Growing winter cabbage in open ground. When is late cabbage planted in the ground? Planting cabbage in open ground

Cabbage is a very important crop that has been cultivated since time immemorial. Nowadays, there are more than ten of its species and many varieties.

cabbage contains a lot useful substances: proteins, fiber, vitamins, macro- and microelements. Regular consumption of any variety of cabbage is a good prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Cabbage is useful for various diseases, such as anemia, various infections, skin diseases, etc. In addition, it is used in the form of compresses for various wounds, headaches, diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

Many gardeners are interested in how to grow early cabbage in their area. It is quite simple, this crop does not require special growing conditions.

Seed preparation

Growing early cabbage begins with the preparation of seeds that need to be sorted and disinfected. To do this, they must first be placed for 20 minutes in hot, then for one or two minutes in cold water and dry. If you purchased seeds in a store, then there is no need for such preparation.

Before planting, it is advisable to soak the seeds of early cabbage and harden them at a temperature of +1 ... +2 ° C for about a day. Thanks to this, they will germinate faster, in addition, such preparation increases the cold resistance of plants.

Sowing dates

The timing of planting depends on the variety and type of early cabbage. When is the best time to sow to receive good harvest?

Early varieties of white and red cabbage are sown for seedlings at the end of March, broccoli and cauliflower - from mid-March to the end of April, Brussels sprouts - from mid to end of April. It is very important to take into account the climatic conditions.

Growing conditions

It is necessary to take into account several important points in order for early cabbage to grow and develop well. Planting and care for different varieties basically similar. Cabbage cannot be grown in the same place for more than three years. It gives a good harvest in areas where legumes, beets, tomatoes, onions, potatoes, and cucumbers previously grew.

Fertile, light loamy, sandy loamy, soddy-podzolic, peat soils with acidity close to neutral are well suited for any type of this crop. A good harvest will not be on sandy and heavy clay soil.
The site should be open and well lit.

Site preparation

Of great importance is the preparation of the site on which early cabbage will grow. Planting and caring for plants begins in the spring. The site for early cabbage must be prepared in the fall. To do this, it is dug up and fertilized. As fertilizers, the use of humus, manure and compost in the amount of 1-1.5 buckets per m 2 is effective.

In addition, mineral fertilizers are also applied in the amount of 40 g of superphosphate per 1 m 2 and half as much. Acid soil is limed.

With the advent of spring, the land on which early cabbage will be planted is dug up, loosened and fertilized. Manure is used as fertilizer (one bucket per square meter) and wood ash (1-2 items per square meter).

Seedling growing method

Growing early cabbage from seedlings allows you to get a good harvest. Seeds are sown in boxes filled with soil, which must first be leveled and watered. Then furrows are made about 1.5 cm deep, into which seeds are sown at a distance of 2 cm. Until shoots appear, it is necessary that the temperature in the room be about 20 ° C. When the seeds sprout, the temperature is reduced to 8 ° C and maintained at this level for a week, after which it must be increased to 16-18 ° C during the day and about 10 ° C at night.

After two leaves appear, the seedlings are picked into separate containers. It is important to consider that additional lighting is necessary for good growth and development of cabbage.

After the appearance of 5-6 true leaves, the seedlings are planted in open ground.

Growing without a pick

When planting early cabbage for seedlings in this way, cups are used, peat tablets, pots or special trays. Two seeds must be sown in each container or cell. When shoots appear, only the strongest plant is left.

Landing in open ground

When the air temperature exceeds 17 ° C, and the soil temperature is 14 ° C, early cabbage seedlings are planted in the ground.

Seedling different varieties planted according to different schemes:

Early white and red cabbage- 30×40;
- broccoli cabbage - 30 × 60, in order to develop side shoots - 40 × 60;
- Brussels sprouts - 60 × 70;
- early kohlrabi - 30×40;
- Savoy cabbage - 70 × 30;
- cauliflower early cabbage - 30 × 60.

It is best to plant cabbage in cloudy or rainy weather. So that the soil does not compact and does not become covered with a crust, it must be regularly mulched or loosened.

seedless way

With this method of growing early cabbage, seeds are sown directly into the ground. Growing early cabbage in this way has its advantages. The plant does not have to be transplanted, the development of the root and aerial parts occurs faster than with the seedling method of cultivation, the yield increases. Sowing of early cabbage is carried out at different times, depending on the region of growth.

Before planting for protection against pests, the seeds are treated using 12% hexachloran. Seeding rate - 2 kg per 1 hectare, planting depth - 2-3 cm.

After the plant has 4-5 true leaves, the cabbage is thinned out, leaving one plant at a distance of 40-50 cm from the other. Further care the same as when growing with seedlings: watering, loosening, protection from pests.

Feeding and care

How the leaves will grow and what size the head will be depends on how much the plant is provided with nitrogen. Cabbage has a special need for nitrogen before heading out. When the head begins to tie, the plant needs potassium.

A week after the seedlings were planted, they need to be fed using a solution of urea (for feeding ten plants - 3 tablespoons per 1 bucket of water), before tying a head of cabbage, nitrophoska is used for feeding (the same proportions for five plants).

Using organic fertilizers for top dressing, their solution is prepared a day before top dressing. The container is half filled with bird droppings, filled with water. Fertilizer must be stirred several times a day until a homogeneous liquid is obtained. Immediately before feeding, the liquid must be diluted with water ten times.

Cabbage loves moisture, so it is necessary to prevent the soil from drying out. early cabbage watered three to four times a week. Before harvesting, if further storage is expected, watering is stopped 35-45 days in advance.

After watering, the soil must be loosened, each time reducing the depth of processing, so as not to damage the root system. In order for a healthy early white cabbage to grow, it must also be spudded, but not with dry soil.

Pest control

Insects and other pests can cause irreparable damage to crops, so care must be taken to protect plants.

Early white cabbage, as well as cauliflower, can be damaged by the larvae of which harm the roots of the plant. At the same time, the cabbage begins to wither in hot weather, and its lower leaves become bluish.

To combat this pest, DDT dust or 6% hexachloran dust are used, which are used to pollinate the plant after planting. The procedure is carried out two or three times with an interval of a week. The soil is watered using 30% thiophos (0.03% concentration). You can sprinkle the ground near the plant with naphthalene mixed with sand (1: 5).

A plant that has just begun to sprout can be damaged by a cruciferous flea that feeds on cabbage leaves. Early sowing and transplanting of seedlings can protect against this pest, which allows the plants to get stronger before the flea is activated. To accelerate growth and increase resistance, the plant is fed using saltpeter and slurry.

Huge damage to the plant is caused by colonies of cabbage aphids, which suck the juices from plants. The leaves then become stained, begin to curl. The growth of cabbage slows down, the tying of the head stops.

To combat this pest, before tying the head, the plant is sprayed using anabasin sulfate (concentration - 0.2%) or 2.5% dust metaphos. Spraying with a decoction of tobacco is effective, to obtain which you need to pour tobacco dust (400 g) with water (2 l) and boil for 2 hours. The cooled solution is filtered. Then it is necessary to add soap (50 g) to it and dissolve everything in a bucket of water.

Growing early cabbage in a greenhouse

Cabbage is one of the main crops planted in greenhouses. They mainly grow white early cabbage. When to sow seeds in this way?

To grow early cabbage in a greenhouse, seeds must be sown in early February. In early April, seedlings are planted at a distance of 35-40 cm. Seedlings should have 3-4 true leaves, they must first be hardened.

The appearance of the seedlings can tell you what the crop will be like. Plants that have green leaves have a weak root system. And this means that the seedlings will not take root well. The shape of the leaf can be judged on the shape of the head. If the leaves are large, and the stem is short and thick, then there will be large heads.

The soil on which cabbage will be grown in a greenhouse should be well fertilized, dense, loamy and retain moisture well. It is necessary to regularly loosen the soil with fertilizing with a solution of manure.

The temperature range for growing cabbage is from 5 to 20 °C. Young seedlings need additional lighting. During the formation of the head, the plant needs a lot of moisture.

Harvesting

At early varieties cabbage heads appear approximately 55-60 days after the seedlings were planted, that is, in late June - early July. The ripening of heads of cabbage is not simultaneous, so they need to be removed in several steps, cut off with a sharp knife. At the same time, 2-3 leaves and a stump up to 2 cm long are left.

