Technological map of the lesson structure and function of the kidneys. Biology lesson on the topic "The urinary system. The structure and functions of the kidneys" (grade 8) The structure and functions of the urinary system
Sections: Biology
Class: 8
Lesson objectives: reveal the role of excretion in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body; to acquaint with the main ways of excretion of metabolic products in the human body; to form ideas about the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system: kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra; about the features of the kidneys; on the regulation of urination. To reveal the consequences of impaired kidney function, to show the causes of urinary diseases and the basics of their prevention.
Lesson plan:
Updating and checking knowledge.
Conversation with students about the role of metabolism in the body.
Learning new material.
Introduction by the teacher.
In the process of metabolism, decay products are formed. Some of these products are used by the body, others are removed from it. Carbon dioxide, water, volatile substances are removed from the body through the lungs. The intestines secrete some salts, sweat glands - water, salts, organic substances. The main role in excretory processes belongs to the kidneys. The kidneys remove water, salts, ammonia, urea, and uric acid from the body. Through the kidneys, many foreign and poisonous substances that are formed in the body or taken in the form of medicines are removed from the body. The kidneys contribute to maintaining the constancy of the composition of the internal environment of the body. Excess water or salts in the blood can cause changes in osmotic pressure, which is dangerous for the vital activity of the cells of our body. The kidneys remove excess water and mineral salts from the body, restoring the constancy of the osmotic properties of the blood. The kidneys maintain a certain constant reaction of the blood. With the accumulation of acidic or alkaline metabolic products in the blood through the kidneys, the excretion of excess salts increases. In maintaining the constancy of the blood reaction, a very important role is played by the ability of the kidneys to synthesize ammonia, which binds acidic products, replacing sodium and potassium in them. In this case, ammonium salts are formed, which are excreted in the urine, and sodium and potassium are stored for the needs of the body.
Student's message "How is the excretion of waste products in unicellular and multicellular organisms."
The urinary system consists of the urinary organs and the urinary organs. The urinary organs include the kidneys, and the urinary organs include the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped organs located in the abdominal cavity. The mass of the kidneys is 320 grams. The kidneys are a biological filter. The right kidney is lower than the left one. Beneath the kidneys is the liver, the largest gland in our body. Outside, the kidney is covered with a strong elastic capsule.
Rice. 2
The ureters leave the kidney. The length of the ureters is 30 cm. Urine flows smoothly along them into the bladder. Every 7 seconds, another portion of urine comes out of the kidneys. Bladder- an unpaired organ, with a capacity of 300-500 ml. The excretion of urine occurs reflexively. This reflex is developed by 2-3 years.
Microscopic structure of the kidneys:
The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. There are about 1 million of them in each kidney. Nephron can be figuratively compared with a pearl, the scattering of which figuratively stores a kidney or a precious filter embedded in a simple mouthpiece. On top of the kidney is covered with a cortical layer, and below it is the medulla. It contains capsules of Shumlyansky, similar to glasses. In the glasses there is a capillary glomerulus, which is surrounded by Bowman's capsule, which passes into the renal tubule.
Rice. 3
Blood supply to the kidneys:
The kidney gives us a "wonderful network of arteries." Nowhere in the body is there such a sequence of vessels: artery, capillary, artery. Urine is formed in the nephron. Urine formation occurs in 2 stages:
The composition of urine is determined by the state of the body. If a person has diabetes, then sugar appears in his urine. If the food is rich in carbohydrates, then after hard physical work, sugar may appear in the urine. The kidneys synthesize biologically active substances (renin is an enzyme involved in biochemical processes). In total, 1.5 liters of urine is formed per day.
Independent work.
Students are given forms with an analysis of the urine of an imaginary patient. Task for students - are there any deviations in urine tests? ( Appendix 2) The results are recorded in the table:
The kidneys are a vital organ and a malfunction in their work leads to kidney diseases.
Renal diseases: enuresis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis. Enuresis - urinary incontinence; cystitis - inflammation of the bladder; pyelonephritis - inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Prevention of diseases requires compliance with certain hygiene rules: proper nutrition, timely treatment of teeth, sore throats, hardening, careful handling of drugs, poisons, personal hygiene.
They're like two big beans
Attached to the links.
At the spinal column
Cozy accommodations.
The kidneys filter our blood
With unparalleled stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was constancy.
Nephron contains capsules,
tubules and glomeruli
A million nephrons
Contain our kidneys.
Blood passes through the nephron
The canal decides here
What to return to the body
What does he remove?
From a young age we must take into account
What is most precious to us
We must protect not only honor,
But so are our kidneys.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
Questions for students:
Is it related to the urinary system?
What organs are the urinary organs?
Why are the kidneys called biological filters?
What is a nephron? How is it arranged? How does it work?
How is urine formed?
Causes of kidney disease?
How to prevent kidney disease?
