The essence of social policy is its principles and functions. Interrelation of social policy and social work. The essence of social policy is its principles and functions. Among the factors contributing to the harmonization of the interests of the individual and society, guaranteeing the protection of the interests of a person, his rights and freedoms, a special place belongs to the social policy of the state and the entire infrastructure of social work with various groups of the population.

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Lecture 8 Social work and social policy:

interconnection and mutual influence

Plan

1. The essence of social policy, its principles and functions

2. Relationship between social policy and social work

1. The essence of social policy, its principles and functions.Among the factors contributing to the harmonization of the interests of the individual and society, guaranteeing the protection of the interests of man, his rights and freedoms, a special place belongs to the social policy of the state and the entire infrastructure of social work with various groups of the population.

There is a variety of definitions of the category of politics. Politics is:

• field of activity related to social relations regarding the problems of conquest, retention and use state power;
• relations between social groups, classes, states regarding the conquest, preservation and consolidation of power;
• system of activities in various fields public life: in the sphere of economy, social sphere, etc.;
• practical activities to implement the political course, to achieve political goals.

Any social problem acquires or may acquire a political character if its solution affects the interests of large social groups and is associated with the use of state power.

An essential feature of politics is that it appears as a form of generalization, integration of the interests and will of social groups or society as a whole.

main subject public policy- the state. Another important feature of politics is the nature of the use of the mechanism of power. Therefore, politics is also the participation of the people in the affairs of the state, the direction of the state's activity, the definition of tasks, content and forms of its activity.

According to its structure, the policy is divided into two major components: internal and foreign policy. The content of domestic policy is the attitude of classes, social strata and groups of a given society to the existing state power; sustainable interests of social groups in society and their relationships; deep processes of socio-economic and cultural development of society. Successes in the field of internal political will inevitably affect externally. political activity states, multiply its authority and popularity in the international arena.

The internal policy of the state in accordance with the needs of social development includes a number of major sections that reflect the priorities in the concentration of material and spiritual resources to solve urgent problems of state development.

An important section of domestic policy issocial politicswhich is embodied in the social programs and practice of the state and regulates relations in society in the interests and through the interests of the main social groups of the population.

Social policy in its origin is secondary to the economy, since the economy is the basis for the implementation, solution of social problems, problems, social projects. The secondary nature of social policy does not mean its secondary importance, since it affects the development and well-being of the social sphere.

In the social sphere, the results of economic and economic activity are implemented and evaluated, and its effectiveness in meeting the needs and interests of people is checked. Social policy also reflects the degree of humanity of the state in relation to its members. Without an effective social policy, it is impossible to activate the innovative, creative principle in human activity. Man is the main component of the productive forces of society. Inattention to the needs of people, to the social aspects of work, leisure, life leads to a drop in production and exacerbates social tension in society.

The task of social policy- harmonization of social relations through the development and implementation of organizational, economic, scientific, technical and moral measures for their regulation.

Social policy is based on a system of principles that express the nature of the requirements for its content, forms and methods of development and implementation: humanism and social justice; consistency and continuity, continuity; balance of goals and opportunities for the implementation of social policy; openness; democratism in the development and implementation of social policy; effective control by society over the implementation of social policy; targeting of measures for social protection of the population.

The content of social policy, its goals and objectives are revealed through a system of functions - relatively independent, but closely related types of political activity. The most important of them are: prognostic; social protection; management (management of social processes); integrating (unification of various social groups and strata of the population, harmonization of their interests, maintenance of social stability); optimal resolution of social contradictions in the social sphere.

In social policy, it is advisable to single out two relatively independent aspects:

Social policy in a broad sense is a set of decisions, activities that affect all aspects of the life of members of society and are aimed at providing the population with food, housing, social services, jobs, protecting the health of the population, its education, creating guaranteed social conditions for the life of citizens and etc.

In a narrow sense, social policy proper, i.e. social policy focused on social protection and support for specific categories of the population: youth social policy, family social policy, etc.

Sustainable social policy contributes to the strengthening of political stability and the stability of society.

2. 2. Relationship between social policy and social work.The conceptual foundations of social policy, its content serve as a substantive and organizational basis for social work. Based on the power of laws and various by-laws, the structure of government bodies, social policy should create the prerequisites for successful adaptation of a person to constantly changing conditions of life. Social work is also called upon to assist a person who has problems in adapting to socio-cultural conditions. The entire complex mechanism for its implementation is oriented towards the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of social policy, which is structurally presented as follows:

• the subject of social policy is the state, that is, the totality of all its bodies focused on the regulation of social relations;
• political parties, socio-political movements and other institutions of civil society;
• the object of social policy is social processes in society in all their content diversity and various forms of manifestation;
• a system of legal acts regulating the interaction between the subjects and objects of social policy;
• subject-political activity to solve the problems of social policy at various stages, including the evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of social programs.

