Types of cancer and their symptoms. The most dangerous and common types of cancer. How do cancer cells appear in the body?

04.11.2020

No wonder scientists call oncological diseases a disease of civilization.

Cancer does not occur at once, it is a rather long process, developing over more than one year. For example, when lung cancer the tumor grows to a size of one and a half centimeters within 5-10 years. A large number of malignant neoplasms are laid in the human body with age. And the diagnosis is made only after many years. The growth time of the tumor depends on various factors. Good body resistance can stop growth, and physiotherapy procedures in some cases can increase it.

A person who has been diagnosed with cancer experiences quite appropriate fear. But he should not immediately panic, as medicine has learned to deal with this disease, albeit not with all its manifestations. Many early-stage cancers respond well to treatment. The most important thing is to monitor your health, undergo examinations with a doctor in order to detect this disease as early as possible.

5 types of malignant tumors

The human body is made up of many different types of cells. Healthy cells multiply when the body needs it. It does this by dividing them. Those cells that are no longer needed die. This is how healthy cells work. In cancer cells, the process is different. They rapidly divide and do not die. As a result of such a violation, oncology develops.

Scientists have described more than 200 types of cancer that affect different human organs. Different types of cancer have their own characteristics.

Carcinoma. Epithelial cells contribute to the appearance of this tumor. The colon, prostate, breast, and cervix are the organs most commonly affected by carcinoma.
Melanoma. Skin cells, by their uncontrolled division, cause skin cancer.
Sarcoma. Caused by cancerous connective tissue cells. Quite a rare tumor, occurs less than one case out of a hundred diagnosed.
Leukemia. In this oncology, the cause lies in the bone marrow, the stem cells of which cause cancer.
Lymphoma. It develops due to cancer cells of the hematopoietic tissue. Lymphoid tissue can also be the cause of lymphoma.

In medicine, other types of cancerous tumors are also described, but they are rarely diagnosed: gliomas, teratomas, choriocarcinomas.

Treatment of malignant tumors is performed surgically, using methods of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The doctor chooses the type of treatment depending on the type of cancer and many other factors.

The operation is assigned to the patient only after a deep examination. For a successful outcome of surgical intervention, it is necessary to identify all metastases. Together with the tumor, tissues and lymph nodes adjacent to it, that is, the sites of existing metastases, are removed. If the stage of the disease is early, then, as a rule, one operation is dispensed with. Otherwise, other treatments, such as chemotherapy, are additionally used.

Radiation therapy methods are used in the fight against distant metastases and oncology, which is afraid of radiation. Cancer cells die as a result.

Chemotherapy is often used in addition to surgery. These are drugs that can damage cancer tissue.

The most common types of cancer

In Russia, among the male population, according to the type of cancer, the following are in the first three places:

The most common cause of lung cancer is bronchial epithelial cells. The tumor grows rather slowly. A person for several years does not realize that such a terrible disease has settled in his body. Therefore, these types of cancer have a high mortality among patients: by the time of diagnosis, the disease is very advanced. This oncology is also dangerous because it is prone to the rapid growth of metastases. Cigarette drinkers are at risk. They are advised to examine the lungs for the presence of the disease every three years.

Prostate cancer usually develops in men who lead a sedentary lifestyle. Improper nutrition also contributes to the appearance of the disease. Men over 50 are at risk. They are recommended to examine the prostate at least once every two years.

Too much sun exposure causes skin cancer. Cigarette smoke is also carcinogenic. When incomprehensible spots and neoplasms appear on the skin various kinds you should consult a dermatologist.

For women it looks like this:

breast tumors;
skin oncology;
cervical and uterine cancer.

Due to its prevalence, breast cancer has been studied quite well and is successfully treated. But only if the disease is not running. As a rule, a woman herself discovers a tumor in herself. If the diagnosis is confirmed, then the neoplasm is removed surgically. Cancer cells that remain in the body after removal of the tumor are given special treatment. Almost all women over 40 are at risk. They need to be examined at least once every two years.

Skin cancer, as a rule, develops in those who like to sunbathe excessively and in frequent visitors to solariums. It is necessary to monitor the skin, and at the slightest change, visit a doctor. Like breast cancer, tumors of the cervix and body of the uterus are well studied and successfully treated. It is found during gynecological examinations, which women need to attend at least once a year.

Different types of cancer determine different methods of treatment. There are many medicines, and scientists are working on the production of more and more.

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Types of cancer

Posted By: admin 04/22/2016

A malignant tumor (cancer) is a tumor that has negative properties and poses a great danger to both health and human life (this feature became the basis of its name). The tumor itself is made up of malignant cells.

A malignant neoplasm is a pathology that occurs in the form of uncontrolled cell division that has the ability to penetrate into neighboring tissues and metastasize to almost all human organs.

Today, cancer processes pose a great threat to people's lives, since the incidence rate is very high, and treatment methods have not been thoroughly developed.

General information about cancer

Malignant tumors tend to develop as a result of mutation of normal cells of the body. In some cases, they lend themselves to uncontrolled division and lose their ability to undergo programmed cell death. In normal physiology, each cell must disintegrate into individual apoptotic bodies surrounded by a plasma membrane. For most people, the immune system is not able to determine the presence of such transformations in time, which leads to tumor growth and the onset of metastasis. Metastases from altered cells can penetrate into any organs or tissues.

Malignant tumors have their own classification. She distinguishes them by the affected organ, and by the type of cells that have succumbed to transformation. The branch of medicine that studies all types of cancer is called oncology.

Types of malignant tumors (cancer)

Carcinoma

Carcinoma (actually cancer) is a malignant formation that originates from the cells of epithelial tissue, it can form on different organs where this tissue is present. Carcinoma is a very dangerous disease, since mortality from it is in second place (after pathologies of cardio-vascular system). In women, in most cases, carcinoma affects the mammary glands, cervix, lungs, and stomach. In men, the prostate, liver, esophagus, lungs.

Today, the effectiveness of this treatment is quite high. The best treatment is considered to be therapy in the initial stages of the disease, and the place of formation also plays a significant role. The more time it develops, the less likely it is to be cured.

Symptoms: Signs that indicate the presence of carcinoma may be different, it will depend on the location of the tumor and its size.

As the tumor grows, there is an increase in swelling at the site of its placement;
Increased bleeding;
Severe pain;
Dysfunction of the affected organ;
poor appetite;
Weight loss and weakness.

Diagnosis: Carcinoma detected in time makes the chances of a cure higher. Today, doctors use many methods for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Scheduled medical examinations for men and women every year, which include oncological examinations (especially after 40 years), fluorography of the lungs and others;
Palpation of unknown neoplasms on the skin, checking of some organs (palpation of the mammary glands in women, by a doctor mammologist);
Endoscopic instrumental studies;
Blood tests, especially for the antigen of squamous cell carcinoma;
Modern methods of diagnostics of the whole body MRI, CT, X-ray with contrasts;
Histological examination after tumor biopsy.