Important Rules

When thinking about how to grow early cabbage, you first need to take care of the quality of seedlings, and for this you need to remember a few important points:

1. Before sowing seeds, they must be prepared to avoid infection of plants with infectious diseases.

2. The soil mixture used should not be heavy. If soil from the garden is used, it must first be treated with cold on the street or on the balcony, heat treatment is also necessary. The best option- This is the purchase of a special ready-made mixture.

3. It is very important to observe the sowing dates. Early cabbage is sown in mid-March. To extend the harvest time, it can be sown in two to three days for two weeks.

4. The container with seedlings should be located in a place where there is enough sunlight. Otherwise, seedlings may be pulled out. Additionally, fluorescent lighting is required in order to achieve a total day length of 12-14 hours.

5. After the first true leaves have appeared, the seedlings need to be hardened off. In addition to low temperature, seedlings are hardened with bright light. To do this, it must be taken out into the street. This helps to avoid stretching the seedlings.

6. Watering should be moderate to prevent root rot. For irrigation use settled water at a temperature of 22-23 ° C.

7. Before moving the seedlings to the site, they are not watered. Plants that are slightly wilted don't break as easily.

Compliance with such simple rules will allow you to get an excellent harvest of this useful crop.

Get bountiful harvest vegetables is possible, even without much experience in gardening. You just need to observe the sowing dates and know all the features of growing cabbage in open field.

Cabbage is a very useful and versatile vegetable in cooking: it is fried, stewed, boiled and baked. It is used fresh for salads and cold appetizers, it is included in many first and second courses, it makes mouth-watering stews and excellent fillings for pies. In addition, it should be noted that cabbage is one of the unpretentious horticultural crops and to provide it with favorable conditions is not difficult. But still successful cultivation white cabbage depends on compliance with the basic requirements.

The soil under the bed is fertilized in the fall by introducing manure, humus or compost for deep digging

The soil under the bed is fertilized in the fall by introducing manure, humus or compost for deep digging at the rate of half a bucket per 1 sq. m area. Mineral fertilizers should be used as carefully as possible, since cabbage tends to accumulate nitrates. Therefore, it is better to abandon them altogether or use them in a reduced dosage.

Humidity for cabbage is extremely important and directly affects the formation of the crop. Such exactingness is explained simply - the water entering the roots is intensively evaporated by large leaves, as a result of which the plants quickly lose moisture. Therefore, with insufficient rainfall, it is necessary to ensure regular watering, and preferably by sprinkling, in order to saturate not only the soil, but also the air with moisture.

If you have sandy soil in your country house, then for cabbage beds it is better to choose lowlands, places near a reservoir, or plant them where it is easier to organize watering.

Video about growing cabbage

Sowing seeds directly into the ground saves you the hassle

There are two ways to grow cabbage: by sowing seeds in open ground or through. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. So planting seedlings allows you to get earlier harvests and provide care for growing plants, which is important when growing in the country, when it is not possible to visit the site every day. On the other hand, sowing seeds directly into the ground saves you the hassle of placing containers with seedlings and subsequent transplanting.

When sowing cabbage immediately in a permanent place, it is better to cover the holes with glass jars or transparent plastic bottles with cut bottom. This will create "greenhouse" conditions for the early germination of seeds and the formation of a rosette. And only when the leaves become crowded under the shelter - it is removed.

Also, when planning to grow your own cabbage, it is worth deciding on the seed, the varietal characteristics of which will determine the sowing time and, accordingly, the expected harvest time.

1. Early cabbage is distinguished by tender leaves collected in loose heads of medium size. Harvest can be obtained after 90-100 days from emergence. The most popular varieties are June, Express, Golden Hectare, Transfer F1. Sowing seeds is carried out from 10 to 25 March.
2. Medium cabbage is grown for summer consumption and home canning. Heads of cabbage are ready for harvesting 4-5 months after sowing the seeds. Varieties - Glory 1305, Symphony F1, Table F1 and others. Sow from the end of March to April 10.
3. Late cabbage with a long ripening period. Its dense, hard heads tolerate transportation well and can be stored for a long time, so it is most often grown for consumption in the winter. Proven varieties: Stone head, Kharkiv winter, Morozko, Arctic F1, Garant F1. Sowing on seedlings or in open ground is recommended from April 5 to April 20.

It is also worth mentioning that if seedlings are grown on a windowsill at a high enough for cabbage room temperature, she tolerates transplantation and adaptation very painfully, therefore, two weeks before disembarkation, she must be hardened. You can save yourself from these troubles by sowing seeds in the country in a greenhouse or film greenhouses, where during the day the air is warmed up by the intense spring sun, and at night the temperature drops to minus levels.

Video about seed selection

There are no exact dates for planting seedlings, but it has been noticed salient feature- the younger the sockets, the faster they take root in a new place. Therefore, if the cabbage has already formed 2-3 true leaves, it is quite ready for planting.

Before planting, seedlings should be generously watered, especially if they were grown in ordinary containers, and not in peat cups.

Having chosen a place for a bed, dig up or loosen the ground that has compacted during the winter, level it with a rake and prepare holes, according to the planting scheme:

• for early varieties and hybrids - 30x40 cm;
• medium-ripening cabbages are planted at a distance of 50x60 cm;
• large heads of late varieties will need at least 55x70 cm.

Before planting, seedlings should be generously watered, especially if they were grown in ordinary containers, and not in peat cups. The same applies to growing seedlings in a greenhouse, because plants saturated with moisture will more easily tolerate transplantation, and it is easier to extract them from loose soil. The holes are also watered with water and, without waiting for it to be completely absorbed, young cabbage rosettes are planted directly in this mud. After transplanting, the bushes are again generously watered and mulched with wood shavings with the addition of crushed eggshells. Such a shelter will prevent the rapid evaporation of moisture and protect plantings from the invasion of slugs, which simply cannot overcome the “prickly” barrier.

Abundant and repeated watering during transplantation will ensure the penetration of cabbage roots into the depths of the soil, where the plant will be able to independently obtain moisture without requiring frequent watering.

Video about sowing seedlings

Garden care

Further care of cabbage is to protect it from numerous pests, prevent diseases, as well as control humidity levels and regular weeding.

Video about caring for planted cabbage

An excellent way to solve problems with protection is the use of modern drugs such as Prestige, which has both insecticidal and fungicidal properties. And in this case, do not be afraid to use "chemistry", because the action of the drug is limited to two months, after which it completely disintegrates. Therefore, if you strictly follow the instructions and treat the cabbage with such a disinfectant at the seedling stages, you can protect it from the cruciferous flea, cabbage fly, scoops and aphids, and also prevent the development of fungal diseases.

But you can grow kaputa without "chemistry" at all. Organic insect control measures can be dusting wet cabbage leaves with wood ash and tobacco dust with the addition of ground red pepper powder. A good protection for planting in the country will be the joint planting of cabbage with garlic, nasturtium, marigolds or Chernobrivtsy, which repel pests with their smell.

Cabbage in your area If you already have white cabbage seeds, it may seem that all that remains is to throw them into the ground, water them and wait for the harvest. But this is not so at all - cabbage is capricious, and in order to get bountiful harvest you need to work hard. Today we will tell you what needs to be done so that the cabbage crop in your garden will please you.

Content:

• How to store a crop of cabbage

• General agricultural technology

  It is good to plant cabbage in the ground, if legumes, potatoes, cucumbers grew there before. Sowing seeds for seedlings should be done in the second half of March in closed ground. Seedlings will appear within a week. When the seedlings have 5 true leaves, usually in a month, the seedlings will be ready for planting. Then it can be hardened and fed. In phase 2 of true leaves, the first feeding is carried out, and the second one a week before planting.

