percent.

shipbuilding industry. The goal of the state policy in the field of shipbuilding is to create a new competitive shipbuilding industry based on the development of scientific and technical potential, optimization of production capacities, modernization and technical re-equipment, improvement of the regulatory framework to fully meet the needs of the state and business in modern shipbuilding products.

The volume of production of the shipbuilding industry increased in 2010 by 1.36 times compared to 2007, in 2015 it will increase by 2 times and in 2020 by 3.6 times, labor productivity will increase by 4-5 times. Russia will again take its place among the leading countries in the production of civil shipbuilding products. In the field of export of arms and military equipment, the second place will be maintained (at least 20 percent of world exports, an increase in export deliveries by 1.5-2 times), the volume of export deliveries of civilian products will increase by more than 5 times.

Radioelectronic industry. The goal of the state policy in the field of the radio-electronic industry is to increase the level of technological development of the Russian radio-electronic industry to the world level and the competitiveness of its products in the domestic and global sales markets.

The volume of sales of products of the radio-electronic industry in 2011 increased by 2.2 times compared to 2008, in 2015 it will increase by 5.2 times. In 2011, the technological level of microelectronic products of 0.13 - 0.09 microns was reached in serial production, in 2015 it will reach - 0.045 microns.

Nuclear power industry complex. The goal of the state policy in the field of nuclear energy is the development of the Russian nuclear power industry complex, which meets the needs of the Russian market with competitive high-tech products, and the achievement of a leading position in the world sales markets in the field of energy, nuclear technologies, materials and services, while complying with the standards of guaranteed safety and the non-proliferation regime.

The indicators characterizing the achievement of this goal are the following:

achievement of the installed capacity of nuclear power facilities up to 28 - 36 GW in 2012 - 2015 and up to 50 - 53 GW - in 2020;

creation of power units of small and medium capacity to expand the offers of existing nuclear power plants;

export of equipment and technologies in 2020 in the amount of at least 8 - 14 billion US dollars per year (in 2006 prices).

Information and communication technologies. The goals of state policy in the field of information and communication technologies development are the creation and development of the information society, improving the quality of life of citizens, developing the economic, socio-political, cultural spheres of society, improving the public administration system, ensuring the competitiveness of products and services in the field of information and telecommunications technologies .

The goal of the state policy in the field of development of basic industries is to increase the global competitiveness of the Russian energy, oil and gas, transport and heavy engineering industries, as well as the machine tool industry and the mining and metallurgical complex.

In order to ensure the diversification and comprehensive development of the Russian economy, intensive development of high-tech industries, energy and transport infrastructure will be carried out through the predominant use of products of Russian engineering and metallurgy. The implementation of this principle will create conditions for the systematic and proportional development of the Russian economy and ensuring the technological security of the country.

The priority areas for the development of basic industries are equalizing the conditions for competition between Russian and foreign manufacturers in Russian market and support for the export of Russian industrial products.

Development of competitive advantages in transport infrastructure. The goal of the state policy in the field of transport development is to create conditions for increasing the competitiveness of the economy and the quality of life of the population, including:

the development of a modern and efficient transport infrastructure, which ensures the acceleration of the movement of goods and the reduction of transport costs in the economy, the formation of a single transport space of the country;

increasing the availability and quality of transport complex services for the population;

increasing the competitiveness of the Russian transport system and realizing the country's transit potential;

improving the integrated security and sustainability of the transport system;

reducing the harmful impact of transport on the environment.

The main indicators for achieving these goals in the long term are:

reduction in the transport intensity of the gross domestic product (excluding pipeline transport) in 2015 by 20 percent and in 2020 by 30 percent compared to 2007;

an increase in the export of transport services (excluding pipeline transport) to USD 23.4 billion in 2015 and to USD 41 billion in 2020 compared to USD 10.3 billion in 2007;

reduction in the share of the length of sections of railway lines where there is a restriction in throughput and carrying capacity to 0.5 percent in 2015, a significant increase in the volume of construction of new railway lines, the creation by 2020 of a core network of high-speed passenger traffic at a speed of 160-200 km/h , construction of high-speed railway lines providing movement at speeds up to 350 km/h;

increase in the share of the length of roads that meet the regulatory requirements for transport and operational indicators on the network of public roads of federal significance, up to 48.6 percent in 2015 and 52.5 percent in 2020, an increase in the construction of federal, regional and intermunicipal roads in 2020 by 3.2 times (up to 8 thousand km per year) compared to 2007;

increase in cargo handling in seaports from 451 million tons in 2007 to 774 million tons in 2015 and up to 885 million tons in 2020;

increasing the throughput capacity of the airspace of the Russian Federation by 1.8 times by 2015.

