German participle in Russian

By origin, the participle in the Russian language goes back to the unarticulated (short) form of the nominative case of the participle and arose in the Old Russian language due to the loss of the declension forms of the unarticulated participles. However, it also has the features of a verb - for example, time.

View

• imperfect - denotes the present and future tenses. It is formed from imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes a (-I) and answers the question “what are you doing?” If the gerund is in the past tense, then in the sentence it is before the predicate, if in the future - after.
• perfect - denotes the past tense and answers the question "what did you do?". Example: extract - remove, sit down - crouching, crouching.

The participles from the stem of the past tense with the suffix -lice (former, knowing, ehavshi, having, plowing, licking, knitting) are considered obsolete and usually of little use, previously they denoted an action that had just been completed to the present moment: “having said this, he sat down”, “seeing this, he grabbed the pitchfork." At present, they are used in the form -having, formed from reflexive verbs: wash - having washed, let out - having let out, decomposed - decomposed, starve - hungry, etc.

Syntactic role

• Usually adjacent to a verb that acts as a predicate, is a circumstance and does not conjugate.
• Less often adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short adjective or noun.
• Adjacent to the predicate, it can denote an additional action accompanying the action that carries the main idea of ​​the predicate; allows replacement by the conjugated form of the verb.

In modern Russian, actions indicated by a gerund and a verb-predicate must belong to the same subject of the action. Failure to comply with this rule leads to a comic effect, described by Chekhov in the story "" (the phrase " Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. I. Yarmonkin»).

In writing, participles (germs with dependent words) and individual participles are in most cases separated by commas.

Examples

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Green participle" is in other dictionaries:

A form of a verb that represents an action as a sign of another action. In Russian, the gerund participle has the forms of aspect and pledge; refers to the same person or object to which the verb, defined by the gerund, refers. The offer usually... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

GENERAL PARTICIPLE, I, cf. In grammar: the form of the verb, which, along with the categories of the verb (kind, voice), has the sign of an adverb (invariability), for example. lying, playing, taking. | adj. participle, oh, oh. D. turnover (general participle with related ... ... Dictionary Ozhegov

GENERAL PARTICIPLE, a form of a verb denoting a secondary action, subordinate to the main one, expressed in a sentence by a predicate or an infinitive in various syntactic functions. In a sentence, it usually acts as a circumstance (He answered not ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

gerund, gerund, cf. (gram.). verbal adverb, eg. sitting, reading, taking, leaving, leaving. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

gerund- GENERAL PARTICIPLE. The verbal form of the Russian language, which has the forms of aspect and pledge, retains the control of the verb (see), enters into combination only with verb words (see) and denotes a verbal attribute or object, as a container ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

gerund- GENERAL PARTICIPLE, a form of a verb denoting a secondary action, subordinate to the main one, expressed in a sentence by a predicate or an infinitive in various syntactic functions. In a sentence, it usually appears as a circumstance (“He answered not ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

gerund- The participle is a non-finite form of the verb (verboid), denoting a secondary action subordinate to the main action expressed in the sentence by the predicate or the infinitive in various syntactic functions (“He wrote, looking into the book from time to time”; ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Non-conjugated form of the verb. Denotes an additional action of the same subject as the conjugated one, coinciding in time with the main one (present participle from imperfective verbs) or preceding it (past participle ... Literary Encyclopedia

I; cf. Gram. An invariable form of a verb that combines the features of a verb and an adverb (for example: hurrying, learning, reading, etc.). ◁ Participle, oh, oh. D. turnover (a circumstance expressed by a gerund with words that depend on it). * * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary

gerund- 1. Attributive (non-predicative) invariable form of the verb, denoting an action (state, relation) as an accompanying sign of another action (state, relation): Shining in the sun, snow lies (P.) V.V. Vinogradov defined the gerund ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

• A set of tables. Russian language. Communion and participle. 12 tables + methodology, . Educational album of 12 sheets. Participle as a special form of the verb. Participial. Valid and passive participles. NOT with participles. Н and НН in the suffixes of passive participles ...

The Russian language is rich and diverse. This is largely due to the presence of a large number parts of speech. In one sentence, not only the main, but also an additional action can be indicated due to the use of a gerund.

This category of words allows you to saturate the text with information, give it additional shades, make it deeper and more voluminous. The participle as a part of speech helps the author draw a juicy figurative picture with fewer words.

The participle is a special form of the verb. It differs from other parts of speech in the following ways:

1. Does not change in numbers, cases, genders.
2. In a sentence, it does not mean the main action (this is what the verb does), but a secondary one. It answers two questions: what by doing? having done what?, performs the function of determining.
3. It has grammatical features of two categories at once - and a verb.

