Fire communication and alarm system at the enterprise. Fire signal transmission by means of alarms Automatic fire alarm installations
Rapid detection and signaling of a fire, timely call of fire departments and fire warning of people in the zone of possible danger, allows you to quickly localize the fire, carry out evacuation and take the necessary measures to extinguish the fire. Therefore, enterprises should be provided with communication facilities and fire alarm and warning systems.
To transmit a message about a fire at any time of the day, you can use special and general-purpose telephones, radio communications, and centralized fire alarm installations. Fire warning systems should ensure, in accordance with the developed evacuation plans, the transmission of warning signals simultaneously throughout the house (structure), and, if necessary, sequentially or selectively in its individual parts (section floors). The number of detectors (speakers), their placement and power must provide the necessary audibility in all places where people stay. For the transmission of alert texts and evacuation control, it is allowed to use internal radio broadcasting networks. The room from which the fire alarm system is controlled should be located on the lower floors of buildings, at the entrance to the stairwells, in places with round-the-clock stay of duty personnel.
The fastest and most reliable means of detecting signs of fire and signaling a fire is considered to be an automatic fire alarm installation (AUPS), which must work around the clock. Depending on the connection scheme, radial (radial) and ring AUPS are distinguished (Fig. 4.37). The principle of operation of the AUPS is as follows: when at least one of the detectors is triggered, a "Fire" signal is sent to the control panel.
Rice. 4.37. Schemes of radial (a) and ring (b) connections in AUPS: 1 - detectors; 2 - receiving and control device; 3 - power supply from the mains; 4 - emergency power supply unit; 5 - power switching system; 6 - connecting wires
Addressable fire detectors are included only in radial networks; in this case, the place of ignition is determined by the number of the loop (beam) that issued the "Fire" signal. Addressed fire detectors are included in networks of both radial and ring types; the ignition address is determined by the installation location of the detector that issued the "Fire" signal, according to its address number.
At fire and explosion hazardous facilities, AUPS, in addition to signaling a fire, can issue commands to the control circuits of automatic fire extinguishing, smoke removal, fire warning, ventilation, technological and electrical equipment of the facility.
AUPS according to the method of transmitting messages (notifications) about a fire are divided into autonomous and centralized. AT autonomous installations AUPS alarm "Fire" from the detector is sent to the control panel, which is installed in a room with a round-the-clock presence of duty personnel. The next one calls the fire brigade's reception post and transmits information. In centralized AUPS, fire alerts from control panels are transmitted via a communication channel (for example, a pager communication channel or a radio channel) to a centralized fire monitoring console.
Manual fire detector
One of the main elements of the AUPS is fire detectors - devices that generate a fire signal. There are manual and automatic fire detectors. The manual fire detector (Fig. 4.38, a) turns on the person who discovered the fire by pressing the start button. They can be used to signal a fire from the premises of the enterprise. Inside the building, manual call points are installed as additional technical means automatic AUPS.
Rice. 4.38. Fire detectors: a - manual IR-P; b - thermal IP-105; c - smoke IPD-1; g - flame detector IP
Automatic fire detectors
They work without human intervention, from the impact on them of factors that accompany a fire: an increase in temperature, the appearance of smoke or flame.
Thermal fire detectors
According to the principle of operation, they are divided into: maximum (IT-B, IT2-B, IP-105, SPTM-70), which are triggered when Pirogovo reaches the air temperature at the place of their installation; differential (Hb 871-20), which respond to the rate of increase of the temperature gradient; maximum differential (IT1-MGB, V-601), which are triggered by one or another prevailing temperature change.
The principles of operation and design of thermal fire detectors can be different: using fusible materials that are destroyed as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures; using thermoelectromotive force; using dependency electrical resistance elements on temperature; using temperature deformations of materials; using the dependence of magnetic induction on temperature, etc.
The fire detector IP-105 (see Fig. 4.38, b) is a magnetic contact device with a contact output. It works on the principle of changing magnetic induction under the influence of high temperature. As the air temperature rises, the magnetic field decreases, and when the threshold temperature is reached, the contact located in the sealed chamber opens. In this case, a "Fire" signal is sent to the control panel.
