May June 1989 event. Inhospitable Uzbekistan. Under the sign of the horoscope Gemini, sensational people were born
According to the results of the All-Union Population Census of 1989, 207.5 thousand Turks lived in the USSR. More than 90% of the Turks of the former USSR come from five administrative regions of southern Georgia, adjacent to the border with Turkey. These regions form part of the historical Meskheti region of Georgia, hence the name "Meskhetian Turks" or "Meskhetian Turks".
In 1944, the Turks, like other Muslim groups living in Meskheti (Kurds, Karapapahis), were deported to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and placed in the countryside as special settlers. In 1956, they were released from administrative supervision, but did not get the opportunity to resettle in the areas from which they were expelled. Muslims from South Georgia cannot return to their native places until now.
Meskhetian Turks.
In the 50-60s. small groups migrated to Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus; the majority remained to live in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. By 1989 the largest regional group inhabited Uzbekistan; according to the results of the census, 106.7 thousand Turks lived in this republic (subsequent events generally confirmed the correctness of official data).
43.2 thousand lived in the Tashkent region, 18.5 thousand in the Samarkand region, 18.7 thousand in the Syrdarya region, and 13.6 thousand in the Ferghana region (events showed that there were about 17 thousand). About 5,000 Turks lived in the Andijan region, about 3,000 in Namangan, and about 1,500 Turks in Bukhara.
The Turks inhabited mainly the countryside, but compactly settled in the suburban areas around the regional and district centers. Most of the Turks (especially in Tashkent and Syrdarya regions) were employed in agricultural production; at the same time, the share of industrial and construction workers was growing (there were especially many of them in the Samarkand region and the Ferghana Valley).
Intelligentsia
The proportion of the intelligentsia is comparatively low; Meskhetian intelligentsia - almost exclusively in the first generation; mainly teachers, doctors, engineers and technicians.
In all areas, the Turks received relatively high incomes from household plots (thus not differing from most other ethnic groups living in Uzbekistan). The Turks were insignificantly represented in the system of state administration and in party bodies in leadership positions, even at the lowest level.
Ferghana Valley. physical map Region
The Ferghana Valley is one of the most important historical, ethnographic and economic regions of Central Asia from all points of view. It is densely populated, the population density in the eastern part reaches 400 people. per sq. km. The territory is divided between Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Most of the valley is occupied by three Uzbek regions - Andijan, Namangan and Ferghana, providing a significant part of the agricultural and industrial production of the now independent country, and in the late 80s - the Union Republic of the USSR.
Fergana region is located in the southern part of the valley. Its area is 7.1 thousand square meters. km., population in 1989 - 2142 thousand people. In the center of the region is the Fergana agglomeration, consisting of the cities of Fergana, Margilan, the urban-type settlements of Tashlak (it is the center of the region, but actually merges with Margilan) and Komsomolsky (Gorchakovo station), as well as a separate microdistrict of Fergana Kirgili.
Margilan is located 6 km. north of Ferghana, Tashlak - 7 km. northeast of Margilan. Komsomolsky and Kirgili - between Ferghana and Margilan. The population of Fergana and Margilan by 1989 was approximately 200 thousand people each. Both cities are important industrial centers.
100 km. from Ferghana in the western part of the region is Kokand (about 150 thousand) - an ancient cultural and historical at the same time industrial center of Central Asia. The eastern part of the region gravitates towards the cities of Kuvasay and Kuva. The population of Kuvasay in 1989 was more than 60 thousand people; the city has a state district power station, a building materials plant, a cement plant and other enterprises.
Region
The area is densely populated; a dense network of roads with a developed bus service, the presence of a large number of private cars among the population - all this contributes to mass pendulum migrations, in which a significant part of the rural population is involved.
Many residents of villages constantly work or study in cities, thus, the Fergana region can be imagined as a continuous suburban area, gravitating towards the Fergana agglomeration and other, smaller centers.
According to the 1989 census, out of 2142 thousand of the population, Uzbeks made up 1735 thousand, Russians - 123.8 thousand, Tajiks - 114.5 thousand, Kyrgyz - 43.6 thousand, Tatars - 32.7 thousand, Crimean Tatars - 22.8 thousand, Turks - 13.6 thousand.
The non-Uzbek population settled mainly in Ferghana, which initially developed as a "European" city, as an administrative and industrial center populated mainly by visitors, and in Kuvasay. Margilan and Kokand remained mostly Uzbek in terms of population composition.
Harvesting cotton in the Ferghana Valley. Where did the Turks live?
The Turks lived in the Fergana region for the most part dispersed, in different places, mainly in the suburbs. The largest local group concentrated in Kuvasay: according to official data - about 5 thousand; according to the Kuvasay Turks themselves, that is, the activists of the Vatan society from Kuvasay, there are about 6.2 thousand people.
More than 7 thousand lived in the Fergana agglomeration, including more than 2.3 thousand in Tashlak. Relatively small compact groups of Turks settled in Fergana itself, in the suburbs of Margilan, in the village of Komsomolsky, in the village of Sovkhoz, adjacent to Komsomolsky, in Kirgili, in some villages of Akhunbabaevsky (formerly Margilan), Kuva, Rishtan and Ferghana regions.
About 2,000 Turks lived in Kokand, several Turkish families were among the inhabitants of the village of Gorsky, located in the Kirov region, west of Kokand. The Turks worked primarily for industrial enterprises, in transport, in construction. Turks - rural residents, primarily women, were mainly employed in cotton growing.
The situation in Uzbekistan before the start of the Fergana events. Until the end of 1988, reshuffles and purges continued in the Uzbek SSR under the banner of "fighting corruption."
In October 1988, Umarov, the first secretary of the Ferghana regional committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (hereinafter - KUz.) Umarov, was removed from his post and sentenced to a long term of imprisonment, and Shovkat Yuldashev took his place.
Telman Gdlyan and Nikolai Ivanov, investigators for particularly important cases under the USSR Prosecutor General, investigated the “cotton case” and, having exposed the facts of corruption in the highest echelons of Soviet power, became heroes for the “democratic public”.
Anti-corruption
The “anti-corruption” campaign was launched by Moscow in 1983, according to the former investigators for particularly important cases of the USSR Prosecutor General’s Office Telman Gdlyan and Nikolai Ivanov, it hit not only the upper, but to a greater extent the middle and lower levels of the party and state leadership of the republic .
In total, more than 20,000 people were convicted during the campaign. The scale of the repressions was so great, and the condemnation of people who, under compulsion from their superiors, violated the law looked so unfair that in 1986-1988. there were even spontaneous demonstrations by relatives of the convicts.
However, in the spring of 1989, the campaign was curtailed, and the activities of the Gdlyan-Ivanov investigative group were subjected to verification by the Politburo and the Prosecutor General's Office. According to T. Gdlyan and N. Ivanov, the activity of the investigation in Uzbekistan caused great concern at the top of the CPSU, since, according to the investigation, the threads of corruption from the republic stretched there.
One of the ways to avert the threat was to discredit the anti-corruption campaign and the investigative group of the USSR Prosecutor General's Office.
In 1988, the “winds of perestroika” flew to Uzbekistan. A great resonance in the republic, especially among the Uzbek intelligentsia, was produced by the publications of the perestroika press about corruption and abuse of power in Central Asia and about the “Gdlyan case”, about environmental problems, including the “Aral tragedy”.
