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Causes of accidents in road transport. Transport accidents. Safe vehicle operation

1. Accidents on road transport (RTA)

In our time, a car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation, and in remote cities and villages, an indispensable means of transportation. A car can be afforded by almost anyone who has reached the age of 18 at working age. Due to the increase in the number of vehicles, the number of accidents and accidents on the road is also growing.

The main causes of traffic accidents are, first of all, violation of traffic rules, technical malfunction of vehicles, insufficient training of persons managing vehicles and grief for drivers in a state of intoxication.

Another cause of road accidents is the poor condition of the roads in our country. Sometimes on the road you can see open sewer manholes, unfenced areas repair work, unlit intersections, pedestrian crossings and yards, lack of danger signs.

All these reasons together lead to very sad statistics of deaths on the road. Only in Moscow in 2010, 763 people died, 13,592 people were injured, and throughout Russia, these figures are simply staggering - 26,576 dead and 250,635 people were injured of varying severity.

In case of traffic accidents that caused injuries to people, the most important thing is to provide first aid in a timely manner and this should be done no later than 20-30 minutes. According to statistics, 80% of the wounded die in the first 3 hours. Blood loss during the first hour is so great that even a brilliantly performed operation does not save a person's life. Therefore it is very important first aid, but, unfortunately, in our country, the level of medical training of road users and traffic police officers is extremely low.

Accidents are divided into:

Collision

· Overturning

· Hitting a standing vehicle

Pedestrian collision

· Hitting an obstacle

・Riding with a cyclist

· Hitting a horse-drawn transport

· Hitting animals

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Transport accidents and disasters

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Transport accidents and disasters

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Transport accidents and disasters

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Transport accidents and disasters

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Man-made accidents

Railroad emergencies can be caused by train collisions, train derailments, fires and explosions. In case of fire, the immediate danger to passengers is fire and smoke ...

Man-made accidents

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man-made emergencies

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Transport accidents and disasters

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Emergencies and protection against them

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Emergency situations of technogenic origin: groups and types

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Man-made emergencies

Railway accidents. Railroad emergencies can be caused by train collisions, train derailments, fires and explosions...

If an accident cannot be avoided, then the participants should not leave the car until it stops. It is necessary to drive the car to the last opportunity, maintaining composure and not panicking, take measures to avoid a counter strike: turn into a ditch, a fence, a bush, better into a tree than into a moving car, and if it is not possible, transfer the oncoming strike into sliding, lateral.

When a blow is inevitable, the most important thing is to prevent your movement forward and protect your head, for this you need to rest your feet on the floor, tilt your head forward between your hands, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel (front panel). The passenger in the back seat must cover his head with his hands and fall on his side. If there is a child nearby, press firmly to cover yourself and also fall on your side. The most dangerous place for a passenger is the front seat, so children under 12 are not allowed to be there. As a rule, after being hit, the door jams and you have to exit through the window.

In the event of an accident, first of all, first aid should be provided to the victims, measures should be taken to call traffic police officers and an ambulance to the scene of the accident, and, if possible, organize the delivery of the victim to the nearest hospital.

Accidents on sea and river transport

When transporting by sea and river vessels, observe the following rules:

  1. embarkation and disembarkation of passengers begins after the vessel is fully moored and the gangway is installed
  2. after the ship leaves the port, passengers are familiarized with the rules for using life-saving appliances
  3. it is forbidden to transport gasoline, flammable liquids in cabins. GJ…
  4. it is not allowed to light matches, smoke in non-special places

In the event of a shipwreck, prevent panic and proceed to rescue people by boarding boats and rafts - at first, children, women, the wounded and the elderly. All floating aids must stay together.

Aviation accidents

Flight safety depends not only on the crew of the liner and the specialists providing the flight, but also on the passengers who must act in accordance with the instructions of the crew.

Sit in a chair so that in the event of an accident you do not injure your legs (you should rest them on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat.

Know the location of the emergency exit, first aid kit, water life jacket and other auxiliary equipment.
Passengers must fasten their seat belt during takeoff and landing.

In the event of an emergency landing of an aircraft, evacuation is carried out through emergency exits along inflatable slides.

In the event of a fire in the aircraft cabin, the passenger must protect himself from fire by covering as much as possible with clothing; try to breathe air containing smoke as little as possible; if possible, moisten a handkerchief with water and breathe through it; move quickly to the exit, bending down or on all fours; do not rush through the wall of fire until you are absolutely sure that there is no other way to escape. After leaving the aircraft, help others and stay away from the aircraft.