When solving specific problems, this structure is supplemented by other elements, in particular, such as social work.

There are several technological phases of the social policy implementation mechanism:

Scientific analysis and study of the real-life social situation, its comprehensive and in-depth analysis, identification of the main problems and main contradictions in the development of specific social relations;

Determination of specific strategic and tactical goals of social policy, methods and means of achieving them, based on the available material, financial, organizational and other opportunities;

Regulatory formalization of the chosen option for solving a particular social problem - the adoption of laws and other regulatory legal acts of the legislative and executive authorities;

Administrative-organizational and motivational-propaganda support of measures for the implementation of social policy at the state, regional and local levels;

Monitoring the progress and effectiveness of social policy implementation and making appropriate adjustments to previous technological phases.

In the social policy of the state, two interconnected and interacting sides are distinguished: scientific-cognitive and practical-organizational.

The scientific and cognitive component involves a deep and thorough study and understanding of the needs of various categories of the population, the conditions and opportunities for their implementation; study of trends in the development of social processes, and also reflects the level

public opinion and sentiment, the degree of stability of various sectors of society. On the basis of this component, the concept of state social policy is developed, its tasks and directions are determined. All these positions also affect the theoretical understanding of social work.

In practice, the organizational component of social policy is associated with the direct implementation of conceptual provisions, strategic tasks of social policy. In the implementation of this component, social work plays a huge role, in particular, the activities of government bodies in the system of social services at different levels, as well as the organization of social work with the population.

The organizational level of social work implies: a clear understanding of the tasks defined by the social policy of the state, analysis and assessment of the conditions for their solution; selection, placement of personnel trained to solve social problems; coordination of efforts of structural divisions and specific executors; bringing to the task executors, determining their functions, powers and responsibilities, resources and means at their disposal; checking the progress of tasks execution by stages and in general.

Both components (scientific and educational practically organizational) are equivalent in the implementation of the tasks of social policy. They should be considered in unity and interrelation.

Success in social work also depends on the social orientation of personnel, which is understood as the fusion of socio-political thinking with the skills of direct practical management of social processes at all levels.

Social policy provides for: taking into account and effective implementation of the main areas of social work: social diagnostics, social prevention, social supervision, social correction, social guardianship; focus on the main social facilities that need social protection, assistance and support: the disabled, families, the unemployed, participants in the Great Patriotic War, orphans, etc.

The social policy of the state has various dimensions:

economic; organizational; legal; proper social; personal; cultural. Among the objective criteria for the implementation of social policy, the most important are: the implementation of social justice in society; taking into account the social interests of various groups and strata of the population in terms of the actual satisfaction of their needs; social protection of the poor, children, pensioners, etc.

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This article presents the main activities of social work specialists at different stages of the rehabilitation of drug addicts. The causes and consequences of drug abuse, as well as approaches to working with drug addicts are considered.

• Variability and synthesis of concepts terminating people with special needs in modern social work
• Socio-economic reasons in the context of growing child neglect

The use of drugs by man for various purposes began in ancient times. The discoveries made by scientists in the field of medicine and chemistry in the 18th-19th centuries exacerbated the development of drug addiction as a disease, making drugs more and more accessible. Unfortunately, the realization that drug addiction is a serious disease, leading to irreparable consequences, appeared only relatively recently - at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.

Drug addiction is a serious disease characterized by a state of chronic poisoning of the body, in which a person experiences a pathological craving for drugs.

According to studies, drug addiction occurs in most cases during adolescence, when a young person is most vulnerable and prone to commit rash acts. Among the reasons leading to the emergence of drug addiction, there are: biological, socio-pedagogical, social and socio-cultural.

Drug addiction is fraught with very serious consequences that affect all areas of a person's life. It becomes difficult for a drug addict to establish relationships with others, as he develops antisocial behavior, outbursts of anger, aggression, uncontrollable emotions, lies, etc. The sphere of family relationships is characterized by quarrels, conflicts, sexual promiscuity, indifferent attitude towards children and family, consumer attitude towards loved ones, lack of care for them.

Drugs have a huge impact on the health of the patient. The negative consequences of taking narcotic substances affect all systems of the human body: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, nervous system and etc.

Also, the harmful effects of drugs affect the human psyche: impaired memory, primitive judgments, inability to analyze, low emotionality and much more - all this is typical for a drug addicted person.

Drug addicts are characterized by an indifferent or negative attitude to work, caused by low working capacity, which leads to difficulties in self-realization and lack of means for a normal existence. This forces the addict to engage in criminal activities.

by the most dangerous consequence addiction is a suicidal tendency.

