How many days do mosquito bites last in a child. Swelling, spots, allergies and itching from mosquito bites, how to smear them? In which countries do dangerous mosquitoes live?

17.04.2020

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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Where do mosquitoes come from?

Mosquitoes are one of the most common insects on the planet. They are found in almost all climatic zones and belts ( except for the arctic belt and deep desert). These insects have a great potential for reproduction, but for this they require certain conditions.

In the process of growth and development, the mosquito goes through four stages:

egg;
larva;
chrysalis;
imago ( adult).

The first three stages of mosquito development take place in water bodies. Thus, the greatest number of mosquitoes is observed in areas with stagnant water ( lakes, swamps, etc.). There are fewer mosquitoes on the banks of rivers and seas, since the water does not stagnate here, and many larvae die. In shallow and stagnant water bodies, the conditions for breeding mosquitoes are optimal. The water is usually warm, which promotes the development of larvae and pupae. In the water itself there are a large number of microorganisms and protozoa that the larvae feed on.

Thus, initially mosquitoes appear from places with standing warm water, where exist optimal conditions for their reproduction.

Also, mosquitoes can appear in other areas for the following reasons:

at low temperatures, mosquitoes go into a stupor and hide ( usually in basements, dark corners, attics, etc.);
in the warm season, mosquitoes live near human dwellings, since for many species it is a person who is the main source of food;
mosquitoes are often found in the forest, as some species feed on the blood of other warm-blooded animals;
many mosquitoes are found on livestock farms, where they can breed near wells or sewers and feed on the blood of domestic animals.

For a number of reasons, mosquitoes have been constant companions of humans for many millennia. Currently, the way of life of mosquitoes is actively studied to improve methods of dealing with these insects.

Why don't mosquitoes bite everyone?

What is the importance of mosquitoes for humans and nature?

For most species of mosquitoes, humans are one of the main food sources. The mosquito does not bring direct benefit. However, for nature, mosquitoes have quite great importance. From the point of view of ecology, these insects play a certain role in the cycle of substances ( nitrogen, some carbohydrates, etc.). In addition, mosquitoes, their larvae and pupae occupy an important place in the food chain. Male mosquitoes, feeding on nectar, along with bees contribute to the pollination of some plants.

What time and season are mosquitoes most active?

Mosquito activity during the year directly depends on weather changes ( humidity, temperature, Atmosphere pressure and etc.). The most favorable period for these insects falls on summer time. Mosquito season in the northern hemisphere begins in April - May and ends in September. In unusually warm or cold weather, these boundaries can shift by up to a month. In equatorial countries, mosquitoes are most active between the rainy and dry seasons. In some northern regions, these insects appear only for 3-4 weeks a year, when the temperature rises quite high.

If we talk about the time of day, then the greatest activity of mosquitoes occurs in the early morning ( around 5 am) and evening ( from 20 to 22 hours). However, these time frames are very relative. In swampy areas or in the forest after rain, mosquitoes are very active almost around the clock.

Where do mosquitoes hide in winter?

In the cold season, a significant number of mosquitoes die, since the life expectancy of most species does not exceed 40-50 days. For reproduction, these insects require heat and moisture. However, some mosquitoes go into a stupor in winter or find places with relatively comfortable conditions. These can be dark basements, shafts with heating pipes, etc.

Does the weather affect mosquitoes in spring and summer?

Weather conditions, of course, greatly affect the activity of mosquitoes. The smallest number of these insects occurs in the heat, when the temperature exceeds 30 degrees. These insects do not tolerate direct sunlight well, and are more likely to be found in the forest than, for example, in an open field. strong wind or rain create mechanical obstacles for their flights, so in bad weather you can also not be afraid of mosquitoes. The most favorable time for these insects is after the rain, when the humidity is still quite high, and the earth has not had time to get very hot.

What are mosquitoes?

Currently, science knows about 3 thousand species of mosquitoes, which are found on almost all continents. The greatest diversity is observed in equatorial countries with a humid and warm climate. This is due to the peculiarities of the development of mosquitoes. Larvae need warm water bodies for normal growth. In the northern countries, in the Arctic, in Antarctica or in the deserts, mosquitoes are practically not found, since they cannot withstand a strong decrease or increase in temperatures.
Each type of mosquito has its own characteristics. This applies not only appearance, but also lifestyle, nutrition, body structure.
Due to these features, some mosquitoes can pose a certain danger to humans. For example, Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes are often carriers of infectious diseases and play a large role in epidemic outbreaks of malaria, yellow fever, and other diseases.

On the territory of Russia, the most common mosquitoes of the following genera:

real mosquitoes Culex);
biters ( Aedes);
stinging mosquitoes ( Culiseta);
malarial mosquitoes ( Anopheles).

Each region is characterized by the distribution of one or another genus and species of these insects. Populations potentially dangerous mosquitoes trying to reduce. This is done by the sanitary and epidemiological services and representatives of the Ministry of Ecology.

common mosquito ( squeaker)

This type of mosquito is one of the most common on the globe. Its representatives meet in wild nature, and close to large cities, close to a person. Females of this species feed on plant sap and blood ( human or animal). Sometimes ordinary mosquitoes can be found in houses even in the cold season. As a rule, this happens if there is moisture in the basement or utility rooms where these insects breed. Ordinary mosquitoes rarely carry any diseases. Their bites are painless. Redness around the place mosquito bite moderate, and itching goes away on its own in 1 to 2 days. These insects do not pose a particular danger to humans.

Mosquito

Mosquitoes have a number of differences from ordinary mosquitoes, so they are usually classified as a separate group. First of all, the habitat of these insects is different. Mosquitoes prefer a hot climate, so they are widespread in the equator and tropics. In size, most mosquitoes are somewhat inferior to mosquitoes. Color can vary from pale gray to black. There are a number of differences in the structure of the body. Unlike mosquitoes, mosquitoes do not need water bodies to breed. Their larvae develop in moist, warm soil. Like mosquitoes, these insects feed on the blood of humans and animals. From a medical point of view, mosquitoes can be carriers of a number of infectious diseases. That is why their bites should be avoided more than ordinary mosquitoes.