Smoke detectors
Smoke is detected by a photoelectric (optical) or radioisotope method. The principle of operation of the optical fire smoke detector IPD-1 (see Fig. 4.38, c) is based on the registration of scattered light (Tyndall effect). An infrared emitter and receiver located in an optical chamber in such a way that the rays from the emitter cannot reach the receiver directly. In the event of a fire, smoke enters the optical chamber of the detector. Light from the emitter is scattered by smoke particles (Fig. 4.39) and enters the receiver. As a result, a "Fire" signal is generated and fed to the control panel. In a radioisotope smoke detector, the sensitive element is an ionization chamber with a source of a-radiation (Fig. 4.40). The smoke that is generated during a fire reduces the degree of ionization in the chamber and is registered by the detector.
Rice. 4.39. Scattering of the light flux by particles smoke: 1 - source 2 - smoky environment; 3 - smoke particles
Rice. 4.40. Ionization light chamber (emitter) of a radioisotope smoke detector: 1 - anode; 2 - cathode
Flame fire detectors
(IP, IP-P, IP-PB) allow you to quickly identify the source of an open flame. The sensitive photocell of the detector detects flame radiation in the ultraviolet or infrared parts of the spectrum. Combined detectors IPK-1, IPK-2, IPK-3 immediately control two factors that accompany a fire: smoke and temperature.
Fire detectors are characterized by: response threshold - the lowest value of the parameter to which they respond; inertia - the time from the beginning of the factor, is controlled until the moment of operation; protected area - floor area controlled by one detector. In table. 4.13 shows the comparative characteristics of detectors of various types.
Table 4.13.
Separate detectors (sensors) of the security alarm (for example, ultrasonic, opto-electric) have high sensitivity and are able to detect the first signs of fire very quickly (rather fire detectors). Therefore, they can combine security and fire functions. However, such detectors can only be additional elements AUPS, which enhance the fire safety of the protected object. After all security alarm operates after hours, and the fire department operates around the clock.
When choosing the type and execution of an automatic fire detector, it is necessary to take into account the purpose of the protected room, the fire characteristics of the materials it contains, the primary signs of fire and operating conditions in accordance with DBN V.2.5-13-98.
For right choice automatic fire detectors, it is necessary to take into account the features of the destination object of the protected premises, the degree of their fire hazard, the specifics technological process, the fire characteristics of the materials in the room, the primary signs of a fire and the nature of its possible development. It is also necessary to take into account the presence of systems automatic fire extinguishing and other features of the object.
The type and design of fire detectors must be selected taking into account the environmental conditions in the protected premises and the class of the explosive or fire hazardous zone.
The number and location of fire detectors depends on the size, shape, working conditions and purpose of the room, the design of the ceiling (covering) and the height of the ceiling, the presence and type of ventilation, the workload of the room with materials and equipment, as well as on the type and type of fire detectors and in each case are determined by the design organization that has received a license for this type of activity in the prescribed manner.
Fire detectors are installed, as a rule, under the coating (overlap). In some cases, they may be located on walls, beams, columns, as well as suspended on cables, provided they are at a distance of no more than 0.3 m from the level of the coating (ceiling) and no more than 0.6 m from the ventilation holes.
In rooms with an equal ceiling, point fire detectors are usually located evenly over the area of \u200b\u200bthe ceiling, taking into account the size of the room, as well as the technical parameters of the detectors. Point fire detectors are recommended to be installed according to triangular or square layouts (Fig. 4.41).
Rice. 4.41.
a - the distance between the detectors, b - the distance from the wall to the detector
In some cases, detectors are placed in areas of probable fire, on the paths of convective air flows, and also near fire hazardous equipment.
The distance between the detectors is taken into account the area controlled by one detector. The latter essentially depends on the height of the protected premises. Therefore, the greater the height of the protected room, the smaller the area controlled by the detector. The distance from the detector to the wall, as a rule, is taken to be two times less than the distance between the detectors.
As the practice of operating fire detectors has shown, thermal fire detectors should be used in small and medium height and relatively small volume. With a room height of 7-9 m, the use of heat detectors is impractical due to the inefficiency of registering a fire.
The threshold temperature for the operation of maximum and maximum differential heat detectors must be at least 20 ° C and not more than 70 ° C higher than the maximum allowable temperature in the room.
Differential heat detectors are effective in rooms where, under normal operating conditions, there is no sudden increase in temperature. environment. Such detectors should not be installed near heat sources that could cause false alarms.
Smoke detectors are installed in rooms where a fire is possible accompanied by a significant release of smoke. When placing them, it is necessary to take into account the paths and speeds of air flows from ventilation systems.