Rehabilitation in narcology has received the following definition - it is an integral system of psychological, medical, educational, educational, social, labor measures, legal, aimed at the personal readaptation of patients, their resocialization and reintegration into society, provided that they refuse to use psychoactive substances that cause addiction. From the definition, we can conclude that the rehabilitation of drug addicts requires an integrated approach and the integration of methods of various directions.

The role of social workers in matters of primary prevention of drug addiction, readaptation and rehabilitation of drug addicts and, in general, in helping drug addicts is extremely high.

Rehabilitation of drug addicts can be divided into several stages: pre-medical, medical, medical and social.

At the pre-medical stage, social work specialists:

• conduct primary prevention of drug addiction (lectures on the dangers of drugs, etc.);
• identify individuals at risk;
• help in attracting people who need it to treatment, as well as establish contact with their families, provide them with counseling and other assistance.

At the medical stage, the client finds himself in the field of activity of doctors, but in addition to the help of the medical staff, the client is supported by social work specialists, namely:

• they take part in trainings (trainings for behavior correction, self-esteem correction and others);
• form family groups and participate in family therapy;
• Together with patients, they are looking for ways to solve accumulated social problems (legal, housing problems, etc.).

At the medical and social stage, social work specialists closely interact with the medical staff. The main areas of their joint activities:

• the formation of a patient's stable motivation for active involvement in the rehabilitation process;
• implementation of a set of measures aimed at eliminating the possibility of a recurrence of the disease;
• raising the level of social functioning of the client;
• strengthening the patient's health by teaching the basics of a healthy lifestyle.

To date, in the practice of social work, 3 main approaches to working with drug addicts have been formed:

1. Behavioral Approaches. They are aimed at changing the negative or shaping the positive behavior of the patient.
2. Insight-Based Approaches. An example is client-centered therapy. It is aimed at the activity of the patient himself and assists in resolving his problem with a minimum of involvement from the therapist. According to this theory, the patient himself strives for recovery, and the function of a specialist is only to correctly apply this desire and direct the patient on the right path.
3. Self help groups. They are based on mutual help of people with similar problems (Narcotics Anonymous groups). These groups use the principles of the 12-step program. In the course of implementing these principles, patients share their experiences on how to learn to live without drugs.

In addition to providing social, legal, psychological and other types of assistance to drug addicts, an important area in the work of a specialist is that he must help the drug addict to realize the features of his illness. In addition, the social worker has a duty to support the patient and his family in understanding that it is possible to recover and live a full life.

Despite a rather tangible period of existence in our society of the problem of drug addiction, the issue of its solution remains relevant.

The process of treatment and rehabilitation of a drug addict is a very long, complicated and expensive work. Currently, improvements are needed in the system of assistance to such clients. It is necessary to develop and implement new technologies, interaction of specialists from different areas, as well as the creation of conditions in which the cure of a person would be the most achievable. Therefore, the study of this topic, consideration of its various aspects, research in this area is extremely important in modern society.

Bibliography

1. Anafyanova, T.V. Features of social and medical work with persons and groups of deviant behavior in the region: a study guide / T.V. Anafyanova. - M.: Academy of Natural Sciences, 2011. - 223 p.
2. The history of the development of the rehabilitation of drug addicts [Electronic resource]: Collection of articles / Social work. - 2010. - Access mode: http://soc-work.ru/article/522. - Zagl. from the screen.
3. Pruss, M.S. How to get rid of drug addiction: Say goodbye to the drug / M.S. Pruss, L.L. Kelyin, Yu.L. Muchnik, V.M. Volodin. - St. Petersburg: Neva; Moscow: Olma-Press Bookplate, 2002. - 160 p.
4. Social work with drug addicts. Technology of treatment and social rehabilitation [Electronic resource]: Special project of RIA "Time N". With the whole world against drug aggression. - Access mode: http://antinark.vremyan.ru/law/sotsialnaja_rabota_s_narkomanami_texnologija_lechenija_i_sotsialnoj_reabilitatsii. - Zagl. from the screen.
5. The specifics of social work with drug addicts [Electronic resource] : Sociology: current trends. - Access mode: http://www.sociodone.ru/codos-69-1.html. - Zagl. from the screen.
6. Firsov, M.V. Psychology of social work: Contents and methods of psychosocial practice: textbook. allowance for students. higher studies, institutions / M.V. Firsov, B.Yu. Shapiro. - M.: Academy, 2002.- 192 p.

The essence, types and mechanism of providing state social assistance in Russian Federation

State economic and social policy is of decisive importance in supporting low-income categories of the population. If earlier the regulation of the standard of living of the population was carried out centrally, now this problem solved with new methods. The main ones are indexation and compensation. Indexation is a mechanism for automatic adjustment of income. Indexation is usually done in two ways: by increasing revenues by a certain percentage after a certain time, or by adjusting revenues as the price level rises by a predetermined percentage. Indexation payments are made mainly at the expense of the state and local budgets. All types of monetary incomes of citizens are indexed, namely wages, pensions, scholarships, and other types of social payments, with the exception of lump sums.