Treatment: Diagnosed carcinoma is treatable in different ways and is always unpredictable. What exact prognosis for the completion of the disease is not exactly known, but the stage of development of the process plays an important role. Modern treatments include:

Surgical excision of the tumor. In some cases, complete removal of the affected organ and regional lymph nodes is performed;
Chemotherapy - taking drugs that have a detrimental effect on cancer cells and can slow down the growth of the tumor;
Radiation therapy is used to treat unexplained formations and is performed before surgery;
Immunotherapy - increasing resistance to specific types of vaccines, as a result of which cancer becomes a target for the body;
Neutron therapy is the latest technique for fighting carcinoma, which uses neutron irradiation of the tumor;
Gene therapy - influence on cell division.

Combined methods of treatment have a good effect, when doctors simultaneously apply several of the above methods.

Prevention: There is no exact cause of carcinoma, which means that it is impossible to determine preventive measures. But oncologists strongly recommend undergoing scheduled medical examinations every year. Particular attention should be paid to the mammary glands of women, they should be familiar with the methods of self-examination.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a dangerous type of cancer that arises from mutated melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin). Melanoma is characterized by a rapid rate of metastasis and a high morbidity and mortality rate. It is not difficult to determine melanoma, because it is formed on open skin. In some cases, the eyes, nails, feet, and oral mucosa may be affected.

Long exposure to sunlight. The action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or solarium.
Moles. All moles on the human body are divided into normal and atypical (those that have an asymmetrical shape, rise above the surface of the skin).
People with delicate skin (especially albinos) are considered to be at increased risk for melanomas.
Anamnesis. Having a history of any skin cancer, even after remission, increases the risk of cancer coming back.
Weak immune system.

A large role in the occurrence of melanoma, like any other type of cancer, is played by genetic predisposition. According to statistics, 10% of patients diagnosed with skin cancer had people with the same problem in their family. This feature increases the risk of developing pathology by 50%.

Symptoms: melanoma has the ability to grow from moles present on the skin, in some cases the process occurs on clean skin. Most often it is localized on the legs and back, occasionally on other areas of the body.

The main sign of the growth of melanoma is visual changes in the size, shape and color of already present moles or birthmarks, accompanied by unpleasant sensations in these places. If a new mole becomes noticeable on the body, which quickly increases and has an abnormal appearance, it should be shown to specialists, since there is a high probability that melanomas develop on the skin.

In more advanced stages, the tumor on the skin begins to itch, crust, secrete various exudates, and new blackouts appear around the main focus. Then all this changes to pain, bleeding, destruction of the skin. Ultimately, melanoma starts metastases throughout the body, and the formation of a cancerous process in other organs and tissues is inevitable.

At the same time, the general condition changes dramatically, the patient rapidly loses weight, becomes emaciated, convulsive seizures are possible.

Diagnosis: Diagnosing melanoma can be very difficult, even for an experienced dermatologist. Due to the fact that the characteristic symptoms of skin cancer do not always appear, for this, doctors recommend paying attention to the presence of moles, and at the first suspicious changes, immediately inform specialists (especially if there have already been cases of this type of cancer in the family).

In addition to a visual examination, the doctor may prescribe a skin biopsy and a biopsy of the lymph nodes. The final diagnosis can only be made on the basis of a histological examination of the material taken from the pathological formation.

Early diagnosis has great importance in the prognosis of treatment, in connection with which people are recommended to undergo regular examinations. For self-examination, you need to have some fairly simple things (a lamp, 2 mirrors, two chairs, hair dryer).

With the help of mirrors it is convenient to examine the face and the back of the head. To check the scalp, you can use a hair dryer.
After the head, hands and nails are examined, elbows and armpits are checked in the mirrors.
Next, you should check the skin of the neck, chest and torso. For women, it is necessary to check the skin under the breasts.
Use a mirror to examine the back, buttocks, shoulders and legs.
In the end, you should check the legs and genitals.

Treatment: produced by one of two methods - surgical and combined.

Combined is the most successful, since the combination of timely irradiation allows you to extrude the tumor in more ablastic conditions. To begin with, the skin area affected by cancer is subjected to close-focus X-ray therapy, after which surgeons excise the tumor, capturing 4 centimeters of healthy skin around the lesion, as well as subcutaneous tissue and fascia. The formed crater in the skin is sutured with a rare suture or closed with the help of skin plasty.

A negative feature of melanoma is its ability to rapidly metastasize to nearby lymph nodes. In case of detection of their increase, they are subject to complete removal.

Sarcoma

Sarcoma is another type of malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue cells. In the human body, all organs have connective tissue in their structure, so sarcoma can be localized anywhere. According to statistics, only 5% of oncological diagnoses are in favor of sarcoma, which has a high mortality rate. Another feature of this type of cancer is its occurrence in young people (more than 40% of patients are less than 30 years old).

Heredity;
Development from precancerous diseases;
Poisoning the body with carcinogens;
Foreign bodies in the body;
Mechanical damage to connective tissue;
Hormone imbalance in women during puberty.

Symptoms: very often, the sarcoma begins to appear in the form of a growing mass. With bone sarcoma, the patient complains of night pains in the area of the affected bone, which cannot be anesthetized with drugs. Due to the fact that the tumor is constantly growing, the clinical picture is filled with additional symptoms. When squeezing or germination of the vessels by the tumor, the venous network increases, when exposed to the nerve trunks, pain along the affected nerve begins to disturb.

Diagnosis: for timely detection and correct diagnosis, it is necessary to use a whole range of diagnostic procedures:

Physical examination and history taking;
Laboratory research;
Ultrasound, radiography, MRI, Doppler angiography, etc.;
Biopsy of affected tissues.

Treatment: The best treatment for the disease is surgery. If it is located successfully, then the removal of the tumor does not affect the normal functions of the body and the treatment will not lead to disability. Although quite often there are situations when, after removal of the sarcoma, malignant growth begins in the lungs. In addition to surgery, chemotherapy methods and radiation exposure can be prescribed, which can be applied both before and after surgery.

The combination of several methods of treatment is considered the most successful, but more dangerous way to overcome cancer.

Leukemia

Leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer) is a malignant pathology of the hematopoietic system. The disease begins with the bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets). When a cell mutates in any phase of its development, it acquires the properties of a cancer cell, while it does not perform its usual functions and begins uncontrolled division. It only takes one mutated cell in the blood to develop blood cancer.

Causes: The following factors can influence the development of leukemia:

Genetic predisposition - if the family had relatives affected by any type of cancer, then the risk of leukemia increases significantly. Such a contingent is advised to be examined 2 times more often (especially women);
Exposure to ionizing radiation - working conditions that are directly related to exposure. Direct evidence that radiation affects the development of leukemia can be considered atomic explosions at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and in Japan, which brought out a sharp increase in patients diagnosed with blood cancer.
Taking carcinogens - taking certain medications that affect the blood-forming organs.
Viruses - some viruses are able to invade human DNA and provoke mutations in body cells.
Nutrition - modern food manufacturers use a lot of chemical preservatives and dyes, the action of which is carcinogenic.

Symptoms: the clinical picture of leukemia is not clear, it is impossible to independently determine its presence, but if a person has several of the symptoms described below, you should consult a specialist:

Chronic weakness;
weight loss and lack of appetite;
Bleeding and swelling of the gums;
Pain in joints and bones.
Symptoms of colds;
Reduced resistance, which threatens the occurrence of infections;
Red spots under the skin;
Increased sweating, especially during sleep.