Flame detectors are installed in rooms where there is a possibility of fire with an open flame. It is necessary to avoid various production influences (working welders or other sources of ultraviolet or infrared radiation). Flame detectors must be protected from direct sunlight and direct influence of artificial light sources. When locating flame detectors, they must be taken into account. specifications: viewing angle, area protected by the detector, maximum fire detection range (distance from the detector to the point "seen" by it).
It should be noted that when choosing and placing automatic fire detectors, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements and recommendations of DBN V.2.5-13-98.
For timely detection with immediate communication central administration fire departments about the fire and the place of its occurrence use signaling and communication means.
Most reliable system fire alarm is an electrical alarm (EPS). Depending on the sensors that notify of a fire, automatic fire alarm systems are divided into: thermal, responding to an increase in temperature in the room; smoke, reacting to the appearance of smoke; light, reacting to the appearance of a flame or infrared rays; combined.
The main elements of any electrical fire alarm system (Fig.) are: detectors-sensors located in the protected premises; a receiving station designed to receive fire signals from detectors and automatic alarms; power devices that provide power to the system electric shock from the network and batteries; linear structures, which are a system of wires connecting the detectors to the receiving station.
Rice. Scheme of the device of electrical fire alarm systems: a - beam (radial); b - loop (ring); 1 - detectors-sensors; 2 - receiving station; 3 - block backup power from batteries; 4 - power supply from the network (with current conversion); 5 - system for switching from one power supply to another; 6 - linear structures (wiring)
According to the method of connecting the detectors to the receiving station, beam (radial) and loop (ring) EPS systems are distinguished.
Beam systems (see Fig. a) are more common in enterprises located in a relatively small area, where the length of the lines is insignificant or where a telephone cable can be used. Up to three or four detectors can be included in each beam. When they are triggered, the receiving station will only know the number of this beam without fixing the detector.
The EPS loop system differs from the beam system in that the detectors are connected in series to a single-wire line (loop). Up to 50 detectors are usually included in one loop. The operation of the loop system is based on the principle of transmitting a certain code from the detector to the receiving station. The loop includes detectors with different numbers, which differ from each other by the code. The receiving station determines the number and location of this detector by the code.
At food enterprises, they use: heat detectors of maximum and differential action; smoke detectors, as well as combined smoke and heat detectors.
It is known that often for a long time a fire is preceded only by smoldering or a latent source of heat, which flares up slowly due to lack of air. The duration of this initial fire phase can be several hours. Therefore, a system whose operation depends on a rise in temperature or on the presence of an open flame can signal a fire only after the latter has reached the highest phase of development. Therefore, a detector that is sensitive to smoke or combustion gases is far superior to other systems.
The response time of a smoke detector is much shorter than the pulse time of heat detectors.
Ionization sensors are used as smoke detectors. The source of ionization in the chamber is plutonium-239, which emits α-rays. The principle of operation of an ionization sensor is based on a change in the electrical conductivity of gases that occurs under the influence of irradiation of a radioactive substance.
When ignited with or without smoke, even with very small amounts of heat released, the physical state of the surrounding atmosphere changes greatly due to ionization and changes in its gas composition. Based on this phenomenon, a highly sensitive smoke detector of the DI type was created.
It is designed for repeated action and continuous operation at temperatures from -30 to +60 °C. The coverage area of one detector is about 100 m 2 . It is not advisable to install this type of detectors in rooms where the air is constantly filled with acid and alkali vapors.
Automatic heat detectors include PTIM-type heat detectors (maximum action semiconductor heat detector).
With an increase in the ambient temperature, the semiconductor thermal resistance (sensor) decreases sharply and the voltage at the control electrode increases. As soon as this voltage exceeds the ignition voltage, the thyratron will "light up", i.e. the detector will work. Controlled area 10 m 2 .
Depending on the sensor used automatic detectors can be: bimetallic; on thermocouples; semiconductor.
Heat detectors according to the principle of operation are divided into maximum, differential and maximum differential.
The detectors of the maximum type ATIM are triggered when the temperature in the room rises to the limit to which they are adjusted. These detectors can be adjusted to a response temperature of +60 or +80°C, regardless of the rate of its rise. Operation inertia - up to 2 min; controlled area - up to 15 m 2 .
Differential action detectors are triggered at a certain rate of temperature rise. The TEDS detector is triggered by an abrupt increase in temperature by 30 °C for no more than 7 s. Controlled area - about 30 m 2 .
Maximum differential detectors are triggered by an increase in ambient temperature. The DMD detector has an inertia of no more than 50 s; controlled area - about 25 m 2 .
Thermal detectors have various designs. The basic principles of the device of heat detectors are shown in fig.
Rice. Thermal automatic detectors: a - fusible closing; b - fusible opening; c - self-healing; 1 - bimetallic plate; 2,3- contacts; 4 - insulating base; 5 - adjusting screw
Thermal detectors have a significant drawback - inertia (the time from the onset of fire to the alarm can be several minutes).
In practice wide application found installations with combined smoke and heat detectors.
The executive element of the combined detector is an electrometric thyratron, the potential of which is determined by the state of two sensors: the smoke sensor of the ionization chamber and the heat sensor of the thermal resistance.
The heat sensor, together with a constant resistance, forms a circuit connected to the control electrothyratron through the resistance of the ionization chamber.
The combined detector gives a signal at an ambient temperature of 70 °C. If smoke appears in the zone of its action, the signal will be given after 10 s; area controlled by the detector is 150 m 2 .
Light detectors react to the appearance of a flame. The sensitive element is a photon counter, which detects the ultraviolet part of the flame spectrum.
According to safety requirements, signaling equipment must have a working and protective earth.
The economic assessment of a fire alarm installation is a specific indicator that reflects the cost of protecting 1 m 2 of floor area. This indicator is defined as the quotient of dividing the total investment by total area protected by detectors.
One of the conditions for a successful fight against fires is their timely detection, early warning of fire services and the start of active fire fighting at the initial stage of fire development. These tasks are solved with the help of fire communication and signaling. Fire communication provides notification of a fire and calling the fire fighting services, dispatch communication for managing fire extinguishing forces and means, and operational communication of units during fire extinguishing. Fire communication is carried out through a city or special telephone network, or short-wave transceiver systems.
Fire alarm (PS) is a basic element in the security system of any enterprise.
Every enterprise, every office must have such a system. This is dictated both by the desire of the owner to protect his property, life and health of employees, and by state standards and regulations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. In general, a fire alarm system is designed to detect a fire at the initial stage of ignition and transmit an alarm signal to the security console. PS- is a complex set of technical means that serve for the timely detection of fire in a protected area.
Fire alarm system consists of the following main components.
1. The control panel is a device that analyzes the state of fire detectors and loops, and also gives commands to start fire automatics. This is the brain of the fire alarm.
2. Display unit or automated workplace(ARM) based on a computer. These devices serve to display the events and status of the fire alarm.
3. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS). This block serves to ensure continuous operation of the alarm, even in the absence of power supply. This is the heart of the fire alarm.
4. Various types fire detectors (detectors). Sensors are used to detect the source of fire or combustion products (smoke, carbon monoxide, etc.). These are the eyes and ears of the fire alarm.
Types of fire detectors
The main factors that a fire alarm responds to are the concentration of smoke in the air, temperature rise, the presence of carbon monoxide CO and open fire. And for each of these signs there are fire detectors.
Thermal fire sensor responds to temperature changes in the protected room. He can be threshold, with a given response temperature, and integral, responding to the rate of temperature change. They are mainly used in rooms where the use of smoke detectors is not possible.
Smoke detector reacts to the presence of smoke in the air. Unfortunately, it also reacts to dust and fumes. This is the most common type of sensor. It is used everywhere except smoking rooms, dusty rooms and rooms with wet processes.
Flame sensor reacts to an open flame. Used in places where a fire is possible without prior smoldering, such as carpentry workshops, storage of combustible materials, etc.
The latest invention in the field of fire protection systems is multisensor detector. Developers have long been puzzled by the problem of creating a sensor that would consider all the signs in the aggregate, and, therefore, would more accurately determine the presence of a fire, by an order of magnitude, reducing false alarms of a fire alarm. The first to be invented were multi-sensor sensors that respond to a combination of two signs: smoke and temperature increase. Now sensors are already being used that take into account a combination of three and even all four factors. Today, many companies already produce fire protection systems with multi-sensor sensors. The most famous of them are System Sensor, Esser, Bosch Security Systems, Siemens multi-sensor smoke detector, etc.
Fire communication and signaling are intended for timely reporting of a fire (notification communication), management of fire departments (dispatching communication) and management of fire extinguishing. For these purposes, telephone and radio communications (manual fire detectors), electric fire alarms (EPS), automatic fire alarms (APS), live communications, beeps, calls, etc. are used.