General rules

Landing in public transport should be carried out in an organized manner at a complete stop of the tram, bus, trolley bus. The same applies to disembarking from a vehicle. No need to push, fuss, jump into public transport on the go, when it departs (it can press the doors). The front door is especially dangerous, as you can get under the wheels. It is better to wait for the next tram or bus.

In a train or tram car, trolleybus or bus, look where the emergency exits are located, read the instructions on how to use them. Be sure to hold on to something so as not to fall during the movement and sudden braking of vehicles, do not lean against the doors. There were cases of broken hands when they were pinched by doors. If you have to travel far, then do not stay near the exit - there is a constant crowd here, in case of a crush you can be accidentally pushed out of the cabin, in addition, as statistics show, pickpockets often operate near the exit. This makes it easier for them to escape with the stolen goods by getting off at the nearest bus stop.

If you notice an ownerless bag or bundle, do not touch it, but immediately report the find to passengers or the driver.

While in transport, do not push, do not step on people's feet and do not speak too loudly, do not spit. This will save you from unnecessary conflicts. Don't stick your head out the window. In case of danger, contact others, the police or the driver (driver).

There is another danger on the tram and trolley bus lines, which increases with heavy rains, thaws in winter time, at strong wind. In these cases, the possibility of electric shock arises, because you probably know that both of these modes of transport run on electricity. Do not enter a trolleybus, tram, if it turns out that someone has been electrocuted, which means that the passenger compartment is energized. You should leave it without delay, by jumping, because otherwise, standing on the step with one foot and putting the other on the ground, you risk passing an electric discharge through yourself.

On any trip, keep an eye on the situation in the cabin and on the road. This will help to notice the threat of a collision, fall, collision in time, take the correct position of the body and firmly grasp the handrail, chair.

Transport accidents

Basic rules of conduct on the roads. What to do if you are involved in a traffic accident

Stop (do not move) the vehicle.

Turn on the hazard warning lights and set the warning triangle (flashing red light).

Take all possible measures to provide medical assistance to the victims, call an ambulance, and in case of emergency, take the victims on your own or passing transport to the nearest medical facility. Give your name, vehicle registration number (with identification document or driver's license and vehicle registration document) and return to the scene of the accident.

If it is necessary to clear the roadway or deliver the injured in his vehicle to the hospital, the driver must first record in the presence of witnesses the position of the vehicle, traces and objects related to the incident, and take all possible measures to preserve them and organize a detour around the scene of the accident.

Report the incident to the police, write down the names and addresses of eyewitnesses and wait for the police to arrive.

What to do if you are a witness to a traffic accident

Report the accident to the police, write down the names and addresses of eyewitnesses and wait for the police to arrive.

Take all possible measures to provide medical assistance to the injured, call an ambulance.

In case of emergency, take the injured on your own or passing transport to the nearest medical facility. Give your name, vehicle registration number (with identification document or driver's license and vehicle registration document) and return to the scene of the accident.

Do not move items related to the incident.

Railway accident

How to deal with a train accident

Precautionary measures

If possible, stay in the central carriages of electric trains (they will suffer the least in an accident).

Put bulky and heavy things down, as with a strong push they can fall off the upper shelves and cause injury.

Do not clutter up the compartment doors at night (it will be difficult to get out in the dark).

Remember where your clothes, documents and money are (just in case you need to urgently leave the car in the dark).

At night, remove food, bottles, etc. from the table in the compartment so that the fragments do not injure you when pushed.

It is better to sleep on the side seats with your feet forward along the course of the train to prevent a fracture cervical vertebra with a sharp throw forward of the body at the moment the train collides with an obstacle.

During the push (impact), try to grab the ledges of the shelves and other fixed parts of the car with your hands or group and cover your head with your hands to avoid injury.

When turning the car over, holding firmly with your hands, rest your feet firmly against the upper shelf, wall, etc., close your eyes so that glass fragments do not get into them.

Press the child to your face, cover his head with your hand.

transport accident is damage to the vehicle. For example, a car, a train, an airplane, a ship can crash. At the same time, an accident with tragic consequences associated with the death of people is called disaster.

Protection in case of car accidents (catastrophes)

A car accident is one of the main causes of death in peacetime.

In most cases, car accidents occur due to non-compliance with basic safety measures and traffic rules, as well as insufficient awareness of the consequences of a particular violation of road safety rules. For example, few people know that a collision with a fixed obstacle at a speed of 50 km / h without a seat belt is tantamount to jumping face down from the 4th floor.

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. Most dangerous species violations still remain speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated.

Bad roads (mostly slippery) often lead to accidents, as well as machine malfunctions (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires).

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.