5. Homework: P.41, 42.
Literature:
V.V. Pasechnik, G.G. Shvetsov Biology lessons. 8th grade. Moscow “Enlightenment” 2010
R.D. Mash, A.G. Dragomilov Biology. Man. Grade 8 Moscow “Venta – Graf” 2006
R.D. Mash. Man and his health. Moscow. 1996
V.V. Kserofontova, V.V. Evstafiev. Anatomy and physiology of man. Moscow. 1996
T.V. Kozachok Biology. 8th grade. Volgograd. 2004
The structure and functions of the urinary system
Lesson using reference notes
Equipment: tables "Organs of excretion", model "Structure of the mammalian kidney", filmstrip "Structure and function of the kidneys".
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Consolidation of previously studied material
Three students work at the blackboard.
Task 1st student: describe the metabolism in the body using the following diagram:
Basic concepts
Homeostasis is the body's ability to resist environmental changes and maintain a relatively constant composition, as well as the intensity of physiological processes.
Metabolism- a set of metabolic and energy processes and their biochemical transformations in a living organism or a set of chemical transformations of compounds characteristic of a cell, related to each other and with environment and keep the cell alive.
Anabolism(or assimilation) - the processes of synthesis of complex organic substances from simple ones. These processes are also called plastic exchange: from simple nutrients, energy-rich substances of the cell are formed - proteins, fats, carbohydrates. These processes require energy.
catabolism(or dissimilation) - the processes of splitting complex organic substances into simple ones. These processes are also called energy exchange: proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down and oxidized to inorganic substances. These processes are accompanied by the release of energy, which is spent on the synthesis of new substances, muscle movement, work. internal organs, mental work, etc.
Teacher. Where do these processes take place?
Student. In a cage.
Teacher. What is needed for this?
Student. Involvement of enzymes.
Teacher. Is there a relationship between these processes?
Student. Yes. They occur simultaneously in the cell, and many end products of catabolism are initial for anabolism. The energy released during catabolism is consumed during anabolism.
Teacher. What laws of dialectics govern the process of metabolism?
Student. The law of conservation and transformation of energy, the law of unity and struggle of opposites.
Assignment 2nd student: talk about the processes of selection and characterize the types of these processes.
Basic concepts:
defecation- removal of undigested food residues through the anus. These are not metabolic products, tk. undigested food does not enter the cells of the body and is not involved in the processes of metabolism. No energy is required to remove these residues.
Excretion- the release of substances not subject to further use in the body from cells and from the bloodstream with urine and sweat. Energy is consumed during excretion.
Secretion- secretion by the cell of substances that are used within the body itself. For example, the release of enzymes in the composition of gastric juice or saliva. Energy is consumed during this.
Task 3rd student: talk about the end products of the breakdown of the basic substances of the cell ( working with diagrams).
Teacher. What happens to the end products?
Student. Part is used by the body, others are removed into the external environment.
Teacher. How does this happen? After all, most cells are located deep in the body, and not on the border with the environment.
Student. All these substances enter the bloodstream and are transferred to the excretory organs.
Teacher. What are these organs?
Student. Lungs, kidneys, skin, intestines.
Teacher. To summarize, we analyze the table.
Teacher. Define the process of extraction.
Student. Selection is the process of removing metabolic end products from the body, as well as removing excess water, salts and other substances.
Teacher. What organ systems is associated with this process?
Student. With urinary, circulatory, respiratory, skin, digestive.
II. Learning new material
Teacher. So, from Table. 1 shows that the largest number substances are removed through the kidneys. The kidneys are the organs of the urinary system. We will get acquainted with the structure of this system and its functions in today's lesson.
Work is carried out in groups. Each group gets a task. The report on the work is drawn up in the form of a reference abstract in notebooks and on the board.
The main task is to establish the relationship between the functions and structure of the organs of the urinary system. Creative task: make Euler circles for any fragment of the lesson.
Functions of the urinary system
Teacher's story.
1. Excretory (excretion) - removed:
a) end products of dissimilation;
b) excess water and salts;
c) toxic substances (alcohol, drugs);
2. Regulatory - ensures constancy:
a) the internal environment of the body (the volume of blood, lymph and tissue fluid);
b) osmotic pressure - the kidneys regulate the concentration of salts in the blood and tissue fluid that bathes the cells. If the concentration of salts in the liquid is greater than in the cell, water leaves it, the cell shrinks and dies (plasmolysis); and vice versa, if the concentration of salts in the liquid is less than in the cell, water enters the cell, it swells and bursts;
c) the ionic composition of the fluid - the kidneys retain or remove certain salts from the blood, depending on their deficiency or excess in the body;
d) acid-base balance - the kidneys maintain a neutral blood reaction, depending on the circumstances, retaining or removing carbonic acid, chlorine, hydrogen and ammonium ions from the body, the presence of which determines the pH level of the blood. Ammonium ions are formed from ammonia, which is synthesized in the cells of the kidneys themselves;
e) blood pressure - the removal of fluid from the body reduces blood pressure.
3. Secretory
Hormones are formed - biological regulators (the enzyme synthesized by the kidneys renin activates the regulator that controls blood pressure).
The structure of the urinary system
Task group number 1
1. Give captions to fig. one.
2. Fill in and analyze the table. 2.
Tasks for group No. 2
1. Give captions to fig. 2.
2. Tell where the kidneys are located, how many of them, what shape they have, weight. (Working with the table "Organs of selection".)