A mosquito bite can lead to the following pathologies:

bartonellosis;
leishmaniasis;
some fevers ( only in certain areas where the corresponding pathogen occurs).

Malaria mosquito ( anopheles)

Malaria mosquitoes are widespread in countries with a warm and humid climate. This condition is necessary for the development of larvae. Females lay their eggs on the surface of water bodies with a water temperature of 12 to 35 degrees ( depending on the type of mosquito). Theoretically, Anopheles can live and breed in many European countries, but thanks to radical measures to destroy this species, it is now almost never found on the European continent. The same representatives that still breed here are not infected with plasmodia ( malaria pathogens), although, in general, they can be their carriers in the event of an epidemic. That is why malaria patients are isolated in special boxes protected from mosquitoes. This helps to avoid outbreaks of malaria.

How is a malaria mosquito different from a normal mosquito?

Each type of mosquito has its own distinctive features which can be seen if you look closely. Anopheles, a mosquito that can carry malaria, is also different from normal mosquitoes. Noticing such a mosquito in Europe or on the territory of the former USSR, you should not worry. Here they are found, but do not pose a serious danger, since they are not infected with the causative agent of the disease. If such a mosquito bites a person in Africa or South Asia, the chance of getting infected is very high.

The Anopheles mosquito can be recognized by the following features:

the hind pair of legs is much longer than the front pair;
during a bite, the torso is at an angle to the skin, the head is lowered, and the abdomen is raised;
the antennae on the sides of the proboscis are longer than those of an ordinary mosquito, so it seems that it has 2 - 3 proboscis;
during a bite, the proboscis enters the skin at an acute angle, and not perpendicularly;
if you look closely, you can see small spots on the wings that ordinary mosquitoes do not have.

Longleg ( caramora)

Long-legged mosquitoes are a separate family. They are distributed throughout the globe. Most often, such mosquitoes can be found near swamps, lakes or other small fresh water bodies. The leg span of an adult mosquito can reach 6 cm ( and in tropical countries and up to 10 cm). Because of this, people are often afraid of the weevils, mistakenly believing that they bite painfully or carry any diseases. In fact, centipede mosquitoes are harmless to humans. Their proboscises are adapted to feed on nectar and cannot pierce human skin, and the digestive system simply does not absorb nutrients from the blood.

In most cases, mosquito bites are limited to the following manifestations:

painlessness or mild discomfort at the time of the bite;
the formation of a small compaction ( size also depends on the site of the bite);

moderate or severe itching at the site of the bite, which lasts from 5-6 hours to 1-2 days;
discomfort when touching the bite site;
slight redness ( does not always occur).

A bite from a common mosquito does not require medical attention. The above symptoms usually go away on their own, even without the use of any special means. The danger is intense combing of the bite, as this damages the skin and forms a wound where the infection can easily penetrate.

Despite the rather harmless consequences, doctors recommend avoiding it if possible. insect bites.

Does a person's blood type matter to mosquitoes?

Female mosquitoes, biting a person, tend to get a large amount of proteins and lipids, which are not found in the juice or nectar of plants. Insects need these substances when laying eggs. The blood type of a person is of secondary importance. The nutrients required by mosquitoes are identical in all humans. However, statistically, mosquitoes are more likely to bite people with type I blood. Next come the "victims" with the third, second and fourth group. The Rh factor does not play a significant role. Some experts suggest that this selectivity is due to different release of substances that attract mosquitoes. However, a strict regularity has not yet been proven.

Why does a mosquito bite itch?

This phenomenon is based on a local allergic reaction to proteins contained in mosquito saliva. When a person is bitten by a mosquito for the first time in life, there is no itching, as the body is only “getting acquainted” with the new protein. But throughout life, mosquitoes bite a person many times. When saliva enters the body again, special cells migrate to the site of the bite and secrete substances that cause mild inflammation, swelling and itching. Some people are very sensitive to mosquito bites and have a more severe allergic reaction.

How and how to properly treat the site of a mosquito bite so that there is no itching and redness?

Itching, redness, and slight swelling at the site of the bite are due to a cellular reaction to proteins in the mosquito's saliva. In medicine, special antihistamines are used that can block this reaction. As a result, symptoms will be minimal. The sooner you apply these funds to the bite site, the more pronounced the effect of their use will be.

The following agents have an antihistamine effect:

dissolved in warm water an aspirin tablet;
antiallergic drugs ( including drops for eyes or nose) applied to the bite site.

The main effect of these substances is to reduce itching, which causes many people ( especially children) comb bites to the blood. In case of combing and formation of a wound, it must be treated with disinfectants ( alcohol, iodine, potassium permanganate solution, etc.) to prevent infection. Special lotions and patches are commercially available that contain a combination of antihistamines and disinfectants.

Mosquito bite stickers

Many manufacturers of insect repellents also produce products that help with mosquito bites. Currently, special stickers and patches are widely used. The material of which this sticker is made is impregnated with substances that soothe the skin. Thanks to this, the itching disappears within a few minutes after sticking the patch to the bite site.

What to do if the child is badly bitten by mosquitoes?

A large number of bites can cause atypical symptoms in young children ( bad dream, nausea or vomiting , mild fever). This is due to the imperfection of the immune system of the child compared to the adult body. Reactions, which in adults are usually limited to the site of a bite, in children, to one degree or another, affect the entire body. As a rule, all these phenomena are temporary and pass on their own. However, one must be aware of the minimal possibility of transmission of some infectious diseases that are early stages are also manifested by general malaise and a moderate increase in body temperature. Therefore, if after numerous mosquito bites the child feels unwell, it is better to go to see a pediatrician or a general practitioner.