Diagnosis: to diagnose blood cancer, it is necessary to donate blood for general and biochemical tests. Also, for a clearer study, a bone marrow biopsy is taken.

Treatment: it is necessary to start treating leukemia immediately after diagnosing an oncological disease, because it has properties for rapid development. In the case of blood cancer, the treatment consists of chemotherapy, which aims to kill the cancerous blood cells. Taking into account the general condition and severity of the patient's illness, additional measures are applied in the form of blood transfusion, reduction of intoxication and prevention of infectious complications.

6 types of cancer that are successfully treated

People are afraid of oncological diagnoses, perceiving them as a sentence. In fact, this is not always the case: certain types of cancer (and there are more than 200 of them) can be cured today. Of course, the result of doctors' efforts depends on many factors, including the state of the body of a particular patient, his psychological attitude, promptness in seeking qualified help, consistency and perseverance in treatment.

Nevertheless, medicine has achieved significant success in saving the lives of patients who have some types of malignant neoplasms. We want to tell our readers about them.

Mammary cancer

Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the world. About a million cases of this disease are diagnosed every year. In industrialized countries, breast cancer is very common. The fact is that, in addition to a burdened family history and the characteristics of the hormonal background of a woman, the main risk factors for breast cancer are the so-called diseases of civilization (diabetes, obesity), smoking, alcohol abuse, abortion and refusal to breastfeed.

The main method of treating breast cancer is surgical: the tumor is removed, and with a small size, there is a chance of removing not the entire breast, but only the neoplasm itself. Methods of treatment are being actively developed, for example, cryomammotomy (freezing the tumor with its subsequent removal).

The success of the treatment of this type of cancer directly depends on the promptness of seeking medical help. Doctors remind women of the need to familiarize themselves with self-examination techniques and regular medical examinations. Upon reaching the age of 40, a woman should monthly conduct an independent palpation of the breast and at least once a year visit a antenatal clinic. With early detection of the tumor and timely adequate care, the probability of curing breast cancer is almost 100%.

Cervical cancer

The main reason for the problems associated with the treatment of cervical cancer is difficult diagnosis. In the initial stages, the disease is asymptomatic or manifests itself as a general malaise. Only a gynecologist can detect a tumor during an examination, so such examinations should be regular.

In addition, you should keep in mind the risk factors for developing cervical cancer:

human papillomavirus (HPV) infection;
smoking;
a large number of sexual partners;
early onset of sexual activity.

The link between cervical cancer and HPV has been scientifically proven. It has been established that the probability of infection during sexual contact is about 75%, but during the normal functioning of the immune system, the vast majority of pathogenic microorganisms die. However, almost 90% of women of reproductive age are considered to be infected with HPV.

Modern medicine is successfully fighting cervical cancer. Treatment in this case requires surgery, it may also include chemotherapy or radiation therapy. When contacting early stages disease provides almost 100% survival rate. Among those who began the fight against cancer in the second stage, about 80% are cured.

Skin cancer

Skin cancer (various types) accounts for about 15% of all cancers. The most common (88.2% of cases) are basalioma and squamous cell carcinoma. These types of neoplasms are not the most dangerous, since they rarely metastasize to other organs and tissues. Much more severe is melanoma (an aggressive and rapidly metastasizing tumor), which accounts for 11% of cases.

The success of skin cancer treatment is associated primarily with early detection. The fact is that skin neoplasms are easy to diagnose visually. It is enough to notice atypical changes in the skin and especially the condition of birthmarks in order to suspect a pathology. A rapid increase in the number of moles, changes in their color, clarity of boundaries, surface structure or size is a reason for an immediate visit to a doctor.

In the early stages, skin cancer can be cured with surgery and radiation therapy. With timely treatment, the survival rate of patients suffering from melanoma is from 89 to 95%.

prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (prostate) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in men. This is a disease of adulthood, the risk of which increases when a person reaches 50 years of age. In the early stages, the pathology is successfully treated: with a small tumor size at the time of detection, the probability of recovery is 95%.

Unfortunately, in most cases, prostate cancer is diagnosed late. The reason is not only that tumor growth can be asymptomatic. Often, men are embarrassed or afraid to seek medical help, even experiencing noticeable discomfort. It is necessary to consult a doctor if the following signs are observed:

discomfort when urinating or ejaculating;
the presence of traces of blood in semen or urine;
feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder;
frequent urination (including at night).

Men who have reached adulthood should monitor their health and visit a urologist at least once a year or at the first appearance of unpleasant symptoms.

testicular cancer

The disease is manifested by painful compaction in the scrotum, its enlargement and pain in the lower abdomen. Testicular cancer can affect men even in their youth. The average age of patients is 40 years.

The main method of dealing with this type of cancer is the surgical removal of the testicle, followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. With timely access to a doctor, the probability of a complete cure is estimated at 96%.

colorectal cancer

Cancer of the rectum or colon with adequate treatment in the early stages can be eliminated in 90% of cases. The following symptoms may indicate the presence of pathology:

the presence of blood in the stool;
bowel problems (constipation or diarrhea);
feeling of incomplete emptying of the bowels after a bowel movement;
discomfort or persistent pain in the abdomen;
rapid weight loss;
constant fatigue;
dyspnea;
dizziness.

A family history is considered to be the main risk factor. The likelihood of colorectal cancer increases with age: 85% of cases occur in patients over 65 years of age.

The best way to prevent colon or rectal cancer is regular check-ups. Many doctors recommend that people over the age of 40 visit a proctologist annually and take a fecal occult blood test, and if necessary, undergo a colonoscopy. Particularly vigilant should be those in whose families cases of the named disease were observed.

All described types of cancer are successfully treated at the initial stage. Therefore, it is important to be oncologically vigilant: pay attention to the appearance of alarming symptoms and regularly undergo a medical examination.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Education: First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, specialty "Medicine".

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Human blood “runs” through the vessels under enormous pressure and, if their integrity is violated, is capable of firing at a distance of up to 10 meters.

The average life expectancy of left-handers is less than that of right-handers.

Today, a very topical issue is the treatment of cancer. Before considering it, it is important to know what types of cancer exist and which one is the most dangerous to health and life.

Cancer. General information

Cancer is a serious malignant disease that develops from healthy epithelial cells and can affect any organ or system of the human body. To date, the causes of the growth of pathological cells have not been thoroughly studied. Because the more we become aware of the famous modern medicine facts, the easier it is to avoid it or find the right way out.

There is a theory that the appearance of cancer is associated with a mutation in body tissues. But this has not been proven, like other versions.

Causes of occurrence. Types of cancer

Having information about the causes of occurrence can save everyone who, for some reason, is at risk. Here are some common reasons that explain the nature of the appearance of foreign cells in a healthy body:

air pollution;
genetic abnormalities;
nicotine use;
inflammatory processes in the chronic stage;
viruses and infections;
alcoholism;
carcinogens, which are now used in almost everything, and which cannot be avoided.

