Local, universal, standard and daylight saving time. Winter and summer time

During almost the entire existence Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, the resolution of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated “On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR” was in force on the territory of our country. This legal act established the annual introduction of summer time, the procedure and date of transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.

Cancellation of the annual switchover

In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed, which abolished the practice of moving the hands on the clock. However, this legal act was signed in June, that is, after the people of the country switched their clocks to 27 March 2011. summer time.

Thus, Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 “On the Calculation of Time” actually fixed permanent summer time in Russia. As the main factor that served as the reason for the refusal of the double annual translation of the clock hands, it was called Negative influence change of temporary on the human body, expressed in an increase in the incidence and population of the country.

Discussion about temporary regime in Russia

At the same time, the decision taken a few years ago cannot be called unequivocally popular: it found quite a few opponents. The main argument that is usually put forward to challenge the legitimacy of fixing summer time on the territory of the country is the continuing operation of the so-called daylight savings time.

The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although in 1991 the effect of this decree was canceled, about a year later this temporary regime was restored on the territory of Russia.

The introduction of daylight saving time actually represents an increase of one more hour to the standard time: thus, the inhabitants of the Russian Federation are two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in last years periodically there are proposals to return to winter time.

At the moment, a draft law fixing the transition of the country to a permanent winter time, accepted State Duma RF in the third reading. If it comes into effect, the actual time in Russia will be close to standard time.

March 27, 2011 in Russia was the last time the transition to summer time. There will be no more seasonal shifts of the officially accepted time, the Russians will begin to live with a constant shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift of 2 hours is due to the fact that the so-called "maternity leave" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight Saving Time adds +1 hour to Daylight Saving Time, for a total of +2 hours to Standard Time.

	Daylight Savings Time always took place on the last Sunday of October (on the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2010, the last daylight saving time was October 31st. On this day, at three o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved back an hour, to two o'clock in the morning. Darkness and light began an hour earlier.
	Daylight Saving Time always carried out on the last Sunday of March (on the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2011, the last daylight saving time was March 27. On this day, at two o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved forward an hour, at three o'clock in the morning. Darkness and light began an hour later.

what is winter and summer time

Daylight saving time is time that is one hour ahead of normal time in that time zone. By analogy with summer time, standard time is also called winter time.

What is winter and summer time for?

Summer time is introduced in many countries in summer period in order to save electricity for lighting. However, there is an opinion that the effectiveness of such a measure is insignificant, while the harm to human health caused by the forced displacement of natural biological cycles is great.

when winter and summer time was first introduced

Summer time was first introduced in the UK in 1908. In Russia, the transition to daylight saving time was first implemented in July 1917 and was valid until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of standard time. This time was called "maternity", as it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on June 16, 1930. Since 1981, summer time has been regularly introduced in the USSR again.

which countries use winter and summer time

Currently, in the northern hemisphere, daylight saving time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, and throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile. The equatorial countries do not use summer time.

When does the changeover to winter and summer time take place?

In Russia and Europe, the transition to daylight saving time is carried out on the night of the last Sunday of March at 2:00 by moving the hour hands 1 hour forward, and the reverse transition is carried out on the night of the last Sunday of October at 3:00 by moving the hands 1 hour back.

In the US and Canada, since 2007, daylight saving time has been on the second Sunday in March at 2:00 am, and back on the last Sunday of October, also at 2:00 am.

offset of winter and summer time relative to standard time

Due to the use of summer time in Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours in relation to standard time. The shift of 2 hours is due to the fact that the so-called "maternity leave" operates on the territory of Russia, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight Saving Time adds +1 hour to Daylight Saving Time, for a total of +2 hours to Standard Time.

When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves at different times of the day - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is a very large country occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.

What determines time on Earth

Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to make a complete revolution around its axis, that is, 360 °. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15 °.

In different corners the globe people meet sunrise or sunset at different times. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment, the hands of the clock will show different times of the day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg - only 17.

But at the same time, on the same meridian throughout its entire length from the North to South Pole time of day will be the same. Such time is called local or solar.

However, using local time is extremely inconvenient: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed to introduce a standard time system around the world.

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As a result, the entire planet was divided along the meridians into 24 belts, each of which includes 15 ° longitude. Thus, the time in each time zone differs from the time in neighboring zones by 1 hour.

The zero time zone is considered to be the center of which runs the Greenwich meridian. He is also the 24th in a row. Time zones are counted from zero from west to east.

Rice. 1. Reference point - Greenwich meridian.

Time zones of Russia

The length of Russia from west to east is very large, and covers 11 time zones. The capital of the Russian Federation - Moscow - is in the second time zone, and, say, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - in the twelfth.

Moscow time serves as a reference point for determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of full hours: minutes and seconds are the same in all time zones.