In general, the main problem is itching, which children do not tolerate well. Intensive scratching of the bite site often leads to the formation of wounds, infection, and sometimes the formation of pustules. That is why the bite site must be immediately treated with special lotions or ointments that reduce itching.

Folk remedies after a mosquito bite ( essential oil, clove oil, vinegar, etc.)

The main task after a mosquito bite is to relieve itching and inflammation. This is especially true for young children who cannot endure, become restless, sleep poorly and often comb the bite to the blood. There are quite a few folk remediesthat help to cope with this problem. Some medicinal plants have a calming effect on the nerve endings.

To eliminate the effects of a mosquito bite, you can resort to the following folk remedies:

temporary effect may be provided by the application of ice, since the cold slows down the cellular response to a bite ( if you apply immediately after the bite, the swelling and itching will not be so strong);
toothpaste ( containing menthol or eucalyptus) will also soothe irritation, apply it for 5-7 minutes;
cotton wool soaked in vinegar can relieve itching;
baking soda solution;
clove, lavender, or essential oil will also reduce the reaction to the sting.

It should be noted that the effectiveness of the above means is very limited. It largely depends on the individual reaction of the body to the ingress of mosquito saliva. In some people, redness and itching will be more pronounced, in others - almost imperceptible.

What to do if blisters appear at the site of the bite?

Blisters are stratifications of the skin, in the cavity of which intercellular fluid accumulates. Such a reaction is possible due to an overly intense immune response, but it is very rare. When such blisters appear at the site of the bite, it is better to consult an allergist. It is impossible to pierce the film on the surface of the blisters on your own, as this will lead to the formation of a wound that will dry out and heal for a long time. It is better to treat the skin around the blister with disinfectants ( alcohol, iodine, brilliant green, etc.), and put a bandage on the bite itself. As a rule, the blisters go away on their own within 1 to 2 days without any consequences.

What to do with severe swelling and bumps?

Severe swelling and the formation of a dense bump at the site of the bite is possible in people with hypersensitivity to mosquito bites. The bite site in this case should be treated with an ointment or lotion containing anti-inflammatory substances ( e.g. hydrocortisone ointment). This will reduce swelling and itching. If the swelling does not go away, it is best to see a doctor, as this may be the first sign of a severe allergic reaction. If severe swelling occurs away from the bite site, you should urgently seek medical help. In all cases, it is best to avoid repeated bites. The lump may persist for several days, but usually resolves on its own.

What to do when spots appear?

The appearance of spots around the site of a mosquito bite is not typical. If the case occurs in places where mosquitoes-carriers of infectious diseases are not found, red spots may be one of the manifestations of an allergic reaction. When spots appear after a bite in tropical countries, there is a risk of infection with any infection. In any case, it is better for a person to consult a doctor to clarify the nature of this symptom.

What to do with mosquito bites on the face?

Mosquito bites on the face are not only very itchy, but also cause a temporary cosmetic defect. Increased itching is due to the large number of nerves and, as a result, the sensitivity of the skin in this area. It is impossible to comb such bites, as an infection can get into the wound. It is best to treat the bite site with a cream or lotion containing antihistamines. These components suppress allergic manifestations, and the itching quickly disappears. When a wound is formed during combing, it is necessary to treat it with alcohol or cologne, and then seal it with adhesive tape until a crust forms.

Do I need to see a doctor after a mosquito bite?

In the warm season, mosquitoes bite millions of people every day, and in the vast majority of cases, no medical attention is required. Slight redness, slight swelling and itching for several days is a normal reaction of the body to the ingress of insect saliva. A doctor should be consulted only in cases where there are any atypical symptoms and effects of bites.

The following symptoms and complaints may be the reason for seeking medical help after a mosquito bite:

severe pain at the site of the bite or unbearable itching;
the appearance of a rash both at the bite site and in other parts of the body);
temperature increase;
the appearance of severe headaches, muscle pain or joint pain;
severe swelling at the site of the bite;
the formation of a seal or bump;
signs of an allergic reaction after a bite.

Most often in these cases we are talking about the high sensitivity of a person to mosquito bites, which causes severe redness, itching or induration at the bite site. With these symptoms, you can consult a general practitioner ( family doctor, emergency doctor, therapist, etc.). An allergist can usually provide the most qualified help.

With the appearance of a high temperature, aches in the joints and severe headaches, you should urgently contact an infectious disease specialist. Such patients should be carefully examined with the appointment of all necessary analyzes for major diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.

Why are mosquito bites dangerous?

In the vast majority of cases, mosquito bites do not pose any danger to humans. The bite site can be very itchy, but apart from temporary discomfort ( usually 1 - 2 days) there is no health risk. However, mosquito bites should be avoided as there is some risk involved.

In some cases, mosquito bites are dangerous for the following reasons:

Combing the bite site. This problem occurs predominantly in young children who cannot cope with itching. Constant scratching of the bite site leads to damage to the skin and the formation of a wound, where ordinary dirt or bacteria from the surface of the skin can enter. And although the saliva of the mosquito itself does not cause harm in this case, as a result, an abscess often forms at the site of the bite. In severe cases, such patients require surgical debridement. Especially dangerous are bites on the face, in the region of the nasolabial triangle. From here, venous blood flows into the deep veins, and the infection can enter the cranium. That is why adults should not comb mosquito bites, and children need to be watched, and if a wound appears, disinfect it and seal it with adhesive tape.
Transmission of infectious diseases. Mosquito bites can transmit some infectious diseases. It has now been revealed that for each disease there are different types of mosquito vectors. Most of these species are found in warm countries. Diseases transmitted by these mosquitoes can be life threatening. Malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever kill millions each year and are a major problem in parts of Africa, South America and Asia.
Allergic reactions. Allergy to mosquito bites is relatively rare. In medicine, it has a specific name - kulicidosis. In fact, even an ordinary mosquito bite with mild swelling and itching is allergic in nature. But in young children or people with sensitive immune systems ( allergy sufferers) the reaction may be more intense. In rare cases, a mosquito bite can cause anaphylactic shock and be life-threatening.