What types of cancer are there? There are several varieties:

carcinoma - the most common type of cancer that affects the esophagus, prostate, mammary glands;
leukemia - a cancer that is localized in the bone marrow, but metastasizes throughout the body;
Sarcoma is a cancer that arises from the cells of the lymphatic system.

Blood cancer. dangerous kind

Blood cancer is also called hemoblastosis. This is a group of diseases of the circulatory system. Among them there are especially dangerous types of blood cancer, these are leukemia, hematosarcoma, lymphoma, angioma, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia and others.

Leukemia is manifested by impaired differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. With this pathology, a large number of cancer cells accumulate in the body, which are not responsible for any function, but only slowly poison the body. Leukemia most often affects older people or children under 4 years of age.

Genital cancer. Uterine cancer

Tumors of the genital organs are malignant tumors that can affect the external and internal organs.

Uterine cancer is common among women. Types of uterine cancer affect women from 55 to 70 years old, but there are often exceptions when very young women are examined and they are given a terrible diagnosis - endometrial cancer. There is a hormonal type and autonomous.

Hormonal - this is a "younger" cancer, it happens in women under 40 years old, who at a young age suffered from problems with conception, diabetes, hyperglycemia and other problems.
Autonomous is observed in older women. In such patients, there is a reduced susceptibility to hormones and the absence of metabolic disorders of the endocrine system.

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract

Tumors of the stomach and intestines are a very common disease. Known types of cancer of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract:

polypoid - makes up about 6% of all species, and its effect is that cancer corrodes the walls of the stomach. Pathological areas affected by cancer stand out well against the background of healthy tissues;
carcinoma, cancer-ulcer or ulcerative - accounts for about 36%, clear edges are visible, but practically does not differ from a stomach ulcer;
partial carcinoma - has no clear edges, protrudes above the level of healthy tissues and affects large areas of the stomach;
infiltrative cancer - develops inside the walls of the stomach, it is difficult to make a diagnosis;
adenocarcinoma - starts from the cells of the mucous membrane, or rather, the glandular epithelium.

As well as some types of bowel cancer:

Types of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize, but with timely access to a specialist oncologist, effective treatment can be carried out.

Lungs' cancer. The most dangerous type of cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of the bronchi. Experts, having found out what types of cancer are, and having studied their pathogenesis, determined that a lung tumor is the most life-threatening cancer.

central - the main bronchi are affected;
peripheral - the tumor grows from the alveoli and small bronchi;
mediastinal - characterized by the rapid appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes;
disseminated form - a large number of foci of growth of pathological cells are formed in the lung tissue;
sarcoma;
tracheal cancer;
poorly differentiated. Lung cancer of this type is one of the most dangerous.

What are the causes of this terrible pathology? First of all, smoking affects the occurrence of lung tumors. It doesn't matter if it's active or passive smoking. The very fact of inhaling carcinogens is the main cause of cancer development. The next factor that can cause these types of cancer is contact with poisons such as nickel, cadmium, arsenic.

Heredity also plays a role in the occurrence of a tumor, along with factors such as radiation exposure, poor ecology, chronic lung diseases, and others.

Mammary cancer

What types of cancer do women have? Most often in women, the mammary glands are affected. This disease leads the list of the most dangerous and frequent pathologies. Mostly women from 40 to 60 years old suffer from breast tumors, but the disease is rapidly getting younger, and types of breast cancer are already being isolated that affect young girls.

Most of the neoplasms that a mammologist or the women themselves detect can be classified as benign. These are galactocele, fibrocystic mastopathy and fibroadenoma of the gland. Such types of disease, cancer diagnosed at the optimal time, are promptly detected by oncologists, and treatment is carried out, possibly even removal of the mammary glands in order to avoid a second process.

What are the reasons for the development of pathological cell growth in the mammary gland:

abnormalities in the development of the mammary gland;
alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits are an important factor risk, if we also take into account the genetic predisposition of a woman;
poor ecology, polluted air and poor-quality drinking water;
late delivery can also become a trigger at the beginning of the development of pathology;
long-term use of hormonal drugs and others.

Breast cancer with timely access to an oncologist is treated with the possibility of recurrence.

Cancer Symptoms

The problem is that in the initial stages of development, cancer does not make itself felt, and only early diagnosis will help determine the presence and severity of the pathological process.

The symptoms of cancer are:

rapid weight loss;
long-term elevated body temperature;
state of apathy and constant fatigue for no reason;
the color, shape, size of birthmarks or moles may change;
ulcers appear in the oral cavity;
pain increases over time.

In addition to the main symptoms, there are also specific ones. Prolonged wound healing may indicate a change in cells in the body, the loss of their function - cancerous processes. Abnormal discharge or bleeding, as well as problems with urination, may indicate the presence of cancer cells in the body.

Diagnosis of types of cancer

To date, there are many unresolved issues posed by oncology. Cancer species mutate and become invulnerable. For quality treatment, it is necessary to correctly diagnose the disease.

For this purpose, ultrasound therapy, computed tomography, mammography (in order to identify types of breast cancer), endoscopic method for diagnosing tumors in the stomach, esophagus and intestines, magnetic resonance imaging, radioisotope diagnostics and others are used.

Read more about X-ray examination - the main method for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Radiography is used at the slightest suspicion of pathological processes in the cells. Using this method, you can examine the lungs, colon, stomach, bones. Recently, special methods have been used - bronchography, angiography, which significantly increase the likelihood of detecting cancerous processes.

Cancer treatment

For many years there has been an active discussion and research of drugs for the treatment of cancer. But, unfortunately, medicine has not yet found the only way to cure such patients. Therefore, after the detection of cancerous processes, complex treatment is carried out using radiation therapy, chemotherapeutic drugs and surgical methods.

Radiation therapy of cancer patients: the principle of such treatment is the increased sensitivity of pathological cells to ionizing radiation. After such a procedure, a mutation occurs in diseased cells, and they die. Therapy is not indicated for children, as their cells are still in the developmental stage and are most exposed to radiation. Some types of lung cancer are successfully treated after the procedure.
The chemotherapeutic effect on cancer cells is very aggressive, and the procedure is indicated only in advanced stages, if other types of cancer treatment are already not helping. The dose is selected depending on the weight of the patient, the type of tumor, its position and the condition of the patient. Different drugs are combined to maximize the effect on tumor cells.
Surgical treatment is often resorted to, as this is the most effective and reliable method. Treatment consists in removing the source of pathology. But surgical method will be ineffective if metastases have already appeared in the body.

Severe and most dangerous types of cancer, such as lung cancer, cannot always be cured. In this case, supportive therapy is used, but the chances that the patient will survive are very small.

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Some crayfish are loved to be consumed with beer, others are looked after in aquariums, but few people remember that these creatures managed to survive for 130 million years, practically without changing their structure. The only thing that distinguishes them from their ancient counterparts is their size. During the Jurassic period, some types of crayfish reached 3 m in length and could stand up for themselves.

Today, in the ranks of crustaceans, there are about 55,000 representatives of various lengths living in the sea or fresh water, and some of them prefer to be land-based.