Publications on this topic, as a rule, included statements about the miserable existence of the majority of the population of Central Asia.
Statements about the catastrophic poverty of Central Asia and related problems appealed to both the representatives of the authorities in Uzbekistan and the intelligentsia, which began to oppose. Publications about social and environmental problems almost coincided with the beginning of a wide discussion within the CPSU and in the country as a whole of "national problems".
Economic backwardness
The idea of "economic backwardness" was in harmony with statements about the need to "sovereignize" the republics, revise relations within the USSR, and give priority to the needs of "titular nationalities".
The situation in the mass consciousness was also influenced by the gradual withdrawal of the state from “tightening the screws” against believers and religious organizations. Religious life has intensified in Uzbekistan, including the activities of groups opposed to the official leadership of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Central Asia.
The emergence of the Popular Fronts in the Baltic States, as well as the slogans put forward by them, including giving state status to the language of the “titular nation”, made a considerable impression on the Uzbek intelligentsia.
In Uzbekistan, during the described period, socio-political organizations independent of the state arose. Some representatives of the Tashkent intelligentsia entered the public committee for saving the Aral Sea.
On November 11, 1988, some members of this committee formed an initiative group of the People's Movement of Uzbekistan "Birlik" ("Unity"); "Birlik" was planned as a structure similar to the Popular Fronts in the Baltics in terms of the nature of its activities and attitudes. The Crimean Tatar Movement and Birlik held a number of mass rallies in Tashkent and other cities.
According to separate media reports, there were several serious incidents. On December 4, 1988, a mass rally was held in the Tansykbaev massif in Tashkent, at which there were banners with anti-Russian and anti-Tatar slogans. On December 14, 1988, anti-Russian leaflets in Uzbek are distributed in Andijan.
According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Uzbekistan, on February 18 and 23, 1989, mass clashes took place in Tashkent between Uzbek youth and non-Uzbeks, and on April 22, a mass brawl took place in Tashkent Vuzgorodok.
Start
Events in Kuvasay. On May 16-18, 1989, in the city of Kuvasay, in the east of the Fergana region, there were fights between, on the one hand, Turkish, on the other, Uzbek and Tajik youth. Over the next week, the excitement in the city did not subside, among the Uzbek youth there was talk that the Turks needed to be “taught a lesson”.
On May 23, fighting resumed in Kuvasay and escalated into major clashes that lasted two days. Several hundred people participated from each "side" (Turkish and Uzbek). The crowd tried to break into the quarters inhabited by Turks and other minorities and pogrom there. The authorities alternately tried to persuade the crowd, then disperse it by force.
After the arrival of additional police forces (about 300 people) from other districts and regions, the riots were suppressed. 58 people were injured, 32 of them were hospitalized, one person, 26-year-old Tajik Ikrom Abdurakhmanov, died in the hospital.
Rumors spread throughout the region about the "outrages" of the Turks, about the "bullying" of the Uzbeks, that the Turks rape the Uzbek women, that they cut and tore apart the children in the Uzbek kindergarten, filled beer bottles with urine, etc. There was a lot of talk about the fact that photographs of children killed by the Turks are spreading around.
The clashes in the Fergana region largely remain a mystery: not only are many details unknown, but the meaning of what happened is not fully understood. It is not clear why the protests began, why they became so massive and violent, and who led (if led) the rioters.
The authorities appear to have been alarmed by the events in Kuvasay and the frightening rumors; On June 2, a bureau of the Ferghana Regional Committee was held, at which the Kuvasay events were discussed; a resolution was adopted (not published) “On group hooligan actions that occurred in the city of Kuvasay”, which spoke of the need to strengthen law enforcement agencies and to strengthen educational work.
June events in the Fergana region. The main events took place on June 3-12, 1989. Judging by media publications and other sources, they unfolded as follows.
Massacre
06/03/1989. The regional authorities knew that on June 3 in Tashlak, representatives of Birlik were gathering a rally to organize a regional branch of this movement (the founding kurultai of Birlik was held in Tashkent on May 27-28). In this regard, the authorities were afraid of destabilizing the situation.
Additional forces of the Ferghana Department of Internal Affairs were transferred to Tashlak, and the entire personnel of the district department of internal affairs (ROVD) was mobilized. The organizers of the June 2 rally were summoned to the regional prosecutor's office and warned about possible consequences. The Birlikites agreed not to convene a rally.
However, on the morning of June 3, a crowd of young people still gathered in Tashlak. The most aggressive part rushed to the streets where the Turks lived. Turkish houses were set on fire and their owners were beaten. Then the crowd moved to the village of Komsomolsky.
A group of soldiers of the VV could not block the crowd, and the houses of the Turks in Komsomolskoye were destroyed and burned. Part of the rioters returned to Tashlak, where they continued their attacks on the Turks; the first murders took place.
The Turks who fled from the pogromists gathered under the protection of the police in the district committee of the party. By evening, a crowd of 300-400 people perpetrated pogroms and arson of the houses of the Turks in Margilan. There were also reports of attacks on Turks in Fergana.
06/04/1989. From the morning of June 4, specially dedicated buses in Tashlak collected and brought the Turks to the building of the district committee until noon. More than 500 Turks gathered in the district committee. On the night of June 3-4, units of the Internal Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs began to arrive in Fergana.
Pogrom
In the morning, attacks on the Turks and arson resumed in Fergana, Margilan and Tashlak. Pogroms began in other places where the Turks lived. The crowd demanded the release of those whom the police detained the day before, and the extradition of the Turks for reprisal.
As a result, the buildings of the Tashlak District Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan and the Tashlak District Department of Internal Affairs were attacked and partially destroyed. After the police managed to clear the ROVD premises of the rioters, the crowd kept the building under siege for four hours. 15 police officers were injured, one of them died.
A Decree was adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR on the introduction of a curfew on June 4 in a number of districts of the Fergana region.
Unrest also continued in Margilan. On the morning of June 4, a rally gathered near the Uvaisiy cinema; at the request of the crowd, the first secretary of the city committee of the party Kh.Yu.Mukhitdinova spoke. Her calls for calm were not heeded.
The rally activists issued an ultimatum: to extradite the Turks from the building of the city committee, to release the rioters detained the day before and not to interfere with the massacre of the Turks. In the afternoon, the crowd searched the Margilan city committee, but the Turks had already been evacuated from there.
The situation in Ferghana
The situation in Ferghana on June 4: in the morning, excited crowds of young people armed with sticks and rebar gathered in the city center.
They beat cars and kiosks; some of the crowd stopped passers-by and passing cars, according to S.N. Abashin, this was reminiscent of the actions of voluntary combatants. The police were nowhere to be seen in the city, just like the next day, June 5th.
The crowd surrounded the regional committee building, tried to break through the cordon, threw stones. A small group managed to get into the building. During the day, a crowd of 200-300 people set fire to Turkish houses near the airport. By evening the situation became even more tense; pogroms began in the city and in nearby villages.
On the same day, in the village of Surkhtepa of the collective farm named after Frunze, Akhunbabaevsky district, local youth attacked the Turks, drove them out and set fire to houses.
Meskhetian Turks of Uzbekistan. At a military training ground in Ferghana - before being sent to Russia
06/5/1989. By the morning of June 5, the grouping of the Internal Troops was brought to 6 thousand people, and during the day - up to 8.5 thousand military personnel and 1.5 thousand cadets of police schools.