Development of the electric power industry. As a result of the reform of the electric power industry, from the previously considered monopoly industry, competitive ones - the production and sale of electric energy, as well as natural-monopoly ones - the transmission of electric energy and operational dispatch control in the power industry.

The development of the economy in the long term is characterized by an increase in electricity consumption from 2007 to 2015 by an average of 3.8 - 4 percent per year with a decrease to 3.6 - 3.7 percent in 2016 - 2020 due to structural shifts in favor of less electrically intensive industries and activation of energy saving measures .

Development of the oil and gas complex. The goals of the state policy in the oil and gas complex are the development of the raw material base, transport infrastructure, processing capacities and increasing the share of high value-added products in the production and export of the oil and gas complex.

As a result of achieving these goals, oil production by 2020 will increase to 500 - 545 million tons, oil export - up to 255 - 265 million tons and oil refining - up to 235 - 280 million tons. Gas production will increase by 2020 to 815 - 900 billion cubic meters. m, and gas exports will increase to 280 - 330 billion cubic meters. m. Useful use of associated gas in 2012 amounted to 95 percent of its extraction.

Development of competitive advantages in the field of nature management. The main goal in the field of nature management for Russia, which has a unique natural potential, is the realization of competitive advantages by maintaining quality, increasing the efficiency of using natural resources and reducing the negative impact on the environment.

The Russian Federation has a unique mineral resource base, which, in the face of a growing shortage of natural resources in the world, is an important factor state competitiveness. Thus, in terms of gas production and consumption per capita, Russia is ahead of many developed countries. In terms of oil and coal production per capita, Russia is ahead of the United States by 3 and 1.5 times, respectively. At the same time, in the long term, the development of the mineral resource base will face the following main challenges:

many deposits of strategically important minerals have entered the stage of declining production and the extraction of a number of minerals is not compensated by the increase in reserves;

with significant reserves of relatively low-quality and difficult to enrich ores, some minerals are mined on a limited scale, and domestic consumption is provided mainly by imports (lead, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, barite, chromium, manganese, etc.).

The following priority areas for the development of the mineral resource base are identified:

development of oil and gas fields in the south of the Siberian Platform and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, which is the basis for the development of the latest industrial technologies, as well as the overall socio-economic situation of its coastal regions (the share of oil and gas production on the continental shelf, taking into account the shelf of Sakhalin Island, in the total volume of their production in the Russian Federation by 2020 may reach up to 7 and 15 percent, respectively);

in order to strengthen the resource base of solid fuel, prospecting, appraisal and exploration works for the purpose of coal mining in coal basins and in the fields of Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, as well as the creation of new raw material bases in the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.

In addition, the implementation of work on the intensive development and increase in coal production in the Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk coal basins, as well as on the development of new coal deposits in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, in particular the Elga coal deposit, is of great importance.

It is expected to ensure an increase in coal production from 313.8 million tons in 2007 to 330 million tons by 2009, 340 - 370 million tons by 2012 and up to 430 - 480 million tons by 2020, as well as to achieve a high degree of correlations between the level of development of the coal industry and plans for the development of transport infrastructure, electric power and the metallurgical industry. An increase in scarce coking coal reserves is expected in the Kuznetsk, Pechora and South Yakutsk basins.

In order to ensure the reproduction of the mineral resource base of nuclear energy, it is necessary to develop a feasibility study for the commissioning of new production facilities based on uranium deposits in the Elkonsky and Zabaikalsky regions. The identification of new regions with deposits of rich and complex uranium-containing ores would make it possible by 2020 to create new centers for the production of uranium.

In order to strengthen the resource base of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, it is planned to carry out prospecting, appraisal and exploration work in order to extract the corresponding ores in geologically promising areas (Southern Urals, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Buryatia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Khabarovsk Territory, etc.).

Achieving targets for the development of the mineral resource base requires a significant increase in the motivation of subsoil users for long-term development and exploration of deposits, stimulating the formation of a layer of pioneer companies for exploration and preparation of deposits, as well as the restoration of state institutions for geological exploration of promising territories.

Forest resources. The total stock of wood in the Russian Federation is 82 billion cubic meters. m (a quarter of world reserves). The estimated annual cutting area for final fellings is 576 million cubic meters. m and is used only by 23 percent. Insufficient development of the infrastructure of the forest complex (for one thousand sq. km of forest in Russia there are only 1.2 km of forest roads) leads to the fact that in terms of the volume of harvested timber, Russia is inferior to the USA, Canada and Brazil, harvesting only 6 percent of the world's timber harvesting .

Water resources. The Russian Federation has significant reserves of fresh natural waters, the role of which, with the growing shortage of fresh water in the world, is significantly increasing. In terms of the volume of river runoff, which in an average year in terms of water content is 4.3 thousand cubic meters. km, the Russian Federation ranks 2nd in the world. Water resources are distributed extremely unevenly over the territory - over 90 percent of the volume of river flow falls on sparsely populated areas of the North of the European part of the country, Siberia and the Far East.