Thus, mosquito bites in the vast majority of cases do not pose a serious problem, but under certain conditions they can be dangerous. It is recommended to avoid them if possible, and not to ignore unusual symptoms after a bite, if any.

What diseases do mosquitoes carry?

There are many different types of mosquitoes in the world, but only a few of them pose a serious danger to humans. The most dangerous are mosquito bites, which can potentially be carriers of infectious diseases. Such mosquitoes live mainly in warm countries. In Europe and many countries of the former USSR, the necessary measures were taken in due time to eliminate dangerous species of mosquitoes and infectious agents that are carried by mosquitoes.

The most common dengue fever occurs in the following regions:

Africa;
countries of Southeast Asia;
Oceania;
Caribbean countries.

Dengue fever is a very dangerous disease. The first symptoms appear 3-7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Most typically there is a sharp increase in temperature, which subsequently rises and falls in waves. Other symptoms characteristic of dengue fever are rashes, headaches, muscle and joint pains, sleep problems, etc.

Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a severe viral disease that is very common in Africa and South America. The causative agent of the disease can be transmitted through the bite of the Aedes Aegypti mosquito from a sick person to a healthy one. For representatives of the European continent, this disease is dangerous only in case of rest in warm countries. Currently, there is a list of countries where the risk of contracting yellow fever is highest, therefore, upon entry, travelers require a certificate of vaccination.

The main symptoms after a mosquito bite are:

heat ( in severe cases up to 41 degrees);
swelling of the face and eyelids;
excruciating headaches;
aches in the joints and aching pain in the muscles;
yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes ( due to liver damage).

These symptoms appear suddenly 3 to 6 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. It can be difficult to make a correct diagnosis, since a person could already return from rest during this period of time, and the very place of a mosquito bite becomes almost invisible.

The disease poses a threat to life, primarily due to rapidly developing renal failure and liver failure. In the absence of vaccination, mortality can be up to 10 - 15% of cases, even with proper treatment.

In which countries do dangerous mosquitoes live?

The most dangerous are the types of mosquitoes that can carry infectious diseases. Most of these species live in countries with a warm and humid climate. It is advisable for travelers and tourists to know in advance what kind of danger mosquitoes pose in a particular country. This will allow you to properly prepare for the trip. For example, to protect against yellow fever ( carried by some types of mosquitoes) there are special vaccines. Full information about the epidemiological situation in a particular country can be obtained on specialized websites or clarified with a travel operator. The table below shows the most dangerous types of mosquitoes and their habitats.

Distribution of the most dangerous species of mosquitoes

Most countries with a high standard of living are taking active measures to combat the spread of dangerous mosquitoes. In tourist areas, special substances and devices are used to create security in a certain area. However, tourists should be careful. If you are bitten by a mosquito in one of these countries and experience unusual symptoms ( joint pain, rash, fever, etc.) Seek immediate medical attention.

In addition, some countries require tourists to present a yellow fever vaccination certificate upon entry. Upon arrival from countries endemic for these diseases, tourists with a fever or other characteristic symptoms may be placed in quarantine.

It should also be noted that dangerous mosquitoes sometimes "travel" with tourists. There are cases when infected mosquitoes were transported in luggage with things and infected people in countries where there are no tropical fevers. In these cases, the outbreak and spread of the disease does not occur, since mosquitoes in a different climatic zone cannot transmit the virus, and the imported mosquito itself quickly dies.

Is it possible to be allergic to mosquito bites?

An allergy to mosquito bites is called culicidosis. This is a relatively rare occurrence that occurs only in allergy sufferers and young children. In children the immune system, in principle, is not yet perfect compared to adults. Most substances that come into contact with the body are new. Proteins in mosquito saliva can also trigger an overactive reaction. In general, the mechanisms behind the development of allergies are very complex, and it is difficult to say why some people have more allergic reactions than others.

Most often, an allergy to a mosquito bite is manifested by the following symptoms:

extensive redness around the bite site ( diameter up to 5 cm or more);
dense swelling around the bite site;
severe itching ( sometimes unbearable);
soreness of the skin around the bite when touched.

These symptoms usually develop rather quickly and resemble a bee or wasp sting rather than a mosquito sting. Redness and swelling may not go away for several days, creating serious discomfort. In severe cases, an allergic reaction may be generalized ( affect the whole body). There are several variants of such reactions. First, urticaria may appear ( characteristic rash on the body). Secondly, Quincke's edema may develop ( angioedema), in which a very strong swelling occurs not at the site of the bite. Dangerous, first of all, swelling of the larynx, which can create difficulty breathing. The most severe variant of an allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock, in which blood pressure drops sharply, there are problems with breathing and heartbeat. Without urgent medical attention, the patient can die within 10 to 15 minutes. However, in the case of mosquito bites, such severe reactions are extremely rare. There are contraindications. Before use, you should consult with a specialist.

For the average resident of Russia, a mosquito bite is a mild and quickly disappearing rash. In most regions of our country, especially in Western Siberia and the Arctic, mosquitoes greatly annoy people during the period of mass flight. There are places where mosquitoes are carriers of infection.

I. Mosquitoes - vectors of human diseases

Diseases associated with mosquito bites are malaria, encephalitis, and some helminthiases. Imported and local forms of diseases are registered in Russia.

According to WHO, up to 200 million people fall ill with malaria each year, and up to 600,000 people die worldwide.

The introduction of the pathogen into the human body occurs after a mosquito punctures a capillary or blood vessel. Diseases transmitted by arthropods are called transmissible.

Infection of people from the bites of blood-sucking insects occurs in the following climatic zones:

in tropical countries - all year round;

in temperate regions - seasonally, if

the average daily air temperature is above 16-20 o C for 35 or more days in a row;

in any locality, if there are moist biotopes for the development of mosquito larvae and in in large numbers favorite animals live - victims of these insects.