The center of the riots moved to Ferghana: in the city center on Lenin Square and near the Ferghana regional committee, spontaneous rallies continued. The crowd managed to break into the regional committee building, fortunately, the Turks had already been evacuated from there.
Pogroms and arson of houses belonging to the Turks continued in the city and its environs. On June 5, groups of young people also gathered in Kuvasay, but their attempts to start a clash were stopped by the police. By the end of June 5, the situation in Fergana and other settlements of the region as a whole began to discharge and stabilize. The Fergana agglomeration was basically taken under control by the police and Internal Troops.
June 3, 1989 Soldiers of the internal troops help the refugees to carry their simple belongings. 6/6/1989. June 6 was a day of relative calm, on that day there were practically no mass riots, clashes and pogroms in the region. During the day or in the evening, explosive patrols appeared in Fergana. The posts of the Internal Troops and the police blocked the main roads leading to Ferghana with checkpoints and began to search passing vehicles. On this day, information about the riots appeared in newspapers and on television.
Kokand
06/07/1989. On this day, the center of events moved to the western part of the region, to Kokand. At that time, more than 1.5 thousand Turks remained in Kokand; many of them tried to leave the city in the previous days, but they were detained and sent back by police posts set up on the outskirts.
In the afternoon, more than 5,000 rural residents (mainly young people) from nearby districts (Rishtan, Uzbekistan, Frunzen, as well as Tashlak and Fergana, Pap district of Namangan region) moved into the city on trucks, buses and tractor trailers.
The crowd seized the brick factory and for some time the Kokand city department of internal affairs, which was soon recaptured by cadets and special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
68 prisoners were released from the pre-trial detention center by force; according to others, they were released by the authorities at the request of the crowd.
While the attention of the attackers was focused on the city department of internal affairs (GOVD), the local authorities managed to gather all the Turks remaining in the city at the motor depot and sanatorium, so there were no victims among them (according to official data).
The rioters scattered around the city smashed and burned houses, not only Turks, but also local Uzbeks. The crowd, breaking into the GOVD, demanded the extradition of those previously detained, as well as the Turks allegedly transported there.
Alcoholic drinks and drugs were distributed free of charge. On the same day, in the Kirov region (it is located west of Kokand), robberies of abandoned houses (probably Turks) were noted; in several settlements of the region, police stations were seized, service weapons were taken away from employees.
BB reinforcements were soon transferred to the city, including by helicopters. The Internal Troops recaptured the GOVD building from the crowd. To repel the attack, the soldiers used weapons to kill.
8.06.1989.
In the morning, riots broke out again in Kokand. They also covered the villages of Dangara (the center of the Frunze region, 8 km north of Kokand), Yaipan (the center of the Uzbekistan region, 20 km south of Kokand), Gorsky (Kirov region, 15 km south of its center - the village Besharyk).
In the first half of the day in Kokand, reinforcements from nearby rural areas continued to arrive for the pogromists. In the morning, a crowd gathered in the center of the city, in the Oktyabrsky Square and Oktyabrsky Park adjacent to the building of the city committee of the Communist Party.
Those gathered (several thousand people) advanced to the square in front of the city committee. The crowd was held back by a cordon of police and explosives. Demands of those present: to extradite the Turks, to extradite the policemen who shot to kill on June 7 near the GOVD building, to release the detainees the day before.
In the afternoon, the crowd at the city committee was dispersed: according to the official version, by warning shots in the air; according to the more widespread, but not openly supported by the authorities, fire to kill.
BMD patrol on the streets of Kokand in June 1989. At the same time, the crowd tried to besiege the GOVD again, but was quickly repulsed.
Fighting in the city
The crowd managed to capture the railway station, and on the tracks - a train with fuel. Fuel was drained from one tank, and they threatened to set fire to it and blow up the tanks if the detainees were not released and the Turks and the policemen who fired at the crowd were not extradited.
The Novokokand chemical plant, oil and fat plant and other enterprises were also occupied (12 objects in total). All of them through a short time, including the railway station with trains, were repulsed by maneuver groups and special forces of the explosives.
On the outskirts of the city, looting and arson of houses belonging to the Turks continued, and several houses of local police officers were also burned. An attempt was made to attack the motor depot, where the Turks had hid the day before, it was repelled. Most of the Turks were taken out of the city the day before, the remaining 60 people were evacuated by helicopter.
Defenders of law and order ... saw ... how Turkish girls were dragged out of buses and abused them, as if they threw a Russian from the roof of a house ... and then, while still alive, they burned him ...
In the afternoon, a spontaneous rally gathered in Rishtan (a regional center located between Fergana and Kokand). According to estimates, about 2-3 thousand people participated in it. There were mixed demands for the release of detainees and higher purchase prices for cotton and silkworm cocoons. According to the story of the director of the local secondary school, the most active went to Kokand in three trucks.
Yaipan
On June 8, in Yaypan, the center of the Uzbekistan region, a crowd besieged the building of the police department, trying to seize weapons and release the detainees. At the same time, an attack was made on the building of the district prosecutor's office. The attackers on the prosecutor's office and the ROVD were repulsed by the helicopter landing of the explosives. Soldiers of the VV used weapons to kill.
During the day and in the evening, groups of thugs moved around the region in seized cars.
06/9/1989. On the night of June 8-9, in the village of Gorsky, two houses were looted and burned, the owner of one of them, Yunus Osmanov, was burned alive. On the evening of June 9, a large crowd of local Uzbeks gathered in Gorskoye, armed with axes and pitchforks, supposedly to defend themselves from the Turks, who decided to avenge the pogrom; the crowd dispersed after the arrival of the maneuver group of explosives.
During the day at approximately 13.00. about 2 thousand people in cars moving in a column from the Kirov region to Kokand were stopped by explosives on the outskirts of the city. A second attempt was made to capture the Uzbekistan District Department of Internal Affairs.
The wall of the building was rammed with a truck. The chairman of the district executive committee was taken hostage. The attackers also set fire to the building of the prosecutor's office. The chairman of the district executive committee was released by a group of special forces VV.
Interview with journalists of an eyewitness sergeant of the Ministry of Internal Affairs G. Khasanov, who was saving people from the brutalized Uzbek crowd: “They went to any lengths. Burned houses, robbed, mock people! These bastards… surrounded the houses, took out everything of value, and then threw burning torches into the windows.
Residents were not allowed out of the door until they were burned alive. Shouts, pleas for mercy, requests and calls for humanity only fueled them. And they continued their bloody battle ... Almost all of my comrades were burned and injured ... "
In Besharyk, the crowd also tried unsuccessfully to seize the building of the ROVD.
Evacuation
Approximately 15 thousand Turks were gathered at the military training ground near Ferghana. On June 9, the evacuation to Russia began, primarily of the sick and children.
06/10/1989. During the day, according to the commandant, 16 pogroms and arsons took place in the region, 7 residential buildings were burned. Only small groups took part in the riots.
According to other sources, on June 10, attempts continued to break through the crowds of pogromists into Kokand and their clashes with the troops. On the night of June 10, at the exit from Kokand, four with knives attacked the traffic police guard, they were detained by soldiers of the VV.
On June 10, in the afternoon (according to other sources, on the night of June 11), an attempt was made to attack a temporary camp in the Asht district of the Leninabad region of Tajikistan, where the evacuated Turks were hiding.