In addition to indexation, there is the Federal Law "On State Social Assistance", which establishes the legal and organizational framework for the provision of state social assistance to low-income families or low-income citizens living alone.

The criteria for the provision of social assistance can be: the total family or average per capita income is below the sum of the subsistence minimums established at the regional level for all family members by socio-demographic groups, or the corresponding regional subsistence minimum (below the minimum wage, minimum pension, etc.); lack of means of subsistence; loneliness and inability to self-service; material damage or physical damage due to natural disasters, catastrophes, ethnic conflicts, as well as as a result of the performance of official duties.

The amount of social assistance is determined by the decision of the social protection authority at the place of residence on the basis of a personal application, or on behalf of the family or guardian. The application shall contain information on the composition of the family, income and property owned by him (his family).

The circle of people in need of social assistance can be expanded at the discretion of local authorities, taking into account the demographic, socio-economic, climatic and other characteristics of the region.

State social assistance is provided in order to: maintain the standard of living of low-income families, as well as low-income citizens living alone.

The set of social services provided to citizens includes the following social services: additional free medical care, the provision of vouchers for sanatorium-and-spa treatment in the presence of medical indications, carried out in accordance with the legislation on compulsory social insurance; free travel on suburban railway transport, as well as on intercity transport to the place of treatment and back.

Accounting for the right of citizens to receive social services is carried out at the place of residence of a citizen from the date of establishment of a monthly cash payment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

A citizen who has the right to receive social services may refuse to receive them by submitting an application to the territorial authority pension fund Russian Federation, making him a monthly cash payment.

Control over the provision of state social assistance to citizens in the form of social payments is carried out by the federal executive body exercising supervision in the field of healthcare and social development.

Monetary forms of social state protection of the population and recent changes in the methods of providing

The main form of direct social protection is monetary. The provision of cash benefits to low-income segments of the population, stipulated by the legislation, is of decisive importance in maintaining their existence. Cash payments include social benefits (gratuitous provision of a certain amount of money to citizens), subsidy - (targeted payment for material goods and services provided to citizens) and compensation - compensation to citizens for their expenses established by law.

Already at the beginning of the transition period, some steps were noted to improve the direct social protection of the population. They affect, first of all, the procedure for paying social benefits and their amount.

The most obvious attempt to fundamentally improve the former social security system concerned its most important component - pension insurance. Pensions are the most important, but by no means the only type of monetary protection for the population.

In the vast majority of cases, the amount of social benefits is oriented either to the minimum old-age pension or the minimum wage. But in our time, most social benefits do not correspond to the subsistence level of the population, and the concept of the minimum wage in Russia has lost, whatever it may be, its meaning.

In the Russian practice of social protection of the population, two types of subsistence minimum are distinguished: the so-called life minimum, calculated on the main, mainly physiological needs, without which it is generally impossible to exist tolerably, and the social one, calculated on satisfying a somewhat wider set of needs in comparison with the provided living minimum. areas of food, industrial goods and services.

A high regional level of the subsistence minimum should correspond to a high regional level of social payments (and wages). And vice versa. The variety of variants of the subsistence minimum allows a more differentiated approach to determining the consumption of various socio-demographic groups of the population, more precisely and finer regulation of the minimum amounts of social payments and wages guaranteed by the state in various regions of the country.

Targeted payments are provided to narrower groups of the poor. Typical examples are quarterly compensations to families with underage children due to an increase in the cost of children's goods, annual payments for the purchase of a set of children's clothing, bread allowances for especially low-income categories, etc.

Cash compensation began to be applied from April 1991 after an administrative increase in prices. However, many of its types currently used, giving it a systemic and permanent character are directly related to the improvement of direct social protection in the course of radical economic reform.

Thus, in the first half of the 1990s, the tendency to reduce the gap between the nominal value of the average wage and labor pension prevails. Moreover, this reduction is occurring at an accelerating pace. The development of such a trend is explained not only by the accelerated growth of pensions, which, as already noted, chronically lags behind the increase in the subsistence minimum, but by much lower rates of wage increases, disproportionate to price increases.

In the 90s. a "new course" of policy in the field of direct social protection has been outlined. The following changes were envisaged: delineation of the types of social assistance provided to low-income strata; highlighting the "interests" of children, pensioners and the disabled as a priority when compensating for price increases for needy groups of the population; implementation of a gradual transition to the declarative form of assistance; reducing the number of social payments with their replacement mainly by low-income benefits provided to the family, regardless of the reasons for its poverty.