The danger of vector-borne diseases is as follows:

mosquito bites are usually not noticed by a person;

the first symptoms of the disease may not appear for a long time;

the diagnosis of most of these infections is difficult for doctors in prosperous regions;

treatment has its own characteristics (antibiotics are useless for protozoal, viral and helminthic diseases, they are used only as adjuvants for some transmissible helminthiases).

The causative agents of diseases transmitted by mosquito bites have a different biological nature:

The simplest, nosological form:

malaria, its types - tropical, three-four-day fever, oval malaria.

Viruses, nosological forms:

Complications after the disease in the form of deficiency of functions nervous system. Damage to other organs and systems is possible.

Clinical manifestations of the acute period of the disease in the form of lesions:

lymph nodes with stagnation of lymph and an increase in certain parts of the body;

eye with partial/complete loss of vision;

subcutaneous tissue - migration of dirofilaria: a person feels movement under the skin;

Severe headaches, fever, allergic rashes are characteristic. In the absence of treatment, a person is doomed to a long-term carriage of helminths.

What can be done to prevent infections transmitted by mosquitoes?

It is necessary to get vaccinated against dangerous tropical infections in advance before the upcoming trip to countries with an unfavorable epidemiological situation. Protective (protective) properties of vaccines are formed for a long time.

The current lists of countries that are disadvantaged in this respect and the addresses of vaccination points in the regions of Russia are updated annually and posted on the official website of Rospotrebnadzor.

For example, as of 2014, there were 35 vaccination points throughout Russia, which had all the conditions for vaccination against yellow fever.

Not all tropical diseases can be avoided by vaccination. Use funds personal protection(repellents, insecticides, curtains, Pavlovsky mosquito nets, fumigators, electronic repellers) when visiting potentially dangerous natural objects.

Normal precautions are an effective means of preventing vector-borne diseases.

Which repellent to choose?

Repellents are used to repel mosquitoes and ticks. These products are intended for application to the skin and clothing. The active ingredients in mosquito repellants belong to one of three types:

DEET in concentrations from 1 to 50%, the minimum concentration is suitable for children, the maximum for adults in field conditions);

DMF - dimethyl phthalate, which is used to a limited extent, since it is ineffective against ticks (they impregnate mosquito nets);

IR3535 at a concentration of 10% is allowed for application to the skin of a child from one year old.

Sometimes essential oils of plants (geranium, juniper) are used as repellents. The effectiveness of such protective equipment significantly lower than special chemical compositions. Repellents based on aromatic oils should be used only in urban areas.

Attention! Possible individual intolerance to repellents, including vegetable ones.

Repellents are produced in the form of:

aerosol - application to open areas of the skin and clothing;

cream, milk, gel - application to the skin;

electronic devices (do not contain DEET).

Popular brands of repellents:

Raptor, Mosquitail, Gardex, OFF!, Reftamid, DEET, Komaroff, OZZ, Ultraton, ThermaCell - electronic portable devices, BugSTOP - mosquito bracelets for children and adults. The best means effectively protect against bites for 4 to 8 hours.

When choosing a product abroad, to eliminate the risk of purchasing an insecticide under the guise of a repellent, be guided by the name of the active substance - DEET (DETA) or IR3535. Require a certificate and state registration of goods (possible in some countries). Buy repellents in pharmacies.

Which insecticide to choose?

Insecticides kill mosquitoes and other insects. It is forbidden to apply such compositions to the skin. Insecticides can only be used to treat outerwear using coarse aerosols or spraying in indoor air.

pyrethroids

Pyrethroids are the only group of modern insecticides. These are synthetic analogues of natural substances (pyrethrins) formed by the flowers of African chamomile species. They are produced industrially in the form of an oily liquid under the trade names:

Alpha-allethrin (English d-allethrin, Pynamin, d-allethrin, d-cisallethrin, Bioallethrin, Esbiothrin, Pyresin, Pyrexcel, Pyrocide, trans-allethrin);

Transfluthrin (English Baygon, Baythrin);

Prallethrin or Etoc.

Insecticides use low concentrations of the active ingredient. When buying, be sure to pay attention to its percentage. Low concentrations are suitable for children and under normal conditions, high concentrations are suitable for short-term use in harsh conditions - in the jungle, savannah.

Outdated active ingredients of insecticides - FOS (organophosphorus compounds dichlorvos, chlorophos, karbofos, dust, DDT) are prohibited for use!

Insecticides are commercially available in the following forms:

Liquid (treatment of outerwear, open spaces, premises);

Plate for electrofumigator (spraying insecticides in the form of ultra-low-volume aerosols in the premises);

Aerosol (spray in the form of coarse sprays indoors and on outerwear).

Popular trade marks insecticides and repellents are the same. There are brands that produce exclusively insecticides (Fumitoks, Veles).

When choosing an insecticide abroad, as well as when buying a repellent, be guided by the name of the active substance. Ask for a certificate, state registration for the purchased goods. Buy insecticides from local pharmacies.

How to choose a mosquito net or Pavlovsky net?

Some hotels in the tropical zone provide bed curtains to protect the bed from mosquitoes, be sure to use them. Going on an individual tour or a business trip to hot countries, take a portable bed curtain with you.

When choosing, focus on:

the quality of the material from which the network is made;

cell size;

seam strength.

Mosquito net Pavlovsky

This is a simple device for personal use to protect the head, neck and upper body from insect bites. There are products for sale from different manufacturers. The mesh is impregnated with one of the repellents, usually DEET (diethyltoluamide) or DMF (dimethyl phthalate).

Benefits of the Pavlovsky grid- light weight, no need to apply insecticides to clothes and change into a special uniform. Certified nets impregnated with a composition developed by Academician E.N. Pavlovsky, have a deterrent property for up to two months. When visiting places with a high density of the midge population, you need to additionally use a mosquito net - a hat and a mosquito net - a net.

How to make a Pavlovsky mosquito net with your own hands?