On the night of June 7-8, the Turks from Kokand were delivered to Kanibadam (Leninabad region of Tajikistan), on June 8 they were transported to the village of Navgarazan, subordinate to the Kairakkum City Council.
On the same day, envoys from Kokand appeared in the adjacent Asht region, demanding that the local residents expel the Turks. A crowd of 1,500 people armed with edged weapons moved towards Navgarzan.
Transportation
The Turks were hurriedly transported to a mountain boarding house in the Asht region, and the most active instigators of the unrest were taken to Navgarzan and showed that the Turks had been taken out from there.
However, the extremists found out about their whereabouts. On June 10, a column of trucks full of thugs armed with cold weapons, and partly with firearms, moved towards the boarding house.
In total, it was estimated that 350-400 people were traveling. The road to the boarding house was promptly blocked by a helicopter assault force. To stop the column, it was necessary to use weapons to kill.
The bandits were mainly attended by citizens 18-25 years old, with sticks, pieces of iron, stones and explosives. According to the analysis of the investigative group, the rioters were mostly from rural areas, but there were also intellectuals, functionaries of enterprises and collective farms, even policemen, one in five were members of the Komsomol, criminals or unemployed in total about 20-30%
11.06.1989.
On this day, according to the head of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Colonel-General Yu.V. There were no more riots in the region. All arson attempts were thwarted.
On the night of June 10-11, at the entrance to Kokand, an attack was made with the use of firearms on the squad of explosives (the outfit was fired from a pistol from a passing motor scooter), a cadet was seriously wounded.
In the village of Komsomolsky, unknown people tried to set fire to a store. On the same night in the Kirovsky district, 10 local residents attempted to set fire to the house of a Turk. In the village of Beshbola, Uzbekistan region, 4 houses of the Turks were looted.
In Margilan, during the curfew, a car driver was shot dead, who did not stop at the request of the patrol. In similar situations, two more people were injured. On the night of 11/12, in the suburbs of Margilan, a group of unidentified persons attacked an explosive squad, but was dispersed by fire; one soldier was wounded.
Fergana region
The situation in the Fergana region after the June events. Until the end of 1989, curfews were maintained. The evacuation of Turks to Russia by transport aviation, which began on June 9, continued, by June 18 it was completed, 16282 people were taken out of the region.
Before boarding the planes, the Turks were offered to check out from their former places of residence. Retroactively, the evacuation was formalized by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 503 of June 26, 1989. The export of Turks to six regions of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region was authorized by a personal order of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.I. Ryzhkov, which he later admitted in his memoirs.
According to him, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR Kadyrov insisted on the urgent evacuation of the Meskhetians from the temporary camp, expressing fears that 15,000 Turks "may withdraw and go back to Ferghana."
At the same time, the republican and regional authorities have repeatedly declared the possibility of returning the Turks to their former place of residence; On July 26, the Ferghana Regional Committee of the Communist Party decided to restore the burnt houses of the Turks and to pay material assistance to those who wished to return.
The pogromists were sometimes quite well organized, and in one case, for example, a tractor with a trailer full of stones drove around the battlefields, he delivered them to the pogromists and took new lots from somewhere, and systematic extortions from cafes and other economic objects.
Commission
In the Fergana region, even during the events, a joint operational-investigative brigade of the Prosecutor General's Office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of the USSR began to work.
It was headed by A.V. Frolov, deputy head of the investigative unit of the USSR General Prosecutor's Office. The brigade consisted of 16 investigative and operational groups, which included more than 400 law enforcement officers, including about 230 investigators from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Prosecutor's Office.
Although the riots largely ceased on June 10-11, the situation in the region remained tense. On June 12, two more houses were burned in the region. On June 14, in Kuvasay, unidentified people set fire to a freight car with children's things collected by local residents for the departing Turks.
On June 17, in Tashlak, at 9.15 am, unidentified persons attacked a VV soldier at the checkpoint and tried to take possession of a machine gun. Rumors spread about the upcoming pogroms of the Russian-speaking population, on the contrary, that groups of Turks were going to take revenge on the Uzbeks.
In the regional newspaper in June-August, reports were regularly published about arsons at night by unknown persons of the houses of the evacuated Turks, including those houses that had already been restored by the authorities.
Major General G.A. Malyushkin, a representative of the command of the VV, spoke about the same phenomena in an August interview. Strangers in cars without license plates threatened builders who were restoring Turkish houses, some residents of Ferghana (mostly Russians) complained about anonymous threatening calls.
At many meetings, for example, at a meeting of the Komsomol activists of the region, there were calls for an amnesty for those arrested during the events. Messages about leaflets and rumors about upcoming pogroms of "non-indigenous" residents also appeared in November-December.
Events outside the Fergana region
On June 12, the UzTAG agency reported that an aggressive crowd of up to 2,000 young people had gathered in the city center in the evening and at night of June 11 in Namangan. On June 12-13, riots in Namangan continued; in different parts of the city, including in the center, groups of 50 to 400 people gathered, rallied, blocked the streets.
There were clashes with the police, 13 people were detained. Nowhere was the demands of the audience reported, according to the Turks, in those days there were no attempts to pogroms in those Namangan mahallas where the Meskhetians lived.
However, the head of the Department for the Protection of Public Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, A. Ya.
In any case, these places were blocked by the police. Subsequently, the Turks left Namangan en masse.
In June, under pressure from local authorities, the Turks living in the Andijan region were forced to leave; in fact, it was a semi-voluntary evacuation under the pretext that the authorities were unable to ensure the safety of the Turks.
In the morning we went to the military training ground, where thousands of people gathered in the camp, located under the open sky and the scorching sun. They had neither water nor food. Among the refugees were the wounded, and women in childbirth, and the elderly, and tiny babies.
People rushed out of the houses in what they were: some in a dressing gown, some in a nightgown. They lost everything at once: shelter, clothes, a comfortable life, and most importantly, trust in people, in society, in power. The unfortunate refugees demanded one thing: to return them to their homeland, to Georgia
Unrest is everywhere
On June 11-18, there were unrest in Tashkent, Syrdarya, Samarkand regions. Unauthorized rallies, in particular, took place these days in Andijan, Tashkent, Yangiyul, Chirchik (Tashkent region).
Panic began among the Turks, many did not go to work, fearing to become victims of violence. The authorities in some areas took additional measures to protect public order, in the Buka region, where many Turks lived, checkpoints were set up on the roads, Turkish mahallas were taken under increased protection.
In the Syrdarya region, several local residents were detained, inciting the population to riots and threatening those who would not take part in them. During the events in Fergana, many Turks from the Tashkent region moved to the Chimkent region of Kazakhstan (most likely, women and children were transported there for a while).
On July 23, riots began at the collective farm named after Lenin in the Gulistan district of the Syrdarya region. One of the local Uzbeks, being drunk, accompanied by a crowd of his own kind, tried to drive a tractor into the Turk's yard.
The latter, defending himself, opened fire from a hunting rifle, wounded two, including one sitting on a tractor, who soon died. After that, several Turkish houses were set on fire. There were no dead among the Turks.
The regional authorities deployed additional police forces and explosives and extinguished the conflict, but after this event, the Turks began to quickly leave the Syrdarya region.
Exodus of the Turks
When the pogroms began in Fergana, the Turks, mostly women with children, began to leave the Samarkand region.