History of the delicacy

Crayfish have been used by people since antiquity, but then they were not served as a delicacy. It is obvious that healers and healers of the ancient world knew about the beneficial properties of the shells, as they made drugs from the bites of poisonous insects.

The first mention of river crayfish being a tasty dish was recorded in the 16th century, when one of the Swedish kings accidentally tasted them. Immediately a decree was issued for the peasants to catch and deliver them to the royal table, but did not dare to eat them themselves under pain of the death penalty.

Imitating the king, the Swedish nobles did the same, although the royal decree was perplexing for the poor people. They did not consider crayfish food and were content with them only in times of famine, which was extremely rare in this country.

In modern Sweden, there is even a national holiday, Day of Eating Crayfish, when people gather in large companies, boil these arthropods and drink strong liquor.

Today, some types of crayfish (the photo shows this) are considered a delicacy and are not just served with beer, but soups, salads are prepared from them, stewed with vegetables, sauces are made from them and even fried.

Their meat is considered one of the most environmentally friendly, despite the fact that they are sewers and "orderlies" of water sources. This is due to a balanced, self-purifying organism given to them by nature.

River arthropods

There are different types of crayfish, but this name is not entirely accurate, since they live in swamps, ponds, lakes, and artificial reservoirs. It is more correct to use the term "freshwater".

All representatives of crustaceans living in fresh water have the same structure:

their body can reach a length of 10 to 20 cm;
the upper part of the body is called the cephalothorax;
they have an elongated and flatter abdomen;
the body ends with a caudal fin;
they have 10 thoracic legs and gills.

Most known species freshwater crayfish are:

Wide-toed (Astacus astacus) lives in water bodies Western Europe and high mountain rivers of Switzerland, prefers places with temperatures from +7 to +24 degrees Celsius.
Thin-toed (Astacus leptodactylus) can live both in fresh running or stagnant water, and in brackish water with a maximum temperature of up to +30.

These types of crayfish are not suitable for keeping in aquariums, as they are very demanding in care, especially in terms of water filtration and temperature conditions.

Florida cancer

Well-known to many aquarists, the red Florida crayfish can actually be black, white, orange, and even blue. It lives both in swamps and flowing rivers, and in water meadows, and as the water subsides, it “leaves” into deep holes underground.

These are the most undemanding types of crayfish to the composition and quality of water. Their appearance is well known to the inhabitants of not only swampy Florida, but also Europe. His hallmark are red spikes located on the claws.

This is small size arthropod (body length up to 12 cm) can easily tolerate water temperatures from +5 to + 30 degrees and breed year-round in an aquarium, laying up to 200 eggs. Incubation lasts for 30 days, and during this time the temperature in the aquarium should be maintained at +20...+25 degrees.

Red swamp crayfish get along well with fish, but remember that 1 pair will need an aquarium with 100 liters of water.

Blue crayfish from Cuba

Cuban blue crayfish can have other colors, as this directly depends on natural conditions in their habitats and the colors of their parents.

This tropical representative of arthropods lives in Cuba and Pinos. It has a small body up to 12 cm (excluding claws) and has a completely peaceful character, so it can be kept in aquariums with moving or large fish.

The fact that this crayfish is unpretentious and breeds well in captivity makes it a favorite of many aquarists. For 2 or 4 blue Cuban crayfish, you will need a 50 liter container with good ventilation and water filtration.

The female of this species can lay up to 200 eggs at a time. For this to happen, it is better to transplant the crayfish into another smaller aquarium before mating, so that there is no interference from the “neighbors”. Incubation lasts 3 weeks, during which the water temperature should be +25 degrees.

marine arthropod

The most popular among gourmets is lobster meat. These sea views crayfish differ from their freshwater counterparts only in size and weight. They have a strong chitinous shell, which young individuals change as they grow older.

The molting of the lobster takes from 2 to 4 weeks, during which he is defenseless and forced to hide from his enemies in secluded places. The process of getting rid of tight coverage is interesting. The shell bursts on the lobster's back like a piece of clothing that is torn at the seams. To free itself, the cancer has to come out of it with its back, taking out one leg after the other.

The female lobster lays up to 4,000 eggs on her tail, after which the male fertilizes them. The incubation period lasts 9 months, during which the eggs remain on the mother's body. Individuals that have survived 25 molts are considered ready for mating and eating.

Gourmets are well aware of the European, Norwegian and American types of lobsters. The cost of their tender, healthy, dietary meat starts from $ 50 per kilogram, and 100 years ago it was used as bait for fishing.

Land representative of arthropods

If you think about the question of what types of crayfish are, then few people will remember that there are unique individuals that can climb trees.

These are coconut crayfish (Birgus latro), living on the islands of the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. During the day, these amazing creatures hide in the foliage of palm trees, and at night they descend to pick up fallen fruits or carrion from the ground. The islanders call these hermit crabs thieves, as they often pick up everything that they think is bad.

Although the coconut crayfish spends most of its life on the ground, it begins its life in water bodies, where females lay eggs, from which small and defenseless crustaceans emerge. To survive, they are forced to look for a protective covering for their bodies, which most often becomes some kind of shell.

After the young grow up, crayfish go outside and can no longer return to the aquatic environment, as their gills atrophy, and ventilated lungs become respiratory organs.

Those wishing to see these unusual creatures will have to go to the tropical jungle at night. Their meat is considered a delicacy and aphrodisiac, but "hunting" for them is extremely limited.

Rare crustaceans

The rarest types of crayfish that can live in aquariums are called apricot. They live in Indonesia and can be either a delicate orange or blue, which is extremely rare.

They are small in size, males rarely grow to 10 cm, and the length of the female is 8 cm. To keep them in aquariums, you should not only make sure that the temperature regime is kept within +25 degrees, but the bottom should also be properly designed.

These crayfish love fine gravel sprinkled with bamboo, almond or oak leaves, which also serves as a good antiseptic. Numerous shelters in the form of snags, metal pipes and artificial houses will not interfere. For the most part, Orange Papua New Guinea lobster is a non-aggressive vegetarian, but it is still not recommended to “attach” small fish to it.

largest freshwater arthropods

Most large species crayfish living in fresh water, originally from Tasmania. In the rivers in the north of this Australian state, there are individuals reaching 60-80 cm in length with a weight of 3 to 6 kg.

Their favorite habitat is rivers with a calm flow, good air ventilation and a water temperature of +18 degrees. Depending on which river these giants live in, in the plains or mountains, they can have a color from green and brown to blue.

Since Astacopsis gouldi live up to 40 years and are considered long-lived among their relatives, all their life processes are somewhat delayed. For example, males are ready for breeding only at 9 years old, and females - at 14 years old, while they mate once every 2 years, and the incubation period lasts from autumn to summer of the next year. In this regard, it is customary for Tasmanian giants to keep a harem of females of different ages.

Heraxes

Another representative of the Australian rivers is the herax crayfish. Surprisingly, these arthropods, numbering many species, include individuals with completely different dimensions. So, some of them can be 40 cm long and weigh up to 3 kg, while others grow up to 10 cm and are placed in aquariums up to 20 liters. Another home for these freshwaters are the rivers of New Guinea.