Development of agrarian and fishery complexes. The goal of the development of fisheries in the Russian Federation in the long term is to ensure the transition from an export-raw material type to an innovative type of development based on the conservation, reproduction and rational use of aquatic biological resources and ensuring the global competitiveness of goods and services produced by the Russian fishery complex.

Achieving these goals in the long term will be based on the formation of an adequate state policy that provides the Russian agro-industrial and fishery sectors with equal competitive conditions with developed countries.

In 2020, compared to 2007, the level of food production will increase by 1.9 times.

The gross harvest of grain crops by 2020 may reach at least 120-125 million tons as a result of an increase in yield from 19.8 centners per hectare in 2007 to at least 26-28 centners per hectare in 2020 and expansion of their sown areas. At the same time, the potential level of grain production based on the use of intensive technologies and high agrotechnical culture will allow the Russian Federation to become one of the leading exporters in the world grain market.

By 2020, Russia may reach the level of per capita consumption of meat and milk corresponding to the recommended rational norm. Meat production will increase by 1.7 times, milk - by 27 percent. The share of imports of meat resources will decrease from 34 percent in 2007 to 13 percent in 2020, the share of milk imports - from 17 percent to 12 percent, respectively. Meat consumption will be almost completely satisfied by domestic production.

In 2020, compared to 2007, the extraction of aquatic biological resources will increase by 1.8 times. The average per capita consumption of fish products will increase from 12.6 in 2007 to 23.7 kg in 2020, the share of production of marketable fish food products with high added value - from 51 to 82 percent, and the share of Russian fish products in the structure of consumption - from 67 to 85 percent.

table 2


Manufacturing sector
Including machine-building complex

Transport complex
Energy sector
Agro-industrial complex
Mining sector
The property
social complex

GLOSSARY

(novolat. diversification- change, variety; from lat. diversus- different and facere- to do) - expansion of the range of products and reorientation of sales markets, development of new types of production in order to increase production efficiency, obtain economic benefits, and prevent bankruptcy. This diversification is called production diversification.
Investment climate These are the conditions for the investment of capital, primarily foreign. The investment climate is determined primarily by the economic conditions for capital, but the social and political conditions in which the investor operates (strikes, social unrest, the threat of war, etc.) are important.
, innovation innovation) is an introduced innovation that provides a qualitative increase in the efficiency of processes or products demanded by the market. It is the end result of human intellectual activity, his imagination, creative process, discoveries, inventions and rationalization.
(lat. infra- "below", "under" and lat. structura- "structure", "location") - a complex of interconnected service structures or objects that make up and / or provide the basis for the functioning of the system
The real sector of the economy (RSE) is a set of sectors of the economy that produce tangible and intangible goods and services, with the exception of financial, credit and exchange operations, which belong to the financial sector of the economy.
(from lat. subsidium- assistance, support) - payments to consumers provided at the expense of the state or local budget, as well as special funds for legal and individuals, local authorities. In accordance with the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, two types of subsidies should be distinguished: a subsidy - intergovernmental transfer, provided for the purpose of co-financing the expenditure obligations of the lower budget, a subsidy is money provided from budgets and extra-budgetary funds to legal entities (not being budgetary institutions) and individuals.

CONCLUSION

The state of the real sector of the economy and its relationship with other areas of management determine the general nature of the development of the economy, its viability and success. However, the lack of clarity regarding the definition of the essence of the real sector of the economy, its subjects and composition remains an urgent problem that has not received theoretical solutions in economic science. Identification of the subjects of the real sector of the economy and their subsequent differentiation are one of the most important bases for determining the forecasts for the economic development of the real sector of the economy, which makes it possible to effectively use the resource potential and other opportunities. effective organization reproductive process.

A review of the economic literature indicates that the real sector of the economy most often refers to industry, agriculture, construction, and transport. So, some include in the real sector of the economy, in addition to material production, trade and the sphere of intangible services on the basis that the system of national accounts operates with the concept of the so-called economic production, which includes all types of economic activity for the production of goods and services that are included in GDP. They also consider the real sector of the economy both in a broad and narrow sense. At the same time, the real sector in a broad sense is a set of economic entities whose main activity is the production of goods and the provision of non-financial services on a market and non-market basis. In a narrow sense, the real sector of the economy is represented by a set of economic entities of the branches of material production (industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, in terms of servicing the movement of a material product, as well as logistics), in which a material product is created, and functions and operations associated with its movement are carried out.

Thus, the generalization of different points of view on the essence of the concept of "real sector of the economy" allows us to draw the following conclusion. The real sector of the economy is a set of branches of production and non-production spheres of activity that produce tangible and intangible goods and provide non-financial services.