The course towards targeted protection is designed to stop the even “smearing” of social benefits in a thin layer among all those who need it. Such assistance is ineffective in its results. Targeted social protection focuses on a smaller group, while not leaving other categories of those in need without any support. Such an approach increases the possibility of providing relatively more tangible material assistance due to its redistribution in favor of the "truly" needy.

Targeted protection implies a strict linkage of the provision of social assistance with the actual financial situation of its potential recipient. However, such a linkage runs counter to the universal approach, which is deeply rooted in the social security system. The proclaimed policy of targeted protection as the only possible way to provide real assistance in the unfavorable conditions of the transitional period is not carried out consistently enough in practice.

Improved measures to improve the methodology of providing assistance to the disabled are designed to increase the effectiveness of the entire system of social protection of the population.

Thus, we can conclude that the main directions of reforming the system of social support in Russia should be associated with strengthening the targeting of social payments, more effective management social security system, improving the system of minimum social standards in order to more rationally distribute budgetary funds in favor of those who really need it, through the joint efforts of government bodies at all levels that ensure the availability of social services to the population.

The reforms of the 1990s, although they ensured some statistically recorded growth of the economy, could not stop the processes of excessive polarization of incomes, exacerbated the trend of discrepancy between the social obligations of the state and its financial capabilities. This has led to a decline in the quality of social services provided to low-income strata of the population.

Non-monetary (in-kind) assistance

Social security cash transfers may not always play the role of a universal means of protecting living standards from accelerated price increases. The effectiveness of direct social protection will increase somewhat if the monetary forms that play the leading role are supplemented by others, mainly non-monetary and non-material ones. The sphere of this kind of assistance is strictly limited to the most defenseless and helpless groups of the population.

Approximately 6% of old-age pensioners and disabled people are helpless, lonely, unable to take care of themselves. A considerable part of them do not live in a family and cannot count on the support of relatives, friends, neighbors. Therefore, the social benefits paid to such people, even if they are satisfactory in terms of their size, are difficult to implement in practice and therefore, in themselves, are insufficient to ensure the existence of their recipients.

Assistance in kind - the provision of essential items (food, footwear, clothing), as well as the repair of apartments, vehicles; selection medicines; provision of free meals and provision of fuel.

The priority of such assistance belongs to social and household assistance at home for the disabled and the elderly. According to the Ministry of Social Protection, 952.2 thousand people need such assistance, of which 826.6 thousand receive it. On the whole, in Russia, out of every 10,000 pensioners, 229 people are provided with home care.

Along with social service centers, non-stationary institutions and social assistance services also include centers for helping families and children, centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance and emergency psychological assistance by telephone, rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities, social shelters for children and adolescents and others. 1050 emergency social assistance services are called upon to provide various one-time services. They create banks of things and products, operate hotlines, etc. The throughput of such services is approximately 2 million people annually.

Another area of ​​social welfare assistance covers those who need it, who permanently live in boarding schools. Currently, there are about 1,000 stationary specialized institutions in Russia, in which more than 300,000 elderly, disabled people, etc. live.

The third direction is related to the provision of social assistance to a relatively small group of people without a fixed place of residence.

Along with the three listed, the main ones, other types of social and household assistance are also practiced. They concern both the entire group of the most defenseless and needy, and its individual categories.

Non-traditional forms of support include the activities of special check investment funds for citizens in need of special social protection (CHIF SZ). They were created in accordance with the Decree of the President "On the use of privatization checks for the purposes of social protection of the population."

During the transition period, other types of non-monetary assistance provided in kind to the most defenseless and disadvantaged groups of the population are also of great importance. As an important form of public philanthropy, in-kind assistance serves as a supplement to cash payments through the public assistance system.

One of the features of in-kind assistance to the needy is that, as a rule, it does not require rigid centralized management, uniform instructions and standards. Of decisive importance in its organization is the initiative of local authorities, professional, public and religious associations, and individual citizens. Assistance in kind is usually limited to the direct distribution of essential items to those in special need.

An important manifestation of in-kind assistance is free meals on a permanent or occasional basis.

Disabled people as one of the categories of low-income citizens in need of state social support

In the Russian Federation, people with disabilities fall into the category of low-income segments of the population, since the current situation of social support for people with disabilities is not so effective as to classify this type of citizens as middle-income. Today, disabled people occupy one of the main places as an object of social policy to improve their standard of living.

In accordance with the legislation, recognition of a person as a disabled person is carried out based on the results of a medical and social examination, based on integrated assessment health and the degree of disability based on the analysis of clinical, functional, social, professional, labor, psychological data of the person being tested.

Depending on the degree of violations of body functions and limitation of life activity, a person recognized as a disabled person is assigned I, II and III disability groups. Disabled persons with groups I and II are considered low-income.

At present, the main directions of social policy in relation to this category of the population is the social protection of the disabled. This is a system of state-guaranteed measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in society with other citizens.