3. Describe the features of the blood supply to the kidneys. (Working with the filmstrip "The structure and work of the kidneys.")
Task group number 3
1. Give captions to fig. 3.
2. Tell about the internal macroscopic structure of the kidney (a dummy is used).
Task group number 4
Using the textbook * (§ 41, pp. 129-130), fill in and comment on the table. 3.
Task group number 5
Using the textbook* (§ 41, pp. 129–130), describe the process of urination.
The results of work in groups are drawn up in the form of a reference summary in notebooks and on the board.
The internal (microscopic) structure of the kidney - the structure of the nephron
Teacher's story. The main provisions are entered in the supporting abstract.
The kidney has a very complex microscopic structure. The structural unit of the kidney is the nephron - the renal corpuscle (Fig. 4). The nephron is microscopic. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.
The renal corpuscle begins in the cortical layer of the kidney with a small capsule, having the shape of a double-walled cup, formed from two layers of epithelial cells. Between these layers is a slit-like space - the cavity of the capsule. From it begins the renal convoluted tubule of the 1st order, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells. The tubule descends into the medulla of the kidney, where it forms the loop of Henle, then returns to the cortical layer, receiving the name of the tubule of the 2nd order. Here it coils again, merges with the same neighboring tubule and forms a collecting duct of the nephron, passing inside the pyramids.
The collecting ducts merge to form larger excretory ducts. They pass through the medulla to the tops of the papillae of the pyramids. The total length of the tubule of one nephron is 35–50 mm, and the total length of the tubules of the entire kidney reaches 120 km.
Each individual tubule releases its own small portion of the daily amount of urine.
Inside the renal capsule is a capillary glomerulus, formed from the branches of the renal artery, extending from the aorta. It is called the afferent arteriole.
The capillary glomerulus tightly adheres to the nephron capsule, and blood plasma substances easily diffuse from the vessel into the capsule cavity.
The capillaries gather into the efferent arteriole. It again breaks up into capillaries that braid the convoluted tubules and the loop of Henle. After that, the capillaries form veins that flow into the inferior vena cava, through which the blood purified from toxins returns to the bloodstream. Reabsorption products also returned here. And urine enters the renal pelvis.
Urine formation
Teacher's story.
The process of making urine and removing it from the body is called diuresis.
This is very difficult process, it is closely related to the blood supply to the kidneys, which is many times greater than the blood supply to other organs. This ensures the purification of the blood from substances continuously entering it from the cells to be removed from the body with urine.
Diuresis occurs in two stages (phases).
1. Filtration - substances brought by blood into the capillaries of the glomerulus are filtered into the cavity of the nephron capsule. This is due to a significant pressure difference in the glomerulus (70 mm Hg) and in the capsule cavity (30 mm Hg).
Such a high pressure in the capillaries is provided by:
- slow blood flow
- pressure difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles;
– high pressure blood in the afferent arteriole (the renal artery branches off from the aorta, where the blood is at its highest pressure).
The filtered liquid is called primary urine. In composition, it corresponds to blood plasma without proteins (Table 3).
Primary urine contains a lot of substances needed by the body (sugar, amino acids, vitamins, hormones) and if they are removed from the body, the excretion process will become very wasteful. But this does not happen, since there is a reverse absorption of substances into the blood in the next phase.
2. Reabsorption - occurs when the primary urine moves through the convoluted tubules, which are tightly braided with capillaries.
Reabsorption proceeds:
a) passively - according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis;
b) actively - due to the activity of the epithelium of the renal tubules with the participation of enzyme systems with energy expenditure.
During reabsorption, primary urine gives blood water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, a significant amount of potassium and sodium ions - this ensures the constancy of the internal environment (the second function of the kidneys).
Substances such as urea, ammonia, sulfates, other waste products, as well as excess, for example, glucose, are not reabsorbed, their concentration in the urine along the tubules increases, and secondary urine is formed, which must be removed from the body (the first function of the kidneys).
In addition to reabsorption in the tubules, there is a release into their lumen of harmful substances that have entered the body and into the bloodstream from the external environment (dyes, antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). If these substances are not filtered into capsules, then they are removed from the blood through the capillary network that wraps around the convoluted tubule.
Yellow urine depends on the pigment urochrome, a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin.
Regulation of the urinary system
Teacher's story.
The process of urine formation by the kidneys is regulated by the nervous and humoral systems. A person can control the process of urination, it is possible to develop a conditioned reflex.
Urination reflex arc: bladder receptors ® sensory pathway of the neuron ® urination center in the spinal cord ® diencephalon ® cerebral cortex ® motor pathway of the neuron ® bladder sphincter muscle.
When the concentration of salts in the blood changes, the receptors of blood vessels are irritated. If the body lacks moisture or a lot of salty food has been eaten, then the concentration of salts in the blood increases and a hormone is released in the pituitary gland vasopressin. It enhances the reabsorption of water in the tubules - the fluid returns to the bloodstream and the volume of urine decreases, while the amount of salt excreted remains at the same level. Conversely, if the concentration of salts in the blood decreases, then hormones are released that reduce the reabsorption of water and contribute to its removal from the body.