There are several recommendations on how to protect yourself during an accident. So, in the event of an accident on a motor vehicle, if you see that it is impossible to prevent it, try to take the safest position by grouping and covering your head with your hands. During an accident, all muscles must be strained to the limit. Most importantly, stop yourself from moving forward. To do this, if you are sitting in the driver's seat, you need to press your back into the seat and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel; if you are sitting in the front seat as a passenger, then you should rest against the "front panel"; and if behind - then in the front seat. If you, while driving, did not fasten your seat belt, you should press against the steering column, and in the passenger seat, you should cover your head with your hands and fall to one side. Do not leave the car before it stops, as the chances of surviving in a car are 10 times greater than when jumping out of it.

If the accident is related to a rollover or fire of the vehicle, try to get out of it as soon as possible, using for this, if necessary, not only doors, but also windows.

If the car has fallen into the water, the doors should not be opened, as the water will immediately rush in and the car will begin to plunge sharply. In this case, it is necessary to choose through opened window.

In the event of a fire in public transport, first, immediately inform the driver. Second, try opening the doors with the emergency release button. If this fails, break the side windows or open them as instructed as emergency exits. Thirdly, try to put out the fire yourself, and if this fails, then immediately leave the salon.

The electrical supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person. Therefore, when getting out of the passenger compartment of a tram or trolleybus, do not touch its metal parts.

In any case, the main thing is to remain calm and in no case panic, as panic can lead to more damage. Decide where in the car and what position you are in, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). After getting out of the car, move away from it - an explosion is possible.

If nothing serious happened to you, help the injured, organize first aid and take measures to eliminate the consequences of the accident. If necessary, call an ambulance and report the incident to the police.

WHEN ACCIDENT ON AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT

Road transport is a source of increased danger, and ensuring the safety of road users on the country's roads is an urgent, multifaceted task. Its successful solution depends on many factors, among which the actions of the participants in the movement themselves are of great importance.

If, despite the preventive measures taken, a traffic accident cannot be avoided, then its participants should not leave the car before it stops, driving the car to the last opportunity. Maintaining composure and not panicking take steps to get away from the oncoming strike: turn into a ditch, a fence, a bush, even better into a tree than into a car coming at you, and if it is not possible, turn the oncoming blow into a sliding, side one.

When a blow is inevitable , the most important thing is to prevent your movement forward and protect your head, for this you need to rest your feet on the floor, tilt your head forward between your hands, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel (front panel), a passenger who is in the back seat, should cover his head with his hands and fall sideways. If there is a child nearby , firmly attach, cover yourself and also fall to one side, The most dangerous place for a passenger is the front seat, so children under 12 years of age are prohibited from being there without a special device, as a rule, after hitting the door, it jams and you have to go out through the window.

If the car fell into the water , it can stay afloat for some time, you also need to get out of it through an open window. In the event of an accident, the first thing to do is help the injured : if possible, release, remove from the car, help take a comfortable position for those who are not able to do it on their own. Necessarilytake measures to call employees to the scene of the incident traffic police and ambulance , if possible, organize the transportation of victims to the nearest medical facility.

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations are still speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often bad roads (mostly slippery), malfunctions of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.

HOW TO ACT WHEN A COLLISION IS INEVITABLE

Keep your composure - this will allow you to control the machine to the last opportunity. Tighten all the muscles to the limit, do not relax to a complete stop. Do everything to get away from the oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper. Protect your head if impact is imminent. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.

If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, sprawled on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with you.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN ACCIDENT

Decide where in the car, and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the car interior through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy improvised objects. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.


HOW TO PROCEED IF YOUR CAR FALLS INTO WATER

When falling into the water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because. when you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.

When diving to the bottom with closed windows and doors, the air in the car interior is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate the lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen "for the future"), get rid of excess clothes, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through the door or window when the car is half full of water, otherwise you will be disturbed by the flow of water going into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy improvised objects. Squeeze out by placing your hands on the roof of the car, and then swim sharply up.

HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

While on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

The electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional risk of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so seating is the safest. If it is found that the salon is energized, leave it. In the event of an accident, panic and crush are possible at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out a special cord and squeezing out the glass.

In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (with emergency release), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the source of fire. Protect your respiratory organs from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf or other items of clothing. Get out of the passenger compartment by bending down and not touching metal parts, as electric shock is possible in a tram and trolleybus.

If the bus falls into the water, wait until the cabin is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through the door, emergency exit or broken window.

W protection at avarias (catastrophes) on railway transport

As statistics show, the death of people in railway transport is mainly associated with train wrecks. Therefore, it is necessary to know and apply the rules and security measures in the event of this emergency.