The main reasons for the need for disabled people in social protection are their inability, due to disability, to live independently, maintain social ties, ensure economic independence, etc. Determining the need of a person testified about a disability in social assistance and protection measures includes the definition of specific ways and methods by which the existing dysfunctions and limitations of life activity can be eliminated, compensated or replaced.

In the Russian Federation, targeted programs have been adopted and are being implemented in the interests of the disabled, united in the federal program "Social Support for the Disabled in the Russian Federation", which is designed for 2006-2010.

Main directions of social work

Together, these areas represent social work as a whole, a system, acting as its structural elements (components).

In turn, each of them is something complete, a subsystem of the whole - social work.

1. social diagnosis in social work means the study of social motives and causes of behavior of an individual, layer, group, community, their states (material, mental, spiritual), determination of forms and methods of working with them.

2. Social rehabilitation represents the implementation of a set of measures (medical, legal, social, psychological, pedagogical) aimed at restoring the basic social functions of an individual, a social group (health, social status, etc.), their social role as subjects of the main spheres of society.

3. social prevention can be defined as a system of measures to protect health, prolong life, provide conditions for active participation individuals, families, groups in the life of society, their performance of various social roles.

4. social control in relation to social work, it is one of the social functions of civil society, which consists in overseeing compliance with state economic, public organizations legality, observance of the rights of citizens, including in the field of their social support, protection and assistance.

5. Social insurance as one of the most important areas in social work means a system of socio-economic relations in which insurance funds are created at the expense of contributions from enterprises, organizations and the population, designed to compensate for damage from natural disasters and other adverse accidental phenomena, as well as to provide citizens or their families assistance in the event of certain events in their lives that are the subject of an insurance contract.

Principles and standards of ethical behavior of a social worker

International Declaration of Ethnic Principles of Social Work

Principles

Social workers serve the benefit of people by acting on the basis of the following basic principles:

Each person is valuable for their uniqueness, which should be considered and respected.

· Everyone has the right to self-realization to the extent that such rights of other people are not violated, and is obliged to contribute to the welfare of society.

· Every society, regardless of its form, must function in such a way as to provide maximum benefits to all its members.

· Social workers are committed to the principles of social justice.

· Social workers are obliged to direct all their knowledge and skills to assist individuals, groups, communities in their development, as well as to resolve conflicts between the individual and society.

Social workers are expected to provide assistance to anyone who seeks their help and advice without unfair discrimination on the basis of sex, age, physical and mental disabilities, skin color, social and racial origin, religion, language, political opinions, sexual orientation .

· Social workers respect the fundamental human rights of individuals and groups in accordance with the UN Declaration of Human Rights and other international conventions arising from this Declaration.

· Social workers respect the principle of personal integrity, confidentiality and responsible use of information in their work. Social workers respect justified confidentiality even when national laws conflict with these requirements.

· The social worker is expected to work in close cooperation with his clients for the benefit of the clients, but not to the detriment of others. Clients are encouraged to participate and must be warned of the risks and rewards of the proposed course of action.

· Social workers usually expect clients to take responsibility with them for developing a plan of action to change their lives. Coercion in solving the problems of one of the parties by infringing on the interests of the other party can only be resorted to after carefully weighing the claims of the conflicting parties. Social workers should minimize the use of legal coercion in dealing with client issues.

· Social work is incompatible with direct or indirect support of individuals, groups, power structures using terrorism, torture or other

actions aimed at oppressing people.

Social workers take ethical action and adhere to it in accordance with the "International Ethical Standards for Social Work" adopted by their national

organizations.

INTERNATIONAL ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL WORKERS

Core Standards of Ethical Conduct

· Strive to understand each individual client and the client system, the elements that influence behavior and the services offered.

· Adhere to and develop the values, knowledge and methodology of the profession, refraining from behavior that violates the rules of professional activity.

Recognize professional and personal limitations.

· Encourage the use of relevant knowledge and skills.

· Apply appropriate methods for the development (assertion) of knowledge.

· Contribute to the development of policies and programs aimed at improving life in society.

· Identify and describe social needs.

· Identify and describe the basis and nature of individual, group, community, national and international social problems.

· Define and describe the content of the profession of a social worker.

· Find out if public statements and actions were made by the social worker on their own behalf or if they acted as a representative of a professional association, agency, organization or other group.

Standards of behavior of a social worker in relation to clients

· Bear primary responsibility towards specific clients, but within the limits set by ethical requirements.

· Support the client's right to trust, confidentiality, responsible use of information. Collection and exchange of information refers to the function of professional services, when the client is informed about the need for its collection and for what purposes it will be used. The information is not used without prior notice to the client, except in cases where the client cannot be held responsible for their actions or when it could cause serious harm to others. The client has access to the records of the social worker and to information concerning him.