On knitting needles made of cotton or linen yarn, you need to knit a mesh cape in the form of a scarf, scarf or collar. Yarn should be chosen hygroscopic (well absorbing moisture). Ready product must be impregnated with one of the repellents (see above) and dried. To be worn by an adult or child over the shoulders. Its validity period is up to 10 days after a single impregnation. If necessary, the mesh can be reprocessed. A certified mesh sold in a retail network has a longer repellent effect - up to 2 months.

How to make a mosquito net - a canopy for a baby stroller?

The material for the canopy can be thick gauze or a special mosquito net, which is sold in the store. It is necessary to determine the required size, sew an elastic band or braid along the edge, cover the stroller with the resulting canopy and tighten the edges to prevent mosquitoes from getting inside.

With a small number of natural enemies that feed on insect larvae, the mosquito population of the Russian middle zone, Western Siberia and the Polar region reaches enormous sizes. Diptera (mosquitoes, midges, midges, horseflies, flies) form a community of blood-sucking insects that have a common name - midges.

Species of local mosquitoes may well be carriers of infections dangerous to humans. However, the development of pathogens in a mosquito and human infection does not occur. In most regions of our country, the amount of summer temperatures sufficient for the development of an infectious agent in a mosquito is not observed. The necessary conditions for the development of infectious agents, see above.

The main limiting factor in the spread of vector-borne infections in a temperate and harsh climate is the short period of active life of the mosquito.

How long does a mosquito live after being bitten?

The bloodsucker is exclusively a female mosquito. Blood is used by her as the main source of energy necessary for the development of fertilized eggs.

The development cycle of a mosquito consists of four stages:

the egg is in the body of the female;

larva - in the reservoir, four instars of mosquito larvae were established;

pupa - in a pond, wet substrate;

The duration of the stage of development of fertilized eggs depends on temperature environment. For example, at a temperature of 16 ° C, it is 2-4 days. This period is the life time of a mosquito after a bite. The repeated activity of the female for the purpose of bearing offspring is unlikely (there is no biological expediency). After laying eggs, the individual dies.

In the conditions of Western Siberia, only one generation (generation) of mosquitoes is recorded. In subtropical conditions - 3-4 generations, in hot countries - up to 8-10 generations. In hot and temperate climates, the duration of the individual life of a bloodsucker does not differ significantly.

The life span of mosquitoes (male and female) that have not received blood in summer period- from several days to four months.

The lower the ambient temperature, the longer the mosquito's lifespan.

At low temperatures, mosquitoes are most of the time in an inactive state, they do not take part in reproduction. For this reason, infectious agents do not develop in a cool climate. Vector-borne diseases that circulate for a long time in the fauna with the participation of susceptible wild and domestic animals are called natural focal diseases.

Transmission of infections from mosquitoes to humans and animals occurs transovarially. This is a method of spreading the pathogen inside the body, when, when bitten by a sick person (animal), the pathogen is absorbed by the mosquito along with the blood, after which the infection passes into the eggs of the female mosquito, and from there into the larva (chrysalis), and completes development in the adult to:

a full-fledged pathogen (protozoosis, bacteria, virus).

As a result, the entire next generation of adults becomes carriers of the infection.

The first symptoms appear after a while in the form of itching, burning, inflammation of local areas of the body. Symptoms of a bite of infectious and sterile mosquitoes are practically the same.

Red spots after mosquito bites

The formation of small red blisters at the site of a mosquito bite is a natural response of the body. A blister is a variant of the primary rash in the form of a small swelling on the skin, disappearing without a trace in a short time.

Red spots and a rash that appears on the skin a long time after the bite is a reason to exclude an infectious or invasive disease. Clinical examination, microscopy, allergic and immunological methods are used to determine the cause of the rash.

Clinical observation:

The rash characteristic of vector-borne diseases is accompanied by fever, muscle aches, and headaches.

Laboratory methods:

Blood test for malaria. A drop of blood is applied to a glass slide (thick drop method), the sample is examined under a microscope in order to detect Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Differentiation of the type of malaria is carried out in a thin layer of blood stained by the Giemsa method.

Exclusion Research. It is carried out using a skin test to determine IgE reagins in the patient's blood. A high level of reagins indicates helminthic invasion or atopic allergy.

Itching from a mosquito bite

Attention! For this purpose, repellents and insecticides in the form of gels, creams and aerosols should not be used. They won't get rid of the itch.

Mosquito squeaks often cause debilitating nervous itching in people, especially at night. For a comfortable sleep, it is necessary to use fumigators.

The principle of operation of the fumigator is based on heating and spraying the insecticide in a plate or in liquid form. The safety of the drug for humans is guaranteed by a particularly small amount of the substance in the environment. The process of thermal sublimation of insecticides occurs in the device from:

electrical network (stationary version);

pocket battery (portable device, convenient for use in nature).

Portable fumigators have been developed for individual wear on the body in the form of bracelets or compact devices attached to the belt. Such devices can be used even when moving.

You will need:

stearin candle, matches;

metal (tin) container;

insecticide in liquid form (see above) and ordinary water.

A clean empty tin can is suitable as a container. The insecticide must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1:100 and poured into a jar a small amount of(5-10 ml). A jar of insecticide solution must be heated with a burning candle. Complete evaporation of such a volume of insecticide (5-10 ml) is sufficient to kill mosquitoes that have flown into tourist tent(small room). If necessary, repeat the procedure, ventilate the tent, and carry out the treatment at least three hours before going to bed.

Attention! Individual intolerance to insecticides is possible. Install fumigators at a distance of more than one meter from the bed.

The lifespan of mosquitoes depends on the temperature and characteristics of the habitat, food and sex. Adult male mosquitoes feed on nectar. flowering plants. Females need animal or human blood to breed. Without this, too weak offspring will appear from the fertilized eggs, and the female herself will most likely die. Saturated with blood, she will give birth to strong offspring and remain alive.