They staged a procession along the main street demanding that all Turks be expelled. On June 13, more than 300 people gathered with similar slogans in the city park.
At this time, many Turks began to leave the region for good, selling their houses and livestock for next to nothing. By September, more than 50,000 Turks had left Uzbekistan.
In the autumn of 1989, the Turks continued to leave Uzbekistan, both fearing for their lives in the event of a repetition of the June events, and under pressure from the authorities.
Many Turkish informants with whom I spoke spoke of a growing atmosphere of hostility from local Uzbeks, on the other hand, of pressure from the authorities, who pushed people to leave, citing the impossibility of guaranteeing their safety.
On February 19-21, 1990, the Fergana scenario almost repeated itself in the Buka district of the Tashkent region. Under unclear circumstances (most likely as a result of an accident), a local madman died.
Rumors
Rumors about the "atrocities" and "treachery" of the Turks began to spread throughout the region. A crowd gathered at the state farm "40 years of October" and the village of Karabag, which began setting fire to Turkish houses. 48 (according to other sources 46) houses burned down.
None of the Meskhetians died; all the Turks of the Buka district (more than 2 thousand people), and somewhat later - of other districts of the region, were gathered in temporary evacuation points and, despite their objections, were taken out of Uzbekistan.
The scenario of “voluntary-compulsory” evacuation, worked out in 1989, was repeated in a tougher version. Some Turks from the Buka region were temporarily taken to the Kumushkan sanatorium, located in the Parkent district of the Tashkent region.
On the morning of March 3, a crowd gathered at the district committee of the Communist Party, it quickly grew to 5 thousand people. Additional police forces and explosives were deployed to Parkent. They tried to push the crowd away from the central square. Stones flew from the crowd, and fire was opened on her to kill. 4 people died: 3 local residents and a police officer; over 150 people were injured.
Results
According to the commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. during the June events, 103 people died, including 52 Meskhetian Turks, 36 Uzbeks, 1011 people were injured and mutilated, 137 military personnel and 110 police officers were injured, of the latter one (T. Suvankulov) died; 757 residential buildings, 27 state facilities, 275 vehicles were burned and looted.
Data from other sources differ slightly. Thus, according to B.B. Dziov, deputy head of the Main Directorate of Criminal Investigation of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, by the end of July, 106 dead were identified.
According to the General Prosecutor's Office of the USSR, by the end of 1990, there were reports of 112 dead, including 51 Turks. By the end of July, the investigative team had identified more than 2,000 persons involved in the commission of offenses, of which approximately 600 were “activists”. By the beginning of October 1989, 225 people had been arrested, 41 of them for premeditated murder.
Courts
By December, 238 criminal cases had been initiated. By the end of 1990 to criminal liability 364 people were involved, 408 people received administrative arrests.
By 1991, the courts had sentenced about 100 people, two (T. Parpiev and G. Khuriev) to an exceptional measure of punishment. In just five years after the events, a total of 250 criminal cases were sent to the courts, and 420 people were proven guilty
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. Ryzhkov. Ferghana, 1989 At the 14th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. On June 23, 1989, he was relieved of his duties as first secretary in connection with the election of Rafik Nishanov as chairman of the Council of Nationalities of the USSR Armed Forces, along with him - second secretary of the Central Committee.
Islam Karimov was elected as the first secretary. 124 people were involved in strict measures of party influence, in particular, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Uzbekistan U.S. .
By the beginning of 1991, more than 90,000 Turks left Uzbekistan, including those who were evacuated from Ferghana in June 1989. These people settled in Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.
To be continued…
Reading - the numbers of the calendar 06/10/89.
- The zodiac sign of people born on the day of 06/10/89 #› Gemini (from May 22 to June 21).
- Eastern calendar, 1989 ›››› Yellow Earth Snake.
- The element of the Gemini horoscope symbol, with the date of birth 06/10/89. - Air.
- The patron planet of people born on this day of the year is Mercury.
- Today is week 23.
- According to the calendar, this month June has 30 days.
- Daylight hours June 10 - 17 hours 25 minutes(the length of daylight hours is indicated - according to the Central European latitude of Moscow, Minsk, Kyiv.).
- Orthodox Easter was ›› April 30th.
- According to the calendar, the period is summer.
- According to the Gregorian calendar #› is not a leap year.
- Lucky zodiac colors for people who have a birthday June 10, 1989> Black and gray and gold.
- Plants suitable for the combination of the zodiac sign Gemini and the calendar of the eastern animal for 1989 ›››› Ebony and Olive.
- Stones are protective talismans, happy birthday for people today ››› Hyacinth, Diamond, Serpentine, Spinel.
- The best numbers for people whose birthday is June 10, 89 ~ Two.
- Especially auspicious days weeks for people born on June 10, 1989 > Saturday and Friday.
- Reliable features of the essence, the astrological sign of the zodiac Gemini, who were born in this number are soulless, two-faced and self-critical.
About those men who were born on the day of June 10.
Man is a sign of the zodiac June 10, 89. birth - Gemini - versatile, talented, easy, courteous, diplomatic, insightful. But, despite their unpredictability, children are the real weakness of this zodiac sign. It is extremely multifaceted, but it is worth learning not to scatter forces and focus on one thing. They can hide their intentions under completely opposite actions. Reaches good heights in career and relationships. The circle of interests usually develops throughout life, but it does not go to the goal in a direct, but in a simpler way, it turns out for him by itself. As already mentioned, he chooses his wife for a long time and carefully.
Horoscope of women born today, 06/10/1989, according to the Chinese horoscope year.
Female born on June 10, 1989 according to the horoscope of animals - Snakes, will be the embodiment of fatigue and depression. The characteristic of Gemini girls suggests that it is vital for them to be surrounded by people who correspond to her intellectual development. As soon as they start talking, all attention turns to them. If she finds a lover close to the ideal, she will probably be happy. Women born in 1989, after eastern horoscope animals - the Yellow Earth Snake of the year, talk about anything, but often hide their true thoughts and intentions. She quickly gets bored with constancy, she needs to change activities, restless and fussy. She is able to pick up the key to the heart and mind of any interlocutor, but she opens herself to a few.
When I had a financial crisis, Money Amulet helped me to attract good luck. The Talisman of Good Luck activates the energy of prosperity in a person, the MOST IMPORTANT thing is that it be tuned only to you. The amulet that helped, I ordered for official website.Under the sign of the Gemini horoscope, sensational people were born:
writer Arthur Conan Doyle, writer O. Balzac, writer Thomas Mann, poet Pushkin, writer Lorca, Queen Victoria, Tsar Peter I, politician John F. Kennedy, politician Donald Trump, artist Gauguin, Velazquez, singer Christina Orbakaite, actor Johnny Depp, actor Maxim Galkin, scientist Jean-Yves Cousteau, actress Lyudmila Zykina, actor Oleg Dal.
Calendar for the month of June 1989 with the days of the week |
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| Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | Sun |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | ||
23 years ago, in May-June 1989, the infamous Fergana events took place in Uzbekistan, which stirred up the entire Soviet Union and crossed out the myth of the friendship of the Soviet peoples.
“We are strangling the Turks, we are strangling the Russians!”