  Planting cabbage in the ground

  Planting late varieties of cabbage in open ground is possible at the end of May, and early - at the end of April. When planting cabbage seedlings in open ground, a distance of 60 cm from each bush must be observed, so that the distance between any two bushes is at least 60 cm. Caring for cabbage is simple: watering, fertilizing, hilling - nothing unusual, however, this should be done regularly. To provide the necessary nutrition, plants are fertilized with special complex water-soluble mineral fertilizers containing the NPK complex, biohumus. During the growing season, at least 2 top dressings are carried out.

  cabbage care

  Watering

  It turns out that cabbage is very demanding on moisture and sensitive to watering. The most abundant watering is required during the formation of the head and immediately after planting the seedlings in the phase of accelerated leaf growth. How much water does cabbage need? After planting cabbage in open ground, it is abundantly watered every four days at the rate of 7 liters of water per square meter, and so on for two weeks. Then watering is reduced to 10 liters per square meter once a week. Late cabbage should be watered more abundantly and a little more often. Watering is carried out in the morning or evening. Loosening cabbage. Loosening is necessary after rains and watering, when the top layer of the earth dries out a little. Light soils are loosened by 10 cm, and heavy ones by 20 cm. In any case, it is necessary to loosen once a week.

  Cabbage hilling

  The first hilling of cabbage is carried out 20 days after planting and is repeated once a week. And the last time spud before closing the rows. The shorter the stump, the better and more often you need to spud, and vice versa.

  Cabbage dressing

  After the first watering and the hilling following it, the first dressing of the cabbage is carried out. First dressing: 1.5-2.5 g per square meter (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). second top dressing: a month after the first, 2-3 g of fertilizer on the same area. Instead of chemical fertilizers you can use natural: diluted slurry (in a ratio of 1:3 with water), mullein (in a ratio of 1:4 with water), bird droppings (in a ratio of 1:8 with water), 1-2 liters per plant. But if the soil is fertile and fertilizer is applied under the first bookmark, then top dressing is not required. You can’t just forget about pests (aphids, slugs, snails), you can use wood ash (ash) against them, dusting them with plants at the rate of 150g per square meter. Industrial cultivation of cabbage

  Head cracking

  One small problem - heads of cabbage crack! In order to avoid cracking heads, it is recommended that large plants, the harvesting time of which has not yet come, be artificially aged. To do this, they violate the root system - they cut it with a spatula, swing it and leave it. Thus, the access of nutrients and moisture will stop, the growth of the head will stop and prevent cracking.

  Growing white cabbage (video)

  Harvest

  When to harvest? If you want to ferment cabbage, then remove it in mid-October, late cabbage for winter storage is harvested at the end of October. Early cabbage is not intended for long-term storage and may not lie all winter. To protect heads of cabbage from fungal diseases and rotting, they are cut with a long stalk and two lower leaves, this will also protect the fruits from mechanical damage. Cabbage is recommended to be harvested in a state of removable ripeness in dry weather, after the first slight frosts. But premature harvesting can lead to excessive fading. If you are late with cleaning, then the heads of cabbage burst and shoot. We recommend that you learn about the most basic mistakes summer residents make when choosing seeds. If it was not possible to save heads of cabbage from frost, then they should thaw in the bud.

  How to store a crop of cabbage

  The temperature in the storage should not exceed 4 degrees, otherwise the cabbage will begin to crack and germinate. The preparation of the premises begins in the summer, with airing and disinfection with a whitewash solution of quicklime and fumigation with sulfur. Fresh cabbage is stored in basements and cellars at a temperature of 0-1C and a humidity of not more than 85%, not less than 50%. They are stored in lattice boxes with the pokers inside, storage in stacks (ventilated) is allowed. Can be hung on poles. We recommend learning how to use spunbond in beds. We hope that this guide will help you in managing your farm.

  Also read:

Cabbage, beetroot, tomato, turnip, radish, radish cannot be predecessors for cabbage. You can return cabbage to the garden only after 4 years.

Growing seedlings of cabbage When growing cabbage, a soil mixture is prepared from peat, soddy soil and sand (1: 1: 1). Old garden soil and humus are not used, because. they may be infected with blackleg. Before sowing, the substrate is shed with a solution of potassium permanganate. Cabbage seeds germinate at +4 - +5 °C Seeds of early cabbage varieties are sown for seedlings on March 5-10. Seeds of late varieties of cabbage are sown for seedlings on March 10-20 or in April directly into the ground under the film. After sowing cabbage seeds in the substrate, the temperature is maintained at 20-25°C, after the emergence of seedlings, it is reduced to 10°C for a week. After 7 days, the temperature for growing cabbage seedlings on sunny days should be 17°C, on cloudy days - 14°C, at night - 9°C. Excessive waterlogging of the substrate leads to the disease of seedlings with a black leg. Cabbage seedlings are carried out at the age of 14 days; 12 days before planting seedlings in the ground, they begin to harden it, gradually accustoming it to sunlight, wind and temperature. At the same time, one should not rush to plant seedlings of cabbage in open ground if the air temperature is low, because. after 30 days under such conditions, the cabbage will give an arrow with seeds. Seedlings of early varieties of cabbage are planted in the ground in early May. Seedlings of late varieties of cabbage are planted in the ground on May 10-20.

Cabbage seeds are sown on seedlings in the substrate in rows with a distance between plants - 1 cm, between grooves - 3 cm. Planting scheme for seedlings of early cabbage varieties: 45x25 cm. Planting scheme for seedlings of late cabbage varieties: 35x60 cm.

Cabbage seeds are buried in the soil to a depth of 1 cm.

: black leg, clubroot, slimy bacteriosis, false powdery mildew(peronosporosis), cruciferous flea beetles, cabbage fly, snails, slugs, aphids, cabbage cutworms and whites. With many diseases and pests will help to cope. Many plants in joint plantings are able to take care of their neighbors and them.

white cabbage consists in spraying the soil with water after sowing seeds until germination (4-5 days), while the box with seedlings should be indoors at 18-20 ° C. After the emergence of seedlings, the seedlings are transferred to a room with a temperature not higher than +8 ° C, otherwise the seedlings will stretch. After 9 days, the seedlings are dived into cups 6x6 cm or 8x8 cm. Before picking, the seedlings are watered with a solution of potassium permanganate. When picking, seedlings are deepened to cotyledon leaves. After picking, the containers are placed on the windowsill, for the first 3 days the temperature is maintained at 17-18 ° C. In the phase of two true leaves, the first foliar feeding of cabbage seedlings is done. To do this, half a tablet of microelements or a half teaspoon of complex fertilizers with microelements is diluted in 1 liter of water, the seedlings are sprayed with this solution. After the seedlings take root, the temperature during the day should be 13-14 ° C, at night 10-12 ° C. Seedlings should be watered regularly when the soil dries with water at room temperature. Two weeks before planting white cabbage seedlings in open ground, it is hardened. To harden seedlings, they are placed on a balcony or in a greenhouse with a temperature of +5 ° C during the day, and at night they must be brought into the room with 10-12 ° C. At the beginning of the hardening of cabbage seedlings, its second foliar feeding is carried out. The leaves are sprayed with a solution of urea, potassium sulfate (1 tablespoon each) per 10 liters of water. One glass of solution is used per plant. A week before planting seedlings of cabbage in the ground, they stop watering it. 2 hours before planting seedlings, it is watered abundantly. Seedlings are buried to the first true leaves. Cabbage seedlings with 5-6 leaves are planted in open ground. It is good to shade the seedlings in the first 2-3 days after planting in the ground. After each watering (1 time per week), you need to loosen the soil to a depth of 8 cm. 20 days after planting, the cabbage is spudded. Repeat hilling after another 10 days. 20 days after planting cabbage seedlings in the ground, the plants are fed with liquid. Plants and soil in the garden can be powdered with wood (1 cup per 1 m?) from pests and as top dressing.

Early ripe (90-120 days) varieties and hybrids of white cabbage: Gribovsky 147, Solo, June, Start, Athlete, Transfer, Parel, Kazachok, Polar K-206, Malachite, Eaton, Kraft. The last four varieties and hybrids are suitable for sourdough. Mid-season (130-150 days) varieties and hybrids of cabbage: Rinda, Slava 1305, Pegasus, Rodolfo, Nadezhda, Bronco. Mid-late (150-170 days) varieties and hybrids of white cabbage: Mother-in-law, Krautman, Dobrovodskaya, Sibiryachka-60, Druzhny, Midor, Megaton, Amager 611, Belorusskaya 455, Zimovka 1474. Late varieties (160-180 days): Cade, Krumont , Galaxy, Kolobok.

Growing late cabbage

Growing late white cabbage

To get a harvest late white cabbage in September and later, medium-late and late-ripening varieties are chosen, which are grown in seedlings and seedlings. Seedlings are grown in open ground for a month. The term for sowing seeds late ripening cabbage is calculated as follows: the vegetation period of the variety is counted from the harvesting period.