Rice. 1. Diagram of a manual call point
Manual fire detectors are installed at national economy facilities and in residential premises, in corridors, aisles, and in stairwells. An alarm signal is given by pressing a button. PKIL manual call points (beam fire button detector) are connected to the receiving station. Pressing the K button opens one of the circuits, which leads to the operation and reception of an alarm signal. A current is supplied from the receiving station, which turns on the phone, and the person who raised the alarm receives confirmation that the signal has been received. A handset can be connected to the Mt terminals for negotiations with the attendant.
In industrial buildings with an area of more than 500 m2, classified by fire hazard to categories A, B and C, warehouse and retail premises, exhibition halls, museums, theater and entertainment venues and some others, it is recommended to install electrical fire alarm systems (EPS). EPS are automatic and manual action. In turn, automatic fire alarm systems, depending on the physical factor to which they respond, are divided into thermal (i.e., responsive to temperature increase), smoke, light and combined. In addition, automatic fire detectors are divided into maximum, maximum differential and differential. Sensors of maximum action are triggered when the controlled parameter reaches a predetermined value. Differential sensors respond to a change in the speed of a given parameter, and the most differential sensors react to both.
Fire detectors of all types are characterized by a response threshold - the minimum value to which they respond, inertia - the time from the start of the controlled parameter to the moment it is triggered, and the coverage area - the floor area that is controlled by one sensor.
The principle of operation of thermal fire detectors is to change the physical and mechanical properties of the sensitive elements of these devices under the influence of temperature. A fusible alloy can serve as a sensitive element, as in DTL detectors (thermal fusible sensor); thermocouples, as in DPS detectors (fire alarm sensor) or semiconductor thermistors in POST detectors. Smoke detectors have two main smoke detection methods - photoelectric and radioisotope. A photoelectric smoke detector (IDF) detects smoke by registering light reflected from smoke particles with a photocell. The semiconductor smoke detector (DIP) works on the same principle.
A radioisotope smoke detector (RID) has an ionization chamber with sources of α-particles as a sensitive element. An increase in smoke content reduces the degree of ionization in the chamber, which is recorded.
There are combined detectors (KI) that react to heat and smoke. Light fire detectors register flame radiation against the background of extraneous light sources. Light detector type SI-1 detects a fire by ultraviolet radiation of the flame. The sensitive elements of these detectors are various photodetectors - semiconductor photoresistors, gas-filled photocells with an external photoelectric effect.
Ultrasonic detectors are being used more and more. They have a very high sensitivity and can combine security and fire functions. These devices respond to changes in the characteristics of the ultrasonic field that fills the protected room under the action of the movement of the air that occurs during a fire. The table shows the main characteristics of detectors of various types.
Table 1. Characteristics of various detectors
The main elements of any automatic fire alarm system are: detectors located in the protected premises; a receiving station designed to receive signals from sensors and generate alarms; power devices that provide power to the system with electric current; linear structures - systems of wires connecting detectors with a receiving station.
Rice. 2. Connecting fire detectors to the receiving station:
1 - receiving station; 2 - fire detectors; 3 - power supply
Fire detectors are connected to the receiving station in two ways - in parallel or in series. Parallel switching is used in enterprises with round-the-clock stay of people. Push-button and automatic detectors can be included in the installation branch. A sequential system is installed in large facilities.
Effective extinguishing agents are inert gases (CO2 and N) and vapours. Mixing with combustible vapors and gases, they lower the concentration of oxygen and contribute to the cessation of combustion of most combustible substances.
Solid (powder) fire extinguishing agents include chlorides of alkali and alkaline earth metals (fluxes), bicarbonate and carbonic soda, solid carbon dioxide, sand, dry earth, etc. The effect of these substances is that they isolate the combustion zone from the combustible substance with their mass .
Fire extinguishing media Discontinuous powder (OP) fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish fires of gasoline, diesel fuel, varnishes, paints and other combustible liquids, as well as electrical installations under voltage up to 1000 V.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (CO) are used to extinguish fires of various substances and materials at an ambient temperature of -25 to +50°C, as well as electrical equipment under voltage.
Air-foam fire extinguishers (AFP) are used to extinguish fires of liquid and solid substances and materials, with the exception of alkali and alkaline earth metals and their alloys, as well as to extinguish fires of electrical equipment under voltage. Are used at a temperature from +5 to +50 °C.