In the event of a crash or emergency braking of the composition, the most important thing is to gain a foothold and prevent your movement forward or throws to the sides. To do this, during the impact, the point resulting from the accident, try to grab onto the stationary parts of the car or group, covering your head, in order to avoid injury. When turning the car over, hold on tightly with your hands and rest your feet against the wall, upper shelf, etc. After the car becomes stable, outline the ways out of it. At the same time, if the car is overturned or damaged, get out through the windows, pulling out children and victims in your arms. In the event of a break in the wires of the contact network, move away from the cars by 30-50 m so as not to fall under the step voltage.

Of course, ensuring the safe movement of trains depends mainly on the drivers and dispatchers, but you can also reduce the risk of a possible train crash if you know some regulations:

  • in the event of a train collision, the most dangerous are the head and tail cars;

  • compartment doors that are not fixed in the extreme position lead to injuries from their sudden movement when stopped;

  • bulky things, glassware located on the upper shelves also lead to passenger injuries during a sudden stop;

  • in electrified areas railway Broken poles and electric wires lying on the ground are especially dangerous in case of a train crash.

A fire in the carriage also poses a great danger to railway passengers. This is due to the concentration in passenger cars a large number people and the difficulty of their evacuation, the rapidity of the temperature rise and the spread of toxic gases in confined spaces, the remoteness of the train on the way from fire departments.

In the event of a fire on the way, first of all inform the conductor or driver about it. Try to take all measures to stop the train, using the stop crane or emergency braking system, and extinguish the fire. (Remember that in case of fire, you cannot stop the train on the bridge, in the tunnel and other places where evacuation will be difficult.) If it is impossible to extinguish the fire on your own leave the car immediately, using all exits for this, including windows, while not forgetting to assist in the evacuation of children and the elderly. Remember that in case of fire, the material with which the walls of the wagons are lined - malminite - emits toxic gas that is life-threatening. Therefore, during a fire on a train, try to protect yourself with respiratory protection.

When evacuating, be careful not to get hit by an oncoming train. After leaving the train, do not stay near it, but try to move to a safe distance.

The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunctions of the track, rolling stock, signaling, centralization and blocking, dispatcher errors, inattention and negligence of drivers.

Most often, rolling stock derails, collisions, collisions with obstacles at crossings, fires and explosions directly in the cars occur. However, traveling by train is about three times safer than traveling by plane and 10 times safer than traveling by car.

BASIC PREVENTIVE RULES

Know that, in terms of security, the most best places in the train - central cars, a compartment with an emergency exit-window or located closer to the exit from the car, lower shelves.

As soon as you are in the car, find out where the emergency exits and fire extinguishers are located. Observe the following rules:

When the train is moving, do not open the outer doors, do not stand on the steps and do not lean out of the windows;

Stow your luggage carefully in the overhead bins;

Do not pluck the stopcock unless absolutely necessary;

Remember that even in case of fire, you cannot stop the train on the bridge, in the tunnel and in other places where evacuation is complicated;

Smoke only in designated areas;

Do not carry flammable, chemical and explosive substances with you;

Do not plug household appliances into the electric network of the car;

If you smell burning rubber or smoke, contact your conductor immediately.

HOW TO PROCEED IN A RAILWAY ACCIDENT

In the event of a crash or emergency braking, secure yourself so you don't fall. To do this, grab the handrails and rest your feet against the wall or seat. It is safest to get down on the floor of the car. After the first hit, do not relax and keep all the muscles tense until it becomes completely clear that there will be no more movement.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A RAILWAY ACCIDENT

Immediately after the accident, quickly get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of a fire. If necessary, break the compartment window only with heavy improvised objects. When leaving the car through the emergency exit, get out only on the field side of the railway track, taking documents, money, clothes or blankets with you. In the event of a fire in a carriage, close the windows so that the wind does not fan the flames, and get away from the fire into the front carriages. If not possible, go to the end of the train, tightly closing all doors behind you. Before you go out into the corridor, prepare breathing protection: hats, scarves, pieces of cloth moistened with water. Remember that in case of fire, the material that lined the walls of the wagons - malminite - emits toxic gas that is life-threatening.

Once outside, immediately engage in rescue work: if necessary, help the passengers of other compartments to break windows, pull out the injured, etc.

If fuel is spilled during an accident, move away from the train to a safe distance, because. possible fire and explosion.

If the current-carrying wire is broken and touches the ground, move away from it with jumps or short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from two (dry ground) to 30 m (wet).

Protection in case of accidents (catastrophes) in air transport

Flight safety depends primarily on the reliability of aircraft and the professionalism of crews and dispatchers. However, when using air transport, you must follow certain safety rules.