In order to avoid confusion on the territory of Russia, all work of river, sea, air and rail transport, as well as various kinds of communications, are carried out only in Moscow time.

Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.

For greater convenience in Russia, the second and eleventh time zones were combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation, they meet not eleven, but ten times.

It is not difficult to independently calculate the zone time of each individual settlement. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 am, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 am, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.

Table by city (time difference)

Daylight Savings Time

In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars throughout Russia, the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of the relative standard time. The country lived in this regime for more than 50 years according to the so-called "maternity leave" time. It was believed that the change to a new time was installed in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time only happened in 1981.

In the same year, summer time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. In the period from April 1 to October 1, clocks throughout the country were set one hour ahead. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.

Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.

However, physiologists are sure that such jumps in time have a very negative effect on people's well-being. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time to life cycles adapted to the new conditions.

The transition to daylight saving time in the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.

What have we learned?

When studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we learned how many time zones there are in Russia. We found that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the difference in time in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. Moscow time is considered the main time in Russia, according to which all types of transport operate, communications are established throughout the country.

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On July 14 (July 1, according to the old style), 1917, the transition from "winter" to "summer" time was carried out for the first time in Russia.

The expression summer time (summer time or Daylight Saving Time) means an hour ahead of the time adopted in the given time zone. It is introduced for the summer period in order to save electricity by the governments of a number of countries approximately north of 30 ° north latitude and south of 30 ° south latitude.

Switching clock hands to "summer" time is not advisable everywhere. In tropical latitudes (less than 23.5°), daylight hours vary little throughout the year. In polar latitudes (more than 66.33°) there is a polar day and a polar night. The effect of shifting clock hands to "summer" and "winter" time can take place in the latitude range from 30 to 55 °.

Daylight Saving Time in different countries decrease from north to south, amounting to 20-30 weeks in April-May, summer months and September-October (in the northern hemisphere) and about 20 weeks in November-March (in the southern hemisphere). With a significant decrease in the duration of daylight hours, the time is transferred back an hour. The mode of life according to the usual zone time in everyday life is called "winter" time.

For the first time, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200btransferring clocks arose in the 18th century with the American public figure Benjamin Franklin (Benjamin Franklin) in order to save candles for lighting, but was blocked by candle manufacturers.

In 1895, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson submitted a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour shift to preserve daylight.

The idea of ​​introducing "summer" time found support in most economically developed countries at the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of mass electrification of industry and everyday life. A more rational use of daylight was supposed to reduce the cost of electricity for lighting the premises.

In Great Britain, in 1909, a bill was drawn up on the introduction of "summer" time, which was repeatedly considered in Parliament, but was not adopted until the First World War.

Many states immediately after the end of the war abandoned "summer" time, others repeatedly introduced this time, then abandoned it, and some countries maintained such a time shift throughout the year.

Transfer to "summer" time was introduced in case of crisis situations, for example, during the Second World War (USA, Great Britain), during the oil crisis of 1973-1974 (USA, Germany and other countries).

In Russia, for the first time, this transition was carried out on July 1 (July 14, according to the new style), 1917, when, in accordance with the decree of the Provisional Government, the hands of all clocks in the country were moved one hour ahead.

They were transferred back on December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918, according to the new style), already in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918, according to the new style).

The practice of switching from "summer" to "winter" time continued until 1924.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930 introduced maternity time on the territory of the USSR. Then the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of standard time and after that they were not moved back, and the country all year round began to live and work, one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. The transfer of clock hands to "summer" time was resumed from April 1, 1981, but already relative to the daylight savings time. Thus, in the country "summer" time was two hours ahead of standard time.

In the USSR, and since 1991 in Russia, the introduction of "summer" time was carried out on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of March, and "winter" - on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of September.

In 1996, the period of validity of "summer" time in Russia was "in order to observe a single time regime with other countries. The transition to" winter "time began to be carried out on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe.

At the same time, the majority of the Russian population opposed summer time.

July 21, 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin on Russia's transition from October 26, 2014 to "winter" time. In most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the clocks were set back an hour, and in the future, the seasonal translation of the hands was not carried out. Five regions of Russia (Udmurtia, Samara Region, Kemerovo Region, Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) did not switch to "winter" time.

After that, complaints began to come from a number of regions about the lack of sunlight in the evenings. In 2016 Russian authorities approved laws that made it possible to move the clock forward: in the Republic of Altai, Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, Sakhalin, Astrakhan, Magadan, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk and.

Currently, there is no consensus among experts and the international community on the significant savings in energy resources during the transition to daylight saving time.

In 2017, more than 70 countries and territories implemented the transition to "summer" / "winter" time. Of the former Soviet republics, "summer" time was introduced only by Moldova, Ukraine and the three Baltic republics - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources