Professionalisms are examples of words in Russian. Professionalism is ... The meaning of the term, examples. Examples from different professions

Relevance: When parents come home and begin to communicate with each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their speech is mostly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.

I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, for me, the topic "Professional vocabulary of my parents" has become relevant, which is why I chose it.

Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the phrase "professional vocabulary".

Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?

Find out what my parents' job is. To attend the workplace of the parents and write down words unfamiliar to me.

Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Observe how often professional words are used by mom and dad at home.

Object of study: mother, father.

While doing the work, I put hypothesis: professional vocabulary is needed for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.

Research methods: Questioning of students of 6 "b" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.

Self-education is hard work

and improvement of its conditions -

one of the sacred duties of every person,

because there is nothing more important

as the education of oneself and one's fellow men.

Socrates

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire.

Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.

There are three ways of forming professionalism:

- Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".

– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. The pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

– Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. For example, the editor-in-chief Chief Editor.

Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.

Professional vocabulary- this is the vocabulary characteristic of this professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.

"Balda"(heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.

"Galley"(kitchen on board) cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors

professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from the general circulation. Professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the sphere of use of a particular term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer. etc.

Professionalisms- a circle of conditional expressions of some profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic merit of the text (L.I. Timofeev).

Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river).

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the scope of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.

Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word "hat" (a common heading for several notes) - in the speech of printers, in everyday life "hat" is a headdress; "Slopes" - wheel tires (driver's); "Piglet" - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)

Some linguists consider professional vocabulary to be "semi-official" compared to terminology:

Professionals needed:

For a better understanding of people of the same profession.

For the convenience of explaining the term.

To understand professionalism in the Russian language course of the 6th grade.

For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary.

To be able to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts

Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers, magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.

Some professionalisms designate scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology

Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.

There is a lot of confusion, fuzziness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. It should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise, normative vocabulary in its essence, and their share in the composition of the literary vocabulary is huge.

Ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

Despite the fact that professionalism and professional jargon are defined in almost the same way in some scientific sources, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargonisms, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between "us" and "them", a sign of the speaker's belonging to a particular social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.

Professional jargon is more familiar, emotional and expressive than professional jargon. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of the use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.

Like jargon, professionalisms are corporate vocabulary, they recognize "their own" by it (doctor - doctor, physicist - physics, etc.). but unlike jargon, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of the literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. One and the same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, and jargon, and professionalism. Everyone, for example, understands the word work, that is, any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists, work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common sense, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things, for chemists gold is one of the elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.

Chapter 3

My mother works in the Central District Hospital as a chief nurse.

I attended my mother's work.

In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, lyuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.

Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.

Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).

Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance.

In the field of specialized and professional communication and the exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is due to the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the qualitative result of their joint work.

Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).

Grandma-violation - an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.

BNVPNPG - blockade of the lower branch of the right leg of the bundle of His, an abbreviation that is often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.

Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksenia, Oksana.

Betseshnik is a patient who has both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Valezhnik - a ward with bedridden patients. See lounger.

Check mark with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.

Harmonica - apparatus artificial ventilation lungs (IVL) with manual drive. They brought a client on an accordion - an ambulance delivered a patient connected to a ventilator.

Pull the esophagus - conduct transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) pacing. See CHPEX.

Childhood - children's department of the hospital.

Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance. See Color Music.

Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.

Start a patient - restore sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.

Load the patient - inject psychotropic drugs.

Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See violinist.

Kesarki - women after surgery caesarean section.

The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.

Clinic - clinical death. See stop.

Canned food - patients who are in the department (usually of a surgical profile) on a conservative, i.e. non-surgical treatment.

Ksenia is the same as Tug. See Oksana.

Bed - bedridden patient.

A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis during strabismus.

The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.

Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.

Magnolia - magnesium sulphate - a drug used to lower blood pressure. Intramuscular administration of magnesium sulfate is very painful.

Flicker, Mertsuha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.

Tinsel - a film for a single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands unfolds like a serpentine.

Anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner - insufficient pain relief. See operation under krikain.

Violation is an acute violation of cerebral circulation.

A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be eliminated by radiofrequency ablation.

Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.

UFO - motionless object; most often the patient is in a coma.

Operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words "scream" and "novocaine".

Stop - the same as the Clinic.

Skydivers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.

Transfuse the patient - inject too many solutions intravenously, most often through a drip.

Submarine- revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of the strong antipsychotic droperidol and the diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of prozerin, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.

Lost is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.

Soak grandmother - to achieve urine output through the catheter after an operation or an acute condition, accompanied by a cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units - a very expected event.

Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.

Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.

Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology is used a large number of tools similar to metalwork: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.

Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.

Glasses - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.

Shoot, knock - restore the work of the heart with the help of an electric discharge of a defibrillator.

Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the back of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.

TV - X-ray.

Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

Chatter - atrial flutter.

Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation (ALV) devices. Put on the tube - intubate the patient.

Platypus is a medical student in nursing practice. Usually he is entrusted with the care of bedridden patients, including the supply and removal of "ducks".

Ears - phonendoscope.

The trunk is the same as the Trumpet. To insert a trunk is the same as to put on a pipe.

Chelyuskintsy, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.

Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.

Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (an apparatus for recording ECG).

A sword swallower is a patient with metal foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.

Yaremka is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.

Shit, asshole - patient with diarrhea

"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages

Negro - an outsider brought in to help transport the patient to the car

Breathe - carry out ventilation

"Asshole" - enter in / m

"skull (belly, kidney) by the window" - on the bed by the window lies a client who is diagnosed with TBI (appendix, kidney disease).

Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.

"Last bullet" - drugs.

"Play war games" - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.

"Field of Miracles" - service area.

"For mushrooms" - go on duty.

"Mom is calling for dinner" - the dispatcher returns for lunch.

"Klizmennaya" - the manager's office.

"Tinsel" - ecg tape.

"Warm up" - get up at night under a lantern to write a map.

"Rats" - random night passers-by, witnesses.

"Whom to rub the back" - who am I in line for?

"Drag on snot" - use a raincoat stretcher.

The boy is the driver.

"Girl" is an ambulance.

"Wheelbarrow" - wheelchair.

"Kindergarten"- sobering-up.

"Indians" - cops.

"Banker" - bum

Light music - siren, flashers (with light music)

yelp - call back

Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)

Gift - bum (bring a gift)

"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter

"yellow suitcase" - medical stowage box

"BTR" - ambulance transport

"magnet" - magnesium sulfate

"vitamin A" - chlorpromazine

"pilot, driver" - carrier

"hoarse" - walkie-talkie

"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit

Flyushka - fluorography,

Beam - fracture of the radius,

Physics - physical. solution,

Film - ECG,

Droplet - dropper, system,

Pipe - endotracheal tube,

Tube - tuberculosis.

some professionalisms designate scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology. For example

being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other situations of communication, because any statement is built taking into account its addressee.

inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to curiosities.

the logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms eventually become common words. good example such processes are the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; In the last decade, words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.

ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and the corresponding languages), are used in different types activities

when isolating professionalisms in the vocabulary of the national language, distinguishing them from commonly used words and from jargon, researchers face considerable difficulties associated with constant development, updating vocabulary, diversity functional styles and contexts of word usage.

professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or its part.

however, Tolstoy cares about his collective reader, for which he resorts to "translation", an explanation in brackets of words that may be incomprehensible.

The ordinary reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and a real commentary on the texts is needed. it is necessary, for example, to explain that .... etc.

the speech of the characters and the narrator is united by the neighborhood of professionalism and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets

professionalisms are often used in the depiction of comic contradictions and characters - in satirical, humorous works. one of the types of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself a specialist can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular, his possession of terminology, professional vocabulary.

in the novel and ilfa and evg. Petrov's "Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lyapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", allows numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his stereotyped texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. employees of the newspaper "Stank" hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of lapis on the wall, circling it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: "the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack ..." already at this phrase, the sarcastic fellow journalists doubted the knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack" by the lapis.

they ask him:

"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.

- such ... falls, in a word ...

- the jack falls. notice everything! the jack is rapidly falling! .. "

and lapis is brought a volume of the brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - "one of the machines for lifting significant weights" (chapter xxix. "the author of" Gavriliad ").

the work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal of stylistic means she has a prominent place.

Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are opposed to terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: they are unofficial synonyms for official scientific names.

The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; these words can be used to identify “our own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral in the meaning of "spare typesetting texts"; clogged font - "a worn out, worn-out font; a font that has been in typed galleys for a long time"; tail - "lower edge of the book"; header - "large header"; marashka - "marriage in the form of a square", etc. There are many specific professional expressions in the acting environment: to drop or leave the text means "quickly repeat it with a partner"; walk the text with your feet - "pronounce the text while moving around the stage"; not to give a bridge to someone - "most emotionally complete some scene."

The closer some area of ​​professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become well-known and pass into the category of commonly used words. So, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from the environment of specialists in the field of computer technology have become widespread. Among them there are old words in new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, iron), and neologisms, which are mainly borrowings from in English(spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).

Each profession has its own specifics, not only in the field of activity, but also in vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress is sweeping the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in the well-known Ozhegov dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. It cannot be called otherwise than a terminological explosion.

Professionalisms in Russian: place and meaning

First, let's define this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.

Special vocabulary also penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes promotion scientific knowledge, and raising the level of culture of people, and access to modern communications technology. For example, today everyone knows, and perigee, you will not surprise anyone with the expression " smooth landing or the science of selenology.

The literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so the reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept acquires a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.

Communication of specialists, all kinds of scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalism, which have their own classification.

special vocabulary

First of all, it is a term (from Latin - "border"). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which corresponds to a special concept. It is the terms that are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example would be professionalism in medicine.

Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already evolved from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to uniting into an integral scientific theory.

Nomen (from Latin "family name"). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will represent it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.

The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread in the fact that most of them are unofficial synonyms for scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers, magazines, and literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Occurrence classification

There are three ways to form special words:

Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".

Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a hat is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And the pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. Everyone knows what a reserve is (a reserve mechanism or a part for something) or an editor-in-chief is an editor-in-chief.

Features of speech and special words

Despite the seeming limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all. You will not surprise anyone with the dryness of the official business style, therefore professionalisms in it have a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.

As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:

For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary;

They make it possible to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts;

They avoid tautologies by putting examples of professionalisms in place of terms.

For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:

Informational;

Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author);

Saving speech efforts - professionalism always explains in a shorter term;

Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.

Where do special words come from?

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial-colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - murder, and the jargon suggested that the driver call the idle time "kimar". Even the local dialects have shared a definition for the big road - the highway.

Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing press with a form, called a cliché, from which we have only the designation of the drawing made by it.

Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require certain names to be combined into thematic groups.

About lexical-thematic groups

Professional names contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the attitude of the speaker to the subject. From this point of view, they are objective (as a rule, these are nomens) and subjective:

Expressing negativity or irony to the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.

Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became the bomber in aviation.

Even professionalism can indicate the quality of work. in construction about brickwork they say: wasteland (little solution) or dam (uneven wall).

All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who break up reality with the help of words.

About lexico-semantic groups

They unite not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of the subject or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This applies to semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, ambiguity, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:

Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening the explanatory dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large inter-column spaces on a newspaper page.

Terminological synonyms. In different areas, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and machine builders, scrap is called a "pencil".

Multiple words. The word "Zhiguli", in addition to the well-known meaning of the car as a trademark, has an indication of a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.

And finally, about the jargon

Each profession has a number of words, phrases, expressions that contain a very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in the communication of specialists and are called "professional jargon".

The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to a third-party person who is outside this field of activity. Many programmer professions have a tinge of jargon: a teapot, a dog, or a crib. They are already more reminiscent of slang - a social dialect common in a highly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is conspiratorial, it is only for "their own".

Conclusion

Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.

Professionalisms

words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. They are used to recreate the appropriate color, for the speech characteristics of the characters.

Example:

bottle (in the speech of sailors - half an hour)

thick dog (in the speech of dog breeders - the name of the quality of the dog)

basement (in the speech of printers - an article occupying the bottom of a newspaper page)

"Professionalisms are a circle of conditional expressions of some profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic merit of the text" (LI Timofeev).

Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism. From allegory to iambic. - M.: Flinta, Nauka. N.Yu. Rusova. 2004

See what "professionalism" is in other dictionaries:

PROFESSIONALISMS- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, on the mountain in the speech of miners) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Professionalisms- Professionalisms of words and expressions characteristic of the speech of representatives of a particular profession or field of activity, penetrating into general literary use (mainly in oral speech) and usually acting as vernacular, emotionally ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

professionalism- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, "to the mountain" in the speech of miners). * * * PROFESSIONALISMS PROFESSIONALISMS, words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, “to the mountain” in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Professionalisms- words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular prof. groups. P., along with terms and nomens, constitute the category of special vocabulary. P. colloquial words, stylistically reduced, mainly denote concepts related to labor processes ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

professionalism- a category of words representing specific terminology in the "natural" speech of representatives of a certain profession. Creating artistic images of these people, writers turn to this type of "passive" vocabulary in order to give their speeches ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

professionalism- words and expressions that are characteristic of the speech of people of various professions and serve various areas of professional activity, but have not become commonly used. P., unlike terms, are considered semi-official words (lexemes), not ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Professionalisms- words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group (for example, among investigators, operatives, “split” to induce confession, “confessions”). Used in author's expertise ... Forensic Encyclopedia- PROFESSIONALISMS, words or expressions used in a particular professional environment. Together with terms and professional jargon (cf. Jargon) they are included in the layer of special vocabulary. Between these three varieties of special vocabulary ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

The concept and features of professional vocabulary

Words related to professional vocabulary are called professionalisms. Galperin interpreted professionalisms as "... words associated with the production activities of people united by one profession or occupation" . In his opinion, professionalism is correlated with terms. The latter appear to define newly emerging concepts as a result of scientific discoveries and technological progress. Professionalisms in a new way designate already known concepts, usually objects and processes of labor (activity). Professionalisms differ from terms in that terms are a specialized part of literary and book vocabulary, and professionalisms are a specialized part of non-literary colloquial vocabulary. The semantic structure of professionalism is obscured by a figurative representation in which the distinguished features can be quite random and arbitrary. At the heart of the emergence of professionalism lies semantic specialization - the narrowing of the meaning of the word.

An example is the speech of teachers. Their vocabulary is dominated by such words as lesson introspection, curriculum, extracurricular activities, routing lesson, etc.

Professionalisms- these are words and phrases that are not currently officially recognized designations of special concepts.

Professionalisms usually appear in those cases when it becomes necessary to designate a variety of a concept, subject, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized and then they already begin to be called terms.

In addition to common words in Russian, there are words that are used much less frequently. These include various jargon and turns used in professional speech. Professionalisms are words that are used by people of a particular profession, or simply related to a particular specialization. But, unlike terms, they are not accepted as official concepts and are not applicable in scientific activity.

Term Features

It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in Russian. Often these words are slang expressions. The informal nature of lexemes suggests that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: belonging to the same specialty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes wider over time.

Practically people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all the processes and phenomena in working life, many of which often have no definition. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often, for a person who is not initiated into the intricacies of a particular profession, confusion may arise when meeting with words from In real life, they can denote completely different objects.

For example, the word "peasants" in legal speech denotes witnesses to a crime, and not villagers.

Characteristics and application

Another one salient feature professionalism is emotional coloring and expression. Many are used to denote negative working phenomena, errors in production. Their similarity with colloquial expressions is noticeable: in some cases it is almost impossible to distinguish between these concepts. They are always formed in oral speech. In some cases, the word has a terminological analogue, which is not used due to the difficulty of pronunciation, the cumbersomeness of the word.

Many examples can be given from the railroad trades. Each type of transport here has its own designation, sometimes consisting of abbreviations and numbers. It is quite difficult to use them in speech, therefore, substitute concepts appear in the communication of railway workers.

For example, a tank with 8 axles is called a "cigar", and a diesel locomotive TU2 is called a "carcass" by road workers. There are similar examples in aviation: the AN-14 aircraft was nicknamed the “bee”.

Designations have not only technical devices but also individual professions and positions. Dreziners are called drivers of track cars. Some of the professional words are distorted foreign designations: reading the Latin alphabet without observing the rules of pronunciation (for example, "designer" - designer).

Examples from different professions

In some works of fiction, writers also use professionalisms. This is necessary for depicting a certain category of people, conveying emotions and for character dialogues. Many representatives of professions do not even notice how they use the words of this vocabulary in their speech. Teachers, sports coaches, economists and designers have them. In legal and advocacy practice, the phrase “to sew a case” means “investigation with a bias towards prosecution”. Musicians and music teachers have an expression “major mood”, which carries a rather positive connotation. Rich in professionalism and language medical workers, where complex names of diagnoses are replaced by ironic, simplified words.

"Betseshnik" is called a patient infected with hepatitis B and C, "flicker" is called atrial fibrillation. The main purpose of such words in this case is to make the speech shorter and more capacious, and to speed up the process of helping patients.

Use in speech

Professionalisms in the Russian language are little studied, linguists try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find certain boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionaries will help students and pupils in their further work: to quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, not to experience difficulties in oral communication with narrow specialists.

Problems of professionalism

One of the problems is the misunderstanding of professionalism by people who do not belong to a particular one. Many of these expressions are not found in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are hardly distinguished from the terms themselves and vernacular. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the representatives of the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when employees and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but their meaning is unfamiliar to many managers. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, and conflicts may arise.