Recent decades recent history Uzbekistan (from 1969 to 2005) are replete with Islamic-nationalist gangster, extremist, fascist manifestations, especially mass pogroms, violence, robberies and murders of people of other nationalities, complete violation of their rights: these are the events of 1969 in Tashkent and the Tashkent region - a massive nationalist attack by brutalized Uzbeks against Slavic citizens (especially defenseless women); May-June 1989 "Fergana" - (expulsion of 20 thousand Meskhetian Turks from the Fergana region; mass pogroms, robberies, murders of hundreds of people of various nations); nationalist outrages in February-March 1990 in Buka and Parkent; June 1990 in Osh (the well-known "Osh-Uzgen" events - the Uzbek-Kyrgyz ethnic conflict on economic grounds, also accompanied by killings of people); nationalist outrages in 1991, 1997 in Namangan; riots and nationalist outrages in 1992 in Tashkent (on a student campus); May-June 2005 - Andijan events - riots, outrages and massacres people (more than 500 refugees and hundreds killed - their number is still hidden by the government of Uzbekistan, and international observers call the number of people killed from 800 to 1000 people)! 40,000 Kyrgyz, 90,000 Meskhetian Turks, about 100,000 Crimean Tatars, 2 million Russians and a large number of representatives of other nationalities were forced to leave (fled) from Uzbekistan in the face of a threat to their lives and increasing Uzbek, Islamic extremism after the announcement independence of Uzbekistan.
In 1989, there were pogroms, killings of people and nationalist outrages not only in the Ferghana, but also in the Tashkent and Andijan regions of Uzbekistan. But a special place among them is the Ferghana events of 1989. Here, the Uzbek Muslims showed themselves "in all their unsightly, but in their true - bloodthirsty, wild form." And today, decades later, a deep understanding of the tragic events of 1989 that occurred in the Fergana region is still relevant. And this is dictated not just by idle curiosity, but by the desire to understand the mechanism of the bloody conflict, to identify the causes, to identify the forces that took advantage of the tense situation and provoked the conflict. So, about the bloody events of Fergana:
“At the end of May 1989 in the Fergana region. the situation worsened. Several clashes between people of Uzbek and Turkish nationality took place in the mountains. Kuvasay. From May 23 to May 25, group attacks on Meskhetian Turks took place in various regions of the region. During the clashes, 58 people were injured.
On the morning of June 3, groups of aggressive young people, of Uzbek nationality, in the mountains. Fergana and Margilan, town. Tashlak and Komsomolsky started quarrels and fights with the Meskhetian Turks. By evening, crowds of extremists numbering 300-400 people (most of them in a state of intoxication) committed pogroms and arson of houses in the mountains. Margilan.
From the morning of June 4 numerous groups extremists with armed knives, axes, metal rods and other objects literally stormed the places of residence of the Turks, the administrative premises where they took refuge from reprisals. Pogroms and arson were again perpetrated. The situation in Fergana, Tashlak, Akhun-Babaevskoe has deteriorated sharply...
During the suppression of illegal actions, 83 servicemen were injured, 20 of them were hospitalized, including with gunshot wounds. Over 100 servicemen received various injuries and bruises, but remained in the ranks ... "
And these base, animal bloody desires of the Uzbeks have been ripening for a very long time! And it all started not in May 1989 in Fergana, but even earlier - in December 1988 at a rally of many thousands in Tashkent with banners “Russians go to your Russia, and Crimean Tatars to Crimea”; in February 1989 in Tashkent (as in 1969), brutalized Uzbeks were already openly attacking citizens of Slavic nationalities in transport and on the streets, unbridled Uzbek extremists shouted: “We will slaughter Russians”, “Russians must be hung on lampposts” - everything happened under direct connivance of militia bodies of Tashkent and authorities .
In the city of Andijan, leaflets were distributed in Uzbek with the following words: "... if you are the true sons of the Uzbek people, do not yield to the Russians in anything ... there is no place for them in Uzbekistan." In the Ferghana region almost openly, “volunteers” - participants in future pogroms - were registered, and then they all received a notification - “Wait for the signal!”.
Religious meetings were held in Kokand, in which delegates from almost all regions of the Uzbek SSR took part! These gatherings were also about the unification of Muslims in actions against other peoples and the question of the formation of the "Islamic Republic of Uzbekistan" was raised. Before the events began, the leaders of the Meskhetian Turks were made a completely official proposal to unite in a "strong Muslim alliance" against other peoples, and when they refused, they threatened to deal with them. Then the Uzbeks brutally dealt with the Meskhetian Turks for this refusal!
The day before, a leaflet circulated around the region: “Kill the Turks, otherwise you will be punished! Help the arsonist! Gather yourselves, young men... if even one young man stays at home and does not act, he may die under the blows of stones. Today, God willing, the Turk’s house will burn!” Signed: "Union of Uzbeks". At the enterprises of the Fergana region, almost openly, they began to manufacture weapons - spikes from rebar, home-made bombs, Molotov cocktails - and, among other things, for the future fight against law enforcement agencies and the troops!
In the same February 1989, Deputy. Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR E. Didorenko sounded the alarm in an interview with the Tashkentskaya Pravda newspaper: in Uzbekistan in just 3 years (1986-88), the Ministry of Internal Affairs neutralized about 700 new armed organized criminal groups (numbering up to 5 thousand militants!), And in Widely branched headquarters of extremists operate in Uzbekistan!
To which the republican newspaper "Pravda Vostoka" responded with an article to the disturbing facts preceding the pogroms in Uzbekistan: that the words of the deputy. Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR E. Didorenko only "excite people" the editorial office of the newspaper was indignant "where such confidence comes from." But then, when waves of pogroms and lawlessness rolled across Uzbekistan, the newspaper “kept a deaf silence”! (To this day, the Pravda Vostoka newspaper in Uzbekistan is not a democratic, but a pro-nationalist, pro-government newspaper covering the lawlessness of the Uzbek authorities, hiding the facts of mass discrimination against Russians and other national minorities in Uzbekistan!)
If in Tashkent the extremists did not achieve a large revelry of banditry, at the end of May 1989 organized pogroms began in the Fergana region in the city of Kuvasay, Fergana, Margilan, Kokand, Tashlak and other villages; extremists acted in crowds of 100-400 people, armed with prepared iron bars, axes, pitchforks, knives and other items. The beating of peaceful and innocent people (including the elderly, women, children) began, mass arson of houses began, numerous murders were committed not only of Meskhetian Turks, but also of Russians (Slavic) and people of other nationalities. The Uzbek bandits in Fergana had slogans: "UZBEKISTAN TO UZBEK", "THROUGH THE TURKS, THROTTLE THE RUSSIAN", "LONG LIVE THE ISLAMIC BANNER, THE MUSLIM FAITH". Some of the bandits were given alcoholic drinks for free (although drunkenness is prohibited by Islam, but in this case “all means are good”), many extremists were clearly under the influence of drugs.
Units and divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were urgently transferred to Uzbekistan - a total of about 12 thousand people. Moreover, by decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, the number of victims and the facts of the riots were strictly classified and hidden from publication, just as the current Uzbek authorities still hide and keep all the facts and evidence of the bloody atrocities of the Uzbeks in deep secrecy!!! What happened in Ferghana had far-reaching goals.