It is easy to create conditions for keeping heraxes in an aquarium. They love warm water and the opportunity to dig in the ground, so if there are such “tenants”, it is better to plant plants in pots. They don't eat them, but they can dig them up. Herax crayfish are indifferent to the neighborhood of fish, but if you breed larger individuals with large claws, it is better to keep them in a separate container.

Unusual types of crayfish

Although in general arthropods are very similar in appearance, their ability to adapt and survive is strikingly different. For example, river marble crayfish reproduce asexually, and a similar phenomenon in nature is called parthenogenesis.

Females of this type of crayfish are able to clone themselves without involving males in the process. A similar phenomenon could previously be observed only in higher crustaceans, but never in small river specimens, reaching a maximum length of 8 cm.

In order for freshwater aquarium crayfish to take root, it is necessary to constantly maintain cleanliness in water that is well enriched with oxygen.

When choosing a container for such "residents", one should proceed from the parameters that 15 liters of water will be required for 1 individual of 6-7 cm. To make pets feel at home, you should properly arrange the bottom. You will need driftwood, gravel or sand, ceramic or metal cylinders where crayfish can hide during the day.

Planting plants in a container depends on the type of cancer, as well as whether fish will be together with it. Otherwise, the maintenance of these individuals does not cause trouble, the main thing is not to forget to close the aquarium with a lid, otherwise you can find your pet on the bed.

For a more complete understanding of each malignant tumor, a special system was developed, according to which varieties of neoplasms with specific features in development, diagnosis and treatment were identified.

Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a malignant tumor that develops from epithelial cells various structures. Affected cells lose their ability to differentiate, but acquire the possibility of intensive and uncontrolled division.

As a result, the structure of nearby tissues and organs is disrupted. In addition, carcinoma has a tendency to metastasize - the spread of cancer cells throughout the body through the lymph or blood.

Such activity contributes to the development of new foci of the disease in other organs that are far enough from the primary neoplasm.

According to statistics, about 6 million people are affected by this disease every year. And the mortality among them is quite high - especially in cases with the occurrence of metastases.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm that is formed from melanin-producing pigment cells. In most cases, it affects the skin surface, sometimes it develops on the retina or mucous membranes.

It is considered an extremely dangerous form of the disease, since the likelihood of metastases is high. In addition, in the initial stages there are no pronounced symptoms, so it is quite difficult to diagnose it in a timely manner.

In this regard, a person with such oncology seeks help too late, when it is no longer possible to conduct effective treatment.

Melanoma can be detected by systematically examining moles. For example, they change color, shape, or start to hurt - any of these signs are considered sufficient to contact a specialist.

It should be taken into account that the probability of survival in the last stages is extremely small: in 3 - more than 70% of people do not survive the 5-year period after diagnosis, and in stage 4 less than 10% survive.

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Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a malignant tumor that is formed from cells of "immature" connective tissue: bone, muscle, fat, as well as the walls of blood and lymphatic vessels.

The structure of the neoplasm itself has a pinkish color with white glimpses. It develops in a fairly short time, while deforming and destroying nearby tissues.

After removal, it can form again. It has the ability to metastasize early, the main area of distribution is the lungs and liver.

This property is due to a more intensive growth of connective tissues in a child. Sarcoma occupies the second position in terms of the number of deaths among all malignant tumors.

Leukemia

Leukemia is a malignant clonal disease that affects the hematopoietic system. A clone can be formed from immature bone marrow cells of a homeopathic type or already matured blood cells.

For leukemia, the initial localization of the tumor structure in the bone marrow is characteristic. In the process of development, the affected tissue replaces healthy hematopoietic sprouts.

For this reason, in patients with leukemia, increased bleeding, hemorrhage, reduced immunity, which is attacked by infectious diseases, can be observed.

As for the prognosis of survival, it largely depends on the form of leukemia. Obviously, with an acute variety, a person's life is significantly reduced - patients at the stage live up to 5 years in 20% of cases. Chronic leukemia allows 60% of patients to reach the threshold of 5 years.

Lymphoma

The initial manifestations are an increase in the size of the lymph nodes of the cervical, axillary and inguinal regions. Lymphoma has the ability to metastasize. For this reason, it is considered quite dangerous, since often the treatment cannot destroy all the foci.

Teratoma

Teratoma is a neoplasm that develops from embryonic cells. In most cases, it affects the ovaries of women, the testicles of men, the coccygeal region in children, and occasionally it can develop in the brain.

It forms as a tissue or even an organ that is atypical for the location of the tumor. In the structure of teratoma, one can observe hair, muscle and bone tissue, in isolated cases more complex structures: eyes, limbs, torso.

Appears due to coordination failures in the interaction between the stem cell and its niche, at the stage of embryogenesis.

Remarkably, teratoma is formed together with a person - at the stage of intrauterine development. And it can appear for the first time at any age. Such a formation is dangerous due to squeezing of surrounding structures and blood vessels, in particular.

glioma

Glioma is a malignant brain tumor that develops from glia - a structure consisting of auxiliary cells. nervous system. This variety makes up about 60% of all brain tumors and ranks second among malignant neoplasms that manifest themselves in childhood.

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Symptomatic signs depend on the localization of the size of the tumor. Among the most frequent manifestations, persistent headaches can be distinguished, which are usually accompanied by severe nausea and convulsive syndrome.

Depending on the affected part of the brain, problems with speech and memory, weakness of muscles and thinking, impaired stool and vision, and partial paralysis may appear. In fact, any brain tumor greatly affects the general condition of the body.

In this case, it is even possible not to take into account intoxication from tumor cells - the size of the neoplasm will be enough, which puts pressure on the surrounding structures, causing various harmful manifestations.

Therefore, in case of untimely treatment, the probability of a favorable outcome is extremely small - no more than 15-25% survive for 5 years after the diagnosis of stage 4.

Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that develops from chorion cells - the outer shell of the embryo that forms the placenta. Formed in most cases in pregnant women.

Chorionic cells initially have the ability to penetrate and divide in the body. Their transformation occurs due to disruption of the immune system or failures in the genetic code.

The tumor pretty soon affects the vagina, and abundant yellowish-white discharge is formed, which becomes purulent over time. The situation is aggravated by the fact that at this stage a woman is treated with various antibiotics for thrush.

Such therapy further worsens the state of the immune system, allowing tumors to develop at a rapid pace.

In the future, blood clots appear in the discharge and severe bleeding in the lungs and vagina. The spread of chariocarcinoma into the structures is accompanied by pain.

Classification of neoplasms by localization

Breasts. It is formed from the glandular tissue of the mammary gland. The second most common cancer among women. Remarkably, it can be detected independently when feeling the chest. As a result of the lesion, the nipple, the shade of the breast and the structure of the mammary gland change.

Testicles. It is formed from the tissues of the male gonad. A rather rare disease - it makes up about 2% of the total number of oncological lesions. Such cancer can be easily diagnosed - this can be done by visual changes, consisting in the enlargement of the testicle.

With timely treatment, the likelihood of a favorable outcome is high. In advanced cases, removal of the testicle is possible.