Examples: She smiled pleasantly as she spoke. The car turned around and kicked up a lot of dust. Gathering berries, they quietly went out onto the road.

The meaning of gerunds in speech

The meaning of adverbs in speech is due to their function to express an additional action. Usually it is attached to the verb-predicate.

In rare cases, to nominal predicate, which can be expressed as a noun or a short adjective. It complements, clarifies the main action that is described in the sentence.

According to the rules of the Russian language, the actions of the verb-predicate and the participle described by the gerund can only concern the same subject.

Example: After dinner, the soldiers went to bed, letting their horses tangled across the grass.

This part of speech as a special form of the verb denotes an action, but a secondary one. It characterizes, clarifies, emotionally colors it, conveys different qualitative shades in a concise and vivid form.

• runs, bouncing;
• said, smiling;
• sang, enjoying;
• decided without thinking.

Part of speech, denoting the action, at the same time call its attribute. This additional action never coincides with the main one indicated by the predicate.

The participle as a part of speech

For example, in the sentence "The man spoke while grinning," you can see that the subject is talking (the main action) and grinning (the secondary action). How did the person speak? - Smiling. A sign, an emotional characteristic of the main action, is transmitted.

Interesting fact! Until the 18th century, participle forms were not used in writing, but they were an integral feature of folk art.

Varieties

From the verbs of the participle, they borrowed the form - perfect or imperfect. Such a sign indicates the passage of an action in time.

If the secondary action has already been completed, completed, preceded the main action or was performed immediately after it, then this is a perfect view. To such words the question is posed: having done what?

• be happy to see a classmate;
• finally wake up, sneezing loudly;
• leave by slamming the door.

The imperfect aspect indicates that the secondary action occurs in time simultaneously with the main one. This kind of question is what doing?

• look out the window, smiling broadly;
• walking down the street talking to a friend;
• write a paper while listening to music.

Germs are either transitive or intransitive. It is also a sign inherited from the verb.

Interesting facts about the participle

It is transitive if a noun in the accusative case can be attached to it without a preposition. The action, as it were, passes to the object. It will be possible to ask what? (by writing poetry, reading a magazine, bypassing cracks).

It will not be possible to pick up such nouns for intransitive gerunds, or they will be with prepositions (walking in the garden, washing in the morning, reaching the railway).

The participles have another grammatical feature from the verb - reflexivity. The reflexive participles have only one difference - they have a postfix -s, for example, rejoicing, caring, hugging.

From the adverb, this part of speech took on invariability in terms of gender, numbers, cases, as well as the ability to join personal forms of verbs, in some cases to an indefinite form. For example: says turning around; think while rubbing your chin.

The order of education

This part of speech is formed from the stem of the verb by adding certain suffixes.

To obtain an imperfect form, you need to take the verb stem of the present tense and the suffixes -a; -I.

Examples: think-I, scream-a, receive-I, cheat-I.

Words can be formed from indefinite verbs by adding the suffix -va-.

• watering + t - watering;
• conscious + t - conscious;
• lagging behind + t - lagging behind.

Imperfect participles are not formed in such cases:

• from the verb stem, in which there are many consonants, for example, pour, crumple, squeeze. The exception is racing - racing;
• from a verb stem that ends in r; k. For example, they run, flow;
• from a present tense verb stem ending in sibilant, or an indefinite form ending in z; with; Art. Examples: plow - plow; say - say; whip - whip.

In literary speech, gerunds formed with the help of suffixes -uchi are no longer used; -yuchi.(They looked at him sternly, condemningly.) Such options are used in special cases to imitate common speech.

Perfective forms are obtained by adding other suffixes. -in is added to the indefinite form; - lice; -shi.

Examples: understand - understand, write - write.

The suffix -shi is attached to the indefinite form with the stem ending in a consonant letter: expire - expired. The suffix -lice is used to convert reflexive verbs into gerunds (to fall in love - having fallen in love).

If the stem of the verb has a suffix -nu, then two variants of the participle are possible, both will be correct. Get wet - get wet, get wet. Also, a double option is possible when using suffixes -a; -i together with -in; - lice.

Examples: get infected - infected, infected; incline - incline, incline.

Important! Participle turns are considered to belong to written speech. In live communication, such constructions look inappropriate, artificial, and therefore are not used.

Spelling rules

The part of speech from the verb took not only many grammatical features, but also spelling rules:

1. The particle NOT is written separately with these words, except for the cases when it is impossible to use it without NOT. Not hearing, not breaking, not receiving. Hating (exception).
2. They keep the same letter before the suffix that the verb had in an indefinite form or some time. For example, recovered - recovered, akimbo - akimbo, hesitated - hesitated.
3. The stress in the word should be in the same place where it originally stood in the verb, for example, raise - raise, extend - extend.
4. It is separated from other words by commas. Huge flakes of snow, whirling, flew from a tall pine tree. Looking around, the travelers moved on along the narrow path.

Perfect participles

• Like ghosts, green willows are reflected in the mirror of the waters.
• Thick fog, surging from the gorges, flooded everything around.

Useful video

Summing up

Linguists are arguing where to attribute the participle - to an independent part of speech or to a special form of the verb. In any case, experts agree that this phenomenon enriches written speech, makes it more complete and diverse. Similar forms are found in Latin and French, and are found in other language groups.

In contact with

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word gerund

gerund in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

gerund

participles, cf. (gram.). verbal adverb, eg. sitting, reading, taking, leaving, leaving.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

gerund

I, cf. In grammar: the form of the verb, which, along with the categories of the verb (kind, voice), has the sign of an adverb (invariability), for example. lying, playing, taking.

adj. participle, -th, -th. D. turnover (general participle with words related to it).

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

gerund

cf. An invariable form of a verb that has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb (in linguistics).

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

gerund

a form of a verb representing an action as a sign of another action. In Russian, the gerund participle has the forms of aspect and pledge; refers to the same person or object to which the verb, defined by the gerund, refers. In a sentence, it usually appears as a circumstance ("He answered without hesitation").

gerund

a form of the verb that represents a process as a sign of another process (for example, "while reading, he was thinking about something else"). In Russian, D. retains the forms of aspect, voice, and verb control and refers to the same person or object to which the verb defined by D. also refers. D. has no forms of tense, person, or number. In a sentence, D. usually acts as a circumstance.

Wikipedia

gerund

gerund- an independent part of speech or a special form of the verb in Russian, denoting an additional action with the main action. This part of speech combines the features of a verb (kind, pledge, transitivity and reflexivity) and adverbs. Answers the questions: doing what? having done what?

Similar verb forms exist in many Indo-European languages ​​- Russian, Latin, French, as well as in Turkic, Finno-Ugric and other languages. In other languages, it may be called a gerund.

Examples of the use of the word gerund in the literature.

Before our eyes, one of the verb forms, gerund, as if gradually breaking away from his father-verb, begins to live an independent life, although sometimes he appears in his old, usual role.

Then gerund from it, too, will gradually disappear from the language wherever it appeared precisely as gerund.

Especially illegal for the Russian language gerund pertaining to a noun.

Two three gerunds in one phrase, especially in combination with participles, are almost always heavy and unnatural, making it difficult to perceive.

In French participle speech and gerunds are light, fleeting, graceful, they do not have cumbersome suffixes and endings.

In fact, why would an engineer need the names of some bays and straits, or gerunds past tense, or how toads breed, or which female image in classical Russian literature is closest to the type of the new Soviet girl.

They replace it not only with long chains of nouns in indirect cases, but also with garlands of participles and gerunds- so it turns out more officially and therefore more impressive in the opinion of a writer who will not say a word in simplicity.

He climbed into a dangerous area, into a thicket gerunds, suffixes, inflections.

Fragments of sentences, phrases, gerunds and profanity.

In grammar: a subordinating connection, in which a word that does not have form change is grammatically dependent, as well as gerund, infinitive and comparative form.

It can be safely predicted that soon pet suffixes will also appear in pronouns, gerunds and gerunds.

gerund- this is a special form of the verb, which carries the meaning of the action, which is additional in relation to the verb-predicate in this sentence.

The participle is a part of the sentence

The gerund answers questions such as “what to do”, “what to do” and has features of both verbs and adverbs. The participle is a form of the verb and has its own morphological features.

In sentences, the participle is a circumstance and does not change. Example: Floated, rocking, boat.

The participles do not have a tense category; they express time relative to or simultaneously with the action of the verb-predicate or preceding it.

The participle and participle turnover.

Participles with dependent words form and are always isolated. But if they lose the signs of the verb, turn into adverbs and are used to enhance the meaning of the quality of the subject, then in the sentence they are no longer subject to isolation. Examples:

She walked slowly; Dmitry listened to him frowning(M. Gorky)

The participle and turnover: examples.

If a gerund with dependent words denote an additional action, adjoining the predicate, then this action must be carried out by the one named in the subject.

Example: The boys dispersed dogs, taking a young lady under her cover (A. Pushkin).

It is erroneous to use adverbs and phrases when the additional action is not performed by the person who is the subject in this sentence. For example: driving up to the station, my hat flew off (A. Chekhov).

If a gerund or turnover is used in an impersonal sentence, then only where there is an active person in dative case. For example: Getting ready for practice I had to go to the library often.

The formation of adverbs.

Types of gerunds depend on the degree of perfection of the action and are:

• perfect look;
• imperfect kind.

Imperfect participle

Imperfect participles answer the question "what are you doing?" and imply an action that occurs simultaneously with another action (which is denoted by the predicate). For example: Standing on the table, he pulled books from the top shelf.

This type of participle is formed using the suffix -а- (-я-). Exceptions:

• verbs in -ch (bake, guard),
• verbs on -nut (wither, stick, sour)
• from some verbs with a hissing stem (write, lick).

Perfect participle

Perfect participles denoting the action that precedes the action of the verb-predicate, they give an answer to the question “what have you done?” For example: Standing on the table, he took out a book from the top shelf..

They are formed with suffixes.

• -lice- (for obsolete forms),

Variable forms can be in -a- (-i-). For example, "frowning - frowning."

The participle is an invariable verbal form denoting an additional action and combining the features of a verb and an adverb.

Adverbial properties of adverbs include:

1) immutability and

2) the syntactic function of the circumstance of the mode of action, time, reason, purpose, condition or concession.

Adjacent to the verb, which in the sentence expresses the main action, the gerund expresses a secondary, accompanying action, therefore it is often called a secondary predicate.

As a rule, gerunds adjoin the personal forms of the verb, but they can also accompany the infinitive and participle:

He went, staggering and supporting his head with the palm of his left hand ... (M. G.).

It is inexplicably good to sail along the Volga, sitting at the helm at the stern (M. G.).

To his left sat a slender, ruddy Georgian princess, smiling all the time (L.T.).

The participles have the following verb features:

1) are formed only from verbs;

2) retain the LZ of the generating verb;

3) retain such grammatical categories of the verb as aspect, transitivity, voice.

However, it should be noted that gerunds of the passive voice are not formed in Russian, since the gerund participle denotes a procedural sign of the subject, and passive verbs - a sign of the object:

to please (DZ) - to please (DZ)

to wash (VZ) - washing (VZ)

sit (non-collateral) - sitting (non-collateral).

4) like verbs, gerunds are combined with adverbs and adverbial combinations, and also govern nouns in oblique cases ( read quickly - read quickly, get up at dawn - getting up at dawn).

2. Formation of gerunds

Like verbs, gerunds can be perfective and imperfective.

Participles imperfect form formed from the base present tense verb with a suffix -and I):blinking - blinking, grumbling - grumbling.

The following groups of verbs do not form imperfect participles:

1) verbs with a monosyllabic stem ending in -a in the infinitive ( call, tear, wait, neigh). exception: rush - rush, rush - rush;

2) verbs with a monosyllabic stem ending in –i ( beat, pour, sew);

3) non-productive verbs with duration suffix –nu- ( wither, wither, wither);

4) verbs in -ch in an indefinite form, with the basis of the present tense in -g, k, x ( oven, shear, guard);

5) verbs with the stem of the present tense ending in sibilant ( knit, cut, write, wave);

6) verbs, the basis of the present tense of which consists only of consonants ( reap, mush);

7) verbs crave, climb, ride, sing, rot, chill;

8) impersonal verbs like shines, drizzles.

if the verb has the suffix -va-, then the imperfect participle is formed from the stem of the infinitive, and not the present tense ( create - create - creating).

Verb be forms a gerund with the suffix -uchi ( being). Forms of other participles with the suffix -uchi are characterized by folk-poetic coloring:

Effortlessly on boarded roofs,

Gray clouds are dispersing,

The scarlet dawn rises (L.).

Participles perfect look formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of suffixes -in, -lice(after a vowel) -shi(after consonant): jump in - dropping in, disappear - having disappeared, grow up - grown up.

The suffix -lice is of little use; it is obligatory only for gerunds with the postfix -sya ( returning, laughing, looking).

Unproductive verbs with the suffix -nu- and verbs in -er(t) form parallel forms of gerunds from the stems of the infinitive and the past tense ( dry - dry, dry, dry - dry).

There is a group of verbs (with a stem in a consonant, except for -g, k, x; verbs in -it), from which the perfective participles are formed using the suffix -а (-я), which is attached to the stem of the simple future tense ( read - having read (having read), forgive - saying goodbye (having said goodbye)).

Two-spectrum verbs have two gerunds: with the suffix -а (-я) to express the meaning of the imperfect aspect and the suffix -в to express the meaning of the perfect aspect ( to attack - attacking, attacking; to investigate – to investigate, to investigate).