This date will be the sowing time for seedless culture. When growing seedlings, sowing seeds is done ten days earlier. They should be sown in early May with seedless cultivation.

When growing through seedlings, sowing should be carried out on April 20-25. Seedlings are grown in open ground, in the so-called nurseries. The nursery from autumn should be filled with organic and mineral fertilizers.

For autumn digging, it is necessary to add 20-30 kg / m2 of humus, 20 g / m2 of superphosphate and 15 g / m2 of potassium chloride. In the spring, 30 g / m2 of ammonium nitrate, 20 g / m2 of superphosphate are added for loosening. The soil should be loose, sowing in moist soil. Seeding rate of seeds is 1-1.2 g/m2.

Sowing scheme with a row spacing of 20 cm. Nursery care: cabbage seedlings still in the phase of cotyledon leaves must be sprayed against cruciferous flea, 2-3 waterings. Seedlings are planted in a permanent place in late May - early June.

When selecting seedlings, the roots are dipped in a "talker" made from earth and humus. Planting pattern for mid-late cabbage 70 x 45-50 or 90+50 x 45-50.

Planting scheme for late cabbage 70 x 60 or 90 + 50 x 60 cm. During the growing season, 4-5 more sprays are carried out against leaf-eating pests, stopping them a month before harvesting. Against fungal diseases, cabbage is sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid or 0.4% solution of copper oxychloride (HOM, OXYHOM). The first feeding is carried out 10-15 days after planting seedlings, 20 g / m2 of ammonium nitrate, double superphosphate and potassium chloride .

The second feeding is carried out during the formation of the rosette, the third feeding - during the formation of the head. In these top dressings for middle and late cabbage, 30 g of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride, 20 g / m2 of superphosphate are applied per 1 m2. On late cabbage, 10-12 irrigations are given for the growing season, the irrigation rate before the head is set is 35-40 l / m2 of water, during head growth 50-60 l/m2. Stop watering 2-3 weeks before harvest. Row spacings must be loosened after each watering. With seedless cultivation, plants develop a more powerful root system that penetrates deep into the soil, which provides them with a better water regime.<<< Предыдущая Далее >>>

Varieties for open ground

First of all, you need to understand what is different types cabbage: white, red, Brussels sprouts, Beijing, cauliflower. In our area, mainly white-headed, less often red-headed are grown in open ground. The most popular varieties are: Gribovsky 147, No. 1 polar K-206 (early ripening varieties), Transfer, F Sprint, F Rinda, Golden hectare, Stakhanovka (mid-ripening and medium-late varieties) Galaxy, Kolobok, Gade (late varieties). These varieties can also be grown in greenhouses, but they are best suited for outdoor cultivation.

General rules for growing outdoors

As already noted, growing cabbage in the open field is not as easy as it seems. Even if she is surrounded by the same care as the seedlings in the greenhouse, all the same, more dangers await her here, from which she should be protected.

There is a high probability of occurrence of various diseases, pests. You also need to monitor the soil moisture, because deviations from the norm in any direction can lead to unpleasant consequences.

A lot depends on the site itself. Firstly, it should not be shaded, as cabbage is a photophilous culture. Secondly, you need to take into account the crops that grew before: it is undesirable to plant cabbage after radishes, turnips, tomatoes, beets.

This is primarily due to the nutrients that these crops “suck out” from the soil, and after them, “enhanced” diseases that pose a danger to cabbage can also remain on the site. It is better to choose areas for cabbage where potatoes, cucumbers, cereals, legumes were previously grown. It is important to remember that acidic soil is not suitable for growing cabbage in open ground, in which case be sure to lim it.

Sowing and seed care

If you decide to grow cabbage from seeds, then your first actions should depend on which seeds you decide to use: bought in a store or obtained by your own labor. Before sowing your own seeds, they must be prepared: first hold for some time, no more than 20 minutes, in hot water(water temperature should be about 50 ° C), immediately after that, send them for a couple of minutes in cold water, and dry them completely at the end. You don’t need to do this with purchased seeds, since almost all manufacturers pre-treat seeds.

A similar procedure is done immediately before sowing: the seed is soaked and kept for a day at a cold temperature - such hardening contributes to the early germination and resistance of the seeds. In the future, such seedlings will be able to withstand frosts of 5-7 ° C in open ground, while non-hardened ones will not withstand more than two or three. For growing seedlings from seeds, exclusively loose soil is used, usually with a large admixture of peat.

There is a picking method, when the seedlings are moved to individual containers, there is no picking. But regardless, there is general rules seedling care.

Cabbage needs moderate watering: if there is a shortage, it begins to dry out, grow weakly, and if you pour it in, oxygen will stop flowing to the roots, rotting will begin, other diseases are possible. You need to observe both light and temperature regime. Poor light or high temperatures entail stretching of seedlings, the same result will be with dense sowing. It is also recommended to ventilate the room with seedlings frequently. It is important to remember that the first 2 weeks the cabbage will grow slowly, and the first pair of leaves will appear in about 20-25 days.

Landing in the ground

It is worth planting only strong seedlings, which have already acquired a dark green color, have 4-5 leaves. The place for planting is marked out as follows: the distance between plants should be about half a meter, that is, the holes are knocked out after 50-60 cm each, and the rows should be separated by a distance of about 70-80 cm. In addition to watering the holes before planting, you must also apply fertilizer there - compost, wood ash mixed with the ground is also added, then watered again. It is important to ensure that the growth point is not covered.

Care

After you have planted the seedlings and it has taken root, you can breathe a little - half the work is done, but in no case should you stop caring for the plants. You need to continue to water the plants 2-3 times a week, later you can already switch to a one-time abundant watering for a week.

Experienced gardeners recommend sprinkling watering, so the air is also saturated with moisture. At least once every two weeks, it is advisable to loosen the ground near the plant. Try to fight pests as effectively as possible (today there are enough chemicals designed to fight certain diseases, insects, you can also resort to folk methods). Feeding needs to be done several times.

The first is about two weeks after landing in a new place - they usually make phosphate fertilizer, manure, chicken droppings. The second top dressing should take place in another 2 weeks, the same components are introduced, potash mixtures can be finished off, further subcorks are made if necessary. Given the cold resistance of cabbage, it can be safely cut after frost, early ripe varieties of course earlier. Here you need to accurately choose the time, because if you harvest earlier, the vegetables may begin to wither, if you miss the moment, cracks in the heads are inevitable.

A video that is designed to teach beginner gardeners to avoid annoying mistakes in the process of growing cabbage in their summer cottage.