· Recognize and respect the individual goals, responsibilities and differences of clients.

· Professional services should assist all clients equally and accept responsibility for personal actions. Where professional services cannot be provided under such conditions, clients should be informed so that they have a free hand.

· To help the client, individual, group, community, society in self-realization and maximum use of their potential while respecting the rights of others.

· Social services should assist the client in understanding and using professional services to meet their legal requirements and develop their interests.

Standards for the relationship of a social worker with agencies and organizations

· Work and / or cooperate with those agencies and organizations whose policies and activities are aimed at providing services and professional activities in accordance with the ethical principles of IFAD.

· Responsibly fulfill the stated purposes and functions of agencies or organizations, contributing to the development of social policies, methodologies and practices in order to create the best standards.

· Be as accountable to the client as possible by facilitating desired changes in social policy, methodology and practice through the appropriate agency or organization. If the desired results through these channels are not achieved, initiate an appeal to higher authorities and to the wider public interested in solving this problem.

· Provide professional reporting to the client and the public on performance in the form of periodic reviews of services provided.

· Use all possible ethical means to stop unethical activities when policies, methods and practices are in direct conflict with the ethical principles of social work.

Standards of behavior of a social worker in relations with colleagues

· Recognize the education, training and implementation of social work (colleagues and representatives of other disciplines), expanding cooperation with them in every possible way, which can contribute to improving the effectiveness of the services provided.

Recognize the legitimacy of having their own opinions from colleagues and other professionals regarding the practice of social work; need to express

criticism in the correct form.

· Use and create the opportunity to exchange knowledge, experience, ideas with all colleagues in social work, professionals from other fields, volunteers, promote mutual enrichment and improve joint activities.

· Draw the attention of relevant institutions within and outside the profession to violations of professional ethics and standards and ensure that the relevant clients are properly included in these activities.

· Protect colleagues if they are treated unfairly.

Standards in relation to the profession

· Preserve the values, ethics and methodology of the profession and contribute to their refinement and improvement.

· Adhere to professional standards in work and develop them.

· Protect the profession from unfair criticism and strive to establish the idea of ​​the need for professional practice.

· Carry out constructive criticism of the profession, its theory, methods, practices.

· Promote the emergence of new methods and approaches needed to respond to new and existing needs.

In general, there are three main areas of social work with the family: diagnostic, rehabilitation, and preventive.

Diagnostics provides for the collection and analysis of information about the family and its members, the identification of problems. Family diagnostics is a difficult and responsible process that requires a social worker to comply with the following principles:

1) objectivity;

2) complementarity and verification of the information received;

3) client-centrism (attitude to the problem in accordance with the interests of the client);

4) confidentiality, adequacy of methods and techniques;

5) observance of the client's right to non-interference in private life and the ability to foresee possible options his reaction to the proposed action.

Family diagnostics is a long process that does not allow ill-conceived conclusions. To diagnose the development of a family situation, methods of work such as observation, conversation, questioning, testing . Sufficient information for making a decision, developing corrective assistance programs is provided by scale, card, projective, associative, expressive techniques. A specialist receives a lot of useful information by applying biographical method and spending documentation analysis , concerning the family and its members, their past and present, ideas about the future.

Based on the obtained diagnostic material, it is possible to draw up family social map , which will contain information about its members, their age, the education of parents and children, their specialties, the place of work of the husband and wife, family income, health status, housing conditions, and the main problems of family relationships. You can also determine to which risk factor it can be attributed. In this map, it is desirable to make a forecast of the economic development of the family, offer an option for assistance (emergency, stabilizing, preventive) and argue the need for rehabilitation. To draw up a family map, you can use the data contained in the socio-pedagogical passport.

Rehabilitation - it is a system of measures to restore lost well-being in family relationships or form new ones. In order to rehabilitate the family, its members in the world practice, social service institutions for families and children, territorial centers, shelters (asylums), medical, psychological, social and multidisciplinary crisis centers are used. The content of their activities is to provide assistance to family members or an individual. various kinds(legal, medical, psychological, social) in order to support or increase resources, reorient family members to other values, change their attitudes.

In such institutions, family members can get advice from specialists, attend group classes, join one of the rehabilitation programs.

In addition, the rehabilitation work of a social specialist is carried out with the help of various processes and methods:

Firstly, these are crisis options for helping a family or its individual members (“helpline”, emergency psychological help in a shelter, a hospital, a visit to a family according to the indications of a supervisor);

· secondly, assistance in a locality where there are no relevant social services and specialists. In this case, the following can be used: the work of training groups, stress relief techniques, individual and group counseling, seminars. Mobile teams can ensure the implementation of the program;

Thirdly, patronage (patronage) is carried out. In social work, this term takes on a broader meaning: it is a system of special services for people of certain categories that require special attention at home. Patronage is carried out in order to mobilize external and internal resources.