Lesson Conclusions
1. The kidney is a complex biological filter.
2. The structure and work of the kidneys allows you to purify the blood, removing unnecessary substances from the body, and maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
Appendix
1 - adrenal gland;
2 - kidney;
3 - ureter;
4 - bladder;
5 - urethra
Rice. 2. External structure kidneys: 1 - "gate" of the kidney;
2 - renal artery; 3 - renal vein; 4 - ureter
Rice. 3. Internal (macroscopic) structure of the kidney:
1 - cortical layer; 2 - the medulla, consisting of the renal pyramids; 3 - papillae; 4 - pelvis; 5 - ureter
Rice. 4. The structure of the nephron: 1 - capsule of the nephron; 2 - capsule cavity; 3 - epithelium of the convoluted tubule of the 1st order; 4 - loop of Henle; 5 - convoluted tubule of the 2nd order; 6 - collecting duct; 7 - glomerulus of capillaries; 8 - bringing arteriole; 9 - blood filtration; 10 - efferent arteriole; 11 - blood flow to the inferior vena cava; 12 - reabsorption; 13 - urine flow; 14 - renal pelvis
* Biology. Man. Textbook for the 9th grade of educational institutions. Edited by A.S. Batuev. – M.: Enlightenment.
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
CHELYABINSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(GOU VPO "ChGPU")
Outline plan open lesson in biology in grade 8 A on the topic "Structure and functions of the kidneys"
Performed:
Student of the natural-technological faculty,
group 559 - 60
Sedykh Daria Sergeevna
Chelyabinsk, 2014
Lesson topic"The structure and function of the kidneys"
Lesson type: learning new material
The purpose of the lesson: to form students' knowledge of the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary system and to reveal the relationship between the structure of the kidneys and its functions.
Lesson objectives:
Educational
To acquaint with the general plan of the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system
To study the features of the external and internal structure of the kidneys in connection with the functions performed
Educational
Bring up careful attitude to their health, to form the right attitude towards healthy lifestyle life.
Educational
Develop critical thinking techniques on the example of working with text, tables
Ability to explain biological terms
Equipment:
cards (handout)
presentation "structure and functions of the kidneys"
footage: "urinary system", "the process of formation and excretion of urine "
Forms and methods of teaching:
Frontal conversation;
Fulfillment of differentiated tasks;
Statement and solution of problematic issues;
Creative independent work
Basic terms and concepts:
Kidney: cortex, medulla (renal pyramids), renal pelvis.
Nephron: capsule, tubule, capillary glomerulus.
Primary and secondary urine.
Ureters.
Bladder.
Urethra.
Literature for the teacher:
2011;
Internet resources
Literature for the student:
Textbook Biology: Grade 8: a textbook for students of educational institutions / I.N. Ponomareva, O.A. Kornilova, N.M. Chernov; ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011;
During the classes
Organizing time
Hello guys. My name is Daria Sergeevna. I am glad to welcome you to the lesson, the epigraph to which will be the statement of the Athenian playwright Sophocles
“There are many miracles in the world, man is the most wonderful of them all!”(slide 1)
Knowledge update
And you have already had the opportunity to be convinced of this by traveling through the human body. And, it would seem, well, we all already know! But no, each lesson reveals more and more secrets to you. human body. So today we will visit another unexplored corner, another organ system responsible for cleansing the body.
And what organ systems that rid our body of superfluous and unnecessary things do you already know? (they call, show pictures, kidneys last)
Organ systems with excretory function (slide 2)
excretory Respiratory digestive
Study of new topic
The topic of our lesson is "The structure and functions of the kidneys."(slide 3)
And I firmly believe that by the end of the lesson you will easily be able to answer the following questions:(slide 4)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
How many times do the kidneys filter the same portion of blood?
But in order to answer the questions, we need to set a goal for this lesson. In front of you on the board are mixed words from these words, you need to make up the goal of the lesson - to study the structure and functions of the kidneys.
The structure of the urinary system (video urinary system ) (slide 5.6) watch the video on the structure of the kidneys and use the textbook on pages 157-158 (Fig. 69, 70) to make captions for the figures.(Appendix 1)
Did you know: (slide 7)
A person with strong kidneys can be recognized by their large ears. Small and translucent ears, on the contrary, indicate weakness of the kidneys.
The kidneys weigh from 120 to 200 grams, with the right kidney weighing slightly more than the left.
Since 2006, Kidney Day has been celebrated on the second Thursday of March.
Insert the necessary words from the dictionary into the text, the picture on the slide will help you. (slide 8) (appendix 2)
Glossary:
A person has two kidneys.
They are located at the level of the lower back, on both sides of the spine. Such a “giant” as the liver “presses” on the right kidney, so it is 1-1.5 cm lower than the left one.
The shape of the kidney resembles a bean.
The size of a kidney is the size of a human fist.
Weight - 150-200 g, length - 10-12 cm, width - 5-6 cm. Approximately every 7 s from
Ureters - tubules 30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter. Smooth movements of the ureters move urine to the bladder.
Bladder - unpaired organ, volume 500-700 ml. It is not too big and not too small - why accumulate extra heaviness that does not useful qualities?)
Answer:(slide 9)
(checking the interchange 9-10 correct - 5 nephrons; 6-8 correct - 3 nephrons; 3-5 correct - 1 nephron)
What do you think you got now for the correct answers?
Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
There are 1 million of them in each human kidney, and therefore each earns its own nephrons.(Appendix 3)
"The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney". (slide 10)
How do you understand the phrase "Structural-functional unit"? (A structural unit is what an organ is built from, in our case, a kidney. A functional unit is such a part of an organ that performs its functions, work).
We write down in a notebook : Nephron is the smallest unit of the kidney, in which blood plasma is filtered (p. 157 of the textbook).
So, we study the structure of the nephron (Fig. 70 p. 158)
Each nephron begins with two layerscapsule .
leaves the capsuleconvoluted tubule which makesloop and then falls intocollecting duct . There are a lot of tubules in the kidney, their total length reaches 100 km. enters the capsuleartery, forming in itcapillary glomerulus . After leaving the capsule, the arterial blood vessel again branches intocapillaries , whichwrap around the walls of the tubule . The purified blood is collected in the kidneys.veins.
Remove excess (slide 11)
convoluted tubule
The loop
Pelvis
collecting duct
capillary glomerulus
Ureter
convoluted tubule
Capsule
The work of the nephron (slide 12)
Where does waste material go from the collecting duct? Arrange the organs in the correct order. (slide 13)
Bladder
Ureters
Pelvis
kidney cups
Urethra
ANSWER: 4,3,2,1,5
Kidney Functions (slide 14)
Consider the following fact:
in case of violation of both kidneys, severe poisoning of the whole organism occurs and the person dies after 5 days.
Explain:
a) what substances poison a person with damaged kidneys, although no poisons entered the body from the environment; b) what are the functions of the kidneys?
During the discussion, formulate and write down in a notebookmain kidney function :
1) excretory (remove excess water, organic and inorganic substances, products of nitrogen metabolism);
2) protective (provide the removal from the body of toxic compounds formed in the process of metabolism).
Now watch the video and fill in the table along the way according to what you see and hear (video of the process of formation and excretion of urine)(slide 15)
Urine formation (Annex 4)
Stages of urination
Processes (phases)
Where is formed
Compound
1. Formation of primary urine
filtration
in the renal capsule
Water, urea, salts, etc.
2. Formation of secondary urine
Reabsorption (reabsorption)
in the tubules
Urea, uric acid, water
(checking by the whole class of 6 answers -5 nephrons; 4 answers - 3 nephrons; 2 answers - 1 nephron)
Answer the questions… (slide 16)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
How many times do the kidneys filter the same portion of blood?
What substances are not removed from the blood with urine?
Why is it important to take care of kidney health?
Lesson summary (atwho has more nephrons - a medal)(Annex 5)
Homework (slide 17)
1. Study § 39 of the textbook.
2. 3 questions(Annex 6)
Reflection (slide 18)
Red the color of the card means that the lesson was very pleasant, during the lesson a good mood did not leave.
Yellow color - the lesson passed quietly, imperceptibly. Nothing in the lesson was particularly exciting, but you are satisfied with the lesson. The mood is calm, even.
Blue color - a feeling of complete dissatisfaction with the lesson, a mood of despondency and bitterness.
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Glossary: volume, two, shape, kidneys, ureters, lower back, unpaired, spine, width, mass.
TEXT:
In man? kidneys. They are located at the level? , at both sides?. Such a “giant” as the liver “presses” on the right kidney, so it is 1–1.5 cm lower than the left one. By? the kidney resembles a bean. Value? - the size of a man's fist.? - 150-200 g, length - 10-12 cm,? - 5-6 cm. Approximately every 7 s from the kidneys release another portion of urine, which enters the ureters.
? - tubules 30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter. Smooth movements of the ureters move urine to the bladder.
Bladder - ? organ,? 500-700 ml. It is not too big and not too small - why accumulate extra heaviness that does not
useful qualities?
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Urine formation
Stages of urination
Processes (phases)
Where is formed
Compound
1. Formation of primary urine
2. Formation of secondary urine
Annex 5
Appendix 6
1. It is known that a person produces 180 liters of primary urine in 1 day. How is this value determined?
2. It is known that the rate of formation of secondary urine by the kidneys depends on two factors: the rate of filtration in the renal glomeruli and the intensity of reabsorption in the renal tubules. With pain irritation, the amount of secondary urine formed decreases. What could be the specific physiological mechanisms of this phenomenon? Suggest experiments that might reveal the involvement of some of the regulatory mechanisms involved.
3. Explain why drinking 1 liter of beer causes more copious urine production than drinking the same amount of water.
Technological map of biology lesson
Teacher GBOU secondary school p.g.t. Mirny Bayonova Lyubov Germanovna
Lesson topic Structure and function of the kidneys
The purpose of the lesson Students' perception and primary awareness of new educational material (the structure of the kidneys), understanding the connections and relationships in the objects of study.
Worldview idea The kidney is a vital organ.
Software requirements. The structure of the kidneys. Urination is one of the main functions.
Planned educational outcomes
Personal outcomes Meta-subject outcomes Subject outcome
- value attitude to healthy lifestyle Cognitive UUD:
- highlights essential information;
- sustainable educational and cognitive motivation and interest in learning
Communicative UUD:
- goal setting;
- forms own opinion and argues it
Regulatory UUD:
- grade;
- self-esteem;
- adjustment;
- planning future activities;
- organization of independent work.
Knows:
- the concepts of "homeostasis", "nephron", "filtration", "reabsorption", "nephron tubule", "nephron capsule", "primary, secondary urine"; - macroscopic and microscopic structure of the kidneys;
- stages of urine formation;
- composition of urine;
- processes and their causes;
Why should you protect your kidneys?
Can:
- reveal the essential characteristics of these concepts;
- indicate the structure of the kidneys in the figure;
- characterize the processes of urine formation and the reasons for their occurrence;
- to distinguish the composition of primary and secondary urine;
- give examples of why it is necessary to observe the drinking regimen.
Owned by:
- rules of personal hygiene.
Program content The structure and functioning of the kidneys.
Plan for learning new material Creating a comfortable situation for research
Discussing the goal and the route to it
Solutions
Conclusion
Basic concepts "homeostasis", "nephron", "filtration", "reabsorption", "urine";
Lesson type Combined
Lesson form Group
Technology Problem-developing education using a student-centered approach.
Mise-en-scene of the lesson Work individually, in pairs and in a group.
Lesson equipment Basic textbook: Dragomirov A.G., Mash R.D., Biology: Grade 8. - M .: "Ventana-Graf", 2010.
Computer software, presentation on the topic: “The structure and functions of the kidneys”, route sheet, additional material for the student, accessories, quote on the board, terms. For the experiment: a bucket of 10 liters, a jar of 1.5 liters, a fabric of 1.5 m², 20 white coats.
Homework Paragraph ___ questions at the end of the paragraph.
Creative tasks of choice: 1. prepare a presentation:
"Causes of Kidney Disease".
"Prevention of diseases of the urinary system", pay special attention to the kidneys.
Create visual aid:
"The structure of the excretory system"
"Structure of the Kidney"
During the classes
Planned OR Teacher activity Student activity
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT (2 min)
Greeting students, creating favorable moral and mental conditions:
- In what mood did you come to the lesson today?
What do you associate with the subject of anatomy?
- Do you like to study your body? - Would you like to know more about him?
Checking readiness for the lesson, the general mood for the upcoming lesson.
Training teaching aids to the lesson.
Participate in dialogue.
STATEMENT OF THE LEARNING PROBLEM (7 min.)
He draws attention to the words of the Italian film director F. Fellini: “Of all the adventures prepared for us by life, the most important and interesting is to go on a journey inside ourselves, to explore the unknown part of ourselves.”
Do you like to travel?
- To tune in to work, let's start with biological charging.
Reads statements. Offers to work quickly, independently:.- We study anatomy.
- Metabolism is a property that is characteristic only for humans.
- Homeostasis - the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant composition. - Only useful substances can enter the body.
- The nephron is part of the kidney.
Thanks, offers to sit down.
In the warm-up, two concepts caused difficulty: nephron and homeostasis. Offers to return to them later.
Draws attention to slide number 1. Offers to fill in the first column in table number 1.
Organ Removable substances Per day
Gaseous metabolic products: CO₂, H₂O, volatile substances -
Excess water, various salts (salts of sulfur, phosphorus, potassium) 0.5 l
Salts of heavy metals, cleavage products of bile pigments, hemoglobin. Undigested food remains - feces. 300 g
Excess water, drugs, various salts, urea, ammonia, poisonous substances 1.2 - 1.6 l
Asks:
- Are these organs related to one or different organ systems?
- What is their common role? (homeostasis).
Encourages the guys: Well done, I am pleased that you already know a lot.
Let's take a look at Table 1 again.
- Which organ removes more unnecessary substances from the body?
What system are the kidneys a part of?
- Why did she get such a name?
Draws attention to SLIDE number 2. Urinary system
Read the quote.
Answer the question
They got up, left their desks, listened, performed biological exercises: if the statement is true, they raise their right hand, if not, they raise left hand, if they find it difficult, do one squat, i.e. gymnastics for the body and brain.
Identified a gap in knowledge.
They study the table, offer options for filling out the first column, argue the answer
Answer questions, make logical conclusions
Remember the structure from the Zoology course
LEARNING NEW MATERIAL (20 min.)
Form an opinion on the topic
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Form the concept of the participation of the kidneys in maintaining
homeostasis
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Creating a problem situation: There is such a fact. In case of violation of the work of both kidneys, a person can live no more than five days.
Discussion: Why?
In order to understand why, he suggests, they will go on a journey, to an organ unknown to them - the kidneys.
Hypothesis 1. We do not know the structure of the kidneys, and the reason may be hidden in the structural features;
Hypothesis 2. We do not know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the organism.
Solutions:
Need to know:
Group 1: The location of the kidneys, their macroscopic and microscopic structure.
Self-acquired knowledge
Macroscopic structure of the kidneys:
Kidney = cortical layer + medulla + pelvis.
Microscopic structure of the kidneys: (we consider the kidneys at a higher magnification) Nephron - is the microscopic unit of the kidney. It has a complex structure. Nephron = capsule + tubule.
Conclusion: The kidney has a complex structure, and with a deviation in the health of this organ, serious problems of the whole organism as a whole are possible.
Group 2: We do not know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the body.
Stages Processes and their cause Where Composition
I. Formation of primary urine (per day - 150 - 170 l) Filtration due to the difference in pressure in the glomerulus of arterioles and the cavity of the capsule is formed in capsules of H2O, glucose, mineral salts, vitamins, amino acids, hormones, urea.
Should not be: protein, blood cells.
II. Formation of secondary urine (per day - 1.2 - 1.5 l) Reabsorption - reverse absorption according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis is formed in the tubules of H2O, urea, ammonia, glucose (up to 0.11%), uric acid, creatinine, excess drugs .
Should not be: protein, blood cells, glucose (more than 0.2%)
Conclusion: The kidney is a complex biological filter that forms urine in two stages, therefore, the kidneys maintain the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis), if this process is disturbed, the body may die.
Second phase:
The teacher draws the attention of the children to the table with covered objects (1 bucket - 10 liters and a jar of 1.5 liters with liquid), offers a surprise riddle. What do the numbers on the bucket and jar mean?
Who is friends with mathematics, how many buckets of liquid do the kidneys pass through themselves per day? (18 buckets).
- How? Organs smaller than cams can pass through themselves 180 liters per day?
- I'll help you guys. It turns out that if you expand all the glomeruli and tubules of the nephron, you get a suction area of 1.5 m². With which system is the nephron connected (with the circulatory system), it is correct, so this becomes possible.
- What will happen to the body if it loses fluid at the stage of primary urine?
- Well done, we successfully passed the 2nd stage, it's time to relax. Discussion of a problem situation
Form and write down the topic of the lesson
Record 1 hypothesis
Reveal the essence of concepts:
kidney, cortical layer, medulla, pelvis, nephron, capsule, tubule.
Filling out the itinerary
Record 2 hypotheses
Conduct research using a textbook, cards with additional material, route sheet and ICT.
Reveal the essence of concepts:
filtration, reabsorption, primary, secondary urine, homeostasis.
Filling out the itinerary
Guess that 10l. - the amount of primary, and 1.5 l. is the amount of secondary urine.
They come to the conclusion that they will die because. will lose a lot of water, and the necessary substances.
PHYSICAL MINUTE (1 min.)
Recognize the topography of the organ. Most best holiday- active.
Offers to get up, leave the desks and perform a series of physical exercises, and then put your hands on your lower back.
- What organ is under your hands? That's right, kidneys. Now we know the topography, the location of this organ, and if it hurts in the lumbar region, then you should pay attention to it. The kidneys that we studied today are asking for help. Sit at the desk, straighten your shoulders.
- Guys, our rest increased blood circulation and the process of cleansing the blood from decay products. Perform 2 quick squats, then 2 circular movements with the hands, while: inhale, exhale. Hands on the waist.
PRIMARY REPETITION AND REINFORCEMENT (7 min.)
Analyze information and draw conclusions.
Collective discussion of the proposed poem.
They are like two big beans.
Attached to the links.
At the spinal column
Cozy accommodations.
The kidneys filter our blood
With unparalleled stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was constancy.
Nephron contains capsules,
Tubules and glomeruli.
There are a million nephrons in our kidneys.
Blood passes through the nephron
The canal decides here
What to return to the body, and what it removes.
From a young age we must take into account what is dearest to us.
We must protect not only honor, but also the kidneys.
Read and analyze the poem
- shape - location - function
- meaning
- the structure of the nephron
- number of nephrons
- Without which system is it impossible for the kidneys to work?
What do you need to remember from a young age?
LESSON SUMMARY (3 min.)
Evaluation, self-esteem.
- What did you learn in the lesson?
- What helped you learn new things?
- What will change in your behavior?
Meaningful evaluation of the work of the groups. Explanation of marks.
The structure and function of the kidneys.
Plan for studying new material:
- Selection value
- Urinary system
- The structure of the kidneys
- The structure of the nephron
- Functions of the nephron
A) the formation of primary urine
B) the formation of secondary urine
6) The structure and functions of the urethra, ureters, bladder.
During the classes
P: The basic structural unit of the body is the cell. For its vital activity, nutrients and oxygen are needed, which in the process of assimilation and dissimilation form energy substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as carbon dioxide and harmful substances. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates are used by the body to build it. Energy is spent on the vital activity of the body, carbon dioxide is released through respiratory system, and harmful substances through the excretory organs. This means that the constancy of the composition of the internal environment is maintained by removing the end products of metabolism and excess other substances through the lungs, skin and kidneys. The accumulation of such substances in the internal environment of the body can lead to its poisoning and death.
Open your notebooks and write down the topic of our today's lesson "The structure and functions of the kidneys"
So, the main part of harmful substances is removed from the body with urine through the excretory organs: kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra. Let's draw a diagram of the structure of the urinary system.
Excretory system
(The teacher, listing, draws a diagram on the board, then also shows, using the “paired kidneys” table, demonstrates models of the kidneys.)
The kidneys are the main organ of the urinary system. In humans, there are 2 of them, located at the level of the lower back, on both sides of the spine. Each one is about the size of a man's fist.
Cortical layer
Pelvis
(The teacher uses a table of a cross section of a kidney, draws a diagram)
The nephron is the structural unit of the kidney.
Bud - a system of microscopic renal tubules, begins in the cortical layer of the kidney with a two-layer capsule, its wall consists of one layer of the epithelium, which makes it easy to purify the blood.
The renal capsule acts as a filter. An artery with a large diameter enters the capsule, forming a capillary glomerulus in it, and a smaller diameter exits.
And now let's sketch the structure of the nephron.
The structure of the nephron
As a result of the continuous structure of the kidneys, the formation of urine occurs in stages.
The artery leaving the glomerulus is much thinner than the incoming one, due to which a large blood pressure is created in the glomerulus, and the liquid part of the unpurified blood seeps out of the glomerulus, containing both beneficial and harmful substances.
The resulting fluid in the cavity of the renal capsule, containing useful, organic substances such as glucose and harmful inorganic substances: urea, uric acid, potassium, sodium, is called primary urine.
P: Let's write down the definition of primary urine.
Primary urine
Let's make a diagram "Composition of primary urine"
Primary urine
Conclusion: Primary urine contains both organic and non-organic substances.
R: From the renal capsule, the primary urine enters the renal tubule. Its thin walls absorb water and some dissolved substances from the primary urine, such as: sugar, urea, uric acid are absorbed. This means that there are those substances that the body does not need - secondary urine. Let's write down the definition of secondary urine. Secondary urine is a liquid formed from primary urine and contains inorganic substances. Let's make a diagram "Composition of secondary urine".
Secondary urine
Inorganic substances: Urea, Water
uric acid, potassium, sodium.
Conclusion : Secondary urine contains only inorganic substances and water.
P: Guys, pay attention to the table "Composition of primary and secondary urine." Let's analyze this table.
Composition of primary and secondary urine
Substance name | blood plasma | Urine | The ratio in II and I urine. |
|
Primary | Secondary |
|||
| 0,03 | 0,03 | 65 times more |
|
| 0,004 | 0,004 | 0,05 | 12 times more |
| 0,1 – 0,15 | 0,1 – 0,15 | Is absent |
|
| 0,15 | 7 times more |
||
| 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,35 | Approximately the same |
P: Guys, list the substances in the blood plasma.
U: Blood plasma contains such substances as: urea, uric acid, glucose, potassium, sodium.
P: Right! What substances are found in primary urine?
A: In the primary urine are all the same substances that are in the blood plasma.
P: Right! For a day of primary urine, 150 liters are formed. What are the features of the composition of secondary urine?
U: Secondary urine contains urea, uric acid, potassium, and sodium. Organic matter is absent.
P: Right! For a day of secondary urine, only 1.5 liters are formed.
The table shows that the content of urine I and II is different. This is due to the fact that all nutrients are absorbed by the kidneys, and harmful substances are removed from the body, it is water that ensures the removal of harmful substances from the body.
So, we found out that the composition of primary and secondary urine is different, due to the complex structure of the kidneys.
Even secondary urine is pushed in small volumes into the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder. The pushing of urine occurs due to the contraction of a thin layer of smooth muscle tissue.
In the bladder, additional absorption of water into the blood occurs. When the volume of the bladder reaches a certain limit, urine for a short urethra is expelled through the sphincter.
Sphincter - This is a rounded muscle formed by striated tissue, which is under the control of the higher part of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex, so a person is able to consciously delay urination.
Thus, we found out that the kidneys play a very important role in our body. With their help, there is a process of excretion from the body of unnecessary substances formed during metabolic processes.
And to consolidate, guys, read § 39 in the textbook and orally answer the questions presented there. Learn pictures 69 and 70 the structure of the nephron, kidneys and urinary system.
Thus, we found out that the kidneys play an important role in our body. With their help, the process of excretion of unnecessary substances from the body, which are formed during metabolic processes, takes place, and thus the constancy of the internal environment is maintained.
Anchoring
1. What is the function of the kidneys in our body?
2. What is the difference between primary and secondary urine?
Homework
- Read §39
- Learn all the entries in the notebook.
Sheet of student's notebook.
The structure and function of the kidneys.
urinary system
Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra
Cortical layer
Kidneys Marrow layer Renal pyramids Nephron
Pelvis
The nephron is the structural unit of the kidneys.
The structure of the nephron
Primary urine
Organic substances Water Inorganic substances: Urea,
Uric acid, potassium, sodium
Primary urine is a liquid formed in the cavity of the renal capsule, containing organic and inorganic substances.
Secondary urine