Fixed fire extinguishers include sprinkler and deluge installations.
Sprinkler installations are branched pipes with water placed under the ceiling of the building at a temperature not lower than 4°C. The sensors of these systems are sprinklers, the low-melting lock of which opens when the temperature rises to 72°C, works 2-3 minutes after the temperature rise and sprays water.
Drencher installations are used in rooms with a high fire hazard.
All pipelines of these installations are constantly filled with water up to the drencher fittings located on the distribution pipelines. The installations are activated both automatically when fire detectors are triggered, and manually. They are used for the simultaneous irrigation of the calculated area of individual parts of the building, the creation of water curtains in the openings of doors, windows, irrigation of elements of technological equipment.
In addition, mobile and stationary installations of water-foam, gas and powder composition are used to extinguish fires, having a different design and operation scheme. An important role is also played by fire-fighting water pipes of high and low pressure. In buildings, workshops, water is supplied to the fire source through fire hydrants and fire hydrants connected to the water supply network. Each crane must have a fire hose 10, 15 or 20 m long and a fire nozzle. The pressure must ensure the supply of a compact jet to a height of at least 10 m. External hydrants are installed along roads and driveways at a distance of 100-150 m from each other, no closer than 5 m from the wall and no further than 2 m from the road.
Fire alarm and communication
Fire communication and alarm have great importance for the implementation of measures to prevent fires, contribute to their timely detection and call fire departments to the place of fire, as well as provide management and operational management of work in case of fire.
When using a fire alarm, a fire notification is carried out within a few seconds. The alarm system consists of a receiving station and detectors connected to it. Detectors installed in prominent places industrial premises, as well as outside them, so that the resulting fire could not interfere with the use of the detector. Depending on the method of connection, the electrical fire alarm is divided into beam and loop. At beam system each detector independently communicates with the station using two wires - direct and reverse, the receiving station simultaneously receives signals from all detectors. The loop station provides a serial connection, while up to 50 detectors can be connected to one loop. The fire signal is given by pressing the detector button.
An automatic fire alarm assumes the presence of thermal sensors, which, when the temperature rises to a certain limit, turn on the detectors. An automatic fire detector can be a metal plate made of alloys with different expansion coefficients. If the temperature rises, the plate bends and connects electrical contacts activating sound and light signals.
The sources of combustion can be detected by registering other parameters: radiation and flickering of the flame, smoke, heat, ionization, pressure.
In rooms, small capacity devices, it is advisable to use a pressure switch; for large volumes (more than 3 m3) - flame sensors, since the pressure switch in this case may react with a delay to combustion, followed by an explosion and fire.
The principle of operation of an automatic smoke detector is based on the effect of combustion products on the ionization current in the ionization chamber when smoke enters it. A change in the ionization current activates an electronic relay that includes a sound and light alarm system.
Heat detectors are temperature-sensitive devices that respond to an increase in room temperature: the resistance of the semiconductor thermistor decreases, the current in the circuit increases, the voltage rises, and as a result, the thyratron is triggered. The detectors operate at preset temperatures (60, 80 and 100°C).
The light detector reacts to the radiation of an open flame. The action of the detector is based on the property of burning bodies to emit infrared and ultraviolet rays.
Combined detectors act as heat and smoke detectors.
The basis is a smoke detector with connecting elements electrical circuit required for its operation.
Evacuation from the fire zone Organization of evacuation from the fire zone
The process of evacuating people from a building is conditionally divided into three stages:
movement from the most remote place of permanent residence to the emergency exit;
movement from evacuation exits from the premises to exits to the outside;
movement from the exits of the building on fire and dispersion throughout the territory of the enterprise.
When designing buildings and structures, they provide for the safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire. Escape routes are called passages, corridors, stairs leading to an evacuation exit that ensures the safe movement of people during the required evacuation time.
Evacuation exits are:
from the premises of the ground floor directly to the outside or through the lobby, corridor, stairwell;
from the premises of any floor, except for the first, to the corridor leading to the stairwell, or to the stairwell, which has access directly to the outside or through the vestibule, separated from the adjacent corridors by partitions with doors;
from a room to an adjacent room on the same floor, provided with the exits indicated above.
All escape routes (passages, corridors, stairs, etc.) should have, if possible, even vertical enclosing structures without protrusions and be illuminated.