Surprisingly, mosquitoes live longer at lower air temperatures. The life cycle of a female mosquito, from egg to adult, at an average daily ambient temperature of about 25ºС will be 42 days. When the temperature is 10ºС, the mosquito is able to live 115 days. The life of a male in any case is 2 times shorter. Mosquitoes live after a bite the same amount, their life is not reduced. True, this does not take into account accidental death from frogs, fish, fumigators, insecticides and disgruntled people.

Fortified nutrition also increases the lifespan of the mosquito. In one night, a mosquito bites 6-8 times. 2-3 mosquitoes that have flown into the room may well provide itching all over the body.

Who do they prefer to bite more often?

Why don't mosquitoes bite everyone? Mosquitoes bite almost everyone. However, you probably noticed that the mosquitoes that flew into the room bit the child more strongly, while others hardly touched. This has its own explanation. Children's skin is delicate and thin, so it is easier to bite through it, the capillaries are closer to the surface, and the metabolism is faster than that of an adult. Therefore, the child is an easy prey.

Female mosquitoes are attracted to the smell of lactic acid from human sweat and exhaled carbon dioxide. They enjoy the smell of steroids, cholesterol and nonanal. This is found in fat people and patients with cardiovascular diseases. Another preference is those who have high testosterone or estrogen levels. Strong men and pregnant women are at risk for bites.

Bloodsuckers react to warm-blooded creatures, so they choose people who are hotter to the touch. Perhaps that is why people with malaria are more likely to be bitten by mosquitoes.

Insects don't like the smell coming from people taking cholesterol-lowering medications. In some cases, mosquitoes are attracted to the scent of face and hand cream, hair balm, or aftershave.

What can be the reaction to the bite?

There are more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, and up to 100 varieties can live in one country. In the city, some species bite you, and while walking in the forest, in the mountains or while relaxing near a reservoir, they are completely different. Even one person reacts differently to mosquito bites. The bite of some insects passes on its own within 1-2 days, only slightly disturbing with itching and redness. However, traces from others do not go away for more than a week and every day they torment more and more. Sometimes without a special remedy it is not cured.

Itching, redness and swelling on the skin after a mosquito bite is due to an allergic reaction to the saliva of the insect. Komariha injects it after she pierces a person's skin with her proboscis. Therefore, it is not entirely true to say that the mosquito bites, it rather perforates or pierces the skin. Saliva relieves pain and prevents blood from clotting while it is being sucked out. Itching begins after the insect flies away. In children and allergic people, the reaction to this foreign protein is stronger, so swelling, itching, blisters and even suppuration are observed.

Mosquito bites are not that harmless. Sometimes, under special weather conditions, individuals from neighboring regions may appear. As a result, a mosquito bite can turn into serious illness or even anaphylactic shock. If you or your child suddenly has a sharp rise in temperature, swollen lymph nodes, weakness and headache, unexplained drowsiness and a rash, it is better to call a doctor so as not to miss the symptoms of dangerous diseases - malaria, fever, etc.

What to do so that mosquitoes do not bite?

If clouds of insects are swarming near your home, it is better to go outside fully armed. That is, having processed the skin and clothes special tool repelling mosquitoes. Very often small children are bitten, so when walking with a child, gauze or a special mesh impregnated with an IR3535-based repellent or vegetable essential oils- geraniums, cloves, anise, eucalyptus and lavender. If you went on a picnic with a baby, a DEET-based repellent with a concentration of the main substance of no more than 1% is allowed. The tent and mosquito canopy are treated with the same solution or spray. It is dangerous to apply any products to children's skin due to a possible allergic reaction.

In order not to attract mosquitoes, you should not use perfumes with a sweet aroma during a walk or a country trip.
In the evening and at night, do not open windows without mosquito nets.
Even on the doorway it is better to hang a thin curtain.
Do not turn on a lot of light in the room, because. mosquitoes fly into the light.
Remember that there are significantly more mosquitoes in the forest and near the swamp, so the repellent protection should also be stronger.
To protect children from mosquitoes, you need to choose clothes that cover the skin on the arms and legs as much as possible.
The outer surface of clothing should be treated with an age-appropriate insect repellent.
Exposed areas of the skin in a child over 1 year old can be smeared with a cream, gel, milk or balm with a repellent. But make sure that the little one does not lick the skin and does not put his fingers in his mouth, because. he can get poisoned. Apply a small amount of the new product to a small area of skin ahead of time to see if you are allergic to the repellant.
To protect children on a walk, you can wear a special bracelet from insect bites - Bags lock. If the baby does not want to wear a bracelet or tries to gnaw it, you can stick a mosquito repellent patch, MAGIKOplast, on the stroller or clothes. Some products indicate that they can be used by pregnant and lactating mothers.
In the room where the baby sleeps, there must be mosquito nets on the windows. Install a special mosquito net-insect cover above the crib.
If the crumbs are still bitten by insects, quickly treat the bite sites with Fenistil-gel or other available means.

How to treat mosquito bites?

Treatment for mosquito bites may include the use of antihistamine medications.

A medical consultation is needed here, since it is important to take into account the age and tendency of the victim to allergies.

To reduce itching, swelling, and redness, you can use:

Creams based on arnica and calendula.
Antihistamine tablets and syrups (Zodak, Erius, Suprastin, Diazolin, etc.), ointments (Psilo-balm) and gels (Fenistil-gel).
Homeopathic remedies.
Hormonal preparations in the form of a cream (Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, etc.).
Special pencils for insect bites - OFF, Gargex, My sunshine.

A mosquito bite is an unpleasant thing, and sometimes dangerous. Mosquitoes and sick people bite, and then spread the infection among healthy people. Doctors rarely attribute the illness, which is accompanied by a high fever, rash, headache, and swollen lymph nodes, to an insect bite. A person is getting worse, and sometimes he simply does not live to make the correct diagnosis, so it is important to protect yourself from mosquito bites.