Cultivation of cabbage Cabbage belongs to the group of cold-resistant plants, however, with prolonged exposure to low temperatures, it freezes and dies. This culture is very fond of moisture and light, high humidity essential for seed germination. However, excess moisture can lead to the death of the roots, and the leaves will acquire a bluish tint. How to grow cabbage? An important step in the cultivation of cabbage is the preparation of seeds for sowing. Before sowing seeds, they are checked for germination. Seeds are placed in a damp cloth for 4-5 days, while making sure that the cloth does not dry out. During germination, you will learn about the germination of seeds. Before sowing, dry seeds are treated against diseases in hot water (water temperature 45-50 ° C) for 15 minutes. After that, the seeds are dipped for 1 min in cold water. Then they are soaked in a nutrient solution for 12 hours (a teaspoon of nitrophoska, or nitroammophoska, or other complex fertilizer is diluted per 1 liter of water), washed with clean water and placed for hardening in a cold place or in the middle of a refrigerator for 1 day at a temperature of 1-2 °C. This accelerates the germination of seeds and increases their cold resistance. Seeds of early varieties of cabbage begin to be sown for seedlings from March 15th. To extend the collection of early cabbage, seeds are sown at intervals of 2-3 days, i.e. until the end of March. Sowing seeds of medium-late and late varieties of cabbage is carried out from April 10. It can be sown immediately in open ground under a film (April 20-25). Sowing and cultivation of cabbage seedlings. After hardening, the wet seeds are dried so that they do not stick to the fingers, and they begin to sow the shkolka (i.e., thickened). Seeds are sown in a pre-prepared soil mixture, which is prepared from peat, sand and sod land in equal quantities. Old garden soil and manure humus cannot be taken in order to avoid seedling disease. Add 1 tbsp to a bucket of soil mixture. a spoonful of powdered superphosphate, 2 tbsp. spoons of wood ash. Everything is thoroughly mixed and poured into shallow boxes 3-4 cm high, leveled and watered with a solution of potassium permanganate (1 g per 10 liters of water). After that, grooves are made to a depth of 1 cm, at a distance of 3 cm from each other. Seeds are sown in grooves every 1 cm. After sowing, the grooves are covered with the same soil mixture, lightly tamped and the box is placed on the windowsill at an air temperature of 18-20 ° C. Seedlings should appear on the 4th-5th day. During the period when seedlings appear, be extremely careful, since a box with newly emerging shoots must be urgently transferred to a place where the air temperature is not higher than 7-8 ° C. Otherwise, the seedlings will instantly stretch and die. After 8-10 days, the seedlings from the box are planted in cups or pots 6x6 or 8x8 cm in size. The pots or cups are filled with the same soil mixture as for sowing the seeds, the seedlings are watered with a solution of manganese and start picking. cups for cotyledon leaves. For convenience, cups or pots with pickled seedlings are placed in light boxes and placed on a windowsill, where the temperature should be 17-18 ° C for 2-3 days. As soon as the seedlings take root, the temperature is reduced during the day to 13-14 ° C, at night to 10-12 ° C. When growing cabbage, you need to be patient. The first 12 days, cabbage grows very slowly, and then its growth intensifies. 22-25 days after picking, the plants form 2-3 true leaves. Standard seedlings before planting in a permanent place should have 4-5 leaves. Watering. Seedlings are watered with water at a temperature of 18-20 ° C as the soil dries, with mandatory ventilation of the room where the seedlings are located. 3a week before planting in open ground, watering is stopped to restrain the growth of seedlings. 3a 2 hours before planting, seedlings are abundantly watered. hardening. Hardening of seedlings begins 15-20 days before planting in a permanent place. It is hardened not only with low temperatures (plus 5-6 ° C), but also with light, that is, they are taken out to the balcony or open the film if the seedlings are in the garden. It must be remembered that cabbage is a very light-loving plant, demanding on light, especially natural. Top dressing. The first foliar top dressing (by leaves) is done in the phase of two true leaves. For 1 liter of water, dilute 0.5 microelement tablets or half a teaspoon of complete fertilizer with microelements. Top dressing is carried out from a small watering can by watering on the leaves of plants. The second top dressing is carried out at the time of the beginning of hardening in the open air. For 10 liters of water, dilute 1 tablespoon of urea and potassium sulfate or potassium chloride, spending nj a glass per pot. Often, in young seedlings at the soil level, the stalk becomes thinner and darker, the seedlings wither and this disease dies called black leg. To combat the disease, watering the seedlings is temporarily stopped, treated with a solution of manganese, and the affected part of the stem is sprinkled with ash, ground coal or chalk. Landing in the ground. The site for growing cabbage is chosen open, fertile, flat or with small southern and southeastern slopes. The best predecessors for cabbage are legumes and cereals, cucumbers, onions, root crops. In one place, cabbage can grow no more than 2-3 years, and it is recommended to return the planting to this place no earlier than after 4 years. During cultivation, cabbage is very demanding on the fertility and structure of the soil. The best soils for it are loamy soils with a high content of organic matter (humus), with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction, and good water-holding capacity. Site preparation. A plot for cabbage begins to be prepared in the fall. That is, before digging the site, calcareous materials are introduced into the soil, such as dolomite flour or fluff lime, or powdered chalk, at the rate of 2 cups per 1 m2. Lime materials are evenly scattered over a dry area, immediately dug up and left until spring. In the spring, organic and mineral fertilizers are added to the site: From organic - manure humus or manure-peat compost, at the rate of a bucket per 1 m2. From mineral - powdered superphosphate or nitrophoska (2 tablespoons), wood ash (1-2 cups) and 1 teaspoon of urea per 1 m2 and dig. To save fertilizer, they can be applied directly to the holes before planting seedlings (especially for early planting cabbage). 0.5 kg of humus or compost, a teaspoon of superphosphate or nitrophoska and 1-2 tbsp are added to the well. spoons of wood ash and mix thoroughly with the soil. After that, the prepared area, as well as the seedlings, are well watered and planted. Planting seedlings. Early varieties of cabbage are planted from April 25 to May 5 according to the following scheme: the distance between rows is 40-45 cm, the distance between plants in a row is 20-25 cm. Seedlings are planted on cloudy days, and in sunny, hot weather - in the afternoon. When planting, seedlings are deepened to the first true leaves. For quick engraftment, plants are sprayed with water from a watering can 2-3 times a day for 5-6 days. Strong April and May sun rays can cause burns, so planted seedlings are shaded for the first 2 days. Late varieties of cabbage are planted from May 10 to May 20, the latest planting date is June 1. Seedlings are planted at a row distance from a row of 55-60 cm, in a row between plants - 30-35 cm. Caring for cabbage in a permanent place. Keep in mind that cabbage pests are waiting for young leaves no less than you. Watering. After planting, the cabbage is thoroughly watered every 3-4 days for two weeks at the rate of 6-8 liters per 1 m2. Subsequent waterings are done once a week at 10-12 liters per 1 m2. Early cabbage is more abundantly watered in June, and late cabbage is watered during August, when the forks are being tied. Cabbage is watered in the morning or evening. The water temperature must be at least 18°C. Loosening. After watering or rains, cabbage must be loosened to a depth of 5-8 cm. Loosening is carried out every 6-7 days. 20 days after planting, the first hilling of cabbage is carried out. Repeat it after 8-10 days. Top dressing. Cabbage is fed 3-4 times during the entire growth period. To increase the number of leaves and the rapid growth of plants, cabbage is fed 20 days after planting seedlings. First feed: 0.5 liters of mushy mullein are diluted in 10 liters of water, spending 0.5 liters per plant. Second top dressing is given 10 days after the first: in 10 liters of water, dilute 0.5 liters of mushy mullein or chicken manure and 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crystallin or soluble, spending 1 liter per plant. These two dressings are done for both early and late cabbage. Third top dressing spend in June for late cabbage. In 10 liters of water, dilute 2 tbsp. tablespoons of superphosphate and 1 microelement tablet, spending 6-8 liters per 1 t2. Top dressing is repeated in August (for 10 liters of water, 1 tablespoon of nitrophoska). In order to feed and prevent pests (aphids, snails, slugs), the soil and plants are dusted with wood ash at the rate of 1 cup per 1 mg. Cleaning and storage of cabbage. Growing cabbage is not all, the harvest must be harvested and preserved. Early varieties of cabbage are harvested in July - August, heads of cabbage are cut with a sharp knife. Used fresh. Late cabbage intended for winter storage is harvested in late October - early November, and cabbage intended for sauerkraut is harvested in mid-October. Heads for storage are cut with a long stump, with 2-3 loose green leaves. Cabbage must be stored in a room with a temperature of 0-5 ° C, with a humidity of 80-85%.

Growing cabbage with a seedless method is used by many gardeners. And although it does not differ much from traditional cultivation using seedlings, it has its own nuances and features. First, you need to know which varieties are suitable for this method. Secondly, the timing of sowing. Thirdly, seed treatment; fourthly, site selection and preparation. In addition, it is necessary to take into account other factors: weather conditions, the presence of regular watering, pests, diseases, and others. In this article, we will analyze how to plant cabbage seeds in open ground, prepare the soil, plant and care.

An important condition for the high efficiency of this method is to create optimal conditions and mode for seed germination and further development plants. It is achieved by thorough tillage, which reduces the number of weed shoots.

For the key features of planting and growing cabbage, see the infographic.

(click to enlarge)

Choice of cabbage variety

For the seedless method, medium and late-ripening varieties of cabbage are usually chosen. In the southern regions, some early ripe ones can also be grown using this method. Experienced farmers give preference to zoned varieties of white cabbage, which makes it possible to obtain high yields. The following varieties of cabbage can be distinguished: Kharkiv winter, Langedijker decema, Snow White, Amager 611 and some others.

In order to get the maximum yield, it is necessary to choose cabbage varieties for the growing area.