Larynx. It develops from the epithelial tissue of the larynx. Characterized by rapid development. Due to its localization, it poses a great threat, since, in addition to general intoxication of the body, it compresses the respiratory tract and surrounding blood vessels.

Often in the early stages it is mistaken for a cold - the symptoms are similar. Therefore, diagnosis is not always possible in a timely manner.

Uterus. It is formed from the tissues of the female reproductive system. The prognosis of this disease is quite favorable - the survival rate up to 5 years is more than 75%. This is due to the possibility of early diagnosis - even in the initial stages, uterine cancer is manifested by bleeding, which provides a woman with a referral to a specialist.

Intestine. It consists mainly of transformed cells of the colon or rectum. Difficult to identify due to the fact that the initial symptoms are similar to a common indigestion. At further development there is bleeding, impaired stool and anemia of the intestine. More than 60% of patients with bowel cancer do not live past the age of 5 years.

Which cancer is the most dangerous? Expert opinion in this video:

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benign tumors 65
uterus 39
women 34
chest 34
myoma 32
mammary gland 32
stomach 24
lymphoma 23
intestines 23
malignant tumors 23
lungs 22
liver 20
blood diseases 20
diagnostics 19
metastases 18
Melanoma 16
adenoma 15
lipoma 15
leather 14
brain 14

Possible types of cancer

Alarming statistics claim that the number of patients diagnosed with various types of cancer is increasing every year around the world. No wonder scientists call oncological diseases a disease of civilization.

Cancer does not occur at once, it is a rather long process, developing over more than one year. For example, with lung cancer, the tumor grows to a size of one and a half centimeters within 5-10 years. A large number of malignant neoplasms are laid in the human body with age. And the diagnosis is made only after many years. The growth time of the tumor depends on various factors. Good body resistance can stop growth, and physiotherapy procedures in some cases can increase it.

5 types of malignant tumors

Scientists have described more than 200 types of cancer that affect different human organs. Different types of cancer have their own characteristics.

Carcinoma. Epithelial cells contribute to the appearance of this tumor. The colon, prostate, breast, and cervix are the organs most commonly affected by carcinoma.
Melanoma. Skin cells, by their uncontrolled division, cause skin cancer.
Sarcoma. Caused by cancerous connective tissue cells. Quite a rare tumor, occurs less than one case out of a hundred diagnosed.
Leukemia. In this oncology, the cause lies in the bone marrow, the stem cells of which cause cancer.
Lymphoma. It develops due to cancer cells of the hematopoietic tissue. Lymphoid tissue can also be the cause of lymphoma.

In medicine, other types of cancerous tumors are also described, but they are rarely diagnosed: gliomas, teratomas, choriocarcinomas.

Radiation therapy methods are used in the fight against distant metastases and oncology, which is afraid of radiation. Cancer cells die as a result.

Chemotherapy is often used in addition to surgery. These are drugs that can damage cancer tissue.

The most common types of cancer

In Russia, among the male population, according to the type of cancer, the following are in the first three places:

malignant neoplasms of the lungs;
prostate tumors;
skin oncology.

Too much sun exposure causes skin cancer. Cigarette smoke is also carcinogenic. If strange spots and neoplasms of various types appear on the skin, you should consult a dermatologist.

For women it looks like this:

breast tumors;
skin oncology;
cervical and uterine cancer.

Different types of cancer determine different methods of treatment. There are many medicines, and scientists are working on the production of more and more.

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Today, a very topical issue is the treatment of cancer. Before considering it, it is important to know what types of cancer exist and which one is the most dangerous to health and life.

Cancer. General information

Cancer is a serious malignant disease that develops from healthy epithelial cells and can affect any organ or system of the human body. To date, the causes of the growth of pathological cells have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the more we are aware of the facts known to modern medicine, the easier it is to avoid this or find the right way out.

There is a theory that the appearance of cancer is associated with a mutation in body tissues. But this has not been proven, like other versions.

Causes of occurrence. Types of cancer

air pollution;
genetic abnormalities;
nicotine use;
inflammatory processes in the chronic stage;
viruses and infections;
alcoholism;
carcinogens, which are now used in almost everything, and which cannot be avoided.

What types of cancer are there? There are several varieties:

carcinoma - the most common type of cancer that affects the esophagus, prostate, mammary glands;
leukemia - a cancer that is localized in the bone marrow, but metastasizes throughout the body;
Sarcoma is a cancer that arises from the cells of the lymphatic system.

Blood cancer. dangerous kind

Genital cancer. Uterine cancer

Tumors of the genital organs are malignant tumors that can affect the external and internal organs.

Hormonal - this is a "younger" cancer, it happens in women under 40 years old, who at a young age suffered from problems with conception, diabetes, hyperglycemia and other problems.
Autonomous is observed in older women. In such patients, there is a reduced susceptibility to hormones and the absence of metabolic disorders of the endocrine system.

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract

Tumors of the stomach and intestines are a very common disease. Known types of cancer of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract:

polypoid - makes up about 6% of all species, and its effect is that cancer corrodes the walls of the stomach. Pathological areas affected by cancer stand out well against the background of healthy tissues;
carcinoma, cancer-ulcer or ulcerative - accounts for about 36%, clear edges are visible, but practically does not differ from a stomach ulcer;
partial carcinoma - has no clear edges, protrudes above the level of healthy tissues and affects large areas of the stomach;
infiltrative cancer - develops inside the walls of the stomach, it is difficult to make a diagnosis;
adenocarcinoma - starts from the cells of the mucous membrane, or rather, the glandular epithelium.

As well as some types of bowel cancer:

Types of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize, but with timely access to a specialist oncologist, effective treatment can be carried out.

Lungs' cancer. The most dangerous type of cancer

central - the main bronchi are affected;
peripheral - the tumor grows from the alveoli and small bronchi;
mediastinal - characterized by the rapid appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes;
disseminated form - a large number of foci of growth of pathological cells are formed in the lung tissue;
sarcoma;
tracheal cancer;
poorly differentiated. Lung cancer of this type is one of the most dangerous.

Heredity also plays a role in the occurrence of a tumor, along with factors such as radiation exposure, poor ecology, chronic lung diseases, and others.

Mammary cancer

What are the reasons for the development of pathological cell growth in the mammary gland:

abnormalities in the development of the mammary gland;
alcoholism, smoking and other bad habits are an important risk factor, if we also take into account the genetic predisposition of a woman;
poor ecology, polluted air and poor-quality drinking water;
late delivery can also become a trigger at the beginning of the development of pathology;
long-term use of hormonal drugs and others.

Breast cancer with timely access to an oncologist is treated with the possibility of recurrence.

Cancer Symptoms

The problem is that in the initial stages of development, cancer does not make itself felt, and only early diagnosis will help determine the presence and severity of the pathological process.

The symptoms of cancer are:

rapid weight loss;
long-term elevated body temperature;
a state of apathy and constant fatigue for no reason;
the color, shape, size of birthmarks or moles may change;
ulcers appear in the oral cavity;
pain increases over time.

Diagnosis of types of cancer

To date, there are many unresolved issues posed by oncology. Cancer species mutate and become invulnerable. For quality treatment, it is necessary to correctly diagnose the disease.

Read more about X-ray examination - the main method for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Cancer treatment

Radiation therapy of cancer patients: the principle of such treatment is the increased sensitivity of pathological cells to ionizing radiation. After such a procedure, a mutation occurs in diseased cells, and they die. Therapy is not indicated for children, as their cells are still in the developmental stage and are most exposed to radiation. Some types of lung cancer are successfully treated after the procedure.
The chemotherapeutic effect on cancer cells is very aggressive, and the procedure is indicated only in advanced stages, if other types of cancer treatment are already not helping. The dose is selected depending on the weight of the patient, the type of tumor, its position and the condition of the patient. Different drugs are combined to maximize the effect on tumor cells.
Surgical treatment is often resorted to, as this is the most effective and reliable method. Treatment consists in removing the source of pathology. But the surgical method will be ineffective if metastases have already appeared in the body.

Severe and most dangerous types of cancer, such as lung cancer, cannot always be cured. In this case, supportive therapy is used, but the chances that the patient will survive are very small.

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2018 Oncology. All site materials are posted for informational purposes only and cannot be the basis for making any decisions on self-treatment, including. All copyrights to materials belong to their respective owners

Types of cancer

Posted By: admin 04/22/2016

A malignant neoplasm is a pathology that occurs in the form of uncontrolled cell division that has the ability to penetrate into neighboring tissues and metastasize to almost all human organs.

Today, cancer processes pose a great threat to people's lives, since the incidence rate is very high, and treatment methods have not been thoroughly developed.

General information about cancer

Malignant tumors tend to develop as a result of mutation of normal cells of the body. In some cases, they lend themselves to uncontrolled division and lose their ability to undergo programmed cell death. In normal physiology, each cell must disintegrate into individual apoptotic bodies surrounded by a plasma membrane. In most people, the immune system is not able to detect the presence of such transformations in time, which leads to tumor growth and the onset of metastasis. Metastases from altered cells can penetrate into any organs or tissues.

Types of malignant tumors (cancer)

Carcinoma

Carcinoma (actually cancer) is a malignant formation that originates from the cells of epithelial tissue, it can form on different organs where this tissue is present. Carcinoma is a very dangerous disease, since mortality from it is in second place (after pathologies of the cardiovascular system). In women, in most cases, carcinoma affects the mammary glands, cervix, lungs, and stomach. In men, the prostate, liver, esophagus, lungs.

Symptoms: Signs that indicate the presence of carcinoma may be different, it will depend on the location of the tumor and its size.

As the tumor grows, there is an increase in swelling at the site of its placement;
Increased bleeding;
Severe pain;
Dysfunction of the affected organ;
poor appetite;
Weight loss and weakness.

Diagnosis: Carcinoma detected in time makes the chances of a cure higher. Today, doctors use many methods for diagnosing oncological diseases.

Scheduled medical examinations for men and women every year, which include oncological examinations (especially after 40 years), fluorography of the lungs and others;
Palpation of unknown neoplasms on the skin, checking of some organs (palpation of the mammary glands in women, by a doctor mammologist);
Endoscopic instrumental studies;
Blood tests, especially for the antigen of squamous cell carcinoma;
Modern methods of diagnostics of the whole body MRI, CT, X-ray with contrasts;
Histological examination after tumor biopsy.

Surgical excision of the tumor. In some cases, complete removal of the affected organ and regional lymph nodes is performed;
Chemotherapy - taking drugs that have a detrimental effect on cancer cells and can slow down the growth of the tumor;
Radiation therapy is used to treat unexplained formations and is performed before surgery;
Immunotherapy - increasing resistance to specific types of vaccines, as a result of which cancer becomes a target for the body;
Neutron therapy is the latest technique for fighting carcinoma, which uses neutron irradiation of the tumor;
Gene therapy - influence on cell division.

Combined methods of treatment have a good effect, when doctors simultaneously apply several of the above methods.

Melanoma

Long exposure to sunlight. The action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or solarium.
Moles. All moles on the human body are divided into normal and atypical (those that have an asymmetrical shape, rise above the surface of the skin).
People with delicate skin (especially albinos) are considered to be at increased risk for melanomas.
Anamnesis. Having a history of any skin cancer, even after remission, increases the risk of cancer coming back.
Weak immune system.

The main sign of melanoma growth is considered to be visual changes in the size, shape and color of already present moles or birthmarks, accompanied by discomfort in these places. If a new mole becomes noticeable on the body, which quickly increases and has an abnormal appearance, it should be shown to specialists, since there is a high probability that melanomas develop on the skin.

At the same time, the general condition changes dramatically, the patient rapidly loses weight, becomes emaciated, convulsive seizures are possible.

Early diagnosis is of great importance in the prognosis of treatment, and therefore people are recommended to undergo regular examinations. For self-examination, you need to have some fairly simple things (a lamp, 2 mirrors, two chairs, hair dryer).

With the help of mirrors it is convenient to examine the face and the back of the head. To check the scalp, you can use a hair dryer.
After the head, hands and nails are examined, elbows and armpits are checked in the mirrors.
Next, you should check the skin of the neck, chest and torso. For women, it is necessary to check the skin under the breasts.
Use a mirror to examine the back, buttocks, shoulders and legs.
In the end, you should check the legs and genitals.

Treatment: produced by one of two methods - surgical and combined.

A negative feature of melanoma is its ability to rapidly metastasize to nearby lymph nodes. In case of detection of their increase, they are subject to complete removal.

Sarcoma

Heredity;
Development from precancerous diseases;
Poisoning the body with carcinogens;
Foreign bodies in the body;
Mechanical damage to connective tissue;
Hormone imbalance in women during puberty.

Diagnosis: for timely detection and correct diagnosis, it is necessary to use a whole range of diagnostic procedures:

Physical examination and history taking;
Laboratory research;
Ultrasound, radiography, MRI, Doppler angiography, etc.;
Biopsy of affected tissues.

The combination of several methods of treatment is considered the most successful, but more dangerous way to overcome cancer.

Leukemia

Causes: The following factors can influence the development of leukemia:

Genetic predisposition - if the family had relatives affected by any type of cancer, then the risk of leukemia increases significantly. Such a contingent is advised to be examined 2 times more often (especially women);
Exposure to ionizing radiation - working conditions that are directly related to exposure. Direct evidence that radiation affects the development of leukemia can be considered atomic explosions at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and in Japan, which brought out a sharp increase in patients diagnosed with blood cancer.
Taking carcinogens - taking certain medications that affect the blood-forming organs.
Viruses - some viruses are able to invade human DNA and provoke mutations in body cells.
Nutrition - modern food manufacturers use a lot of chemical preservatives and dyes, the action of which is carcinogenic.

Chronic weakness;
weight loss and lack of appetite;
Bleeding and swelling of the gums;
Pain in joints and bones.
Symptoms of colds;
Reduced resistance, which threatens the occurrence of infections;
Red spots under the skin;
Increased sweating, especially during sleep.

Diagnosis: to diagnose blood cancer, it is necessary to donate blood for general and biochemical tests. Also, for a clearer study, a bone marrow biopsy is taken.