Here are eyewitness accounts: journalist Colonel P. Studenikin (“Clean before our people” M. “Patriot”, ed. 1991):
“We, journalists and people’s deputies of the USSR in Fergana, were shown, albeit under pressure, a video recording made in those days in places where the events were of the most violent nature: how with impunity, without receiving any opposition, they gathered for pogroms, than only unarmed thugs, how dwellings burned, marauders robbing destroyed houses, and burned, mutilated corpses - a lot of them fell into the lens. From cruelty and violence, the blood still runs cold. Photos-evidence of the orgy of madness and sadism: a burned corpse - it is impossible to identify a man or a woman; a murdered man and a teenager - apparently a father and son - and a club next to them, with which they were killed; the corpse of a woman thrown into a ditch - mutilated, with heels broken to the bone; burnt houses with gaping wounds of pogroms, with the smell of burning ... As if Genghis Khan broke into our enlightened age with his horde.
“Flying up to Kokand, from afar we saw dozens of columns of black smoke, and then bright torches of houses burning below. Suddenly, below is a picture: chains of soldiers blocked the central square from two sides, in front of which two huge crowds gathered, and next to it a house was on fire, overturned cars were on fire. In the crowd, one could even distinguish individual angry faces, sticks in their hands. It was possible to distinguish well the runners ... they were thugs no older than 25-30 years old. They furiously threatened us with fists and batons, and some could not stand it - they threw stones at the helicopter in impotent anger", "Defenders of law and order ... saw ... how Turkish girls were dragged out of buses and abused them, how a Russian was thrown from the roof of the house, and then , while still alive, they burned him ... "
“About midnight ... reports: at the airport a group of extremists is trying to prevent the departure of a plane with refugees, the second is that 4 KAMAZ vehicles with armed bandits were seen in suburban villages. We are leaving with a group of St. Lieutenant A. Sandalov ... to intercept KAMAZ trucks. In the village of Gorsky, in the directorate of the state farm, they saw hidden people ... They said that extremists in 4 cars drove here half an hour ago ... 2 Turkish houses were destroyed at night, the owner of one of which was burned alive at the stake. It is impossible to describe what was revealed to our eyes in the house of Yunus Osmanov, who was burned at the stake. Everything in the house went under the ax - furniture, chests, dresses, kitchen utensils, books and even family photo albums. Osmanov's neighbor, a war invalid A. Abdullayev, said: “The two sons of Yunus were taken away even earlier - to the office, and his wife and the youngest ran away. These animals returned at night. The neighbors were sent home, threatened: do not stick your head out, otherwise we will do the same with you. They smashed the house, the old man shouted - he called for help. Then the fire blazed - they burned Yunus ... still alive. They surrounded the fire with a crowd ... Then they yelled and laughed. He ... led us to the sura ..., threw back the dirty coverlet and we shuddered from what we saw: a burnt stump remained from the person, but the surviving feet lay here - apparently protruded from the fire, and fell away, untouched by fire, ”
“Several Uzbek guys came up to our bus, one of them refused to give his last name, began to scold the correspondents that they did not support the Uzbeks in their “righteous” cause.
- Burning old people alive, killing, torturing people - is this a righteous thing?
– Turks have no place on Uzbek soil…
- Kill the Turks, then who will you take?
- We will drive everyone from Uzbekistan - Tatars, Jews, Russians. We have a lot of unemployed, but little land ... "
"Kokand. The bloody skirmishes between the soldiers and the extremists continued. In the central square, during a lull, an elderly Jewish woman, burying behind the buses from the Uzbeks, watered the soldiers cold water and kept repeating with hope: “After all, you won’t leave, right?!” And when she heard the answer: “Don’t worry, mother, we won’t leave,” wiping her tears with her palm, she gratefully thanked: “Thank you! Thank you dear!"
From an interview with journalists of the head of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Colonel-General Yu. Shatalin: “The situation in Kokand escalated in the afternoon ... various types vehicles (approx. 5 thousand people) moved to the city from the surrounding areas. They went to intimidate, burn, commit acts of violence. Those who arrived managed to seize the city department of internal affairs, release 69 detainees. Then the crowd rushed to the places densely populated by the Meskhetian Turks, but by this time they were covered (about 1.5 thousand people who had not yet been evacuated) and taken under guard. This prevented the massacre. For ... a day, 5 people were killed, 93 were injured, 60 were hospitalized. For the first time, the bandits used so many weapons. Shooting was carried out from rifles and machine guns. 80 houses, 9 cars were burned, 9 shops were attacked, robberies were noted”
Interview with journalists of an eyewitness sergeant of the Ministry of Internal Affairs G. Khasanov, who saved people from a brutal Uzbek crowd: “They went to any lengths. They burned houses, robbed, tormented people. These bastards…surrounded the houses, took out everything of value, and then threw burning torches into the windows. Residents were not allowed out of the door until they were burned alive. Shouts, pleas for mercy, requests and calls for humanity only fueled them. And they continued their bloody battle ... Almost all of my comrades were burned and injured ... "
Why were people given over to the power of the pogromists for several days? Where were the leaders? The impression was created that the "powerful hand" specially protected the pogromists - it created all the conditions for unpunished arbitrariness. It was this inaction shown by the authorities in the early days that ensured initial stage victory for extremist forces.
From a copy of a collective letter from Fergana addressed to the Presidium of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, which met in those days: “Events in Uzbekistan have been brewing for a long time. But today it is quite obvious that the forthcoming massacre in Fergana was known and talked about almost throughout Uzbekistan long before the events began. But the authorities did nothing to save the doomed people. The inactivity of the police, the neutrality of the authorities, impunity for crimes and wild atrocities inspired the bandits. A terrible avalanche of pogroms swept from city to city. Fires blazed over Ferghana night and day, the city groaned in pain and horror, and the authorities were silent. Only on June 6 (and the pogroms began on the night of June 3) did the authorities give the order to take half-dressed, hungry, frightened women and children out of the city ... "
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N. Ryzhkov. Ferghana, 1989 Photo by B. Yusupov
The Uzbek authorities (Uzbeks from the leadership of the region and the republic) knew about the impending massacre, but deliberately did nothing to save the doomed people. Prosecutor of the Fergana region (the same Uzbek nationalist and Islamist as the pogromists) A. Atajanov explained in an interview to reporters that the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Uzbekistan and the Department of Internal Affairs of the Fergana region. "did not go to extremes for humane reasons." This is how the deceitful "humanity" of the Uzbek authorities towards "their" Uzbek, Muslim bandits, executioners and sadists turned into rampant banditry and the death of many lives of innocent people.
Couldn't the current President I. Karimov be unaware of the ripening bloody events?! June 23, 1989 I. Karimov was elected 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR. All of them leaders in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan, in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in the KGB knew about the impending pogroms - THEY ARE ALL Z. BLOODED!
About 20,000 Meskhetian Turks were expelled from the Fergana region, and how many of them were killed by brutalized Uzbeks, many people went missing - the Uzbek authorities still hide this in deep secrecy (eyewitness journalists called the numbers of those killed from 300 to 500 people ); slogans almost like in 1969: "UZBEKISTAN TO UZBEKAM" and others, including many Islamic slogans.
youtube.be/enfRwmwVd0c
Corpses burned, punctured, chopped with axes (Muslim Uzbeks sadistically mocked not only the living, but even the dead), houses burned by Muslim Uzbeks and in them Uzbeks burned people alive, mass pogroms, murders of people of other nationalities (among the dead, except Turks, there are Russians and Tatars, in total about 10 nationalities were killed!). There were pogroms and nationalist, Islamic outrages not only in Fergana, but also in Tashkent and Andijan regions of Uzbekistan.