If you have a choice, then sit in a seat that is located near the exit and, if possible, closer to the middle or tail of the aircraft. Find out where the exits (main and emergency) are located on your aircraft and how they open. When taking off and landing, make sure that your seat belt is tight. Be attentive to the commands and signals that are transmitted through the microphone, on the light board or flight attendants.

One of the emergencies that can occur in flight is decompression - a decrease in the oxygen content due to the “leaving” of air. Decompression usually begins with a deafening roar, the cabin fills with dust and fog, and visibility drops sharply. At the same time, people have ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines (gas expands), air quickly leaves the lungs, and people lose consciousness. Therefore, at the first sign of decompression, immediately put on an oxygen mask (where it is stored and how to use it, the flight attendant informs at the beginning of the flight) and prepare for a sharp descent or emergency landing, as a decompression emergency is corrected by lowering the flight altitude .

In an emergency landing, take the safest position. To do this, lower the chair and group, pressing your head to your hands and resting your legs in the direction of travel. At the moment of impact, strain as much as possible. When the plane makes an emergency landing, strictly follow all the instructions of the crew.

If a fire breaks out in flight, do not panic, but try to help extinguish the fire or protect yourself from fire and smoke, using clothes and water to do this. Prepare for an emergency landing and be sure to visualize your way to the nearest exit. After an emergency landing, try to leave the plane as quickly as possible, using emergency hatches and ladders for this (you have one to two minutes for this). At the same time, try to protect your skin and do not breathe smoke. The main thing is to remain calm and do not panic, as not only your salvation, but also the salvation of other passengers depends on this (according to the US National Transportation Safety Administration, over 70% of people involved in air crashes with fires survive). Once overboard, provide assistance to the injured and try to move away with them to a safe distance as soon as possible.

If the plane crashed in a deserted area, then try to take the most necessary things with you during an emergency evacuation from the plane (first aid kits, warm clothes in winter) and think about how to send signals from the ground, visible from the air.

Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons. Destruction leads to serious consequences individual structures aircraft, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, interruptions in the life support of the crew and passengers.

HOW TO PROCEED WITH DECOMPRESSION

DECOMPRESSION is the rarefaction of air in the cabin in case of violation of its tightness. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). The salon is filled with dust and fog. Visibility drops sharply. The air quickly leaves the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur. In this case, without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a steep descent.

HOW TO PROCEED IN AN AIRCRAFT FIRE

Remember that in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, the greatest danger is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or wool clothing, dampened with water if possible. When making your way to the exit, move crouching or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire by using available clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is littered, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exit through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke.

After exiting the plane, move away from it as far as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.

In any situation, act without panic and decisively, this contributes to your salvation.

HOW TO PROCEED WITH A HARD LANDING AND AFTER IT

Before each takeoff and landing, carefully adjust the seat belt. It should be firmly fixed as low as possible at your hips. Check if you have heavy suitcases over your head.

Takeoff and landing accidents are sudden, so pay attention to smoke, sudden descents, engine shutdowns, etc. Empty your pockets of sharp objects, bend over and clasp your hands tightly behind your knees (or grab your ankles). Lay your head on your knees or tilt it as low as possible. Rest your feet on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat. At the moment of impact, strain as much as possible and prepare for a significant overload. Under no circumstances leave your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not panic.

WHEN ACCIDENT ON AIR TRANSPORT

Flight safety depends not only on the crew of the liner and the specialists providing the flight, but also on the passengers, who must act in accordance with the instructions of the crew, keeping calm and organized.

Take seats in the aircraft cabin you should, according to the numbers indicated on the tickets, sit in a chair so that in the event of an accident you do not injure your legs, for example, you should rest them on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat. Having taken their seats, passengers need to find out where the emergency exits, first-aid kit, fire extinguishers and other auxiliary equipment are located.

If the flight will take place over water, then before take-off, you should be interested in where the life vest and how to use them. During takeoff and landing, the passenger must fasten seat belt , available on each chair. Failure to do so will usually result in serious injury.

During an emergency landing of an aircraft evacuation is carried out through emergency exits on inflatable ladders. As a rule, there are four emergency exits on the sides of the aircraft in the passenger compartment, equipped with two inflatable air ladders.

Should be remembered that the main and emergency exits do not open if there is a fire or thick smoke outside the exit.

WhennoMs.pain the aircraft cabin the passenger must protect himself from fire by covering as much of his skin as possible with clothing; try to breathe less air containing smoke; if possible, moisten a handkerchief and breathe through it; move quickly to the exit crouching or on all fours; do not rush through the wall of fire until it is absolutely certain that there is no other escape route. After leaving the aircraft, help others and stay away from the aircraft.

Protection in case of accidents (catastrophes) on water transport

For the timely and organized work to save passengers and the ship itself, each of them has developed Alarm schedules. They describe all the actions of the crew and passengers on the appropriate alarms in the event of an emergency. In addition, each passenger seat is assigned a passenger cabin card in Russian and English, which indicates: the meaning of the alarms; place of gathering of passengers on alarm; the number and location of the lifeboat; illustrated brief instructions for putting on personal life-saving equipment with an indication of their storage location.

Therefore, before you settle into the cabin, carefully study this card.

Exist three ship alarms:

"General alarm" - one long signal with a loud chime call for 25-30 seconds, after which the announcement "General ship alarm" on the general ship broadcast in forced operation mode. An alarm is announced when an emergency occurs or in the pre-emergency period, when it becomes clear that an accident cannot be avoided. However, this does not mean "Abandon ship".


  • Man overboard alarm- three long signals with a loud battle call are given 3-4 times. Following this, a voice announcement is made on the ship's general broadcast indicating the number of the boat to be launched. The alarm applies only to members of the ship's crew. Exit of passengers on this alarm to the open decks is prohibited.
  • "Boat Alert"- seven short and one long signal with a loud battle call, repeated 3-4 times, and after this an announcement in a voice over the ship's general broadcast. It is submitted only in the case when the state of the emergency ship leaves no hope for the success of the damage control and the ship must immediately die; announced only by order of the captain. On a boat alert, the crew members responsible for the safety of passengers will take you to the place of landing in collective life-saving equipment.
  • As statistics show, the main danger during a shipwreck comes from a sinking ship, which is capable of taking people under water with it. In addition, in a shipwreck, people are at risk during evacuation from a sinking ship, as well as when they are in the water, on rafts or boats.

Among the preliminary measures of protection, one can advise to remember the way from your cabin to the rescue equipment on the upper deck, since it is very difficult to navigate during a disaster, especially when the ship is smoking and listing. To preventive measures also includes the study of instructions for actions in emergency situations, the rules for using life-saving equipment and practical training in the use of life-saving equipment.

When evacuating people from a ship in distress, the danger arises from failures of launching devices, capsizing and impacts of life-saving appliances, their improper use, and also, if necessary, jumping into the water from a sinking ship from a great height. During the evacuation, you should take with you only the necessary things. Seats on life-saving appliances are given first to women, children, the elderly and the wounded.

When evacuating from the vessel, it is necessary to wear warm clothes, and on top - a protective suit made of waterproof fabric and a life jacket. To go down to the rescue vessel should be on ladders or ropes.

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first 3 hours due to heavy blood loss. According to statistics, traffic accidents most often occur during rush hour, on holidays, on the first and last days of vacation. The road is especially dangerous in winter. The winter months account for 60% of accidents throughout the year. Rain and fog also complicate the traffic situation and often become the cause of a road traffic accident (RTA).

When a collision is imminent(Figure 47) keep your composure. This will allow you to drive the machine to the last opportunity. Tighten all the muscles and do not relax to a complete stop. Do everything to get away from the oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car moving at you.

Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper.

Protect your head if a collision is imminent. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column. When in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, sprawling on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with you.

After the crash determine where in the car and what position you are in, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the vehicle through the windows by opening them or breaking them with a heavy handy object. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.

When a vehicle falls into water(Scheme 48) can stay afloat for some time. Get out through the open window, as when you open the door, the car will suddenly begin to sink. When diving to the bottom with closed windows and doors, the air in the car interior is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (then it is easier to search), actively ventilate the lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen “for the future”), get rid of excess clothing. Get out of the car when it is half full of water, otherwise you will be disturbed by the flow of water going into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with a heavy handy object. Squeeze out by placing your hands on the roof of the car, and then swim up sharply.

If you get into an accident, you should immediately stop and inspect the cars - yours and the injured driver (if you are the culprit of the accident). If there are casualties, under no circumstances leave them unattended. Report the incident by calling "02" or pass the information to the nearest traffic police post through the drivers passing by. Do not leave the scene of the accident until the arrival of the traffic police. Keep as much trace of the incident as possible.

Being a witness to a traffic accident collision or accident in which the driver fled, remember and immediately write down the number, brand, color and any signs of the car and the driver; after helping the injured, pass this information to the traffic police. If you are in a car, stop it before reaching the scene of the accident. Turn on the alarm. Describe in detail to the arrived traffic police everything that you saw at the scene.

In order to prevent traffic accidents, road users must:

driver- follow the rules of the road; check before leaving, and ensure the correct technical condition of the car on the way; when driving, be fastened with a seat belt; do not carry passengers who are not fastened with seat belts; skillfully assess the traffic situation and take into account how other drivers and pedestrians may behave;

passenger- be wearing a seat belt; to make landing and disembarking from the sidewalk or roadside after a complete stop; do not distract the driver from driving; do not open doors while driving;

a pedestrian- follow the rules of the road; move along the sidewalk, footpath, roadside; outside settlements to go towards the movement of vehicles; cross the carriageway at pedestrian crossings; do not linger on the roadway and do not stop unnecessarily; expect route vehicles at landing sites.

Road transport is the most dangerous transport. It is in road transport that the lion's share of human losses is accounted for. The most likely death of the driver or passengers as a result, to a lesser extent, when the car is seized by intruders and a fire.

Statistics show that the main causes of accidents in road transport are:

Violation of traffic rules. This is understandable, we do not live in Europe - no one gives way to anyone in our country, does not stand in front of the signs, but on the contrary, slips as quickly as possible, yellow traffic light interprets as already almost green and so on.

How can you protect yourself from an accident with such road discipline? And what is the original advice to drivers here? I advise you not to break it. At least at least when you are not traveling alone. The son is not the defendant for the recklessness of his father. As well as a daughter, wife, relatives or just acquaintances. Even the hard-hearted generalissimo formally agreed with this. Don't take sin on your soul. What if you survive, and then you will have to attend the funeral, the direct culprit of which you were. I knew a story about one such father who, breaking a trifling rule, ruined his entire family. Did he survive? But he died immediately after the funeral. Voluntarily.

Over speed. And what Russian doesn't like to drive fast? Only the one who has in his personal possession "Moskvich" of the sixtieth year of release. But even he, given such an opportunity, will try to overtake the Zaporozhets of the fifty-fifth year of release. How can this be dealt with? Exhortations? Calls? Will not help. Is it just like in Europe - the inevitability of punishment in road transport. Let's say you're rushing early in the morning on a highway as empty as the surface of the moon at a speed of five km/h exceeding the permitted speed. No cops around, no other cars. Actually, there is no one! Quiet and smooth.

You arrive where you need to, and a week later you receive a receipt with a fine issued in accordance with all the rules. It turns out that a speed meter was attached to the limit sign with a camera attached to it, which fixes the license plates of the offending cars. And, please, at the checkout! And they go, and law-abiding Germans carry their hard-earned stamps. In order not to lose the right. Really? That is why our western neighbors even drive on a sterile empty highway strictly at the allowed speed. Because they don't know on which roadside pole that automatic informer is hiding.

Among other ways to pacify the driver's agility, at least inside city blocks, our authorities could borrow roads with artificially constructed hills, on which you can’t accelerate faster than 60 km / h in road transport, “Christmas trees” painted on asphalt, from which drivers ripples in the eyes, cardboard, however, very similar to the original mannequins of guards and similar Western inventions. For residents of houses who are concerned about speeding cars in the area where their children cross the road, I would recommend not to yell bad words after passing cars, but to write a collective “cart” with a request to install restrictive signs in this place. Or even a traffic light. And write down a couple of car numbers that these signs ignore.

To the wives of scorching drivers sitting in the passenger seat, I would advise limiting their sports ardor. In order not to jeopardize yourself and, first of all, your children. Because if both husband and wife die at the same time, then the children will go to live in an orphanage! Bad habits must be weaned from people immediately. And not when they got used to them, like a drug. Do not stop before the scandal! Stand your ground. Do not be afraid of momentary negative consequences. After all, if your husband stuck a loaded gun in your temple, you would probably protest, despite the fact that it could spoil his mood.

What is the difference between a speeding car and a loaded gun? Only potentially great damaging effect. Where is the guarantee that the “trigger” will not be pulled over that turn and you will not become a victim of the killer sitting next to you. Well, protest as if you were under the barrel. I have nothing to say to reckless drivers. Except for one thing: it's better to drive slowly than to lie motionless in a coffin. Or "steam on the bunk" by hitting a pedestrian.

The next cause of an accident is drunk driving. There are no comments here. Our people have not learned to fight this evil. This is not a car issue. I will allow myself a small comment for the wives of those same drivers. If your home chauffeur abuses a lot and gets behind the wheel in this “strongly”, sell the car. It will become cheaper than periodically repairing it or paying it out in court for a collision. If persuasion doesn't help, find a way to ruin the car. Long-term repairs can turn even the most ardent motorists into cycling fans. Personally, referring to hooligan teenagers, I would puncture all four tires ten times in a row, after which, having fertilized the soil in this way, I started talking about selling a car.

Bad roads. Here, too, no comments. We will not get rid of bad roads until we resolve the second, purely Russian trouble in road transport. I'm talking about those who allocate funds for the repair and maintenance of these roads. Machine malfunctions. In more detail, most of the accidents happen due to faulty brakes, followed by steering and wheels and tires close the top three. Whether or not to release a faulty car on the road depends on technical commissions, on the car owner himself and on his close relatives. They have to decide this question depending on how dear they are to them and someone else's life.

Other causes of accidents in road transport, such as a collision with animals, lightning strikes, meteorites and spent rocket stages in a car are extremely unlikely and are not reflected in official statistics. But there are still very eloquent figures obtained by dividing the total number of accidents by their cause. So, the condition of the roads and bad weather are "guilty" of 4% of accidents in road transport. Bad cars in 11%. And the remaining 85% on the conscience of the drivers. That is, it follows from this that the most dangerous phenomenon on the road is the person behind the wheel. And it's very bad. It's bad that the drivers are so "clumsy". And this is very good. The fact that there is an opportunity to reduce these percentages. Since they depend on the human factor. You should start with the car. How can it be made more secure?

Safe vehicle operation.

First of all, buy the car that you need. And not in general any. A smart driver, before buying a car, clearly formulates its functional purpose. What, at what distances and on what roads he will have to carry. The purposeful acquisition of a vehicle is the first step in ensuring its safety. Operation of the car for other purposes, the associated overload of the structure, wear and tear, difficult control increase the likelihood of an accident. When buying a car, first of all pay attention to its technical condition, and not to a curse word scratched on the right wing.

During operation, find and fix all minor problems. Until they become big problems. And change the bald wheels for at least relatively decent ones to reduce your braking distance by 30 - 50%. And then you will not drive into that asphalt skating rink, into which you would certainly fit on the same rubber. And one more thing: put on reliable seat belts. And be sure to buckle up in vehicles. And demand the same from passengers. I would like to see a driver who did not fasten his seat belts on the European Autobahn, even if only on the passengers sitting in the back seat.

Try to install head restraints, which, coupled with seat belts, reduce the likelihood of death by two to three times in a head-on collision of cars and by five times in a coup. It would be very good to buy inflatable airbags that work at the time of a frontal collision. But this is already from the realm of good wishes. Remove from the windshield and rear windows obstructing the view of toys and other "pendants". And be sure to remove piercing, cutting and massive souvenirs.

Do not litter the interior with freely moving objects. Have a first aid kit in the cabin. And know how to use it. Be aware of the dangers of wet roads. And always slow down during and after rain. Avoid possible emergency situations in every possible way and at the same time be prepared for action in extreme road conditions. But this does not apply to the car - to the driver. The main qualities that ensure safety on the road are attentiveness and calmness. An attentive driver will be able to avoid a dangerous situation in time. The calm will not create it himself.

And if he is both calm and attentive, then his chances of survival on our roads grow many times over. Another danger, which seems to me to be underestimated by automakers, is the excessive comfort of modern cars, which, in terms of their internal structure, are approaching a home sofa. Everything is soft, reclining, with pillows in the headrests, with a dim illumination of the "night lamp" and quiet music. Well, how can you not relax. And they relax. Whether it's front-line lorries with wooden cabins and drafts from every crack. Try to doze off behind the wheel there! No, I am not calling for the installation of wooden benches in Mercedes and Volvos. I suggest that drivers be aware of the insidious nature of their cars and not let comfort lull their vigilance. Why at least not sit down at the steering wheel in a half-asleep state.

Actions in case of an accident and in an emergency situation on road transport.

The easiest way to prepare for a traffic emergency is to mentally play out the various accident scenarios and figure out how to get out of them. This is a normal psychological training, which allows you to prepare, remember and fix recipes for future actions in the subconscious. When it happens, it will be too late to think about what to do. And so there is a chance that the memory itself will give out turnkey solution even before consciousness finds a way out. Something like this is how professional racing drivers are trained on special computer simulators that repeat the path of the future track.

It would be useful to familiarize your regular passengers with the rules for preventing accidents and behavior during a possible accident. They are pretty simple. Firstly, without unnecessary reminder, fasten your seat belts. Secondly, seat children under 12 years old exclusively in the rear seats, which are much safer during a collision. Do not let them get up while driving and stick out between the front seats. And be sure to lower the fuses on the doors. Thirdly, remove heavy objects with protruding edges from the rear window, which, during sudden braking or a collision, can most naturally shoot the passengers sitting in front in the back of the head.