Patronage is of great importance when returning to the family of a person who has passed a certain rehabilitation program. In this case, patronage should begin long before the end of the rehabilitation course in children's institution or crisis center.

There are the following stages of patronage:

1) training – preliminary acquaintance with all available information about the family, drafting questions for an interview, etc.;

2) introductory part – direct acquaintance with family members, communication about the purpose of visits, about possible assistance;

3) collection and evaluation of information – clarification of the composition and living conditions of the family, relationships in it, methods of raising children, financial situation, health status of family members; collection of information about events significant for a child or a parent (loss of a job, relatives, divorce, etc.); filling out a social card; highlighting the problems that the social protection service can solve;

4) conclusion – summarizing for family members (parents) the essence of the problems they face; joint choice of tactics further action; information about the types of assistance that may be offered; communication of detailed addresses of social services;

5) establishing links with other specialists working with the family (social teachers of schools, inspectors for the protection of the rights of the child, specialists from educational, health, internal affairs departments, etc.);

6) report – a detailed description of the results of the visit in the act of the examination of the family; drawing up an individual program for further work with the family.

Depending on the nature of the available family problems, their complexity, sharpness or neglect at various stages of patronage, the so-called minimum programs and maximum programs are implemented.

Minimum programs addressed to situations associated with the sudden loss of something very valuable in the family: physical health, relatives and friends, work, apartment and property due to fire, etc.

e. In such cases, the efforts of the social worker are aimed at restoring in a relatively short time the ability of the members of this family to function optimally despite the presence of objective and often irreversible limitations and losses.

Maximum program It is designed to provide assistance in extreme situations of distress, if necessary, not only to compensate for what has been lost, but also to achieve a reorientation of life position, to replace or correct the previous behavioral patterns of family members. Changes, especially large-scale ones, require long-term work with the application of significant efforts, combining the potentials of different specialists and services.

In some cases, in addition to the described actions, consultative and psychotherapeutic work with the family or its individual members is required, aimed at the family system as a whole. Can be used various techniques active work, including methods of systemic family therapy.

The methodology of social patronage will be discussed in subsection 3.2.

1) individual (consulting, patronage);

2) group (training, design);

3) communal (social actions, social creativity, mass holidays).

Prevention is a set of preventive measures that contribute to the full functioning of the family, the prevention possible problems. One of the ways of prevention is the development of special training and educational programs. For example, a study of the problems of the family and family education shows that parents are increasingly in need of the help of specialists in matters of accumulating and mastering the necessary knowledge and skills for regulating relationships, creating conditions that will satisfy physiological, emotional , intellectual needs of the child.

Education programs are based on concepts and models that go beyond simple parenting. They guide adults to expand independence in solving possible problems in relationships with different people, in choosing behavior in different situations.

Hämäläinen Y., for example, suggests using several trial models:

· A. Adler's model is based on a conscious and purposeful change in the behavior of parents and other family members, taking into account the principles of mutual respect, unity, cooperation, equality. The task is to teach parents to respect the uniqueness of the child, to recognize his individuality, to ensure the inviolability of the person, to understand the motives of his actions;

· B. Skinner's educational-theoretical model proclaims retraining or parental learning at a rapid pace with positive or negative reinforcement, as well as in the absence of reinforcement. The purpose of programs built on the basis of this model is to teach parents the ability to observe the behavior of their child, analyze and regulate it;

T. Gordon's model of sensory communication orients parents to the dialogue of communication and seeks to promote the formation of skills, firstly, to actively listen, secondly, to be guided by the “both are right” attitude and, thirdly, to give the child the opportunity to express their own opinion;

· The model of M. James and D. Jongard is based on transactional analysis, on the recognition of the fact that a person can react and act in different ways: like a child, like a parent, like an adult. The ability to understand this will help family members learn to regulate their relationships with the help of concessions, compromises, agreements.

Education of parents and other family members as an element of prevention can also take place in the process of trainings that allow them to develop the skills to overcome difficulties, regulate relationships, or teach the ability to develop similar skills in others. In this case, the trainings are focused on the development of the communicative competence of family members, spouses, parents and involve several interrelated stages:

1) prologue;

2) ascent;

3) development of individual tactics, their playing;

4) reflection;

5) aftereffects.

Thus, social work with the family includes economic, legal, psychological, social and pedagogical aspects and, therefore, requires a specialist to know the basics of these sciences, to master their technologies.

The social protection of the family also has a certain economic content, which also implements in its practical activities social worker, namely:

• provision of housing assistance and other types of subsidiary assistance;

providing benefits for payment of transport, utilities;

provision of medical, legal and social assistance;

• preferential supply of food and essential goods;

support in the field of educational services, employment, entrepreneurship.