A mosquito bite is something that almost every inhabitant of the country will have to face with the onset of warm days. Blood-sucking insects are common throughout the country; in some parts, a flock of mosquitoes is also joined by midges - a small midge, which is also not averse to feasting on blood. So that a mosquito bite does not bring major troubles, compatriots need to receive full information about the danger and how to eliminate the consequences.

Article structure

Why are mosquito bites dangerous?

If an adult or a child is bitten by mosquitoes, it should be understood that blood-sucking reptiles can be dangerous to humans. Several species of mosquitoes are found throughout the country. The most common are malarial, autumn squeakers, spring genus Ochlerotatus. Diptera are divided into females and males. And if the latter are not at all dangerous, since they only eat plant nectar, then the female mosquito is looking for a victim. From it, the mosquito needs protein, and blood is the most fast way get what you want. The mosquito feeds only once, after which it safely lays eggs and dies. The mosquito bite itself is often painless, but the consequences can be serious.

Mosquito bites are dangerous because:

The female is looking for the most delicate areas of the skin with closely spaced vessels. After biting through the skin, the mosquito injects an anticoagulant. It is he who prevents blood clotting, causes swelling and redness.
Mosquito saliva quickly spreads to neighboring tissues. That's why a mosquito bite itches. If you comb the bite site, the itching will only get worse.
Brings trouble, especially when there are many bites.
May cause allergic reactions.
It can carry diseases that are dangerous to humans, infection.

Important! The insect does not tolerate poison, therefore it is impossible to get poisoned from it. However, an insect can cause a lot of trouble, especially mosquito bites in children. It is the babies who suffer from severe itching. But female mosquitoes choose babies more often than adults as prey. This is proven in the course of research, the purpose of which was to find out who is more likely to be bitten by mosquitoes. According to scientists, the risk category includes children and people with high cholesterol levels in the blood.

Bite symptoms

A mosquito bite is a nuisance that is quite possible to survive. Most people calmly endure the attacks of bloodsuckers. Within a few minutes after the bite, the problem is safely forgotten. For a short memory, mosquitoes leave behind a small red spot up to 2–5 mm in size.

However, there is a group of people who are allergic to mosquito bites. And this condition can have the following symptoms:

The speck from the bite grows to large sizes- from 7–10 mm.
The site of the attack itches, hurts for 24-72 hours.
The temperature rises to 37 degrees. it can last for several days.
When touched, the bite site hurts.
There is a strong swelling of the soft tissues.
A rash or dermatitis appears.

It is important to know what to do if a mosquito bites, a person's temperature rises above 38 degrees, severe itching occurs, convulsions or asthma attacks appear, severe headaches, chills, and dizziness occur. The situation may be complicated by loss of consciousness or vomiting. In this case, you should immediately call the doctor.

Allergy

Allergies to mosquito bites are rare. However, the appearance of unpleasant symptoms cannot be ruled out. Sensitive people may have more or less allergic symptoms. They are accompanied by:

edema;
headache;
nausea, dizziness;
an increase in body temperature.

Allergic reactions can occur if a child is bitten by mosquitoes or adults become victims of an attack. In some cases, allergic rhinitis or bronchospasm may occur. All these symptoms become an important indicator that it is time to call an ambulance.

How to save yourself: choose ointments

When deciding how to smear mosquito bites, it is recommended to involve a doctor in the discussion. There are also folk remedies for mosquito bites. They are effective, but do not act as quickly as pharmacy formulations. There are several effective remedies that can be found in pharmacies. They cope with itching, relieve swelling, allergic manifestations. You can find out how to smear mosquito bites with a doctor. Most often, experts prescribe:

"Fenistil".
"Sinaflan".
"Advantan".
Balm "Asterisk".
"Rescuer".
"Psilo-Balm".

Each proposed ointment for mosquito bites makes it possible to quickly forget about the consequences of meeting with bloodsuckers. You can use them regardless of who the mosquitoes bite. However, it is still better to use formulations (ointments, creams) after preliminary testing.

Attention! Apply cream or ointment from mosquito bites should be on clean skin. To do this, the cover is pre-treated with a disinfectant composition, after which a pharmacy or folk remedy for mosquito bites is applied with a thin layer. As the latter, you can advise tincture of calendula, mint juice or aloe, vinegar diluted in water.

Proper treatment: what to use for bites?

If there is even a hint of an allergic reaction, you need to quickly get rid of flying bloodsuckers. If the bite has already taken place, the use of a cream and treatment will be required. The pharmacy offers more than one effective remedy for mosquito bites. Creams can be used as an antihistamine, as well as tablets taken orally:

"Claritin".
"Suprastin".
Telfast.
"Tavegil".
"Zyrtec".

Each tool effectively helps prevent swelling, relieve itching. Some of them can be given to children. It is necessary to treat manifestations of attacks promptly. If the bite is in the eye, you can use inexpensive remedy after mosquito bites - this is "Albucid". To decide how to get rid of itching after a mosquito bite with a strong allergic reaction, you should consult a doctor.

How to quickly help children if bitten by a mosquito?

To protect children, you need to exclude the appearance of insects in the house. However, this is not always possible to do, and therefore you need to know how to get rid of mosquito bites. Not all methods are suitable for children. You should consider how old the baby is, whether an allergic reaction is possible. To alleviate the condition of the child, it is recommended to use such means:

"Golden Star".
"Psilo-Balm".

You need to apply a thin layer. Each of these tools helps to cope with the problem. As folk remedy it is suggested to use a soda solution or gruel. Apply the mixture to the bite site.

Important! Self-treatment with antihistamines is not recommended. For such treatment, you should consult a doctor. But children over 7–10 years old can be given light antihistamines (Diazolin, Suprastin).

Mosquitoes are carriers of dangerous diseases

Dangerous infections transmitted after a mosquito bite is a situation typical for warm countries. However, more and more cases of transmission of dangerous diseases are also found in our country. You can get "as a gift" from a bloodsucker not only itching, but also:

To exclude cases of the disease, it is recommended to be vaccinated before being sent to warm or Asian countries.