It can be concluded that in modern conditions the subjects of the real sector of the economy belong to the branches of material and non-material production. Economic entities operating in the real sector of the economy manufacture products, perform work and provide services that are of an industrial and economic nature.

Therefore, let's define the subjects of the real sector of the economy as business entities in the production and non-production spheres of activity that produce tangible and intangible goods and provide non-financial services.

As you can see, the subjects of the real sector of the economy are directly or indirectly involved in the production of goods, and thereby influence the formation of macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product, national income, and many others, which contributes to improving the welfare of the country's economy, so there is an objective need for financial performance of their activities.

Summing up, I would like to say that the real sector is indeed a key link in Russia's macroeconomics. We hope that in the near future its development will make it possible to satisfy domestic demand and the population with domestic goods and services.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 of November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r,
Belousov A.V. Global crisis and transition to a new socio-economic model of development // Problems of the modern economy. 2009. No. 1. S. 21-30.

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The essence of the real sector of the economy

The economic system acts as a very vast sphere. In it, researchers and authors distinguish two large and most significant sectors: the real and financial sectors of the economy. In this article, we will pay special attention to the real sector of the economic system, which has developed today.

The real sector is also a structured entity. It includes several economic sectors at once, each of which deals with several types of products: tangible products and intangible ones.

Definition 1

That is, the real sector should mean not only the system of production of material goods, but also the sphere of direct provision of services.

This includes services of science and education, trade. It should be noted, however, that there are several exceptions. For example, financial and credit, as well as exchange transactions, which relate mainly to the financial economy, which acts as the opposite direction of the economic sphere considered in this paper.

In the real sector of the economic sphere, production, distribution, exchange and consumption are also carried out, which are the four fundamental economic development and satisfaction of the needs that arise in society. In contrast, in the financial sector, for example, only monetary relationships are realized between people as economic entities that form two aspects of the financial sector: the demand for certain goods and services and their subsequent consumption.

An important parameter is the possible monetization of the real sector. In this case, the entire economic system can be depicted as a complex circulation of products and services, and on the other hand, as the entire set of monetary resources located in this sector. The modern economy, however, slowly transformed into a monetary structure. It includes the following elements:

Realization of goods;
Providing the most important services.

Remark 1

Both aspects are accompanied by a financial component, and each transaction on the basis of the “purchase and sale” principle is carried out using the monetary and financial resources available to the given economic system.

Infrastructure of the real sector of the economy

Remark 2

The infrastructure of the real economy is the entire economic system, which includes material and commodity content, as well as a fairly extensive set of economic relations between the subjects of the real economy (primarily markets), where the principle of "purchase and sale" is implemented. The subjects have a very important mission - to create the most favorable conditions for the subsequent growth of the market system of the economy.

There are several types of real economy infrastructure. Firstly, it is a production infrastructure that combines the entire set of enterprises and companies that are engaged in the production, sale and further promotion of material products produced in the real economy (transport, industrial, trade and telecommunications companies, as well as some marketing operations).

Secondly, non-productive infrastructure, which includes organizations that do not produce material products. Also, they do not have any direct impact on the formation of the relationship between the buyer and the seller according to the "purchase and sale" system. Non-production infrastructure includes the following areas:

Scientific organizations and companies that contribute to the development and further promotion of innovative ideas, new equipment and technologies that affect the production of goods and services and are introduced into people's daily lives;
State structures aimed at regulating the order of the formation of relationships. They perform this activity through the adoption of laws and other regulatory legal acts;
Certain social organizations that provide a variety of services to various segments of the population (educational, medical, educational and cultural services). These services are able to create new needs in society, which leads to an increase in demand. These processes become a kind of sign for producers who increase the production of goods and services in accordance with the data on the needs of society.

Branches of the real sector of the economy

As we have pointed out earlier, the real economy acts as a very structured economic entity. In this regard, we are faced with the need to identify the main industries that play an important role in the daily life of a person and individual social groups. Firstly, this is the energy sector, which includes the production and further gradual sale of electricity in accordance with the needs of the population.

Secondly, one of the most important is the food industry - food production. Without daily food intake, a person will not be able to replenish their energy, which will lead to dehydration and the inability to physically perform some functions. Therefore, today manufacturers offer people a huge wide range of products to satisfy the needs and desires of absolutely any person, taking into account his preferences, physical characteristics and health status.

Thirdly, the oil industry, which consists of oil production and oil refining. Today, oil is one of the most expensive resources, and its quantity, as well as the level of imports, speaks of the internal well-being of the state. This also includes the level of resources in the industrial and construction sector, which determines the production of materials and construction services that an organization can provide. It is also worth noting the gas industry (gas production and gas supply to the population and allied countries with which agreements have been concluded).