Choosing a place for planting cabbage seeds in open ground

Sowing seeds in open ground is usually carried out in early spring. Therefore, it is very important to take care of the selection and preparation of the site for sowing in advance. It is important to consider which plants were predecessors. It is good to sow cabbage seeds after:

1. Potatoes.
2. Onion.
3. Garlic.
4. Ogurtsov.
5. Tomatoes.

A good harvest is achieved by planting cabbage after carrots, soybeans, beans, peas and other legumes. True, in this case, it is taken into account that cultivation is carried out without the use of organic fertilizers. Therefore, preparing the soil before sowing seeds, it is well fertilized.

Benefits of a seedless method of planting cabbage

Consider the key advantages of a seedless method of planting cabbage in open ground

• Reducing the cost of manual labor by 50-60%.
• It does not require the cocking of greenhouses and hotbeds.
• There is no need for growing seedlings and transplanting.
• Landing is carried out directly in open ground. Yields do not decrease, and sometimes even higher.
• Plants are better initially better adapted and have a more powerful root system.
• High quality cultivated cabbage. Due to the fact that the plant does not get sick after transplantation.
• The root system of plants (up to 1.3 - 2.0 m). This allows you to better endure dry periods.

Site preparation

The soil should be carefully loosened, while selecting all the weeds. Loosening by 20-25 cm ensures sufficient accumulation of moisture and promotes nitrification. Then fertilizers are applied. In the spring, when cultivating the soil, ammonia water is added (3 kg per 1 weave), and during pre-sowing cultivation (by 4-5 cm), herbicides are applied with a sprayer.

With late sowing of seeds, when soil moisture is insufficient, pre-sowing watering is required.. Cabbage is demanding on moisture, as it has large leaves. Therefore, it is important to ensure adequate watering. Sprinkling is best. This is due to the fact that with this method of watering, not only the root system is moistened, but also the air around the plants.

Cabbage is demanding for watering. Sprinkler irrigation is the best irrigation system.

If the soil is acidic (determined with litmus paper or by plants that grow), then liming is carried out. Otherwise, cabbage can get sick with clubroot. To do this, you can use dolomite flour (limestone). The latter is recommended to be applied immediately before sowing (in spring). The optimal indicator is Ph 5.5-7.5.

How to plant cabbage with seeds in open ground: preparing seeds for sowing

• calibration;
• treatment;
• culling.

First, the seeds must be sorted out and inspected visually, then the selected seeds are soaked in a solution of potassium permanganate for half an hour, then they are washed and wrapped in a damp cloth for one day. It is important not to leave for more than an hour, as they will begin to get rid of the peel, after which they will not be able to take root properly.

When to sow

Depending on the climatic zone and the selected seed variety, it is recommended to plant them from the beginning of April to the end of the first decade of May. It is important to take into account the climatic conditions of a particular region. This is due to the fact that cabbage seedlings can withstand short-term frosts down to -3°C.

The recommended seed sowing depth is 2.5-3.0 cm, but the distance between the holes directly depends on the selected variety. For example, when planting early ripe varieties, it is enough to leave about 40 cm, and for medium and late-ripening varieties the recommended distance is 50.0-65.0 cm as they are larger. the main landing patterns are square-nested and ordinary. In the first case, the diagram looks like this 60.0 X 60.0 or 70.0 X 70.0 cm, and in the second 90.0 X 50.0 cm.

But when sowing seeds, it is important to take into account that they will be repeatedly thinned out, and the weak ones will be culled until only the strongest remain. It is performed twice. The first time the plants are in the 1st true leaf phase. At the same time, 2-3 shoots are left in the hole. The second weeding is carried out in the phase of 3-4 leaves. After that, 1 plant remains in the hole. Remote shoots are used for seedlings. Important - before thinning, the plants moisturize.

Seedling Care

In general, growing cabbage from seeds does not require special care, except for regular watering, loosening and weeding. The first weeding is carried out immediately after seed germination. Then it is important to protect the plants from pests and diseases. For this, seedlings are recommended to be regularly inspected and processed.

Next important point, for the care of seedlings - top dressing. The first is performed with mineral fertilizers (if necessary), during sowing. The amount of mineral fertilizers is 100 g per 1 weave. Subsequent top dressing is carried out taking into account the composition of the soil and the condition of the plants, as can be judged by their leaves. The next one is performed when 2-3 leaves are formed on the plants. The third - during the formation of the swing.

It is important to remember that the first dressings are performed at a shallow depth and closer to the roots. With each subsequent top dressing, the depth and distance increase.

Important points:

• destruction of the crust;
• regular weeding;
• loosening;
• watering.

Irrigation is recommended to be carried out with a decrease in humidity to 80% HB and up to 75% HB (on heavy soils) - in the period before heading out and, accordingly, to 70% HB in the subsequent time. In this case, the water rate should be 3-4 m3 per 1 hundred square meters - in the period before the start of tying heads and 4.7-5.7 m3 thereafter. For heavy soils - 5.0-5.5 m3 per 1 weave.

If after sowing the soil dries out, or rather its upper layer, then post-sowing irrigation is performed at the rate of 1.5-2.0 m3 per hundred square meters. 21-28 days before harvest, regular watering is stopped.

After watering and natural precipitation, loosening and weeding are carried out on the second or third day. Gradually increasing the depth of tillage to 10 cm. Experienced gardeners recommend hilling plants. This has a positive effect on productivity and is effective method weed control.

How to deal with cabbage pests?

In the first month, special attention is paid to protection from pests. The main pests for cabbage are presented in turn:

1. Cruciferous flea
2. Belyanka.
3. Moth.
4. Fly.

Name of the pest	Way to fight	Consumption
Cruciferous flea	Spraying with dust is considered a reliable way to deal with cruciferous flea. The solution is a mixture of DDT and 12% hexachlorane. In the absence of dust, they are replaced with a mixture of sodium silicofluoride, ash and dust, in a ratio of 1:1:1.	Processing is carried out on the basis of the norm - 12-15 g for every 10 m2. It is recommended to start processing at the first appearance of fleas. After that, repeat 2-3 more times with an interval of 1 week.
cabbage moth	Cabbage moth causes serious damage to plants, which gives several generations during the growing season. Therefore, it is important to deal with the pest in a timely manner. For this use: 1) Calcium arsenate. 3) Chlorophos solution (65%)	1) Consumption 12 g per 1 weave. 3) With a concentration of 0.15%.
Aphid	To combat aphids, use: a solution of anabazine sulfate. From folk remedies the most effective is considered - a decoction of tobacco leaves. Prepare as follows - boil tobacco leaves in 2 liters of water - 2 hours. Then the broth is set aside and allowed to cool. After that, it is filtered, a soapy solution is added to the liquid and the plants are treated.	At a concentration of 0.2%, at the rate of 500 ml per 10 m2.
cabbage fly	To destroy the cabbage fly use: 1) Processing with dust. 2) A solution of thiophos (30%) at a concentration of 0.03%. 3) A solution of chlorophos (65%) at a concentration of up to 0.25%. 4) Sprinkling the soil with a mixture of sand and naphthalene. 5) Sprinkling the soil with tobacco dust and lime in a ratio of 1: 1,	1) 3-5 g per 1.0 m2. 2) Consumption 250 g per plant. 3) Consumption per plant is up to 200 g. 4) In a ratio of 1:7. 5) In the amount of 300 g for every 10 m2.
Owl and White	1) Calcium arsenate. 2) 0.1-0.4% solution of entobacteria. 3) Chlorophos solution (65%)	1) Consumption 12 g per 1 weave. 2) at the rate of 1000 ml per 1 weave. 3) With a concentration of 0.15%.

The table below summarizes the main pest control methods for cabbage.

Answers to pressing questions from gardeners

Question number 1. Can white cabbage be grown with minimal or no chemicals?

Yes it is possible. For this, a special plant care system is used. First, they are sown in well-loosened soil, filling the holes with wood ash. Dill is sown between the beds. In the process of plant growth and maturation, weeds are not uprooted, but only cut off or mowed in height with seedlings. The cut grass is left in the aisle. Plants are treated with environmentally friendly preparations: Phytoferm, Biohumus, Vermicof, plus a solution of mullein or bird droppings.

Question number 2. What yield can be achieved using seedless growing method?

Experienced vegetable growers receive 400-500 kg of cabbage from the 1st weave (early ripe), 500-700 kg (mid-ripening) and 700-1000 kg (late varieties).