Heading "News from the display"CULTURE
pp. 43-44
He visited the protected places of Africa. He sang his songs throughout the US and Europe. Just got back from Brazil. But Paul Simon has never been to the Soviet Union. And now the American musician is excited and happy: during the new European tour, he can give two concerts in Moscow.
I've always found it tempting to play in Russia,” Paul said when I called him from New York to Brussels, where the continental tour began on June 15th.
The 47-year-old singer-songwriter from New York is accompanied by 25 African musicians. The fact is that for the last 5 years, after the famous duet "Simon and Garfunkel" broke up, Paul was listening, recording and performing South African melodies.
Passion came by chance. In the summer of 1984, when Simon didn't have much to do between recording sessions, his friend guitarist Headey Berg gave him a tape of African music. Simon liked it, and wherever he went by car, he played this cassette all the time. He wanted to get to know the performers, but the cassette did not have the names of the songs or the company that released it. And Paul set off on a quest. He brought Simon to South Africa, to Johannesburg, to the Boyyo Boys, a popular group there, whose music, it turns out, attracted the American singer so much. In addition to the already familiar melodies, he heard new ones, just as cheerful and colorful. Captivated by this discovery, Paul fired up the idea of cooperation. But the "fusion of cultures," as Simon calls it, met with unexpected obstacles.
Having already arrived in Johannesburg, Paul learned that the local black musicians voted whether to let the white one in. Some feared that Simon would exploit them, appropriate their music. The fears turned out to be in vain: for cooperation, Simon paid “his” musicians three times more than what the New York Union of Musicians demands for a day of recording, and guaranteed their copyrights.
For the first time a white American and just a white person collaborated with Africans, Paul said, recalling that story.
But an obstacle awaited him on the other side as well. The press and the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid accused Simon of violating the boycott of racist South Africa. This action was organized at the initiative of the UN Committee by artists and athletes in protest against the policy of apartheid. Defending his act, Simon explained that he had not violated the boycott because he did not perform in South Africa and even turned down an offer to play a concert there a few years ago, that the boycott was directed against the segregated "white" culture, and not against the blacks with whom he collaborated. The UN Committee accepted his explanation.
It is now clear that my move has brought only positive results, says Simon, the only white in the group, where the South African musicians have become his good friends. Their music, as if taken out of a narrow framework, received international fame, and the musicians themselves made good money. I think the export of South African culture in the form of music and theatrics is helping the black South African cause. This is very important and necessary.
The trip to South Africa was fruitful: Paul recorded most of his next album in Johannesburg with South African friends. The album "Grepsland" was released in August 1986 and sold over 6 million copies worldwide. Simon and the South African musicians went on tour in the US and Europe. And it turned out to be a triumph. The current tour program repeats the one that was prepared after the release of Graceland, but this time the musicians set off along a new route.
So let's meet Simon and his friends. Some of the musicians who perform with Paul live in South Africa, but singers Khyu Masekela and Miriam Makeba spent 25 years away from their homeland in Brussels and New York. By the way, last year, together with South African actors, Masekela staged the musical Safarina on Broadway, which was a great success. In addition, Simon's group includes a 10-piece choir - "Ladysmith Black Mambazo". He performs songs similar to spirituals, accompanying them with peculiar clicking sounds. Simon himself is going to sing mostly songs from the Graceland album, as well as popular tunes from the repertoire of Simon and Garfunkel - Boxer, Sounds of Silence, exactly those that once made him and Art Garfunkel famous.
At the age of 14, Art and Paul, who grew up in middle-class Jewish families in Queens, a borough of New York, made up a duo that was destined to gain worldwide popularity. Teenagers performed mostly melodic folk music, which appealed to numerous listeners. Their success in 1961 was brought by the song "Sounds of Silence". Then they began to record one album after another, which sold out at lightning speed. Among them was the recording of music for the film "The Graduate" with the famous Dustin Hoffman, who received the "Oscar". Together they have released seven albums and won four Grammy awards.
They looked strange side by side - the tall, brooding Garfunkel and the black-haired Simon, a little over 5 feet tall. Art - a student of mathematics - had a good voice, Paul wrote all the songs. But the question of how this or that should be performed often caused disputes among friends that became an obstacle to creativity. The gap came in 1971, when it was especially important to think about common work: the record “Bridge over Stormy Water” had just sold out in more than 10 million copies, confirming the undeniable popularity of the duo. Art Garfunkel has gone into films, starring in several Hollywood films, including Catch-22 and Higher Knowledge. Paul Simon started making records on his own and quite successfully. And ten years later, former comrades-in-arms met again, staged a grand open-air concert in New York's Central Park, where more than half a million spectators gathered. After the concert, they went on tour, but, sadly, the renewed union turned out to be fragile. There were rumors that in between concerts, the singers constantly quarrel. Returning to New York, the musicians again went their own way. In several interviews that Simon has given over the years, he has stated that they will always be friends with Art, but will not be able to work together.
In his personal life, Paul is also lonely. He was married twice: to Peggy Harper, the mother of his 16-year-old son Harper, and to actress Carrie Fisher, who starred in the film " star Wars and other famous films.
As a first love, Paul is devoted to music. Growing up in New York, which plays an important role in his life, he willingly leaves his hometown in search of new sounds and rhythms. It started back in his student days, when he hitchhiked the roads of Europe during the summer, playing guitar on the streets. Then he traveled to the Caribbean, South America and Africa. Thanks to Paul and Art, who once recorded the song "Condor", the music of the Indians of the Peruvian Andes became famous all over the world. The melodies of Jamaica, which Paul alone had already recorded in Kingston for his first solo album, Paul Simon, received the same popularity. Now, together with musicians from Brazil and West Africa, he is preparing to record a new album, which should be released early next year.
Usually when I'm working on songs for an album, I don't perform,” Paul told me. - But this tour promised to be so exciting that I could not refuse.
For 24 days, the musicians will visit 9 countries, and the culmination, in their opinion, will be concerts in Moscow, in the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure.
Paul, do you represent the Soviet audience?
No, but I know the ones who spoke to her. I know Billy Joel, James Taylor, Elton John. They all said that this is a very responsive and polite audience. I think I will form my own opinion when I speak.
Besides concerts, do you have any other plans?
Certainly. Before and after the concerts, I'll take a tour of the city. I would like to meet everyone I can, see as much as I can. I want to be a typical tourist in a country that only opened up to the West a few years ago.
Simon may call himself a tourist, but he will come to the Soviet Union with a lofty goal - he will bring South African music to a country where he knows it has never been performed before.
We will represent both black South Africa and America. I think that Americans and Russians are very interested in each other, because all our lives the governments of our countries have competed with each other. I know that now that the political tensions have eased, Americans are experiencing great relief and great interest in Russia, Russian culture. And in order to better understand it, my son and I - he will arrive by train from Helsinki to Leningrad for 3 days and visit Moscow - we will go to the Bolshoi Theater for ballet. Let's try to be in nature...
It will be hard not to recognize this unusual American tourist in Moscow - a short man in a baseball cap, surrounded by Africans and squinting in the sunset sun.
Sofia GUSTAFSSON
NEW YORK
The author of this article is a graduate student at the New York University School of Journalism, who is doing her professional practice at the New York branch of TASS. This is one of the new forms of cooperation between Soviet and American journalists.
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In total there are 20 presentations in the topic