Question number 3. The best varieties for a seedless way of growing?

Early ripe: "Golden Hectare", "June", "Transformer",

Super early maturing: Wisconsin golden Acre, Dithmarsher Fruher, Sengar earby.

Mid-season: "Sibiryachka 60", "Blizzard", "Cossack F", "Amager", "Florin", "Final" and others.

Question number 4. Effective means of dealing with the black leg?

To effectively deal with black leg, it is important to understand the causes of its occurrence and know the factors that contribute to the development of the disease. Here are the main ones:

• excessive moisture;
• shading;
• thickened landing;
• insufficient ventilation;
• acidic soil.

Fighting methods:

• reduction of acidity by liming;
• the introduction of colloidal sulfur and potassium permanganate, at the rate of 5 g per 1 m2 and 5 g per 10 l of water, respectively;
• pouring dry sand;
• removal of affected plants and treatment of land plots with a solution of potassium permanganate.

Question number 5. Do I need to cover the wells with crops, if so, the better.

Place in crop rotation

The best predecessors for cabbage - reservoir and reservoir turnover perennial herbs, a mixture of annual forage grasses for silage and green manure, cucumber, early potatoes, onions, legumes. For medium and late varieties - a layer of clover, tomato, beets, carrots.

In a crop rotation, cabbage is placed as the first or second crop after the application of organic fertilizers.

You can not grow cabbage after cabbage and other representatives of Cabbage / radish, turnip, rutabaga /, as they are affected by the same pests and diseases.

On such soils, cabbage can be returned to its original place not earlier than after 3-4 years, and on soils infected with clubroot, after 4-5 years.

Late cabbage can be cultivated in the central part of the floodplain, as it is quickly freed from hollow water, which makes it possible to plant seedlings of late-ripening varieties earlier.

Crop rotations:

1) early cabbage

3) Late cabbage

4) Table root crops

1) early cabbage

4) Late cabbage

5) Table root crops

Soil preparation

Under medium and late-ripening varieties of cabbage, after predecessors that release the soil early, semi-fallow autumn processing is carried out. After harvesting the predecessor crop in late autumn, in order to grind plant residues and destroy a significant number of pests, disking and deep autumn plowing are carried out. Plant residues and harmful microflora with the help of autumn plowing with a plow with a skimmer close up to a depth of 25-30 cm.

The most important event in the cultivation of cabbage is timely autumn plowing. Deep plowing promotes better development of the root system. A small arable layer is deepened by plows with subsoilers. The earlier the autumn plowing is carried out, the higher the yield of cabbage. Plowing is carried out with a PLN-4-35 plow for 25-30 cm.

Spring tillage h It includes cover harrowing and cultivation with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers and herbicides. In areas of low relief with a close level of groundwater, ridges or ridges are cut in the fall so as not to be late with planting seedlings in the spring.

Fertilizer is one of the decisive conditions for obtaining a high yield of cabbage. On highly fertile floodplains, drained peatlands, areas of low relief, a high yield of cabbage can be obtained by applying mineral fertilizers alone. On less fertile soils, combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers is necessary.

Calculation of specific fertilizers for the planned harvest

The planned yield is 100 t/ha, the soil is southern chernozem, the depth of the arable layer is 30 cm, the bulk density of the soil is 1.2 g/cm 3

Topsoil mass:

30×1.2=3600t/ha.

Over the past 5 years, the average cabbage yield on the farm was 90t/ha. The difference between the planned and average yield is 10t/ha. This difference is used to calculate the application of fertilizers.

Early cabbage per 1 ton of harvest takes out the following amount of nutrients: N - 3.5 P - 0.8 K - 3.6

Then with a harvest of 10 tons it will be: N - 35 P -8 K - 36

On average, from mineral fertilizers in the first year of application, plants use (in%):

Taking into account the utilization factors, it is necessary to add to the soil:

N=35×100/60=58.3kg

R=8×100/20=40kg

K=36×100/70=51.4kg

In addition to minerals, humus is introduced, so the doses of mineral fertilizers are reduced.

The humus contains: N - 0.98 P - 0.58 K - 0.9

When introducing 15 tons of humus into the soil, the following is applied: N - 147 kg P - 87 kg K - 135 kg.

On average, from organic fertilizers in the first year, plants use (in%): N - 25 P - 40 K - 70.

So the plants get:

N=147×25/100=36.75kg

Р=87×40/100=34.8kg

K=137×70/100=94.5kg

It is necessary to reduce the doses of mineral fertilizers by these values. Then with mineral fertilizers it will be necessary to make:

K \u003d 51.4-94 \u003d (do not add potassium).

Selection of varieties

For cultivation using intensive technology, domestic varieties of different early maturity are used: hybrid SB3 (MSHA), Kharkiv winter, Stolichnaya, Podarok, Amager 611. They are resistant to head cracking, lodging, ripen together and are suitable for one-time machine harvesting.

Hybrid Kolobok

Productivity - up to 10 kg/sq.m. For open ground. Very picky about soil fertility, does not tolerate moisture deficiency. Maturing terms: late-ripening, technical ripeness of heads of cabbage comes on the 150th day after emergence of shoots. Fruit: heads of cabbage are rounded, medium-sized, high density, with a short inner stalk, weighing 2-3 kg. Differs in the high content of sugars, ascorbic acid, absence of bitterness, excellent taste. Heads of cabbage are very even. Relatively resistant to vascular and mucous bacteriosis, Fusarium wilt, gray and white rot. Crack resistant. For fresh consumption after long-term storage. Gingerbread man F1 - very productive, heads of cabbage aligned in shape and size, excellent taste. Thanks to all these properties, the hybrid is ideal for growing both for own consumption and for the purpose of selling products in the fall. The disease resistance of the Gingerbread F1 hybrid will allow you to avoid additional treatments with chemicals and get a high yield. The great value of this hybrid is the excellent taste of fresh produce, the absence of bitterness and the possibility of storing heads of cabbage for several months without loss of quality.

The need for seed, preparing seeds for sowing

Calculation of the need for seed

Seeding rate - 0.3 kg/ha.

Seeding rate per 5ha - 5×0.3=1.5kg

Preparing seeds for sowing.

Before sowing, for disinfection from bacterial and viral infections, the seeds are heated in hot water at a temperature of 50 ° C for 20 minutes, after which they are immediately cooled (for 3-5 minutes) in cold boiled water. Then the seeds can be soaked in growth stimulants (Gumat, Silk, Epin, etc.) for several hours (see instructions).

Agrotechnology for growing seedlings

As a rule, cabbage seedlings are grown in spring film greenhouses, hotbeds or seedlings in winter greenhouses.

The approximate dates for sowing late cabbage are the end of March - the beginning of April.

Seeds are sown to a depth of 1 cm, and covered with foil or newspapers on top to retain moisture in the topsoil. Shoots appear early - after 4-5 days, after which the film and newspapers are immediately removed.

After sowing, until germination, the temperature is maintained at +20 °C. After the emergence of shoots, the temperature in the greenhouse is reduced to +6 ... +10 ° С (both day and night), since this moment is critical and the plant switches from nutrition due to the supply of seeds to autotrophic nutrition. At the same time, seedlings under conditions of elevated temperatures, and especially with a lack of light, are strongly stretched and lie down. The duration of the period with a low temperature is 4-7 days - until the formation of the first true leaf.

Then the temperature is raised:

up to +14…+18 °С on sunny days,

12…+16 °С on cloudy days,

at night +6…+10 °С.

Relative air humidity - 60-70%. When growing seedlings, there should be strong ventilation.

Once a week, seedlings are watered with water with a weak solution of potassium permanganate (3 g per 10 l).

Planting seedlings

Medium and late varieties are harvested, as a rule, in one step. For fresh sale, they are cut down, leaving 1-2 covering leaves. For fermentation or winter storage, heads of cabbage are harvested with 2-3 covering leaves that are loosely attached. The length of the outer stump should not exceed 3 cm.

The yield of late cabbage is from 500-600 to 1000 centners.

plant care

The main task of care is the uninterrupted supply of food and water by applying fertilizing, watering, loosening the soil after each watering or rainfall, removing weeds, and protecting plants from pests and diseases.

Inter-row cultivation begins on the 2-5th day, depending on the soil conditions and the condition of the seedlings. The first loosening is carried out leaving the smallest protective zone. With subsequent treatments, the protective zone is increased, as the cabbage roots grow towards the row spacing. Due to the peculiarities of the development of the root system, it is better to do the first processing deeper than subsequent ones.

Herbicides are used to control weeds. Before planting seedlings, treflan is used: it is planted in the soil at a dose of 1-1.3 kg per 1 ha according to the a.w.. Hose sprayers are used to apply herbicides.

To improve the development of the root system, plants are spudded, which not only enhances root nutrition, but also gives them stability. Adventitious roots are formed only when hilling is carried out with moist, loose soil and at a younger age of plants. Therefore, they try to carry out the first loosening 20-25 days after planting seedlings for early varieties, 25-30 days for medium and late varieties. The second hilling is carried out 15-20 days after the first.

When organizing late cabbage irrigation, advantages are given to the furrow irrigation method. The use of short-jet, medium-jet machines and units during sprinkling reduces the yield and increases energy costs for the operation of tractors and agricultural machines.

For irrigation in the presence of high-performance sprinkler systems DDA-100MA, fine-dispersed sprinkling can be recommended when growing late cabbage in combination with 1-2 vegetation irrigations at a rate of 700-800 m 3 /ha. This mode of irrigation provides a yield of heads of 60-80 t/ha with an economical consumption of irrigation water per unit of production. For fine sprinkling, additional equipment installed on a sprinkler installation or machine is used. It is prescribed when the total area of ​​the leaves begins to exceed the surface of the soil under the plants and the closing of the leaves begins in the rows. Such irrigation is carried out on clear, dry, slightly cloudy days at an air temperature above +20...+2tС, usually from 10 am to 6 pm with an interval of 1 hour. Water consumption per pass of the unit is 480-800 l/ha. Finely dispersed sprinkling has a positive effect on the microclimate of the surface air layer. At the same time, the highest yield increase is obtained against the background of pre-irrigation soil moisture of 60% HB.

Cabbage responds positively to top dressing. Top dressing is applied without waiting for the appearance of sharp signs of plant starvation. The first top dressing is carried out shortly after planting the seedlings, the second is given before the start of head formation.

Approximate fertilizer rates for feeding cabbage are as follows: the first is 35:20:20, the second is 40:0:40 / nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium /.

Protecting plants from pests and diseases

More than 50 species of harmful insects and a large number of diseases. Insects cause considerable damage to the cabbage crop: cabbage and turnip whites, cabbage moth, cabbage scoop, as well as cabbage flea, clone, aphid, fly and turnip sawfly; from diseases - clubroot, mucous and vascular bacteriosis, fusarium, peronosporosis, black spot, etc.

When protecting plants from cabbage aphids, it is necessary to apply a set of preventive measures. Of the technological methods, the following are especially important: collection and destruction of stumps after harvesting cabbage, deep autumn plowing or digging of the site, destruction of weeds of the cabbage family in the adjacent territory; spatial isolation of testicles from food cabbage. To attract beneficial insects to protect against cabbage aphids, it is necessary to place nectar-bearing umbrella plants next to the cabbage - seed plants of carrots, parsley, celery, coriander, anise, fennel or dill.

Chemical means of protection against aphids: Actellik, 50% k. e. (5 g per 10 m 2), bi-58 new, 40% a.e. (5-10 g per 10 m 2), decis, 2.5% a.e. (3 g per 10 m 2), solone, 35% a.e. (16-20 g per 10 m 2). Multiplicity of treatments - no more than 2, waiting period after treatment - 20-25 days.

Destruction of weeds, top dressing and timely watering help protect plants from cabbage fleas. With a strong harmfulness of cabbage fleas, cabbage plantings are treated with bazudin, 60% a.e. at the rate of 10 g of the drug per 10 m 2, as well as Volaton 500, 50% c.e. - 10-15 g per 10 m2.

Cabbage bugs. Several types of cabbage bugs are harmful, of which rapeseed and decorated (cabbage) are the most common. Early planting of seedlings, fertilization, fertilizing, loosening the soil increase the resistance of plants to damage by bedbugs. In case of mass damage, cabbage plants are sprayed with Actellik, 50% k. e. with a drug consumption of 5 g per 10 m 2.

Stem cabbage secretive proboscis. Protection measures. Destruction of weeds and damaged leaves and plants. Disposal of damaged seedlings. Row spacing loosening and deep plowing or digging of the soil in autumn. With the mass appearance of beetles at the beginning of oviposition, spraying cabbage with Volaton 500, 50% a.e. with the consumption of the drug 6-10 g per 10 m 2 .

Among the pests of cabbage that cause large crop losses, the most dangerous are Lepidoptera, which cause damage during the growing season. Leaf-eating caterpillars of cabbage and turnip whites, cabbage moths, and cabbage scoops significantly reduce the yield and worsen its quality.

The set of measures to protect against leaf-eating pests of cabbage includes preventive technological methods and elements, their mechanical destruction, phytotherapeutic, chemical and biological preparations, as well as entomophages. In autumn, the post-harvest residues of the predecessor and cabbage family weeds around the site must be destroyed. Weeds and remains of cultivated plants serve as pest reservoirs; pupae hibernate on them. It is necessary to carefully observe the cultivation technology, starting with the main tillage, since healthy and strong plants suffer less from pests.

The main fungal disease of cabbage seedlings is the black leg. Hydrothermal treatment of seeds before sowing reduces the damage to plants by the disease. When a black leg appears, the lesions are watered with a 1% solution Bordeaux mixture or copper sulfate (5 g per 10 l of water), as well as a solution of potassium permanganate (3-5 g per 10 l of water). Consumption rate - 1 liter per 1 m 2.

A fungal disease of keel is widespread. In order to protect plants from this disease, before planting seedlings, freshly slaked lime is added to the wells at the rate of 35-40 g or 0.5 l of milk of lime with a concentration of 8% (800 g per 10 l of water), mixing the lime with the soil. After harvesting cabbage, 1-2 g per 10 m 2 of dry lime is applied to the soil. During the growing season, after watering and fertilizing, the cabbage is spudded, which contributes to the formation of additional roots and improves the development of plants.

Among other diseases of cabbage, there are dry rot, or phomosis, downy mildew, alternariosis (black spot), fusarium wilt, mosaic, gray rot (botrythiosis), white rot (sclerotinia), rhizoctoniosis, mucous bacteriosis, punctate necrosis, nebula, dry layers in heads of cabbage, etc. Technological methods and permitted fungicides are used to protect against diseases.

Harvest

The term for harvesting late-ripening cabbage varieties in the central non-chernozem zone usually occurs in the second half of September.

Medium and late varieties are harvested, as a rule, in one step. For fresh sale, they are cut down, leaving 1-2 covering leaves. For fermentation or winter storage, heads of cabbage are harvested with 2-3 covering leaves that are loosely attached.

The length of the outer stump should not exceed 3 cm.

Late cabbage is harvested in dry weather, when the air temperature during the day drops to +4 ... + 7 ° С, and at night it stays around zero. The air gaps between the leaves of the head give the cabbage resistance to short-term exposure to negative temperatures. Heads of late-ripening varieties can withstand frosts down to -5...-6°С. However, felled heads are less resistant to low temperatures, since freezing occurs faster on the bare tissue of the stump. For fermentation, heads of cabbage are taken, seized by a light frost, but not lower than -3 ... -4 ° С. High temperatures lead to cracking of heads.

For long-term fresh storage, cabbage is harvested as soon as possible. late dates when, as a result of a decrease in temperature, the intensity of physiological processes decreases sharply. However, heads of cabbage are harvested so that they do not freeze. Frozen heads of cabbage are almost not stored, and when fermented, they give low-quality products. A slight surface freezing does not harm the cabbage, but it should be removed after thawing on the vine.

Single-row harvesters MSK-1, E-800 are used for one-time harvesting of cabbage of medium and late-ripening varieties, two-row harvesters - MKP-2, UKM-2, MKU-2

Labor productivity from the use of platforms and conveyors increases by 2-2.5 times. The lowest labor costs are achieved when using wide-cut side discharge conveyors. In their absence, in addition to the POU-2 and PNSSH-12 platforms, a container carrier from the PT-3.5 tomato harvesting machine system, a T-16M self-propelled chassis and other vehicles are used to facilitate the removal of products from the site.